Yemenis Struggle Aguinst Turkish and British Rule.

CIIAPTER # 2
Yemenis Struggle Aguinst Turkish and
British Rule.
I. Turkish Rule of Yemen
Tutish e ore oflh. m.iy rElions' vho submjtled lo lsld, and trum $is vi4,
th{rc E m rcligioG difleeM lxlwn lh.$ ![d tbo pe0plc o{ Y.flen Sin@ nsnrg ot
Isld util $c end or fourt.eirh cstury, all MNlim Dlio,ts wre rulcd by sinde
govt|llmnl Unfd{er.ly, !tur |be &.hte !f Atih€$id s Csliphalc tlE klamic SLt.
vs disinleeEt d inlo nny 9s&s. Mosl of *rein narions @m&ed loyr' lo lsl.m,
hopping for !L!rn of rr Caliplsi€ syslcn! io orlcr lo !trili all M6|nns They
cnpn8ia{ m $e mc$ily or bbmic raivrl a pr*onditio lor thc sl$ilily, slroglh,
Ottomos rcle dbilioE I lhey incd big victory t8!id Chnsti.n po*€n in
Brttd !d A.sbl, d6in8 lh. b.giming or d4n$ edory Tn y buih st6g na{l
forc6 aid qifth L! tqs llNy dorrnutd lhe Mcdilcuouo S@ urvJ d'xldEd
@stodtion of lstanic Caliphale. A3 &on s lhe Caliphsl€ trlclaimed,
Musli'ns hmnily
sd@Nd th€r Ym6is lle B apF6i.Ld the achid.mst std lhc tme ot
Ooomd Sultan *s nE idrcd in dE.,me tr.yd s se@n s C.liph. Md@vd, d'cy
slcom€d llE liGt Turkish canpdgn 10 Yernen. on llE blsrs ol lsla'nic borhdnqrd
Allet O(tom.n con4@rcd Ycmcd pcoplc
"€re
disppoi cd b, ftcn polici€s, eh'ch
wrc iot ji6! lhccfoe, ilE lMltql .Finn oEm Turts rcrc 6f6run.lc in Yoen 6
rhcy &ed big chllense ftun Z{idi *cL *hich bad
'rotul
.nd poNisl in0@@ on thp
northem Y€ned ltibes The Zaidi wrc oe of Shiite s.ols lhile the OllonN wr.

Firsa Period ofTurlish Rrle
At ih. Gv€ oa Ollonds ddision lboul rcslonli@ of d klami. Ciliphate, th.
siftdio of Ydcn B E y til, si@ Doliliql .'d @hl di$.deE .rid€d h nct Frb
of lh. colntry Compclilion *ts ir €Nincd bttwi difl.rc.i Y.!Mi dyi.$i.t lnd
lrb6. Uitil 1539, O{ron.ir tcpt d6nsd€ lwy lom YaMi !ttan!, 6 lh.y
pEfcrc.t thal lcrl lodec should ddl si$ $.n c'tclic t oplc TIE .iluttr@ of
Yemcn Ms @4t rftt P(.|lgucs coloni.lisb $@t nql dr. togir s TBlhh d.cklcd
to h&. Ye|B un&r rlEir dict rui.
OtloFsrs chinEd to harc inhc.irql rhc lslmic C.lidur. wirh ih sNllignly owr
rlE .rlit! AEbirn PeniNh nd eoE tLn llE d€it lo Mtol wlx{c of il5 lm&. Thct
t@L Firo lo cNuc thc slcly of llijaz ond lhc Islsmic lloly citics and Otlofrm'!
infllrc strqd c F!. E61 r$ Ymcn vlFG, F.F6 wF sid in Oc sm. oltl€ I,brG
lh€ m.gnifi@l h 1517.
lnl€.d dE Porr., wno bd t.t6 lk cli6 ot de PmdEt to CoNE iNtlc, hd
t@nc t stronS arm for.ll Muslims, pith $e corcrrl!€G ihde M8lims ledeB in
Iidi. .nd oth.r ph.6 Eq6r.d his hclp lg6itr( Ponlgls in$dds I'r 1538, lh.
Turtbh Sllltn lool the 6rn 3t.p to fs Prru$Es. er|prw&y on the *(m j6q s h.
d@Ld sovenor olF.gyp{ to ocliere tlft |!sL Pmmptly, er E$/priin t.d rcn for Red
Sa .d l(liln Ocar dxld rh. l6&Ehit of T!.tish cmmidr, *no.nivd rt it!
desli@iion !lte.3hon time. The flar.voi

'Ihe coamdnd€r sul.il'utr taslE had only pennisioo fMn lhe l,orl€ lo Gupy
.atd aB ot Ydrcn, bll lE d&:red his lbG 1o dvricc lowrds it .nd ln order to
cnhire his rcputlrion in Constaolinople SdsiM lerch.d r rudrle* olmFign agni.sr
YcncnG of lihun! ad n6sBd numeous pc&ns aid hadc msy ol-tlFo priq.n.
H. deided b qprurc nonlEm hi8l rrds, ahich we u.

At l€ngh ! tnr. ms c.rEluded lEr*!€n lmrn Mul.hh. .rd Turti5t @ni$rd.., by
which the forlner &..tt€d ll€ synbol lrd $v.Eignly ot Otlown's Coliphd. *hil. le
Et ining dnrd ruL of gn. r.rrnon6 | t 4rEd io thc strliorio! ot a mll Tut*ish
sMi6 to r6idc .r Sa& Cary s *itrEs to rh. Ponc My. Mut|.har er ir rEt
po.iton, s lE @cp{cd trll l urlish rnns, at 16r for a tim t*ing u il hc pftp!.i.g
nnn$|f for .no{hd bu.td of 60ict Turtish rdniniddtid m wbtoli..d tlE tr.de
oa fooB Yercni @fi€e lhich l[d berG !n inponaht dsb .bp in rhc mdd. rr.b
of @r@ ftmM in CMsI[hriqrle !.d o{hq Egims ot Asi{ md F{op. sirce 1554 sd
its inFnrE *!t eiqBh ro idct tult fm',d Bntish cnFry E!!r Indht
CmFny 'ro .sr.blirh r corec hcldy al tlF ton ol M!lh!.
Th.E n d |ol or crilicism lor lhc fiN Fdod of 'tBkisi ruL of Ymr TlEh rule
\us bosd on 6chl haiis, .rd high.sl omcials wrc bougtu lrom tfie Ballo!, hth.r
ihr cftoic Tu*s who sntcd to g.t ! conrid.6bl. irshu riq atum frch Ysno.
Thq hop.d lo $in a lo( of teEfiri during th.ir slay in Y6.n. Oftm.N ldqi.d I
slrict 3yst m of tknrg hosrlgc! lrm (Eir ontDent tdbcs or dlGtics, {s su.6nGe tor
loylhy A slort of |hc Buiog &.rdd is , Irngtld .nd dolomu!, ft of Tu*istl
opF6i@ in .ll lErrs of th. Ytun Altho4h O(oNn gpwnors tottoEt ft
.nolh.r in apid sle*sion, but few of th€m hrd clar rorion rbour Yd€ni $ci€ry ot
ciFri.cof ddcdx .quihl c rdninhrntion.
ln fact, tlEy wte prdccupiqt eirh nfximiznrg EME borh ro cntrmc rheir
Etiirdion rt Cosbnlimd. lrxl b dat. rEMrEl ftnl,6 li{t cd lh. @dirid of
Tu*kh focs in YcnM Ms vcry bad b€.e dEy didn'r e.r muSt st.ri.s O(mM
adirinislrtid hld pbmulgar.d t lnivendl wog. $hcdule for ih toops, e{'Bed in
SDld "DiM", $,iich 6 luhdivid.d i.to sn.tt cffiies -OtroE iJ , vid! uricd lrlc
fon Fovi@ to t'ovic. TIE trco!6 8oi liid. mu @r leugh !o pay fs food they
rc.d.d, lcl doE rheir otl'.r nesfti.e TheEfoe, stdieF, dlhlsidld fo. rhc entrrt
govfinsn w @[c'ed
"nd
i.red lhc] ticd ro tind jobn joioing |o fte t6t yddi
disnt r g@ps o. des€ft.d di3Fn€d into rt. countrriid..

The govemm kre teltirg rtE politicrt lxpdieM lbout $e Egion. while rh.y
nrde no cllori to culrivute ahe toyltLy ofihc anllt etigios eots or Oey ondc6t$d tht
d.dttds of promiGnt lad.r!. TlEy also i8'ror!d ch rh.a. p@rle who hsj Bxtdrd
imldd! e*i6 fq (h.m duirg (hcir filsr @lqBl of ym6, 6d wilingty,
.cl@wlcdScd both spiriuat {nd ren@dl suthority of Suton, Otlohns political ed
eo@nic policies l€d 1o dislisfcction a|Mg dE p6de of y€'h, beaus it didn l
giE po6iliv. Elpo.s to n6r of Ycn.ni legal d.flflG, tn lj6t, ltE @urry M
dividd inlo tqo previM, lowldrds and hjehtdds, wirh rs tssdq!{lc8 Z.bid ed
S.n.4 but witlsur t,lnig s mrch roubte s Lo delinir rljeir bendd.s pEcisly or io
$lisay lhe p.ople of lhB. rcsioN Mbdl., rhust itrd@d ! Fl.nlnt oary mds
Y.nai !g.i$t Tulish don'n'dion h lddido. b tlu! Lfiir &r cNured disNion eren
bElGn lhc Tukbh oltici.ls dEnFhe*
M@whil., @ g@mr M lpFint€d rt 0E @pillt SlM wt$ sn .(engad lo
6t blbh 6aong sdnininsdoo with havy Lx colt@rion in a liollrion of lhe irue
a8reem€nt with Muttah!. 'llE lgter clevqly ad indi@tly app@ed lo dqruue $€
diviton of Y.n n, by ofi€ring his slbnrision 1o Oe oth.r govcrtu of Zabid instead ol
S.naa whi.h wa l@tcd Erb, his lditdi6. Con*quc ly. h. fom.nlal dislG.liq
*ith Tqbsh tub lnrolghoui tlE lsd fqe€d cqprencGire @alnion *nh OD hb.s, by
stulc prep.garda dd mdrcuverinA Th. positio! and st!.n$h of tlE golenro6 d€ply
dck|ioBred A5 so .n6 0B wig|lt ofey tulc. oi Yd.i filsl d€cmined sith how f.r
fm Sed his Eit 'eld
tun.
The Friod lron 1565 to 1568 w full oldierdc4 in whole Y6ei Tnb{l uFisiig
a wid6Fc.d, €6iig in $la| coll.F. lo thc Tutjlh .dnioistbton C-cl6ti sigs
cohpletql tlE strge etdng for r ouby widsdvol uds tlF lead.rship ol Mui. E.
ThouglDul Yed€n, Turlfth gaiers weru sduercd.ll&lql and over shcl'ned. Anct
tw y* ofstora fighting wid' Yereois, l-u.hish pr*tf,e 6 efnrsuisldl ro svc
for a l@hold I 0&y Erdrei frm @1 ol @dnem hign|uds loedds cslal aras.
Meanwhil., Otldse Sultrn "SulainB ll ' 6 rEt pepolld |o
'Gpt
th€ loss of Yeri€n
by rhe ndd5 ol schisnatic l@deu.

Hc l@.d rh.r hll of Ydeni Egim rl sll &d Ad€n ii Frtical mty .M!68e th.
Eump*n Fws ro irvldc it .nd lhal will b. bie los fot hi6 €6!iE. A&n is {ne n6r
slBlceac lorr in dr Anli PcniGul., mtuEr. Tutish fo6 h.r| larBc qutnnt of
adallery lri fi@ru st'liokn there llte 16! of rtdc. @uld 6slly oFftd up th.
pro6F.l ola Chrisiab oll!.1 on J€ddh and th. lloly d&d, whi.h !B rn inbknblc
i.sl( ro rhc qtiF Murlin World.
L 1569. n.w Egyti& .xFdirimry loc &schcd Yoo, t. thc R.d Sa, in
orda lo scuc Hiju and Yenen rgain$ lny rhr@i ro ths. ngiog Th. conia.da ot
rhc roc rriql lo.rcid di@t cl6sh yi|n Im6's tl,c, rhrcud inEnrdnry oa dj.
Shorif of Mda. qlling hih ro $E M$tin s btood .trt rtqsry &d lu.rfuly d€tN
his loyrhy to tte sulbn. Muldhhr Ejelcd rhi3 otTq by eiding n dcfidt FDhy,
b@!e hc lr.w th!( only a cmmon opFxition to thc Tllts l[d emdt.d thc Friolsl
c|)||sBust $l'ich he hld fohed. SuhclqFttt Mut.fth& @td nrt min|,in uD@ his
nEngo 8lh€ grat ark@rltic ct.N otTradi had Btrmcd pcun him oftheir Fiv.rc
a.d sdlr i!rtE6t3 ln {ddilion ro rt8t, tE ftitql ro t@p !ki.t bdltree ot |lo*9r,
Itet*s rlE Tridi lea&6 .nd Shafiis, sho M to fdr r @tiri6 govmns{ but
msle.d, Zidt E* gircn do'ni@laon oq ihc idpodrnr Fst3. Thk unbtrl,@ tcd
Shliis lo cLar ihe wy lor O(onrns advrnc .nd Eqflor€ rhe Z.idi$ {@ in rtE
ndth. Mut hlE wB dctBEd lnd ndcd b lorc S@q but hc s.lted !t . hirti
ibf6iE fonB nor tu frcm it.
In-1570 lE {cedcd new rrue virh Onqfins on rl$ Mne Qonditios. which m3
prwioBly.EE d rpor. In tJ72 Mubhhar da.d $tit. ttE Zaidi dyn{i6 *iordcd
uhd MnicB dong ft.n*tG fd Fo6. ott ln. otlEr han{ Tlrkkh ofli€R
'Nftrsed perscutro. ag.imr p€opic of ymd Thc uncenainly .orinued fd.bour
qudcr €nllry wnn rh€ Bltt rhar upFr yftn 6m ro d|. @mt|d tum *,tEn
cm tibc ssht sllf-ind.Frde@. fte frthp6c of indtgeeG .llnqny dd
connon iflccts mong rh. popltarion bEughr good oprDnuftly fo. Tutish foc ro
,nore rg.itut Sha€f al-Din frnily and oth* mrgnarB ore by orc lnd to dcnd ic
Mr,!l oE *,lDlc Y€nE

For long line Yemen *!s bn ddiwly tarqlil $ Oe To (\ eetiotr al l*l
pdicbbl. Nd dty did.'r noin(ain the modjc@ ol llblic ordcr *hioh p€rmilted
.sriqrlruc |Jld6lion !d md. to swiv.
ls 159E. llrc sit@(oi of Yc!ren *ti ddn&lisllv ch.rgcd atd th. beldM ol !ov'r
h€!@ in fNou of Yensi Gbels Ole of lhe Qdimi lmams' Muhfln@d F@ed
lo b'
r srat e@nitlt fighkr !!!iNl dE Tuddslt f(x6 Att€r a Fti$ of trt"ts and
db6ls, hc lied nost ol lhe Nnhcm tDuitdns' li'cd lhc l urlc lo @mc lo
tr solis$otr t ble with iiN in 1607 Tney uSecd to {ithdEw liorn hiuhh ds and ldlc
bin urolclrql in th@ trcst whi.h blram udd his @ltrcl ll$ush tl'rG w
pa.e ag@Ent b€l@t $on, bll ttE conllict h.d ml e|xlJ tnd in 1613 Tudis fo,q
der dotlpr d€tcai tlEEforc, tlEv d€cidcd ro give Ycder *lfa!tunonrv tule lrdced
th€ Q6imii wG fonurc s lhe timc Ms in ravoui of lhem l urlis[ EmpiE Ms
u.&qping intlrMl ond.n.rnd dilricult'.! siE iL involEftnt i' w 't
Balkn rd
Meditm€n sd lg.intt n tiomlirr doffinG tnd E@pdn Povs Di$r&B rre
6cuft{ ii Pc6ia, Svri!, und clswhcre of 0' Cdlitlub nrcludnrg ih caPibl wh'ch
wit6dl insbodiMion olrmisnd cnd rerm rnlrrlw
The Pon @!ld do rcdring ro help his Gp'€snt'lirc 'n
Yonen bc,ond' *ndrry I
l€w swiltiis Egy$ian coNcriprs A lol ofTurkish fo@s *e'e d€fd|cd 8id Join'd rhc
in@ wie while [E c.matder 6 obliSed b cqGr for s t@e in order lo
*i0rdnwal our of S.@. Thc Tur*ish inntEM in Yntn 'lc'@s'd
to llrle thd 10'6
ud fiullv lcn Ych.n for llije nr 16?6. furks mddo i' turth(r cllons to tcu*n
@olrol owr Yeme., shilc llE .d'ninbldtion 4n€ i' $e ha'ds of C|.simis dttdty
Qnich Eplaqd llE
nB@tur, tlDan Qsi$ r*sLblislsl ltE lradilitul i'aidi Ptitr,
Turtish adnini r.riof,. Hislorians menrioid $al Qdirk rule s exlcd'd 10 inclldc
whole $s llnds of mienl Soulh Aobia. fh€n urlv lonoclr Nds llut |hev should
foltow neribl. la$s in h.rd|nlg of dE Nodn Yflen

Ttey iitr.ddql tddinicEliw clms, *ttch w tl€ $!po'l o' lL p6?|c'
tl&[grnd Yco.n. Thc tFlicy or Muh.mntd bit Qcnn 8!in d for hiB g@d EFx'lion
ftsimis ruI. dctlined siM lhe drty
'ts
of s*nlcnU cenrury snd lhd rctEnchfMt
bftrG rh. tEnd. Codullt. sltsn ttoinc Ercll.d.giiGl th. QsinC Cowrls
!d asn d tor l@l .u!on6t Thc lai.r offrci.ls wt illiicEL .nd sl{ll'l*,
th.rcf@, th.y hil€d lo fultitl llEir p@nis lo th. Fof'|.
Sf,COND PERIOD OF TURKTSH RULE
As the Fsult of lat Q6inis failu@ to nsinllir Yemctr\ indetlnd.M, lhe ounlry
|re rgrb diriniegrded .d tutry Fircipalili!6 rd &chcd udcr t l€{Ltsltip of
local dyr6t,cs. Zsidis SpvtM wc rhtuo tsy fiom diIIeMl asioB 8nd ade.d
by uibitioB lihll chicls or Fon h.it Fi'es. Subscqu.ntly, disodq hit @3t of thc
Yddi Mr, *l ch 6linu.d lill l.G y6r' of osltt .nti @|ury. By llE beginninS of
nindenth ant!.y, . milibtrl no@t of e lsl.nic Et.ft. MuhmnEd bh Ah

ln l3l2 d|e sulr!|! $ u@1, rcq@ted his vslsal ar lSgtpt, Muhsrfned Ali l,&sl4 lo
..tkl ni|n,.ry fo@ lo lhe FeniNl. for @ting th. W.hhlbt ar6 lli.js md lo
.liminare thcir @ntDl 0!6 oth.r aE4 MdMtud Ali .@pr€d rlF rasL bccaN hc
h'd bae anbilion lo onify Anbit and Esypt 6{E s l.a&6hip. Wilhin few Elr the
Eg4tru fo6 su.ecd.d lo liq{idatc ltr w.hhrlis F!$n6 fon ssrm P@imula,
cap6i.lly llije &d mnhEden podion of Ycmd. lt h.d @Burcd tlE Holy cilis !d
rdv@d loEds Najid in th( runh dd Ycrun in LIE suth
Muhan,r8d
li lr icd his b$l lo sl€ns$un his oorbol ovct Yttrr$ h order lo gain ils
$slrh H€ wdr ufotuEq 6 cnti€ Ydcnis Bkled his foc .rd fdc.d llbtr !o
lerve Yemln. Mqn{hilq pea@tu| .grnc *a sigt.d by bolh sid6 ii Nhich, Imd
obliged to psy len Oousnd dollc 6 . tnblte for llE l4'ds uklfi hn rub ThuSn
Muh.mld Ati ariled c Onon.ns v@l dd ht relE qa 1o slop W.hh.lts rhBl yet
hc wideNd bs oFr0tiotu over nosl ol ttc A@bio Penidsuld. lly l8ll, hc b€ad€
msler ofdE wlFlc PctiBuh lnrt lhcn he e'6elled as.inll lL strlllis $wrersnly
He app.!@d io bc not rercly cotti@or, but s b6insnan $hG Fli.v ws Lo
noroFli@ tlE in& of fte aM, which enE lnler his snlol lle b€drc tuos
lod.. ald he brorc his loyslt !o OrIond calithtL,.nd shned nililary lltackl
linsr $.n rgrilort in 0E rtei Cons.q6(y, Munrnm.d Ali licql gal pcsm
tron Tdt y s wll 6 Eunpan Sitr6 *|lo forced him ro wilMow his loc from
eme pl@s of tte AEbie PcniNula, ed rcd@ th. tnilirary 8ldsns in soD. other
.I4 TIB oppo&nb ot rhe Pdlu ldBd lon hir olEBlio'ls ir A.abia, wlEd $ci
judscd lhlt p'ct{ndco innuEc of! inslc EsJPt 4 Pwt
in llc Rel sd, a wu ,3
P.si& Outl 16 r th&.l lo tn.n comduniotiors widr lndian sub$nlircnl
lo 1839 s !o the sctio. to MuhennMd Ali .xFnshi, Britatd ddided lo mcupv the
s0rt src pod of Ad.i .lotrg witl' ils ttdil oa Bab .l'M.ndeb , vfiicb controlled dE
eutknglt of $. R.d Se Britisl @uFlio. of sutlFn @wr of AEbiu PcniNdr
@i ! big chaileng. to lhe Muslim unily. lheEforc, Pbha could rc longd a$rd
3ubmioing to the dntll rothority at CoNitrlaNgle in I &{0.

Ym.n's situlron ms Nt vlll sircc lhc Egftiatr $rlhdmml t"1lt3€ of thc conflict!
.nd cMFtitios iBid. llE ztidi dF slv trd b.rw!6 lhc l'ib.s ot lh€ ionn Fd
inst N, Shrif of tuir d.ct.Ed 'd{rcrcm
Fovire of &it a iftbDadctrt
prircipolit, .nd 0'cn h! got bis t!n{d lod forcign lbwu
l lc |tumned n'liltry lll&k
d rhe @.r.1 Frte of Y.lM |'i dptft{ Hodic&h trd Mulhl Blt sn hc f"'d |! l
olrsilbn frem tn.n of SM!! eiro contnkFd himslf th€ tcgilind' tuld of siob of
Ycfttr ircliding &ir So l|tr|m &mndc(l shdls i!ftnd of lhN Flis ltd6 hit
cod6l, which pul ltighlands ir cmDlcrc isoldion fm tn. *tiiiL Sftrif Gf6'd lo
.cepl Imlm ! deman& ed tl|.. lh€ lalq &cid.d to Elm ltqr.lfids lo hk colhll b!
fl)e Itr frd Inah 3 106 lq ltE sd bll .nd g!.r .lest@ftn ofHo

It .IDar.d thd 0E
'@,
*hich @E u'de. fs*ish ad !.irisl @itrel @!ld
dlslop in direrent ears, b.qN $clr po*er hrd its spcci.l bicl$ound md id@tory.
Coi$qkn t, Yftn had b@ne open l.d lo thr.! plarel5, tu*ish in rhe s6!
Brnish in $ulhso F)n of A.lctr witn it5 pror€t@t6 and &idi lmmte in rhc
nonhcm highlands The silurion ofzddi @s assin tum€d lo di$ider b.c.e ot th.
6nid. dong d. &idi cl.ns
'th. Fople of S.tE ftrdin8 tu imdn dpallc oa .dui'r8 otdd clK
3|l6sirc cmnom b dicd rhejr mrnicilol rlTriE. A1 l.rgth, in 1872,
dspqidng of t Nom ro public scurily rnd oa uy ou.l, d th. trib.l
hwlsrcs which had deslrotcd .ommere and comhuoiolioB, the S.@
mlabl6 sr . d€k8.lid Io tlE TlAish in Tihrn.- i.viting him ro @upy
uppcr YcDcn. TlE Ollmn lo@ rcapon&d prornplly, and h.8cfl lhc
dDnkl€ss d@l s5k of irlrod@jng order ed *curiry n' E Dore trod@tive
legions ol rlr inlfior $d ot cstdblishn'8 . nlioml busucdlic
adrniniJurlion". {2)
ln th. fi61 iBt{G, Aitish Erclion b qlor@s rctu.n lo Y.m€n sa5 pcitiw or
edr.l, bequs. rhN !rc$ .l&sdy wrc in d on0rss choos. Riiilin f@rql llut
preslnL of civilizcd sbrc ii rhe Ycmerihishlaid Fightdeeelop il, pbhor. ilsbilily a
o or@ sunry. Mo@q, $cy 6o!Cr tl'!t 'r'urkish odDini.lbtiq Fob.bry h.d lo
prcv.nr rhc nonlEm tribe\ regular raids oi lhe cohmcrcial r@ds, whi€h link€d Adcn
wirr rhe mdn.re ofYcmd lnd lo olhd Fns ofAobiao P.niEula Bdlis[ ho$6e,
toot . plrurioMiy slep lo suG thea. @lonid rnd nre.ghen $e eldio$ wilh tho$
rrib6 krnt to Arlen. Fo. inst ne, ilt* 3igned sics ol sgenc.ts vith thc notlbl.
Eihx aroo{ Adcn, ir od.r to percnt atrt polcn$al -l u isn qtn ding loMds soldr
It had b.dr rctrtiorcd rllat tte pohid drd *i{l oidit,on ot the ABbi{ lennNuld
e!@ diumidlly chlnrcd with coming ot Anhin 6 skons suprr tr|@r |o shtrc 'l utluy
for tne doniMlion owr owry egioN ol tlrc sL I uAish lo@s, ho@vcr, we@ aacld
old challsges in Yen.n. Tb. Fopl€, mdrwfiil€, Esbcd Turlish locs by .U m€.ts,
s h4 ene wil€6 sid'YeDcn s6 ! !tt!! ol $. Tuhl. New Q$ihi lalcr,
MuhoDDedbin Yahy!, s chosn os "lDam-ul-Y€'ncn bydeshol.^oath€$ol

tu s! s la &ot otlcc h. an@fttd thlt lE eill lo* lgtian bodt dE Tu.tist
and B i6h Fo96 Nd bcsdi r-tuiling thc Fople
in ftv@r ol his ctuse IL l6in.d
stong gEtrilla tghl* glt l'rmlEd oonlinB rt|4k.gi.sl the Tdll' Ooug! the
ndntnins, .nd 6ily 6r$s€d ltt ddi.l 56@ Hi. $n Y.hv. @mpl.l.d .v.culio
rrds ofrhc Turlish foG fFm wholc odhcm .@ ln l9l I tne Tuds ad imF
Yihyr- lgcd io nulul $&Bl!ndin& ii *hi.h lhc Tllrlc lsgnied him 4 hod of
dE Aidi @nnnity qilh lte neit io otl4t t!xs, .l'point tlE dminislr.loti lnd
judld fo. dE kr& lln&l his cdnd. ard.te dEy.gE d lo sivc hin dnul $!6idv.
l. dum, arny. re.t|.d 3mll g.nis lo M.in ot S.M for
'Mitdiig th. Felie
ofth. lE4e rg..n.nl, Th..8r€ddl M big viduy to.0E Fople ofY.ftn.nd n
M! '.6uhof
En hltd $6ilicq lor my d.cad6.
Ac@rding 1o rl s *{loF , Y.lM hqre u i"dcFidcrt Foi@ ud.r Tu*ist
$wFig' y. In .rlditid to ft.q il|d Y.hyr lEd Cpod polnim .mng othd la

YEMENI STRUGGLE AGAINST BRITISH
OCCUPATTON
European's Early Concern about Yemen
!uuF$ poB6 hld lediljo@l oncn $out Yd.n, b..ru* ol sssrapniel,
idcologidl !d poliliel rceN. lr rc lmn thlr Ymen Mr.olted $c strllEm g.L
of0F Red S@. Sin@ ln srly y€s ot founenth e'n!r', Abtnr.id Caliptde b€dne
l@ qel ard old whil. EuroF .ppeard tlog willl big mbirion lo domi.re ovcr thc
lshdic @liors. Po ugue @ tlF fir5r EuroFln pow 0$i r@lEd Ycnd in tlE
moddn hislory. Although thcy slbniud to ihc lslmio rule to. y@, yer ir tail.d 4rin
i. $c ha.d! of Chisridil, ad 66 got flll jn&perdaN. By rhc bc8innins of rwlnh
eolury, Ponug@ brd o*n d slrurs dvll foB ad 3raied @nr@eBi.l ldwntuB
in th. Esstem 5€6 in od.r to nEte siege on fiq |sluic Stlrc.
They @upi.d snnq a@ in lndid

ln 1610 Brnish llet sid.rql rlEi. etivitics lo iml!& turblr PqtMb.ftd fct
ydB of irs lDparins or lidim Sob.omiF . nF net lld visjLd Pssi.n Culf .!d
$trI.d Ea 0E 96i1 oflloou .fl6 tlFy lpt rn ollEisl FmlJd lm P.6io taitg
TIFE fta, British shiF.ppqEd cgll.rly in lhc YoNni porlr, snich 6ri.d Bridsfi
sdd! .td in .etom it l@l YcMi 6w mEilL.
Subceqenlly, Bdti3h El.lids wilt lh. 6leo liod d.v€loFd b.tj,e of
conn.Ei.l polF)6e politic.l aid nililrry tjrbitioB. Th.r had duli€d Indi. dd
lurred lowrd Y€men $alwff cn$nk€d ftc ,!al key of^abi& PeniNll& Tter€for,
ir h6d decided to 3rrE gthen ik rcllrions lirh Y.fieni nobbl€ dtr8tia, Bpei.lly tlw
qtD liwd in slhlm .ca li*e den and hhij. Bdttuh op.'td itr liB| mn@id
cntd tt r|t port of .t Mo{lu ii |6lE !ft| tppoinid Fnne .g.nr io &rl with d@
lc.l ldminislnli@. TIE skdegic impoltrM of Y.Mi lqtior ie@sd yar by
y@. Oi thc otlEr b'rt Britsl! plitidl lnd @6nic inflitlE gEw stc.dfudy i! tt
ngid ud&r 3lpcni6id of IdiM Bririst ldmirindion, wnicn .kcii.d htlr ro @upy
rlE Frr of A.Ln by foc-
Holl"rd ai.d la sh.E otls F@!.'r pow6 to .oitnrl {E lritn @6!ic
@w6, rnd ficy sol ind.padaE ir l5El fM tlE lskoii rulc. tl.c odE
EuoFar strres, tloll.rd builr noddr ftry .td sr ro Inie O€4 rtE, dEy
ll@lEd nutrru .r|,tct! rg.i'd Propc{. lhiF in g.tml .id McliG in Fnirhr
TLy d$ Glrblth.d EaEm Conp.ny in 1602, whi.n opdEd s.lfll tr&b fo@s i!
Y.d6,rnd ldia. Wiihin fcw y6E thcy wre d e ro corrblrhe tddc of fd@ Yn.ni
@f,'E ud thck domilltioq @itinued for nlny d€c{dc!. Bur tlEy succeded in difting
@lte intemtidal c.nt€r from Mdda |o tlEir honeland. Ddoit€ AMrcd.n b€me
min pon for @fi@ exrqt ro the lsdd I lolli d! inreBb did,i'r dd ii Y.M * rheir
ships @nlin!.d ib vieits io rhe po.rs of Muth. lnd AdGn urtil | 8rr0. .nd thd dec@d

Fimc! G th. $otrd hnjo. @hi1 powrc ol ENF .nd Bnbin *ts hld u 6tty
.{iccr|| dDll tlE 6rem e!jl$. lts liul clIon B in t 274 blr ir coddn-t cmpt.G rtE
dit@vtring mbsion bear* of ldhnial prrblctu in rheir sf iF .trd lll.r thc f.wh
.ivil wr dpt d ehich Is|€d lhdl @. huidEd y@. By rlE.nd of civil w ii 162?,
licnoh hd Gb{i[ ficir Mv neel and wcE qblc |o Fnicitote in redisvery ol the
Witltin llDn t@ dE r flcr @lE(| lrxii.tr Slbconrient whft ir fcld UE si$!rid'
suittblc for d$lisheor ofrftde Ehrion wio Sourh Asi. ,nd laler t i.d 1o porclbe
$.ll l.nd at @lotry for ohohid FrF6a. Sula4Errly' Ftftt @dr of Yqns
bonc @l ed lEn goreme hoped to st colory in it'e iiLd of SM1r4 $nich
@ iolk:l tllc Bvigslion F@$ or dE Aqbid S{a. 'ttey .le oF ed eNndEial
.cncr in Muth. and apFi rd r.adc {(trchd
li lZ7, Frcrch 'ebnoos
reE distu.tcd witll th€ Mukh's authlritx which cl@d
thcir enta !s rh.y svoi{kd Fying d@ tue !d th.t elimiMted rhet iin!.m. rhc
cgion in f.vou ol otlE. slrong l-urop6n A,E6lil. Bririr As. Gull, FEich ller
si.A6 Moll8 lkl later opened firc on tD cnt. leNh tun fdcoi to la* Yrftni
Cs$ efun Brirish n@r rppai.d oEE. h-Emh, howB, Edaied in @|&1 wilh 0!.
rn.in porls of Y.M and Ea$m Afri6 Th.y @.tully nMitmed lhe !.1ieiri6 of boo
Bdlish ed Tdtish aclivili* trom ir, positron in dE M€dilet@n Sa ad by .olhF.
ofTukth Enpn€ $ey begm wide oc.lpation lor Nortl Afridn countdes
British Policy towards Arabian Peninsula
By lhp €td of€iel|(@lh cc.tury, lh. impotu@ of lhe Red Sa irc@ied noe lher
ey Flvious lim6 h hld b@rc a otrjlrt ol i.le.61 lo llE ohr@lld6 ol W6t€m
EooF. Bo(h th€ B;ast lnd Frtuh h&l possions in hdi! *halc BF.dy
comn@idtion *a 3 nEtl€r of the d'n6t @rcfr lo ntsny of the rdrlnced @unrri6 of
the wrld, l'd cranplc, ih lhe ev€nt ol wur, the counry vhich cp@nolavc liat
r.ceiv.n rcw guin an imm.nf advdllec.

The erat inFo@cnt in lh. Echtulo&/ trt d€ @vigttion sdd atd dE ib@lopMt
of . ut ec Egyp( bdrre mE ltltrclirc. In 1785 Famh eov@ngl si8i.d !n
.sffit qith F.glpl .llor.d lhdn ro llNprn lhen eoo(l in bqn lM Aldn kit oi
{E McdiGd@i Sc to S@ and {En to the R.d S.a.nd icn te6 htd th. Bdd3n
b.dght our rh. lisr cl[.r oa rlE R.d sco
Ana fdr tsB, NlFlcon PmF.l! iMded Egw{, wiich w.s iMiv.blc io lhc
othr Euopai Frsq dFchlly orir.in ft.r hc sfuld Est .t !t S@ .!d nal
unoppc€d to ft id. In f.cr, Briti3h inrcllig.fte sms hd el$wledgpd lhtt he
inE@p{€d letlcB to the lmm of itl,3clt ! d b wrio6 prihe3 in A6t'i. !d l.dis,
.nmwi.g lh|i hc w on hk Mt to rftGm. As @crio ro Po6Fn adv!trruF, in | 799,
BriGh et rr@p3 ro rlE Yffii srrrcsn hhid of Pdim *,iicft b sit d.d Erro tlE
s|nil ofBrb ul M.neb te, f@ rhk khnd n c 4iy for.iy posq to blct d. tlr.
3trit in fo.t of.ll shiF, ln S.p(onbs of the sirc y..r, lFl Sull!tr grw tt.n
Fnisiid ro u* dGn a b$e for rh.ir ot'cr ionE i.vikd Bnfth fdq. Wh.n rroEn
foc wiihdc* tDh ESpi i. lg,l, DriIkh trwp6 d$ l.li Ad€n &d F!...d.d lo
Tlc [cI Be of thc Rcd S@ for 3Lrrcgic tutoss srad.d in I E02, *h€r Bdlhh foEcs
l.nd.d at the ESytnirn cBr rnd ltret.d rlE |lt!fuB of tlE Fffih rmy fM th. ttar
ln dF ere ta. Bdtit|| m.ile. dctcinii.d.lldt b BiE tlEi. noeing lr.& eit
Yaftn, h odcrlo clolc llt @untry fion iny in&Mtion of Fnice.
Bdlrii rppoi.ad . Amb.sidor lo UE stsG of Y!o.n with FW6 to ftgorirc rn

The F|niel si|llri@ oaA6tri& Pqireub hld ddndi@lly chlngcd anq w.hh*is
.ising in 0E latc dddc ol nidelen$ 6trry. -llE mo@iBas fodrder. walrhab .llicd
*ifi a &ibd chi.nain MuhmnBd Bin Slud ed drn @nq@cd hrge a@ of the
Pcninsul& ln 1803 W.nhrbir .apturcd Me@ md M.dim at Hrj@ proviM. $d t@hcd
!o e.lsls of Yerrcn, ll hld aleady b@n mntion€d $!r Ottl)lrs C.liph hod
@q6&d hn ttsl .t Egypl Muhdm.d Ali lo *nd fol6 lowdr Anbis Pdinsu|l
oid 6Fis dr rblt da6 fo. all M6li6. Mun m'Md ali soa*dcd in lwptuing
lnjd wirhin shon rinq bll his €xprdnu unbnaon rli'jnl slup in llul Egiotr od his
&e6 @ntinwd rhtir ldwnt@ of 3uhuitrg $lble Anbi! ln 1812, Muh3dn.d Ali
or&Fl his onmndcr nr H'ju 1o conquq Yeneni pon ol Mukha ton slErc D6l of
the mdd @ffe t!!& @n6
MdtrliL. dE Eg/pte op.6rioc in Anbi. had dislurb€d tlt B.nth EndF, stE
.@i&r€d thc prcmlndehnt anflue.cc of a sn'8b powr h $c Rcd Sea $ @ll ts rf,
P€cie culf & urccprrble th@r lo lpir .om uni@lions with lndb Brit in wd
al.nred,4 th. Egypli{ns h€cme dte nstcru of whole €aste m rnd Blsium c@ts ollht
R.d Sa fron B!6ul Mlfdeb !o A$bi. IlE.dvcnt of sten fcl in tlE Mviealion a
@lh$ f&lor aor lhc cnsgins ol Brilish policy (oMrdt lh. Rcd Ss, s rts e Edut-d
lhc rihe of tF joufty bcl@n EuolE dd lndian Subconlinent lor aboul a h.lt Sin@ il
b@ft ptraiqblc ptovded l,har a st.arcr could r.fu€l d $he point bel@n Bonb.v
@d S@ Eor B l,ain, il *s obvioclr desi@blc ltsl th€ coal sholld be sb.ed at suitiblc
.tdesic se, lrkr th. British nag. sid eolld iot bc aubj.ct lo thc *hims o{ anothcr
t@ig! F,wr
1 tf,Mns, British n'ision nslc lull siNy lor $ull'cm slFrc ol Yoncn
in I 829- @nfinftd tlul Adcn is hdr suit t,ic (b onEr pns ofllt Rql S@. 11 ould bt
Ls€da@linssr4liotr od milil4ry basc.
lhe iouidutrllotuludqj wi$ ihc sig'trg ofdN fi6r lanul lrudy L{lsen dr
i@n and . E@rtu FW: thd strt6 of the Rdi&nt &d thlt of oft$
Bn(oc 6 egul.t d.rd tlE expon t.n|Ton eoods slipFd 6 tcdued
rrcmIlo2.4Fre.t.(4)

EeyFian pc.n ! in rhe Po.t ot Mulh! ei@unsrd rhe loql ciUreN ro !{rct Brirhh
hi$ion's ftsi&n.y, ehi.h @ oc.upied bt the mob and $ne Englhhn.n rcl! b@io.
Brihin sl largc $6hip6 io dE Fo,l d rc6gc nuemot for th.ir Guttti.s, *io
fir.d r lol of sh.ll. on rlE ciry rnd l.t4 {E (mF lrnded. Indi.n odrinisrori@ nad
&ci

Br{lh o..rFtbtr ofAd.!
lrrli@ Sovf,rHl rlckbd ro d quictly .t{ *i!rd uiring for otfEirt .pFarl !o
$*t p||r by thc \v||ir.tlll Fle.t Lodm. EgMdins Adcr, bcc.s r'!d,rrotd htc
lo{ttiE In |838€prlin ttdE sle!.it b..t !o |rt F6sB.ir otA

In tlE sdrd 6t p the sithh dhiiistndon Fi phn for clalim ofr highly Gfliciqn
idellig.ne ndslrk h.ecd o. lt J.wbh .mounilid ci(k'lt in mlny @s of Sordn
,^rali4 lhich quile sn il lort qukk .d dlnt iifomllion a le My a Sr@ in
Ycftiit eirircly cj@tcd Britirh occuFtion of Ad€n I'y rll meani As s@n a6 rls
Bdtkh @cupicd Ad.q llE pad€ bcsan guc.illo Mr lsriNt iN6de6 qto tad
$phistid€d nlodcm @I,|[x h.ncc, tlEy wc.blc io @ntblrh. pdtpL. Bdrtuh hld
lo fac. Egll.r ni& froi mnlEm Y.iEiildbce, which forc.d .nd fin n c@ceftoie
lo win llE loydty of th. rcuxling Shc he by of.dig th€fi lub3idi6 ud prerecrid
sishie. Il0pF!!d lh.l Brilbh didn't 3e tft! wtG of^d.n dly in oucly nilit ry
t nE bd tlEy slis€d t|!t it could be d.!/dopd inro t t'hc. or glal trH!.rtile
inporbi@ oFniry op lhc dclt rom of Ymn md Aobi., Pciiisuh fq th.ir
And shdt titu lL. hqr n@ FsFro6 rltr rny Fd d th. R.d Sa. $d rtrt
@uptcd eith cmi&ilblc rmb.6 ol bbouE rtro drc fM trdir. Afiidn t$m_ in
dditid !o l@l A6bi Tn !..1 *rrt.!Mt tFa t d s .n trdim dls lhar rn A6b
city. C.pr.i. tiaiG did v.ry hsd wl ro @Nrrcr d.n, $ thl during his find
vdE wie he ddnl lor. i! B h. l8d lo do .ll 0E @l'ond d'd'6 hinEtt * h dE
@req*@ tlbr A&n th€d ro . nDd.m inerBrrbn l pon with go.d infr.6rrcr@ arkt
hid ltrn

suhr! t bij, who lBd pct ndel ro b. . suFr+hi.i e{. qs6d !o be s e inc@.di.ry
lin delling eith dE ods rribd rtiet hs. tn ord$ io Fotong rheir @up.lion, $cy dettl
@fult yith the ldl Y.6i! tt drg8pd.d hctitit ro oppomrs .rd .'esiw
!frd lo fiicn& tlMgh dEir k4ory, which a.rcd in .fk1 s rtE miq6 b.nl in rtr
British ued ro loy
ttugc rhou't lo rlE NiShbdinA rib6 or Mdnior dBl oEy lept
oFn dE tEdc\ D!1ce berwi Ad.n sd lh! o Er .Is of rhe psinsda Ttis roticy
hld bNogha el jaloGly srbng rh. orhcr rrit s wh. t.mhad *v€Ft arr.c*s on
Brnish pole.tod* in lEJ6. tn addi on |o Oot. uritirh lied eDrtEr rebe0ion fbs
sulbn of L.[ij ii 1858, I he telt tlur Birish Flicy of diMr d€t witl rlE trib€s n dr
diminkh hir ow. ioportance. Snre 1863 Briftl governor .l Aden mdtcd a tunn€r
3hg. of inrclv.'n€nt in tlE af4iu ol nordFm Ycmeni lrib6, while he &@prqt nmy
titu rheir invibtio.s ro m.dialc ii msiy dt9!t6. ln t37O a cabl€ 3rarion *{s
i6ugu6&d in A&n fo. ticilibring omdicdiont wirh borh rI€ Lindon !d lndi.n
gowtuffirs ads b.carc ! f@ F)d ri@ t650,.nd th€ oFdnaof rtE s@ c*d in
1869 h.d b.olght !n mmoc ircla* of bGin6 sd stq@ shi6 @Lr.d ttts
Bcfoi. Ibii dE Fospe.t of ! dral tt@u8h th. li|loB of S@ had led ro &
incrae ofEurolsn sctiviry in th€ c and Ois lEd mdi€d ihe aurhqiliG
in Ad.n ad lhei. tutq!. Th. Fcmh h.d trlcn a splsfrodic inr@t h lhe
R.d Sq since the eisht€en$ @ntu.y '. (E)
FFnch, RBie dd Tuks, howee.r,l[d .n mtttion b Brablbh nililr.y br$ in
Y.'req but Uey fac.d srrong opposihn frufl Ddrain s,no nad gat inowtue h th!
Eiotr flwh apFlec. in lhe w6t€h oBl oldr R€d S@ *ith (he o(Mion in
Sond4 which *qdd h.rc mde it easy fur thdn lo rl@t on Aden. Thd€fore. fBEh
m.l bjg ch.lLng. fon both d. Do*s lrdti5i .rd Tokish dD foftr

British-Turkish conflict in Yemen (187G1918).
Thi flatio b.lwn Tu.lcy and Brittii had pesd ODud s.v.ol stag* r@
c@oemtion lo ililrry cl6h6. WlEn Mol'aonn.d Ali ws Ftiing.glind the Tu*i$
dnitrisrsdon, ific Brilkt su@ori.d Turtish. Briltuh .rtiudc 6N lmn $B(egio poi.l
of viq s t|t loagrh .rd 3t4pon of Otio.u's anpiE ,hdld m.fc i !U. !o te tlE
chalkneca of MultlDrod Ali !d * kll RG3i.N c'€sris $'iiclt hoped lo e.t .
p6iti6 itr rhc Middl. E3t In spring of I E 19, th. T!ftkh fod. @ptur.d Yffi rld
sld.ted @neli&ling aheir posilion ov€r mnl ofthe Yeo.ni l.nd iicludiig Oe opittl
s!@ Brilish 3lood rcutr.l doing Tu*kh op€.rli@ ii th€ mdhcm YaMi nountliB,
but wb.n 0E hcr .x!.nsim @hd solth.m bor&. of Brilish FoLclonr6 rt€n ncw
.B of qfMltlion bct$a lnc rrrc F,wr 3tldcd
Turldsh for@. cmpl.ted th€ir o.tdl ovq edole Ydcn by lE70 end as Ic
.ondilio. ep Bribin hid nade !eti6 ol iai€m€tns fith rlrious l.rd6 of hiiicrhnd,
who ,gtcd to piw.nt diy ldvrrcc of rrr (iih locrs bwaids s@th. On lhe odrc. side
British gorddcnt rt Bmbry I *rio6ly 3lmed, $tile ihc omciak d trndon had
o(lq€d d.ir Ant stdor u Cffilrirituplc ro diJa rhe FtrbLn wnn G. Crrnd
Vina Tdtilt .dmi.istntin essuGd hnn drr rkhoud ,\d.n rd ik I'irrdhrd @
p{rt oaY.n6'3 Dbvifte bd fie Pq& wdd inrMt his.lmm!ftLr in Yenen tut to
t6&e &tioi .s.inst Bitkh.
TIE FhlioB b.lrtr tlE lrc 3l!t6 @i.d poirt otm ctum in 1872, *tH bod
sid6 ;him.d dd rhcy hlw rhc loyrlty of tlFe rn06 mrllEh ..d alrd
^den.
lt rtE
sne tirc, B.ifth dw up t list of niE bib6 (snroG) ro h. csrrhd s hei4 in rlEi.
ztr ofinflu.nc! or Fo(erior In Gr@ dw rrib6 nor b hrv. lny .clatione wilfi orh€r
pows 3rd ro put thck i.Emsl di{,{r6 ro lhc Biirish for €tdeftnr. ln ddirion !o rh4
Bnt in r.qu.li.d Tu*.t [i it hrd stdicg'c inEBrs in rhal .B sho{ld be @sniz.d
and ino* t.ib6 sholld be bA donc ncr tlr Tutish @.vi.cd lo *ithrs frm
$re.8 dd @incd in slrdghold cccrl rlgion for fd In 1918, Turlcy
wifidnm nln wnob AEbi! lid r|cw cr of Y€lmi ni$!ry n!i6d 'qK
bt Btrblishrenr
oflindmic5(!€.

Th. trc YcreG @t Ihcir $Fsc uts .!d d€rcloFd io diPbErt frshioB lo.
n.ny &qd.s. ourins fi|| ri3is, Thc lot ign oflioc rl London gew fd.dc ind tlboghl
thlt $c lndis office nidl e€t Britrin into ur wiri Turtey lls .onnicr wirh i$
i Fridhlic l!'nbotane and disrrusr ol t{o$ao did dmge ro kap thc prGouo.un
Ero more ihponar! at {E h.i8ht of tl'. IETE At|glcR6is M sctr!
Btillio nrd obliged sdLn Akill fllmid io p€.mit Briain @uD.tiq of
Cypos. Ttis *s in rctf. fo. . A.irish gl|!fure of ..minins Or(,|M
letriluy in Ai.- CyFu va lo *rye a . lltitisn nililary depir dw cM$
lo Gisl a possibl€ RNio milit ry rho5l. (9)
By th. dd of .inetdlh eotu.t, Orlo'rsn 3 .olc

-T
l-Rooct W. Sboky, lc|'.ln; ns Polll*:t ol Y.r'rn Arub Rt,trblic'
Wcrtvi:w Pr!.q USA 197t, P: ll3.
2.lbi4 P: 159.
3.F.dtlflid'{, At6b ryxrw &/rdt, Fag[itr Booft LTD, Eqglr4
lnl,Pit,
4.Robitr Bidndl IrE
ft!3!, Colddo
^No
USA, 19t3, P: 30.
y.n c/,t, Logorr &qP nd W.*vi.w
s.Ibil P:33.
6,Rob(rt W. Sb.&y, Op. CiL, P 15&
7.R.bin Bilw![, Op. cil, P: 35.
E.lbid, P: {3.
g,l,alil&w\ Inleno.bt d Pontu&d lr, Nlde M: OA N.t
D@g.roa Go,'.,P: 18