1865 December 08th

DEc. 8, 186.S. 

THE ENGINEER. 

365 

Da& .Beut~~&trn 

IJTEBATURE. 

in Outtrrtich. Eine ZIUa.mf'M111uUu11fJ der i n 

. Manz. 

LTlllRD NOTICE.] 

Al'T'ER Olll' close examination of the Swedish accounts of 

the progress of the Bessemer process in that country, we 

will now more particularly direct attention to the progress 

of the Besaemer process in Austria, as related by the authors 

of the important papers before us. AB one of them truly 

obeervea :- " Anstria is well known to be amongst those 

''countries bountitully provided by nature with pure ores, 

"out of which pig can be produced of that quality and 

"purity required in working by the Bessemer process." 

The condition of the iron manufactures have in fact been 

for centuries in Styria and Carinthia very similar to those 

in Sweden. 'Vith similarly pure, or even purer ores, the 

lack of fuel has long been felt in Austria, as in Sweden 

:Bessemeriaing, at any rate, in its present stage, is thns an' 

enormous benefit to those countries. 

It is a happy circumstance that the Germans and Swedes 

are not so reticent as others with respect to the p ublication 

of facts about this new metallurgical process. In the present 

state of the manufacture most of the great producers keep 

their modes of working as secret as it lB practically possible. 

This is notoriously the case with Krupp of Essen, and 

also, to an almost equal extent, with MM. P etin, Gaudet, 

et Cie. I t is thus interesting to read the statement of an 

eye-witness, a RU6Sian engineer, who doubtless obtained a 

view of MM. Petin and Gaudet's works from the fact of 

hie bringing some large order, that so long ago as almost 

eighteen months be witnessed the stem, weighing some 

6 tons, of an iron-clad being cast in Bessemer metal. 

It also appears that the proportion of carbon in the steel is 

being t~e re determined by the help ofthe spectrum analysis. 

In RnssUt. the Bessemer process has been some time in action 

at Votkinsk, in the government of Orenburg, and it is in 

contemplation to erect other works of the kind. The first 

Austrian proprietor of iron-works who had sufficient 

enterprise to take up the Bessemer business, was Prince 

::ichwartzenberg, at his works at Turracb, in Styria. The 

first trials were carried out under the direction of Professor 

Tunner, of Leo ben, whose father was in former times 

the manager of this same Turrach establishment. The converter 

was on the English movable plan, being constructed 

exactly according to the drawings published by Professor 

'funner in his report on the Great Exhibition of 1862. 

The blowing engine was driven by a Jonval turbine of 

H O· horse power ; the charge of pig being 25 centners. 

'fhe pig was at first melted in a charcoal cupoia, but afterwards 

simply directly tapped from the blast furnace, " so 

" that in fact no fuel was used except that required for the 

" preparatory warming of the furnace." The duration of the 

blowings in was from twelve to eighteen minutes. The 

waste, after the attendants bad acquired some experience, 

diminished from 12 to 15 per cent. The slag produced was 

not in the leaat like the rich blast flll'nace slags, or such a.s 

are formed in finery hearths. They were, on the contrary, 

atony, green slags, poor in iron, with an almost crystalline 

structure. Both steel and iron were produced. " The iron 

" showed itself more fluid than the steel, but it also cooled 

" down all the sooner." As regards the quality of the 

steel, little was left to be desired. It could be applied to 

almost all kinds of cutting instruments, but u for scythes it 

" showed itself rather too bard, as they cracked in the 

" working." The quality of the bar iron was not so good. 

It was red-hot when being tested, as wrought iron is well 

known to be much more susceptible than steel to any 

sulphur. "It must be remarked that the Turrach pig does 

" not belong to the purest Styrian metal, and that, at the 

"time of the experiments the blast furnace was working in 

41 such a way that it gave almost white iron, which is well 

u known to be not particularly suited for the Bessemer 

" process." 

The second firm in Austria which under took the Bessemer 

process is that of the "Rauscher Company" at Heft, in 

C&rinthia. The history of the work done there is more 

especially interesting and important as, according to the 

advice of Professor Tanner, both the Swedish and English 

methods-that is both the fixed furnace and the movable 

converter-were employed. The fi rst blowing in took 

place on the 4th of June, 1864, with a charge of25 centners 

of gray pig. The duration of the operation was eighteen 

minutea Jrom the moment the metal was run in to the 

instant it was completely tapped out. Before this was 

done 30 lb. of liquid gray pig was run into the converter. 

The blowing engine, driven by means of a turbine, 

worked with a pressure of from 10! lb. down to 8 lb., 9 lb., 

and even 3~ lb. per square inch. 'fhe finished metal ran 

Tery easily into the moulds, and, after weighing, the products 

gave 1843lb. of very good steel in casting; the crop 

(half pig, half steel) consisted of 129 lb., while 36 lb. lay 

on Ule g round. or the 2,530 lb. of pig, 522 lb. vrere thus 

lost, or about 25 per cent. of the 2,008lb. obtained. 

The most important and circumstantial account of the 

proceedings at lieft are given by Herr Friedrich Miinichsdorfer, 

in a work dated the 4th of December, 1 64, 

contributed to this year's B erg und Huttenmanni~ell8 

Zeitung. This gentleman is the managcr of the H eft ironworks, 

so that he has had full opportunities for noting the 

different facts with respect to the employment of the 

Bessemer process in Cannthia. In the short introductory 

history which he gives of the deTelopment of the process, 

he observes, with regard to its career in Sweden, that to 

the perseverance displayed in that country is due the fact 

"that this moat important metallurgical process has been 

"saved and developed." This opinion we consider to be 

at the least exaggerated, as it leaves out of account 1\lr. 

:Bessemer's own strenuous exertions in England. After 

describing at some length the different arrangements for 

emelting the pig, H err Miinicbsdor{er enters into the 

detaila of the special apparatus for" bessemerising" proper. 

The blowing apparatus for giving a blast of a pressure of 

from one to one and a-half atmospheres, consists of a blowing 

engine, consuming from 120 to 180 horses'power. This power 

is obtained by concentrating in a reservoir the extra water 

which is not used in the turbine driving the blowing apparatus 

for the blast flll'naces. It was found that an extra 

quantity of water, amounting to five cubic feet per second, 

could be utilised beyond that used for keeping the blast 

furnace going. This extra quantity is led into a reservoir 

of a capacity of 152,000 cubic feet. With the ase of from 

twebty-seven to forty cubic feet of water per second-the 

storing reservoir being fed at the rate of five cubic feetand 

taking an average duration of the blowing in of 

eighteen minutes, from ten to fifteen blowings in could be 

carried O'lt in twenty-four hours. As, however, according 

to experience, about half the amount of blast required in 

blowtng-in has to be previously employed tin warming the 

furnaces, there remained from six to ten blowings-in "per 

" working day of twenty-four hours.'' This water is thus 

conducted to a J onval turbine of 140-horse power, driving a 

blowing engine, which is stated to be according to the 

patent of Messrs. Leyser and Stiehler, of Vienna, bu t which 

appears to be on the same plan as the engines constructed 

in England according to Mr. Bessemer's patents. The blast 

reaches a regulator, made of boiler plate, and containing 

600 cubic feet. It is provided with a safety valve, and 

with a 12in. pipe, 120ft. long, leading to the Bessemer 

converters. The Bessemer converting workshops are 

placed just in front of the blast furnaces, 8~ft . below the 

level of the ground, and covering a surface of 1,152 square 

feet. It was at first intended to set up two converters on 

the'.' English plan." Professor Tanner, however, happened 

to direct Herr M unichsdorfer's attention to M. Boman's 

now well-known treatise on the Bessemer process in 

Sweden, while it was yet in manuscript, and in his bands. 

" The practical descriptions contained in Boman's account 

" determined the Rauscher Company to alter their original 

" plan, and to erect a Swedish furnace near the English con 

" verter.'' This and other circumstances contributed to somewhat 

delay the starting of the works. The blowing engine is 

greatly praised. " With an area for the blast of 3·5 square 

" inches, and making from eighty to eighty-five double 

" strokes per minute, the blast blowing into the atmo 

" sphere, a pressure of 15 (Austrian) lb., = 1·25 atmo 

" spheres" was obtained in the preliminary trials. About 

three-fourths of the water-power was employed to produce 

this effect. The engine is made with a horizontal cylinder 

2ft. in diameter, and with a stroke of 2ft. It appeo.rs that 

no repairs have been required after some 196 blowings in, 

and it only happened that one of the india-rubber rings had 

to be changed after the llOth operation. As a proof that 

the air regulator was of the requisite size, the pressure 

gauge does not vibrate by even one forty-eighth of an inch. 

Immediately, however, after the blast is let on, the air gets 

heated to an amount, which, according to experiments 

which were conducted, rises with 90 half strokes per minute, 

and during a blowing-in of twenty minutes, to 77 deg. centigrade 

at the end of the experiment. At the end of the 

air ~ipe the ~ermometer nevertheless showed only 15 deg. 

centigrade, With an external temperature of 8 deg. centigrade. 

Further on we read that the blast for the English converter 

is taken through clay tuyeres at the bottom, and that 

each of these has several openings from four-twelfths to sixtwelfths 

of an inch in diameter. The blast passes through 

forty-two openings like this, the total area amounting to 3·5 

square inches. The outside is of boiler plate, lined with a fireproof 

composition 6in. thick. It appears that the manufacture 

of the clay tuyeres was attended with great difficulties; 

"they have to be well stamped, pressed, and carefully 

burnt, or else they get lifted off by the high pressure of 

the blast." The first were procured from the Imperial 

Porcelain manufactory at Vienna, nod they only lasted from 

eight to ten blowings in. Those made at Heft consiat of 

one-half quartz and one-half fire-clay from Blaosko. The 

composition lining the converter consists of two-thirds 

quartz and one-third of Blansko clay. "The Swedish 

furnace is in two parts, the bottom part with the blast 

casing of cast iron, through which the tuyeres are inserted, 

and the removable top-tliat is a cylinder of plate lined and 

covered over with fire-bricks. I t is in fact the same as 

that described and illustrated in Boman's work. The 

bricks and tuyeres made at Heft contain from threefourths 

to one-half of quartz, and from one-quarter to onehalf 

fire clay. They are compressed in cast iron moulds, 

and are well burnt. Before actually working the furnaces, 

&c., the men were well drilled for some time to go through 

the different operations with the furnaces empty and colda 

good plan for adoption with a p ersonnel as yet practically 

unacquainted with the processes. The English converter 

was tirst tried in September, 1864. 

In using the Swedish furnace it is first heated with 

charcoal, a blast of air of from ~ lb. to i lb. pressure 

being let in for about half an hour to gently fan 

the flame. The charge of iron, of from 25 to 30 centners, 

is then tapped from the blast furnace into a ladle smeared 

with clay and previously heated. Any slag is skimmed o1f, 

and the ladle is lifted up by the crane, and its contents are 

t urned over into the funnel of the furnace. " The blast is 

in the meantime let on to about 8 lb. or 9 lb. pressure, in 

order to blow out any charcoal which may happen to be in 

the furnace. When the ladle has the correct position over 

the funnel a simple lever arrangement lifts up the plug at 

the bottom,:and the pig flows in in one or two minutes through 

the funnel into the furnace. At the beginning of t he 

blowing in the blast is taken at 5lb., and generally rises 

during the operation, so that at last the normal pre sure of 

from 9 lb. to 10 lb. is attained. The opening of the funnel 

is then stopped up with a clay plug, sand is placed upon 

it, and a cast iron plate is laid over all." 

" Already during the running in, (says llerr Mt1nicbsdorfer) the 

ftame, of a conical form, streams out of the furnace throat, showing 

a dirty yellow colour, and, at the top edge of the cone, a long cometr 

hke tail of sparks. 1'he individual sparks are bright, long, and 

narrow, and not uncommonly separate at the Curtheat up of 

the flame, in the shape of forks. A. ebort time afterwardsaccording 

to the quality of pig employed, from one-baH to 

four minott>s- tbe llame of the cone geta brighter, and &ometimes 

changes from yellow to a pale reddiBh tinge. At the edges it 

is of a dirty whita colour, with a darlc:cone In the middle, and violet 

streaks are often noticeable at the edges, and iu. the ftame it.elf. 

Theee phenomena al.o Jut only from one to four minute., the violet 

stripee disappear, the ftame gele to be of a pale yeJJow, more 

intense, denser and stronger, it considerably brighteu ; iL rtrikee the 

opposite wall of the hlliJding, which is covered with cut iron plate., 

at the same time separating into rays. Up to the ap~noe of thi4 

phenomenon {the forerunner of the boiling period) there elapees, 

according. to the quality of the pig, and under ordinary circumstances, 

from two to sixteen minutes. This first stage (up to the 

beginning of the bilin(r) is termed the " elag forming period" 

(&hlo.ckenhildung• Ptritxk). The gauge rises, probably i.n ooueaeqoeoce 

of the clogging up of &ome of the tuyeree, to 11-a lb., and 

rather higher with gray than white iron. At the beginning of the 

boiling it sinka, however, llb. or 2 lb. With very gray (Wergnzu) 

pig, containing muoh unoombined carbon, the tuyere1 get oon.aiderably 

overlaid ; the fi&me entirely draws back into.the throat, is 

inactive, gives out murmura, and produoee few but lirong aparb. 

In consequence of thia etopping up of the tuyeree the Jinrt etage 

neceeearily lAsts very long; while, on the other hand, the boiling 

etage lAsts only 5- 8 minutes." 

Herr Mtinichsdorfer says that in one instance of the conversion 

of very gray pig, with which the tuyeres got 

stopped up after five minutes, lasted forty minutes; after 

forty-five minotes the flame again brightened up, showing 

sparks and violet stripes. The slag-forming period lasted 

thirty minutes, the gauge rising to 16 lb. 

Under ordinary cucumstances the flame at tbi.a period 

gets more and more violet and intense, often unquietly 

flickering:- 

"The tail of sparks at the top edge of the flame is kept up, but ia no 

longer &o dense; the separate splll'ka are aborter, narrower, anti 

dimmer ; at last separate yellow balls of elag, aooompanied with 

bright star-shaped iron sparks, leap out of the fomace in arched 

streams. In the furuaoe itself is beard a noise with distinct detonations, 

till the first atonny jet of slag, containing bot little iron, and 

accompanied with a dense brown illloke, ta.kea place. Wben the 

foruace works bot these jets are quickly and strongly repeated, and 

there ia &ometimea more, &ometimes less, slag projected out of the 

foruace throat. When cold this slag is light green, bottle green and 

ble.ok, very porous, and contains many smaJI iron nodulee. As soon 

as the Jiret projection takes place, the pressure of the bleat is 

diminished. During the boiling period, the furuace ia worked 

under a preasure of 7 lb. to 8 lb., in order to prevent the too 

violent boiling and powerful projections of the matter, with the 

consequent waste.. With each jet, which is always preceded by an 

iocreued noise in the furnace, the blast is lowered, for the same 

reasons, down to 41b. to 4! lb. This operation takes place by means 

of a regulating cook, placed at a suitable part of the bleat pipe, and 

which can be so turued that a portion of the blast ftowe through an 

adjustable exbausL valve, which, however, never leta the preeaure 

fall below 4llb. When the projection of slag bu oeued, the regu· 

lating valve is closed, and the gauge again riael to 7 lb. or 8 lb. 

The ft.ame always remains clear and bright during the boiling period. 

bot from one to four minutes alter ito commencement it geta brighter 

and more whitish, at tbe edge of the cone, and from o ntH~oarter to 

one-ball of its length, showing separate light blue stripes, which are 

even &ometimee quite of a light blue tinge. Tbia ia tbe sign of the 

commencement of the refining. The phenomenon takes place 

sometimes earlier, &ometimes later, and the length of tbh tinge 

increases towarda the end of the boiling period. At intervala portions 

of iron and slag are thrown bundle-like against the waH of 

the building, spirting out thousands of oonlcal and atar-ehaped 

&parka. The interval of time between theae violent jet.~ gradually 

increases; they at lut entirely cease, the flame geta gradually 

quieter, fal ls somewhat down, getting aborter, broader, ud more 

transparent, with a dirty white, mingled with ligbt 1 

blue tiuge. 

This appearance is the fining stage proper, though Ule decarbonisation 

also ta.kes place in tbe bomng, and we work during this period 

with from 7 lb. to 10 lb. pre>eure." 

The boiling period lasts, according to circumstances and 

the quality of the pig, from four to sixteen minutes. If 

the metaf were tapped at the beginning of the fining 

stage, and thus at the appearance of these flame phenomena, 

only pig would still be obtained. Our author further observes 

that decarbonisation proceeds rapidly at this period. 

The peculiar tinge of the flame, the duration and amount 

of the pressure, are the most important points for determining 

the ending of the process. To always get steel of 

11 

about equalhardnessrequires exact observation and practice." 

The appearances in the flame are at present the main 

guides everywhere for determining when the blowing-in 

shall be stopped, and the metal tapped; and it is for these 

reasons that we have given in full the phenomena presented 

in the Carinthian converters. 

Herr Muuichsdorfer goes on to say that at Hef't a short 

time sufficed to make either bard or soft steel aa required. 

The fining stage lasts, according to the hardness 

of the steel, from one to four minutes. With very gray 

pig, however, the Bame remains, from the beginning of the 

boiling period to the end of the process, bright and without 

bein~ tinged with blue, so that the determination of the 

primmg stage is then uncommonly difficult, as the transition 

from the boiling stage takes place almost without any 

marked signs. 

" In making steal in the Swedish furnace the produoe~pedinlo 

a ladle underueath. The tap-hole, of 16in. area, is cl with a 

1-jn. thick fire-brick, upon which is inserted a cut iron .topper made 

wath a lug and smeared with clay. AJJ soon u the signal is given 

for tapping, this stopper is knocked cut, the brick ia po.sbed in, and 

the steel Bows into the b.dle. 1n order to prevent the formation of 

scale this ladle is previously made red bot, one per cent. of the 

charge of liquid pig having been previo118Jy run into it from the 

blast furnace ; this ia done in order to prevent the forma \ion of 

porous ingots, or oT oold-short steel. 

The filled ladle is lilled by tbe crane and brought over the moulds 

and there emptied. Tbeae cast--iron moulda have been previously 

smeared with plumbago and well warmed. The steel flows out 

through a hole in tbe bottom of the ladle, which can be opened and 

~but by a lever. The mould gets gradually filled up to within a few 

anchee of the edge by •he action of the crane, and it is covered over 

by means of a caat.-irou plate smeared with plumbago, which is 

keyed to the moulds by means of its lugs, in order to prevent the 

riatng ud boiJing out or the steel. At the beginning we bad moulda 

to act on a turut.able, the ladle itself being fixed. '.l'be moulda were 

brought one after another under the bottom opening of the ladle. 

Bot this anangement baa shown itself to be slow, aud we intend to 

set up a more complete O&llling apparatus when the worke get enlarged. 

When the furnace is em pliEd a gentle blut uf from a lb. 

to 4lb. preEsure is let on, in order to keep the tuyeree from mpping 

up. The cover of the blast casing is then quickly taken off, t.be 

1uyeres cleaned ~nd examined as to their length ; if they have 

burnt down to 3tn. they must be changed. The steel ingo" are 

then allowed to cool, and the moulds liflA!d off by the crane. At 

Heft we produced ingots of from 6in. to 12i.u. square, 86in. to t Oin. 

high, and weighing from 2 to 12 centners. 

The castin~ of the eteel through the.bc?ttom ia unavoidable, in 

order to get 10gots free from slag ; but 1t u difficult if the steel be 

not very lluid,u the opening in the bottotn otherwise geta &topped vp. 

. T.be. method of p r~ing with the English furnace or oonvert.er 

IS stmtlar. The retort Ill cleared of the charcoal after having bet!n 

woq warmed by being turned over; it ia then laid horizontally, t.be 

•

366 

T HE ENG IN EER. 

DEC. 8, 1865. 

• 

pig it poured in at the throat, whereupon lbe blast is let on, and 

the retort turned back. 

At the end of tbe proceqs it ia again brought back horizontally, 

the blast is 6topped, and the metal poured out at the throat into tbe 

ladle. A gentle bla t is again let on for the reasons given above, 

tbe bottom cover of the bla ~ t casing is lifted off, the toyeres cleaned, 

and examined as to their length. 

Tbe appearances of tbe fhme are tbo same in the English converter 

as in tbe Swedish furnaoe, only still more intense. The 

procees itseH is much more violent, p·uticularly during the boiling 

period, the eruptions are extremely forcible, and a violent drummiug 

sort of noise is heard. The blast la let ou at 12 lb., and rises to 16 lb. 

pres.!lure dlll'iog tbe stage when the elag is being formed. We work 

through the boiling period with 9 lb., and recede during the eruptions 

tO o lb. The blast presses with from Sib. to 10llb. during 

the fining stage. No flameatallatroams out of the throat during the 

period when the sla~ is being formed, bot only sparks. The flame 

only begins with the beginning of tbe boiling, during which it is 

often intensely blue for a short time. 

The phenomena of flame previously described are of the usual 

kind; but these appe~Araooss differ ocoa~io nally, as to their intensity, 

according to the klod of pig, the degree of beating given to the 

furnace, the ~~; ree.ter melting down of the furnace sides, the presence 

of moro or less slag in the furnaoe from the previous charges- the 

process being accordingly aborter or longer. 

The column of iron is 14in. high in the English converter with a 

charge of 30 centnere, and alx>ut Sin. in the Swedish furnace. 

It is unfortunate that no exact comparison can b e made 

here as to the relative advantages of the two plans, as the 

movable converter itself had to be stopped after twenty-four 

blowings in, from a want of tuyeres. H e, however, seems 

t o prefer tbe Swedish furnace. "For inferior kinds of pig, 

" such as those in England, where complete decarbonisation 

11 

takes place, pure iron being afterward added to produce 

11 

the car bonisation; the movable retorts are probably pre- 

11 ferable to the Swedish." 

The cost of taking out the metal seems to be rather less with 

the English furnace. The first cost is higher, bat the English 

converter bas the advantage that. io the case of any accident, the 

process can be at once stopped. With the Swedish flll'nace, on the 

contrary, there is tbe danger that tbe tuyeres and blast casing may 

get stopped up. The m

• 

DEc. 8, 1865. 

THE ENGINEER. 

367 - 

THE SPITHEAD FORTS. 

principally t>mployed on the Bombay and Suez length are the 

Carnatic, 1,776 ton~>, 400-horee power ; the Benare3 1 

1,491 tons, 4.'10- 

hor•o pow 11 r ; the Rangoon, 1,776 t one, 400-horse power; anrl the Evu einoo tbe great development of ritl~d artillery, forts, ~hip~, 

Malta, 1 942 tone, 50tJ-boree power. The Calcutta and the China and guns have been engaged in a aort of tnangular duel, wh1oh 18 

n 1 aild aro carried by other vessels, and they run in the same s!lip very far from baviog reached ita conclusion. While the defence of 

from Sut>z, but are paid for by the Government as separate services; Spithead was under di~ oussio n, the chief interest of. the coo~st 

thus over the lted Sea length double payment is received. The ex- centred in tho r ival claiLOs of standing forte and tloahng battenes 

pauses, however, are not doubled, the oxtra mail being simply a for the purpose of harbour defeoc ~ s; but since the deoi_sion. was 

q uestion of apace and the increased cost of loading and unloading. taken to protect our chief n&Val ars('nals by a ay&tem of forllfioallons, 

It is the sl\me with the Calcutta and Australian maw. the~e ha.s heen comparatively little done to test the strength of 

The Timu of India has column alter column, and letter after masonry, and almost all the experiments of the Government h ave 

letkr, about the delay in the trsulsmission of the mails, and the been directed to ascertainiJ.g the relt.tive power of our best guns .and 

t ime and money that, it states, might be saved by landing them at our etl'ongest armour. T he result ba'l been, up to the present tmae, 

Bombay, sending t hem through t he interior of the country to the a pparently in favour of the attack. With not more than one excepeastern 

coast of India, then shipping them at Madra.s for China aud tion, all our iron-clads are vulnerable unde~ t he fire ?f ~welve-ton 

Australia-tbe route of the packets to the latter places being via guns like those carried by the Roya~ Sovereagn, and 1t as not ~et 

Singapore and T orres Straits to Sidney and Melbourne. As certain that the great 600-pounder wall not be able to cope even watb 

re~tards India itself tbis plan, suggested by the Timu of Jn dia, is the ponderous sheathing of the Hercules. 

sure to be carried out- first, because Calculta and other towns on The opinion which seems now to prevail, that the guns have 

the eastern coast will receive letters four or five days earlier than beaten the ships, seems, nevertheless, to be highly questionable. Tue 

by the eea route, and, secondly, because, ae they are now clt.rried at long-continued experiments at Sboeburyness have reduced some 

mileage rates, transit by rail from Bombay will be cheaper. Still points at leaat to something like scientific certainty. The broad 

time most elapse before the plan can be carried out, because t he results are, that the charge of powder f(!VIlS a pretty ~lose m~asure of 

m ilway system of central I ndia is not yet complete. and between the penetrating power of a gun, so that 1t can be pre~1cted w1tb t?ler 

Bombay and C1lcutta tl•ere is a gap in the railwey communication able precis1on bow much powder must be used to p1erce at a g•ven 

which it will take IOn. We ask why shots. and suffered no great inj ury beyond the snapping of several of 

should a sub.~1dy be patd at all for a maal contract between Gal!e the bolts. The battery was then turned upon tbe masonry, and, 

and Au ~_traha, when between Calcutta and tbat colony there IS though only cast iron shot. were need, t he first blow fairly split a 

a c~ rryang trade of a bout 1 ,81,92, 1 ~0 rupees; or why ~bonld a 1 huge mass of granite far in the rear of the point of impact. Still 

subsady be granted fo~ a Galle and Cbm~ lme, when lher~ IB a large l the ebot did not get through, though the ultimate fate of the structrude 

trom Bombay watb the Culcutt~, Smgapor~, a~d Cbana trad~, , tore might easily be foreseen. Two rounds from the four~gun 

amounung to. 8, 1 3,811, ~26 r upee~? :SD;ch a su~; ady ~s not needed. battery were then completed. Of the eight shots. one massed 

1 

Ooe fe~Ature •!l the Or1eo~al '_llaal servace a~m1ts of amprovement a t altogether; but the other seven struck tbe granite walls. Upon exonce! 

and that as the su~statutao~ of aomet~_ang greate.r tba'? a spt_ed al!lination it was found that a great part of the casemate was a heap 

of. nao~ knots an hour an t he hed Sea. lhe Atlant_a~ m~ils1: rv ace of r uins, and that one of the ebots bad forced a clear passage into 

be10g ammedtately under t he eye of the home autbora tJes IS alltbat 1 t he interior of the work. The conclusion is that seven well 

C3n be desir~, yet what a contrast tb!.s ser vice presents to that in the 1 directed shots, from a ran~te of 1,000 yards, will suffice to 

Hed Sea, as aostanced by the followm_g let~r from a passenger on annihilate the projected Spitbead F orts, and that all t he labour 

board the Rangoon, carryaog the malls wbacb left Bombay on the and money bestowed upon the works will hllve been thrown 

24tb of August last-it is dated "S.S. ltangoon, near Aden, 

away unless some better material tblin granite can be found 

September 7~h ':- for tb 1 eir construction. Fortunately this material is not far to seek. 

''1'bo "teamer wu detained tweoty-rour houra In sta r tin~r. . . . Tho A covering of armour similar to tu at of the .Hercules will etaod 

engines h&d uodef~:ono tborougb ro1Jalr, and it wa~ con8dentiy expected a good deal of pounding from the h eaviest guns that have yet been 

tba~ thu titcamur would proceed at such a rate th&~ the •h~y's delay would . . . . . . 

be moro tban made up. . . . w e have alre&dy been more tban thirteen traed aga1nst 1t, and a moderate •!'crease 10 the quantaty of n on 

day ~ on the voya~:o, and are not at Aden yet. . . . We have b&d 8no would make the forts absolutely Impenetrable, not only by the 

wel.ltb r, with 6carccly any r..in, ever since leaving Bombay, and have beav1est known guns, but even by ordnance such as the wildest en· 

scarcely shipped a sea tbe whole tl.mo; but with this lo the steamer'• tbusiast ba.s not yet dreamed of as possible. There is nothing thus 

tuour. 8ho bu not average~ jlr;e koo L8 an hour during t he voyage. f'or far very discouraging, but the vast cost of an Iron fort does seem at 

the I ut three days, In Bddauon. to our other mlsrortunea, the vessel bas run first e'gbt rather alarming It is sa ad however that the saving of 

abort of coal, and the hu at tLIDea been golol( oo more than two lmols ao 

1 

• • .' • • ' • 

bour In ~ rnootb water, while t he greate.at run the last four day• has 00~ ex- space wb1cb w1ll be elfect~~ by eubnatut1ng aron for _stone Wll~ ~o 

cecded 112 m ilea. • • . We have beeu In algb~ of Aden rortome houn; some way towards equaiiBmg the cost of construCtion, and 1t 13 

i~ la oow four o'cloek, and we do not appeu to have made aoy appreciable obvious that a small fort which will stand tire is preferable to a 

pro.,ro.:os during the ltLSt three boor•; but wo are assured that we shall be larger fortress of granite doomed to fall to pieces at t he first broadat 

anchor by dark." . . side from an enemy's ship. I t does not appear that any experiment 

fn En~la~d it is sca..rcelr poss i ~ le to conceave t~at t he above IS bas y et been tried with a combination of ma,onry and ir?n, but the 

the descnptaon of ~n EngiiBh m~tl packet, belon~mg! moreover, to fate of the Sboeburyness casemates is not ve~y encourag1og to such 

the c.,l;,brated I~e o1nsular and O!aental Steam Nav1gat10~ Company; a project. I t seems pretty clear that the grunate gave w~y! less fr?m 

also thut the saad company, duraog the year 1864, camed tbe Red tbe ddtructiun of its face than from the want of elast1caty, wb1cb 

S ea mails at an average speed of nine knots an hour. The defence made tbe whole mass crack and fall to pieces under tbe blows to 

malle by t he suppo~1ers of the company i11 t.bat _it will not pay to which it was subjected. An iron facing, unless backed by wood !lnd 

place large and sw1ft steamers on the Red ~ea line, because Gome- converted into armour strong enough to need no fu.rtber backaog, 

time the present packets do not. get. tbe1r full complement of would do very little to break the shock upon the inner ~all of ston~. 

pa..sengerd. As a rule, overcrowdang as the case; bot t be rates and there is scarcely room 10 doubt that the first e:a:perameot upon at 

cburged between B~mbay and Su~ not~riously_ decrease tb~ t raffic, has finally settled the fate of ~ ranite as.a material for a first-cia~ for t. 

and olten cause mtddle·Class resadents an I ndaa to rema1n there If it were certain that tbae cooclu.ston would be accepted wathout 

till tbey intend to permanently return to England, or are killed by reserve sod without delay, there would be nothing to cause alarm in 

sunstruke. 

the failure of this first design for our harbour fortresses, but it is 

In the meantime, while the improvement of the Red Sea passage, sometimes easier to demolisll the stoutest materials than to batter 

the formation of a port at Brindisi, and the completion of the Moot down a preconceived idea. It has in some quarters been so confidently 

Cenis tunnel, are gradually becom1ng matters of fact, Europea n assumed that granite forts would serve our turn at Portsmouth that 

ra•l ways, primarily constructed to meet local requirements, have t here is a little danger lest tbe crushing experiments at Sboeburycrept 

down oearly to tba shores of tbe Bospborus. and other local ness may fail in eradicating the idea. The slowness with which n 

lin~:s will soon be built through Asiatic Turkey. So obvious are the newly-ascer tained fact is acknowledged in the military and naval 

advantsge3 to be derived by the construction of t he other half of the administration of England has been proved so often, and sometimes 

ruilwny to India that, >ooner than many expect, we may see tlte with such disastrous consequencea,tbat it is impossible not to tremble 

g reat ude of commerce from Europe pouring into India by land, and when the results of scienu6c experiments accumulate too f11st for 

the moils for Australia, China, anti New Zeala!ld shipped. from the power of nssimilation of the official mind. Perhaps i.n this par 

MadrM. Aleppo, Bagdad, a nd I dp:ihttn wall be unated by the hoe, a t icular instance the faiJure of the proposed design has been too con· 

modern intr~de r into tbe ancient ci,tr of the 9~lipb!!, eod ~ disturb~ r spicuoos and too startling to be altogether without elfect. . I t is 

of the ~ l ~ep1e.1t ~1stnc.ts o~ sleepy 1 urkey. 1 be c~mpletJOD of. t ~~s scarcelr conceivable now that the defences of. Portsmout h w•ll be 

un~ertakm~. wb1ch "all g1ve aJso. such ~ powerCul _1mpulse ~o cav1li· actually built of a material so wo rtbl~s as gran!te has pr~ved to be: 

sauon, requues much less enterpnse Cor 1ts completaon than IS nece!- but it is quite possible that the cause of Iron v. Granate for the 

sary to construct the proposed Imperio I Hail way. defence of for ts may be as tediou~ as the case of Iron v. Wood wae in 

the construction of ships. I n aiJ these matters the rule seems to be to 

DELOJAN MauLLUBOY.- (From our Correspondent).-Tbere hae cling to an old prejudice until it is fairly batter ed to pieces, and we 

been .. good deal of talk in tbl' lhioaut or an luteuded fu sion of the only hope that the mornl resistance of the f!ranite theory may prove 

two elltablib!Jments of CouilleL and of Cbtitelineau. Both works as teeble as tbe physical resistance of tbe material itself.-.Sacurdoy 

form part of the syndicate of Belgian forgemaater1. 

ReoU!o. 

NOTES AND )1E~ORANDA. 

AN immenS& iron foundry, capable of turning ont 100,000 dols. 

worth of work, has been completed at Uooolulu. 

IN li87 t he number of watches sold in P aris is stated to have 

been 20 000 annually, of which one in twenty was of gold. 

T ne divisibility of copper is so great that a grai~ of it. dlsso!ved in 

an alkali will give & sensible colour to 500,000 tlmes 1ts we1ght in 

water. 

T B£ tenacity of cast copper is sufficient to support a weight of 

19,000 lb. to tbe squt.re inch, or rat her more than half as much u 

good cast iron. 

TaE new American tbree-cen_t pieces are co~posed o~ twenty-five 

per cent. copper, and twenty·&IX per cent. nickel, which mt.ke. a 

very hard alloy. 

Tu£ balance of trade in favour of England in 1854, t.ccordin« to 

records of authenticity, amounted to .£255,214 of the money of the 

period, or about .£690,000 in money of the present day. 

TilE ancient Greeks u sed a mixture of salt, n itre, and alum when 

melting their gold, by which substance the silver was also purifted. 

Jt is n ot improbable that lead was also added to promote the 1lu.x of 

tbe metals. 

EaBBl'ISBBG states that the bog-iron ore of which the B_erlin Iron 

castings are made bad its origin in living creatore:'- t.n•malculro, 

wbicll pre~erve their vitality even when immersed Ill the strongest 

muriatic acid. 

I T has r ecently been found that the u nct.oous clay, ove~l~iog the 

ironat

• 

368 

- 

CIVIL ENGINEERING AND )fECHANICS IN THE 

UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. 

TBB chair was instituted by the Queen in 1849, is in the gift of 

the Crown, and bu been occupied daring the pest ten years by 

Professor W. J. Macqaorn Rankine, O.E., LL.D., F.R.S. 

The regular cou.rae of lectures and examinations commences at the 

beginning of the winter sesaion, and lasts daring the whole of that 

session. 

The objects of study may be summed up briefly as follows: 

The stability of structures; the strength of materials; the principles 

of the action of machines ; prime movers, whether driven by 

animal strength, water, wind, or the mechanical action of beat (as 

the a team engine); the principles of hydraulics; the mathematical 

principles of surveying and levelling ; the engineering of earthwork, 

masonry, carpentry, structures in iron, roads, railways, bridges 

and viaducts, tunnels, caul&, works of drainage and water supply, 

river works, ha.rbour works, and sea-eoast works. 

The University library iB well supplied with works on engineering 

science. 

The engineering school of the University of Glasgow is approved 

by the Secretary of State for India in Council, as one in which 

attendance for two years would qualify t. student, who bad fulfilled 

tbe other required conditions, to compete for admission to the 

engineer establishment in India . 

Certificate of Proficiency in E"gineering Sc~nce. 

1. A coarse of &tudy aud examination in &lgimering SSion :- 

NOTES AS TO INSTRUCTION lN ENGINEERING SCIENCE, DRAWN 

UP FOR THE INFORHATION OF STUDENTS. 

1.-PRKLDUN.LRY EDUOATION. 

Of the ordinary branches of elementary education arithmetic is of 

special importance to the student of engineering, and be ought to be 

familiar in particlll&r with the most rapid ways of performing calculations 

consistently with accuracy. 

It is desirable that he should be well instructed in engineering 

and mechanical drawing, as part of his prelilDinary education, but 

he may, if D&C66Sary, obtain that instruction du.rin' the intervals of 

a University course. 

l t is also desirable, if pouible, that the elementary parte of mathematics, 

auch as plane geometry, plane trigonometry, aud algebra, as 

far as quadratic equations, should form part of his preliminary edncation, 

as thereby time and labour will be saved during biB 

University course. 

2.-UNJVEMITY CouRSE. 

The course of study and examination adopted bytbe University of 

Glasgow is described in the Glasgow U niversity" Calendar," which 

may bo had from the Registrar, Glasgow College, prioe 1s. 

ln drawing up tbat course Lbe University have had in view to 

avoid altogether any competition with the offices of civil engineers, 

or the workS hope of mechanical engineers, or any interference with 

tbe usual practice of pupilage or apprenticeship; and they bave 

accordingly adopted a Sylitem which IB capable of working in harmony 

with tbat of pup1lage or apprenticeship, by supplying the 

btudent. with that scienufic knowledge which be cannot well acquire 

in an office or workshop, and avoidiug any pretension to give him 

that skill in the conduct of actual businees wbicb iB to be gained by 

practice alono. 

• 

'l' Le University course may be gone through either before, during, 

or after the term of pnpilage or apprenticeship, according to convenience. 

An arrangement which is sometimes found to answer well 

i.s to devote the w1nter to academic study, and the summer to the 

practice of engineering. A 6ludent who is not a candidate for a 

~e rt ificate in engineenng ecience may attend as few or as many 

classes as be thinks lit. 

PuoTOO&APDS or TII1l DOWLAJS lRoNwonK.S.- We have received a 

set of nine excellent photographs of the famous Dowlais Ironworke, 

executed by Mr. James Andrews, of Swansea. The subject ia interesting, 

p1cturesque points of view have been selected, aud on the 

whole these pbotograplu display more artistic feeling than is usual 

in pictures ot the kind. They are very creditable to Mr. Andrews' 

&kill, and wortb the attention of those who like photographs. 

Sunnnn.L'UlAN WoaK.B JN PAaJB.-(From our Corrupondent). 

Among tbe great public works undertaken and pun;ued by Lhe 

munic1pal cutborities of Paris, tbe subterranean canalisation of that 

capital occupies a foremost. place. In 1800 the subterranean canals 

of Paris pre;e11ted a total length of 16,386 metres. From 1800 to 

1831, 20,124. metres more were constructed, and from 1832 to 1839, 

50,1570 metres more. From 184.0 to 184.7 the progress made embraced 

27,80i wetree, in 184.8 and 184!>, 6,925 metres; and from 1850 to 

1855, 21,738 metres. The progress a1noe made, year by year, has 

been as follows :-1856, 3,518 metres; 1867, 10,999 meues; 181>8, 

4,436 metres ; 185!>, 18,31!3 metres; 1860, 19 9-14 metres; 11!lil , 

:W,ui!l metrea; 186.!, 30,057 metres; 1863, 30,682 metres; and 1b61, 

39,tl!7 metres. We have tbue a total Jeugtb of about 260 mllel! 

~ogheb. 

A WABNU.o.-In our impr~sion of 24.th ult. a paragraph appeared 

under tbUI beading, to the effect that Mr. W. Sketchley, an engineer 

o( Weymouth, bad been charged with defrauding a Mr. GUk.e, of 

Londoo, of a steam engine, value £230. The defendant was re· 

m•nded and ultimately committed for trial. On 'l'barsday ~[r. 

Sketobley was ind1cted at the Surrey Sessions, when Mr. Bibton, the 

coua•el, intimated to tbe Court that the prosecutor, .Mr. George 

vilks, who was a contractor for public works, living at Hampton 

W1ck, having made further inqninea, was perfectly satisfied of the 

defendant's integrity, and therefore should not !urther proceed in 

tbe matter. 'flu! chairman said be had ret.d the depoe1tions, and 

entirely concurred with tbe course adopted by the prosecution. He 

doubted whether any fraud was intended. j,'he learned gentleman 

then directed the jury to acquit tho prisoner, as no evidence was 

o«ered by the proeeoution. l'he prisoner was then releii.Sed from 

his bail, and lett the conrt witb bts friends. 

• 

- 

TH E ENGINEER. DEc. 8, 1865. 

NEWTON'S MACHINERY FOR PRESSING AND CUTTING TOBACCO. 

FIC. 2 

FlC 

. 4 . 

T n object of tbia invention, patented by',Mr. A. V. Newton, is 

to construct a machine that will press tobacco preparatory to cutting 

i t, and then cut it up fit for use in an efficient and expeditious 

manner, it being found necessary to press the tobacco into a compact 

state before the cutting commences. 

It has been the practice heretofore to use two independent 

machines, one to press and the other to cot, but by the adoption of 

the present invention both operations can be efficiently performed 

by one machine. 

The invention also includes an improvement in the cotters for 

cutting tobacco. The cutting of tobaooo while in a state of compression, 

as it must be, bas heretofore presented a very serious 

difficulty. Tbo juice which is forced out of lbe tobacco by the 

pressure to wbicb it is subjected, and by the cutting action, accumulates 

on the face of the cutter to such an extant as to stop the 

cutting action until cleaned. Tbis tendency to accumulation iB due 

to the practice of forming that face ol the knife or cut ter which is 

towards the mass of tobacco flat., and in the plane of the cutting 

edge, fliving all the bevel to obtain a cutting edge to the outer face; 

the difficulty, tbereforto, is obviated by making the icuer face of the 

cutter, which is towards the mass ol the tobacco, incline outward 

from the plane of motion of the cutting edge. 

The invention also includes a combination of machinery for readily 

adjusting the feeding motion which advances the tobacco to the 

knives by whiob it is cut, to cut iL fine or coarse as may be desired. 

la the aocomfanying engraving Fig. 1 is a side elevation; Fig. 2 

iB a l on~titudina vertical section ; and Fig. a iB an elevation of the 

rear end of the machine; Fig. 4 shows in vertical section the 

machine arranged for pre&ing. The same letters indicate like parts 

in all the figures. 

a is a frame or standard, in the urper part of which is fitted a 

horizontal bed b with parallel vertica aid~, c, c, forming a trough 

to r eceive the tobacco to be out alter it has been preased, and along 

which it is moved towards tbe outten!. To this trough is fitted a 

cap plate d, which, after the tobacco has been placed in the trough 

is held down by a wedge key t. At the side of the trough is 

mounted a horizontal abaft f, to the front eud ol which iB secured a 

By wheel g with arms and e. crank handle, and to the inner lace of tbe 

hub and rim of this wheel are secured cutters h, h, which stand off 

from the inner face of the arms snfficiently for the passage of the 

cut tobacco. The cutting edge of the cutters is made convex in the 

form ol & segment of & circle to obtain a gradual draw cat, and 

either smooth or serrated, 11ccording to the purpose for which the 

tobacco may be intended. The inner face of these cotters, that is, 

the face towards the front edge of the trough, is bevelled outward 

from the cutting ed~e to the back, so that tbis entire face from the 

cutting edge is inchned outward from the plane of motion of the 

cutting edge. This eiTt~ctually preveniB the cutters from being 

gummed by the juice which is forced out from the tobacco. The 

front edge of the trough should be ol steel, with a sharp square 

edge to facilitate the cutting operation. The tobacco is fed forward 

by a. follower i on tbo end of a screw j, which peasea through a 

rotattDg nut k mouuted on the rear end of a saddle-piece l, which is 

free to swing on trunnions m, m, from the sidss of the framt~ a for a 

purpose to be presently described. 

When the machine is used for cutting, the saddle-piece l ia held 

in a horizontal position by a securing pin n, or other equivalent 

means. '! 'he not k carries a ratchet wb e~~l o, which is actuated by 

a pawl p on an arm g, whiob turns on the rear part of the nut k: 

and thia arm '.1 reoe1ves a vibratory motion through a connecting 

rod r from a crank 1 on the rear end ol the fly wheel shaft f. To 

regulate the extant of feed there is a cam plate t against the outer 

face of the ratchet wheel, and mou11ted so tbe.t it can turn on the 

nut k. A portion of the periphery of this plate is of less diameter 

. ' 

_._._ ---,, .......... ------ 

• • 

. ...., ·-.. ' -.... . "'\. 

~-- 

·-·t--·----- 

F' I C • I . 

~ ·: "l '"' 

F I C • 

• • 

'"-·--- -'"'-·-·--~- -- - --· 

,..------·- .... 

• 

\: ........ -- 1-------.---·-- 

• 

------- ............ ; 

• : I 

: I • I ~_. I 

' 

I 

'•I 

I 

- . ~ - 

~- ~ ~··, 

than the ratchet wheel, and the rest of greater diameter, so that aa 

the arm q vibrates the pawl p, the cam form of the edge of the cam 

plate will determine when the pe.wl shall act on the ratchet teeth. 

The cam plate is held by a•screw passing tbroush a segment slot u 

to admit of setttng it, so that by turning and setting the plate the 

extent of feeding motion can be readily adjusted. The horizontal 

bed b o( the trough iB movable, and rests on an open part of the 

frame a. 

Preparatory to cutting tobacco it is to be pressed, and for tbi1 

purpose the connecting rod r ia disconnected from the ratchet arm q, 

the 680oriug pin n is taken out, and the saddle-piece l turned up in 

a vertical position, as represented at Fig. 4. The nut is also secured in 

the saddle-piece l by means of a eet sorew t1 to prevent it from h.trning 

in its bearing. The bed b is then removed, a ad a portable trough 111 

is placed on the base plate z of the frame a: the tobaooo is then 

piled into the trough, anti a movable top y is put on it; lben by 

turning the screw j. by a band wheel z.. on its outer end pressure is 

applied to the movable top y until it is pressed down to the required 

ex ten~ in wbicb position it is secured by wedges or other su1table 

means, the screw raised, and the movable trough is hken out. 

After being so pressed and held the tobacco can be taken out o( 

this trough and be put in the trough to be cut, as first descn"bed. 

P~m~.otzux J..No rTS PnenuCTs.-ln the treatment of petroleum 

almost every part of it is brought into a mercbantable condition ; 

even the reaiduum or coke wbioh remains after the various oils and 

gases have been obtained is turned to aocouut for fuel, being fraquently 

used to carry on the several chemical processes to wbioh 

the crude petroleum ia submitted. The produoiB obtained arebenzine 

or naphtha, burning oil, paraffin, and the coke. The 

napbtba, which is the lighter elemen~ being something between a 

gas and a fiuid, is driven ofl frolD 90 deg. to 300 deg. of beat, and 

constitutes about 15 por cent. ia bulk of the crude oil. The lighiBr 

naphtha is now called gasoline, and from it an illuminating &a& iB 

prepared. T he war111lb ol the hand will cause it to boil. A. heavier 

distillation iB used for cleaning purposes, and a still heavier ha.s 

been used by painters as a substitute for spirit or turpentine. At 

from 300 deg. to MO deg. the product of the still ill a light oil, 

which, after treating with sulphuric acid and caustic soda, for the 

purpose of deodorising it, becomes the burning oil of commerce. 

This constitutes about Gt) pl!r cent. of the crude oil. As the heat 

is gradually increased from 600 deg. to 800 deg. heavy oil is produced, 

which, being treated in tbe same manner as the burning oil, 

is then barrelled up and pa.cked away in the cellar, with ice and 

salt., for the purpo&o of cb1Uing it as it is called. This is effected 

in about a week, when, upon opening the barrels, tbe oil is found 

to have &88umed eomethio,g of tbe appearance of calves'-footjelly. 

It is then put into canvas bags, and beiu~~; placed under a screw 

press is subjected to an immen&e pressure. The finished lubricatiug 

oil is thus squeezed out, and separate~! from the paraffin, which is 

found in the bags in tbe shape of thin white cakes, which is almost 

perfectly tl\6teless, and in every r~pect resembling wax. This 

t.eiag purified is used for the purposes to which common wax iB 

applied- such as the making of wax candles, clear starching, the 

mauufaoture of chewing gum, &c. In it.s refined state this paraffin 

is worth from twenty cents to thirty-five cents per pound. Tbe 

lubricating oil will, perbape, make 9 per oent. to 10 per cent. of tbe 

amount of crude from which it is distilled. The faraffin may equal 

1 per cent. At 800 deg. the content.tl of the stil wilt show a red 

beat. The distillation is then stopped, and the residuum, which ia a 

sort o( coke, similar in appearance to ordinary coal cok&, is removed 

and ueed for fuel.-.Mining Journal. 

•

EC. 8, 1865. 

-- - 

ENGINEER. 

SHIPTON AND MITCHELL'S SHAPING AND FORGING METALS. 

F I C. 3 • 

fiC.I. 

FIC.2. 

f I C.7 

Tms invention, patented Ly Messrs. J. A. Bhiptoo and Bober t 

Jr!itobell, or Wolverhampton, rob.tea to a new method of manuCa.cturing 

gas fittings known as tees, elbows, bends, cr 086es, aud couplings 

and other .gu fittings by machinery worked by steam, water, com~ 

pr818;0d atr, or band power, auch machinery being applicable to 

ah•PIDg and forging other metallic articles. 

Under .the modi~callon in which steam is employed, one part of 

tho. mach•nery oonsl8ta of a aole or base plate having two horizontal 

oyhnders bol.t.ed thereon, with pistons having dies of the req~i red 

shape fit~ed 1n t~e end or each, and wh_ich meet or converge on 

f!team bo1og apphed at the back of each p•etoo. At this point there 

Is a hlook or mould secured to the sole or buo plate, and over which 

&. verllcal oyl.inder Is ca~ritd ~n a suitable framework, having a 

pa~ton fitted w1th a mandril or d•e, the pistons of all these cylinders 

be10g actuated by st.!am regulated by valves. 

According to another form of machine which may be used for 

forging, plaoishing, and tini.ahing such articlee, cylinders are placed 

at rtquislte aoglee, having pletoos filled witb mandrils or d1ee for 

the purpoaes of shaping, forging, and finishing lbe aforesaid articles; 

thOBe cylinders being bolted to a framing attached to the sole or 

bMe plate, which has a blook or mould secured to the same at the 

point where the dies of the pistooe meet, and having movabln 

mandrils worked by levers and slides operated upon by & vertle&l 

cylinder and piston. I n applying this machinery to the manufact 

ure of gaa fittings aa above named, or other metallic artioles, a piece 

of Iron Is atampPd or otherwise prepared to the required shape, la 

laid on the block or mould of tho first deacribed machine, and a 

mandril is placed upon the same, and tbe piston or tbe vertical 

cylinder containing another mandril is caused to deaeend on 11och 

flr•t-uamed mandril, which compresses the iron into the block or 

mould, aod causes the edges to turn up, and by admitting steam at 

tbo back of tbe pistons of the horizontal cylinders the dies in the 

pistons of such cylinders come togelher and further compress the 

Iron into the required shape upon the mandrill!, and from repeated 

blows from the pistons cootain•og the dies (which can be obtained 

by tbe admisaion and emission of a team in the cylinder) such articles 

aro shaped to the rtq uired form. 

The eecond macb1De has for ita otject the forgin,, planishing, 

and .Oniabiog euch article,, and for tbete purposes tbe patentees 

place them on mandrild cont&ioed in bliding blocks worked by 

le vera, actuated by a vertical c)'linder, aud cause the pistons of tboae 

cylinders which contain dies of the required form to descend, so a~ 

to bring the said dios on to such articles, and forge, planisb, aud 

tlulqb the same. 

Fig. 1 In the accompanying engraving, ie n front elevation 

(partly in section) of one wod•6cation or machinery for shaping 

~, 

and l-'1,;. 8 Is a transverse vertical eection of tho machiue; Fig. 4 

la a front elevation of the 6econd or finish in~ machine; Fig. 6 is'" 

11lde (•levation of same; and Figs. 6 and 7 lllulllrate the various 

relative positions of the mandrll8 and dies when operating upon 

tbo piece or metal to be shaped. 

A, A, are two hor izontAl cylinders (Figs. 1, 2, and 8), which oontain 

tbo pistons D, aod are bolted on to tbe sole or base plate 0 . 

l~ acb of these pistons carriee a die D or the rfqulred form. A 

l>lock or mould E, llbaped or indenUl4.l according to tbe desired 

abape or the article to be produced, is secured t.rjXtti o£ 

Ornn and otbur dlatriclti; naUvos of Morocco weaving ~ilk, cotwu, 

aud woollen fabrics, making ffz caps, aaddl011, bnd arms, and proparlog 

sbagreen ; negroes of Soudan t>roduoing Clltton cloth, 

morocco work, and pott.ery ; tbe haH-casto"' or Putl1 B/Ltn01 1 

of thu 

hie of Bourbon, making sacktt for ~ougar and cofflle; "uatoliauH 

weaving Smyrna carpota, s ilks, and eloth ol gold; Syrian• f .. uricatior; 

tiasu~ and arms of Damaaeus, Aleppo, and Lebanon, motbctof-pearl 

work of Bctblobem, and gold work of Ueyrout · Puraians at 

work on Kurdistan carpots, si lk embroidery, Klrmao\bawll! aud 

11ilks aud cottons of Yord, enamelled t ilea, and damucouod a'r1ns · 

Indians weaving mu811us, embroidering c~bmeres, engmviog ivory 

aud wood, and twisting tbrcada or gold into bracelets and othur 

oroameol.il; Cambo~ian.e fabricating box ea and toys from "uulal 

w~ : Siamclle cantng rhinoceros horu ; and, perhaps, Cbinamencarv•ng 

& nest of Ivory balls ; Japanese p&lDtlllg tbe1r tucomparaiJiu 

lac.quer wares; Moxicans t urnir.g tboir perfumed pottery: and roJt!klull 

c:nmposmg bead-dt0o808 of feathers aud l>ead·~.:wbroill••rcd 

mooaas1na. 

The above i.a a f&ltb(ul sketch of eubjecti now un•ll'r tile con- 

• 

•

• 

370 

THE ENGINEER. 

DEc. 8, 1866. 

slderatioo of tl1e Itnf>"rial Commiuil)u, which calu upon all tbe 

civili»od world to aid i~ io its labouril. H iB no~ to be euppoeed that 

the dlrectora of the Exhibition will accomplish all or ball of that 

which it hAll sketched out, bot ils efl'.,riB will certainly , not be 

fruiU616, and there is little doubt that the Exhibition of 1867 will 

prMeot ao amount of variety and novelty which has never before 

been united on one spot. 

T he following are tbe amounts of space aUotted to the various 

1ta&ee taking part in the Exhibition:- , 

Sq. Metrct. 

sq. 11JOtrca. ' 

F r&Oee .. .. .. .. 6i,056 Ilollaod •• •• .. .. 1 998 

Oreat Britain ADd lro· Spain .. •• .. .. 1.004 

land •. .. .. .. 23,002 Turkey .. .. .. •• 1,200 

Pronlo, AosLrio, And Portul(al .. .. •. •. 1 , 1~4 

Oermao Statea (each) 7,628 Brazil• .. • • •• .. 1172 

Belgium . . . . . . .. 7. 249 Chlnll and JApan, South 

haly . . .. . . . • . . 3,8f8 America, Africa, anl.l 

Uolc.ed Statea of Amorlea 8,346 Ocean:l (cncb) . • .. 810 

RuJh!Cl .. . • •. . • 2,916 Denmark.. .. . • . . 660 

Switzerla nd .. .. .. :.!,416 Orecce, Roumania, nnd 

Sweden nud Norway . . 2,091 Roman St.o.u• (each) IUS 

Nearly the whole of one side of the building and of the park t.re 

devoted to F ranlle. Great Britain occupies ~bat portion or the other 

aide which Is nearest the obief entrance, namely, that which faces 

the river ; the amount of park space aUotted to her is very ll\rge, 

and i t is hoped that her model farms and cottages, af$ricoltural 

machinery and produce will form a very attractive port•on of tbe 

E&hibitiou.-Journal oftk Society of Aru. 

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. 

(We @ not lwkl ourldr;u rupfmlihk for tl~ 

Corrup~mdmtl.) 

opinionl of our 

LIQUEFACTION OF STEAM JN CYLINDERS. 

Sm,-I observe that in your remarks on Mr. fiowdeo 'e letter of 

the 17th November (page 853, third column) you cite an opioion of 

mine as if my holding it were of itself a reCIBoo for IlB adoplioo by 

others. 

Although it is of course flattering to me to bave my author 

Uy referred w by you in such teriDll, I should be very sorry 10 Lave 

it 11opposed that I set up any such p•eteDSioos on my own part, or 

that T expec~ or wish any opinion of mine w be received by others 

upon any grounds except the facta and arguments by which I have 

myself been led to form it. 

With respect to the li9oefaction of steam in cylinders, those facte 

and arguments are contasned chiefly in two papers, tbe first by myeelf, 

the second by M r. James Brown lee, in the" Transactions" of 

the Institution of .Engineers in Scotland for 1861-2. In those 

papers some well-known experiments by Mr. Jeherwood are 

analysed, and 1 thG following concloeions are deduced from them: 

That loa cylinder without a steam jacket, and witbooteuperheatiog, 

the quaothy of etea • iqoefled, though not exacUy propor tional to, 

depends upon and in ,., ~ 868 with the following quantiti88-'rhe deprealon 

of temperature corresponding w the expansion of tbo 

steam, the extent of tbe surface of metal exposed to contact with the 

newly admitted steam, and the duration of that contact. Hence it 

may be inferred that If in two or more uojacketed cylinders, 

whboot euperheatiog, the rates of expansion aud the duration of 

contact are the same, the quantity of steam liquefied will be least in 

that cylinder whJch exposes the least sorfroce to cootac~ with the 

steam. 

W. J. AU oQOOBN RARKL'a. 

Glaagow, 2nd December, 18G5. 

TELEGRAPH CABLES. 

Sm,-I have been much iotereated both by the articles on the 

electrical, aod by the dillcuasion upon the mechanical, construction 

of submarine cables, which have been comm.-oced in your columns. 

This discUB8ion appears to hne originated upon t he statement 

that Allan's system of mechanical construction, '' whatever may be 

ite meriLe and demerils, woald doubtless have sufficed to obviate tbe 

ditaetrooe failures which have again and again occurred in the 

attempt to lAy a T ransatlantic telegraph." Whereupon yoor able 

correepondent, " T. M.," gives eome very good reasons in support of 

his op inion that the mechanical strength of submarine cables bae 

generally been overrated, and is in point of fact insufficient w allow 

of cables of the erdinary constroction being soccesefolly laid in 

deep water; and further intimates tbat" like fatal errore of construct 

ion will be found to have been committed" in what he appears w 

coo6ider as on e of certain '' favoured ecbemea." 

N ow, while admitting the importance of the considerations put 

forward by 11 T. M.," it does not appear w me that this gentleman 

hAll been at all eooceesful in dilproving the assertion contained in 

yoo.r leading article, and quoted above. In the first letter of 

" T . H .," eighty tone per square inch section ie ae6omed as the 

breaking s train of the steel wirea in Allan's cable, and upon this 

auumption it la calculated that thla cable would suppor t two 

and • ·half milea of its own length In water. But In " T. M.'s" 

second letter the minlmum breaking strain of the steel wires used 

in .Allan'e cable is shown, by the reeulte of experiment, to bave 

been 129 tone per square inch section, when the wire was fairly 

broken in t he straight or suepended portion, which wonld allow of 

the cable soppor ling four miles of ita own length in water. 

I am ready to agree with "'f . M." that neither A.llan's cable nor 

the new Atlantic cable can fairly be considered able to support 

11,000 fathoiDll of their own length in water. But I bavo reason to 

believe, from the reeoJts obterved dnriog tbe tesLe carried oat by the 

Government Telegraph Committee, that tbe above specified length 

of four miles would in practice prove to be considerably below, 

rather than above 1 

tbe mark. It may be weU to give some r eason 

why this should De the case. I n the fint place, it la not the fact 

that the steel wires constitute t he whole strength in Allan's cable. 

These wires ere not abeolut41ly lnexteneible; under a powerful 

strain they will to some ex tent become embedded in the copper 

conductor, cutting a ecrew thread upon its surfflce; a od thus t be 

wiree, the copper conductor, and even the gutta.-percba sheath, will 

all take the s~rain together. Aod when the welded joinls in tbe 

1teel wires are properly distributed, they are, owiog to tbe peculiar 

mode of construction adopted in Allan'e cable, practically of very 

little detriment to the strength of the cable. 

I mutt coofe11s that, tboogh I am one of those who are " pleased 

to admire cables of light, strong, and (to all intents and purposes) 

lnexlenalble construction," 1 am carious to learn something of the 

cablee referred to by " T . M.," beloogiog neither to tiJis category 

nor to the olue of beevy cables, bot of maoy t.ons strength, and able 

to suppor t 11,000 fathoiDll or more of their own length in water. lf 

the advantages of these cablee, as compared with the former, 

liTe enfficient to counterbalance the expense of constrnctioo, which, 

it ie hinted, will be even greater than in the caae of the last AUantio 

cable, " T. M." may r ender good service to the cause of submarine 

telegrafhy by dc:ecribing the system of construction wblcb be 

hiauel would advocate. Bot it ie to be borne in mind that the 

present ~ndeooy of practical improvement ie to reduce rather than 

to increase t he coat of telegraphic undertakings, whilst securin1 

greeter mechanical and olectrieal efficiency than has hJtherw been 

attained. 

A T EL%OAAPDIBT. 

TELEGRAPH CABLES. 

Sm,-Wbatever doubts your correspondent" T. ?tL" may entertain 

u to the important results to be obtained from my system of 

conetruotiog telegraph cablee, I can only say that I am neceeearlly 

in a far better position than he can be to judge of the matter ; and 

although I mDllt admit that, until I produce a cable-which hitherto 

time and circumstances have not allowed me to do-yet from the 

e:xperimenta that 1 bave bad made to test both the electrical properties 

of the materials I use, aod the mechanical 6trengtb r eaoltiog 

from the peculiar syetem of conetruction I adopt, I am well assured 

that the 1tatements made in my prevfoDll letter are substantially 

correct, and that all the properties required.for a telegraph cable, as 

1peoi.fted by yoo.r correeponden t, are to be obtained by the adoption 

of my principle of manufacture, and by the u&e of my ioaulating 

compound, v1z., sp&lld in signalling, mechanical strength aofficieot 

for at least five times the deepe!it water, and, to quote the words of 

your correspondent, of Ioogb constitution eoffioleot to eorvive the 

rough haodling and the wear And tear to which submarine cables 

are subjected. both in the process of laying and after tbey have been 

deposited in the ocean's deptbe; aod I am confident that the day is 

n o ~ far distant when the difficnlties attendant on submarine telegraphy 

will be eucceeefully overcome, and when submarine cables 

will constitute a real and rernunerative propeny, and not a mere 

r ecord that eo many millions s~r ling have been wutefolly deposited 

In the sea. I anticipate, wUh. t he g reawt coolhlence, the connection 

or L ondon and New York. by au ~fli c ien~ and durable cable. 

10, Strand, London, Dec. 6, 1866. JonN M.AOIBTOSB. 

T.E Tl~C CABLES. 

Sra,- Tbe system for compouud levers aod deed weigh~ adopted 

by the Board of Trade 111 an adjaoot to the hydraulic chain and 

anchor testing m11chioe, and ioteoded to a!lcertaio tbu rcr.l pres .. u re 

laid on tbe chain or auchor, i9 1 in my oatimatiou, objectiouable, as 

tiJe correctness or levers on thi11 principle can no~ expvri0l8ntally, or 

materially, be proved. 'J'be knire edge at the end of the main lever 

being at right angles with tbe fulcrum, abo the gear necessary to 

keep these levers in poaitioo, req ui re~ gr eat attention from the 

persoo in charge, or g reat errors may take place. 

As a r emedy w tllese objectiooi I would suggest. that a abort 

hydraulic vertical prell!, in all respects of the aawe dimensions and 

construction as tbat, laid horlzoota!Jy 11od conoccted to tbis by a 

pipe, so that the preaso.re will b& tbe same in both cylinders. The 

riMe of this vertical ram n eed not exceod two inch~ in any case 

over the be&d of t he short vertical ram. Oomponod levers aro w be 

placed, the folcrnm of the principal levers pressing on steel bearings, 

fitted on the corrtct centre of the bead of tbe ram. 

The friction in the collars of the rams (or the packing of pistons), 

being tbe same in both presses, is not to be taken in account, the 

lovers and dead weights Indicating the correct elrain ou tbo chain 

or anchor. 

.All the knife edges of these levers being In perfect straight lines 

tbey may bo easily proved iu the same manner ae the levers of 

wtigbiog macbioos. 

Jo addition w these levers a small indicator valve or ram may be 

attached, pressed down by a lever with a sliding weight on the 

long ann, the scale on this lever to be graduated from the pressure 

indicated by tbe compound levers a nd dead weights. By this wode 

a powerful crab winch may be placed at t he lower end of the 

machine, and a pres&ore of a few tone laid on the chain or anchor 

before the force pumps are pot in motion, which will save much 

lime and labour. 

G.EOBO.Il E1uua· 

Jersey, 30th November, 1865. 

ENGINEElliNG QUALIFICATI ONS. 

SrR,- As several of your correspondents bave honoured me by 

noliciog wy communication of tbe 21st November upon tbe above 

subject, and one of them," Con tractor's Eogineer," deslrea further 

information, 1 most again reqoest your editorial indulgence. 

'!'he perusal of the letter signed •• Oontract.or's .Eogineer" gave 

me great satisfaction, aa i~ is only general experience that when any 

new ecbeme fiods n o antagonist it must arile from being of too 

puerile a nature, or from lack of ioterest in the result.. Before 

ausweriog his ioquiries I may premise that bil adoption of tbe 

initials of another correspondent, viz, "B. 0. W.,'' with the addition 

of " W. 0. W.," might have been judicious, as bl.a ba.rk is considerably 

worse tbao hJe bite. To his lirst question r especting my object 

in propounding tbie scheme I wooJd observe that i ~ is solely from a 

desire to advance oor kindred profession from the anomaloOB position 

it at present occupiee, to each a prond etaodard of tfficiency that 

it will obtain recognition from tbo world at large as being indeed 

ono of the profeaeioos. Now" Oontract.or'e Engineer" and myself 

are quite agreed as to the ridicoloos figure any man would make 

who presumed t.o give evidence upon a subject with which he was 

not practically acqnaioted, bot we immediat.,ly fall back upon the 

i nquiry-When does a man become an engineer? 

Ir be be not an eogioeer be bas no rigbL to undertake engineering 

work; a od if the acknowledgment or hie claim to the title depends 

upon biB suCC688ful carrying out of works, hemostevidently, during 

the first part of his career, be workiog under a self-assnmed title, 

and hence wor tblell! ; or, should tbe profeaeioo at length recognise 

him 118 an engineer, they, consequently, have been doing an 

in justice daring his first stage. 

Of course in this argument 1 have 

coo6idered that a maD who is simply an engineer's assistant carries 

ool not his own works but those of hie employer therefore when be 

commences practice for himself be has a olear Held, and cannot be 

said w have any works of his own in justification of hie ae~umed 

title. Herein ''Contractor's Engineer " and myself difier; be feellJ 

quite satisfied with t he present state of tbiogs, viz., that a man 

moet dabble (according to deduction from hie thesis a profeesional 

nondescript) in engineering, and when , by good luck or guidance, 

he falls in for eome work of magnitude, whether his carrying out of 

the same be direct piracy of the labours of others or no, be becomes 

forthwith an engineer. This is sorely what Euclid would style a 

caao of reductio act abmrdam; my impreeaion leads me w argue tbat 

there m net be some period at which tbe man became qnali1led for 

engineering work and hence an en~eer. 

I think "Engineer's Contractor' would find a most decisive refutation 

of hie theory that tbese diplomas would not be valued were he 

to obser ve the interest with which tbe names of senior wranglers at 

our universities are echoed throughout tbe country, and tbe eoperior 

positions these men hold tbroogb life. T be advantage of po98e8sing 

high diplomas ie equally true of oo.r parochial and Jiospital medical 

appointments. N ow, if t hese work eo well in other p orsoita, what 

should prevent their successful application to engineering? 

Whereas under the present system, as there is no standard of excellence, 

most appointments mus~ be decided by interest. 

As t.o the attainments of many engineers, "Contractor's Engineer" 

and myself bold the ea me opinion; but reapectiog their 

mathematical requiremen ts oor views are at Vllr iance. If hie opinions 

are right, then the investigations of Hodgkinsuo, Barlow, Tate, 

Stepbenson, F airbairo, and last, bot not leas~. Professor R•nlUne, 

have been penned in vain, or are only a dtad letter to those baviug 

no fortber matbem.a~ical knowledge tbao " aritbmetto and the very 

elemente of mensuration." No doubt eoob a man may obtain and 

tranai\Ct a fair o.mount of p rofessional work, but it must be by the 

reduction, enlargement, or plagiarism of some other work, as without 

an extended course of matbemalics be is quite onable to venfy 

hill reaul te, and, therefore, cao n&ver become a ecienti6c engineer. 

" Contractor's Engineer" makes some strictiHes upon the " preteotioua 

dissertatioue" of the new ecbool, " but this ia a thiog no 

fellab eau understand." I bave always supposed the existence of 

three schools, viz., the practical, theoretical, and eclenlific. The 

followers of the drat produce work whloh is always respectable; 

tbose of the second entertain chimerical and impracticable f&Dcies; 

while the third, by the combination of l.loth, ensures the performance 

of the first with the p rogresaion of t he second ; aud as these 

form what may be styled the ne w echool, surely upon formiog a 

retrospect of lbo last thir ty years we cannot call either their 

laboora or thoir dissertationa pret.entiooe or puerile. He alao mentions 

the abDlle of the calculus; all ! eau say upon thiB is that any 

one found abusing the caloulos ehonld be summarily convicted. 

Regardio~ the use of "conic sections," let me refer "Contra.ctor's 

Engineer ' to aoy treatise containing an analytical inveotigrotion 

lnt.o the properties of tbe clrole, ellipse, parabola, &o. 

Similarly 

to b ims&lf, 1 several years ego emerged from popillage; but 

ha.ving reflected deeply upon the disadvantages of t be present 

system, I am anxiooe that Jutore engineers should enter the world 

with an education more in keeping with the necessities of t be age; 

the main difference between yoarcorreapondentand myself being &bat 

along with hie practical education I am desirous of eooing combined 

more of abetract truth and refinement; a.ud alao, as theremDllt be10me 

minimum qualification whereby a man may be accounted an engi- 

n eer, I bope ateome future day to see a 1tandard 1et up which every 

one mnat pUI before commeneiog practice on hit o"o account. 

In taking leave of "Contractor'• Engineer," I troat that aboold 

any expre~eion of mine appear to him unkind or unwarranted he 

will accept it in t he spirit by which it la dictated, viz., that of 

friendly interest. The eoggoationa of "B. 0. W." aod an "Old 

Driver" are a.cceptable addltioo1 in tbe w•y ,..f teellmooy aud 

assistance i only let me remind the former that the cooslderatloo of 

his valuable and Dec616ary inqu.iriea could only be obtained t broogl 1 

the medium of a board, who would naturally ar~rward• merge low 

examiners. Tba~ the eumloatloos would of thewelve1 etimolat J 

our youn~~;er members lJ further ooofirmed by the letter from "A 

Pup1l," who is evidently a juu ior ha ting alter yoatbfol hoooore. 

I look forward to a further advocacy of this subject by those 

more able than myself 

T . lf. 

Sm,-1 am sore all right-f..,ellog engioeord have read with 

pleaeure and ioter011t your endeavours to place our profe83ion on 

lbe footing it deserves, and moat ardontly wish your well-direcWJ 

efforts may meet with the success t hey merit. 1 am firmly of 

opinion a legal qualification to practise any bonU. fide branch of our 

profeaeion should be instituted as quickly M 

poa,ible; and it 

appea.rs to me i t may' be done by allow1og Maooiates or membert of, 

eay, the four leading institotiona-including naval architecture- to 

retain their position noqoeationed, provided they have belonged w 

thoae re pectlve lnatitotiuns for a period of, Bay, tbrce or five yeare ; 

aod that tllote members of younger or more recent date have t bu 

option of passing a routine examination w tebt their ability, wbllo 

no new members of any gnde ebould be &llmitted without a. rigid 

examination after e. suitable pr~ribed coorll6 of study, accompanied 

by aclual experience. 

F or myself 1 may say I am an engineer and naval architect of 

eighteen years' experience, bot 1 have only comparatively receotly 

been iuduced to join any in&tltution whatever; and as I;come witbio 

tbe t hree or five years claae I should be quite prepared to undergo 

the necessary e:xaminatioo to entitle me to practile. I am now a 

member of the tbreo leading lDStitutione, viz., Civil Eogineere, 

llecbanieal Eogioeers of Bir mingham, and Naval Architects, beside 

the Society of Art.a ; aod 1 regret to ·have Been aioce my ad minion 

the extreme laxity that ie OCCI.Iiionally shown as to who are admitted 

as fre6b members. .A very iojuriooe proportion of the~e fresh men 

are not eo fo lly qualified as tbey should bo; a ad it ie no oocommoo 

thing to seek "association " or " memhi>r•IJ!p " as a meaos of 

advancing private iotereete, as it ie now pretty well koown that one 

or two iofloential l riends can pass a man tbrougb. Tbe I nstitution 

in Grea~ George.street is the moat strict of any, but I would wl..sh w 

see this, as well as all others of standing, more puticnlar, that our 

profession may retain that prestige it has eo long held, and n o~ be 

classed with "range " or "sanitary " engineers, so happily referred 

to io your impreaiiion of the 17th ult. 

We are fa.at approaching the state of things in Eoglaod wbicb 

holds good In this benighted and unhappy country, where every 

petty auctioneer or valner sticks C.E. after his name, as well as 

every overgrown echoolboy who may h ave pllllied eome simple 

college examination iu arilbmetic, mensur&tioo, and algebra, and 

have obtained the consequent certificate. 

I werely write this to asel..st in ventilating the subject you have 

talceo up ; and I earnestly hope the "big wigs" in Great Georg& 

strest, at Newball-street, Birmingham, and elsewhere, will t.Aike 

compassion on their younger and less favoured brethren aud at 

once advocate eome short snitable Act of Parliament, passed tbie 

n ext session, to legalise oo.r profession. A. R. 

Passage W eat, County Cork, Ireland, 

Decem.ber 6tb, l 865. 

CAST IRON BOILERS. 

Sm,- Tbe followin~ information is for the benefit of "J. J. S.," 

Birmingham, who w1ebes for a n experience of the Harrison boiler. 

My father bought a Harrieon boiler, 18-horee power, in October, 

1864; it got to work that month. It got up a tea. m qutckJy and did 

pretty eatil>factorily when new. h cootioaed t.o go on well, bot I 

fancied it bep:an to take more lael. It leaked slightly from tbe commencement, 

bot not anything of coDlieqaence. By March, in 1865, 

it leaked very little, but wu variabltt-sometimes it leaked, aod 

suddenly left off ; but then, up to March, it never leaked sufficient 

to be any detriwer.t to tbe wc,rking of the boiler ; yet 1 &till thought 

it did not make steam quite ao well as at first. 

I went from home on .April J 9tb 1 I SG6, and on or about May let, 

the boiler buut a. ball, one of the row n ext the fire ; it burst, or 

rather cracked , from neck to neck, pot. the lire out, and, of cooroJe, 

did no damage beyond making a meee-pressore tben about 4.6, 1 

believe, and plenty of water. Well, lt h .. d to be taken to pi6008 to 

be repaired, and when it was done 1t was found covered with 8cale, 

whioh adhered firmly and was detached with difficulty. I bellevt~ 

there was no loose ecale in the boiler. Up till now the blowing·otf, 

entirely empty, had been carefoUy attended w once a week. The 

boiler had at tbla time a pipe pot upon it t.o join all the steam parte 

of eaoh slab just above the water line, this was done to prevent the 

lifting of the water ; 1 don't think it did. It went on workiog 

until on or about May 26, 1865, when another ball cracked from 

neck to nedr. It had a n ew one put in, and this time there were a 

few fragments of loose ecele. Nuw that I had cracked two baUe, 1 

con1ldered it was owiog t.o the scale prevenliog the water comiug in 

contact with the iron uottl the iron became hot; when, I ~b ink, the 

scale ftew off, and t he water then comidg upon the heated metal 

cracked it. .After this second crack I put .E•t~ton'e boiler fluid io to 

try a nd remove ecale. It soon now began to leak dreadfully at each 

join~ which waa next the fire, eo ll!Och eo, tha~ it was a waate t.o 

pot East.oo's fl uid in, because it ran it out eo rapidly ~fore it bad 

had time to benefit tbe boiler. Up to puttlog t be botlor fluid in, the 

boiler on ly h eld because the joints were f oU of llC&Ie, wbicb tbe 

ftaid removed. We had tightened the bolt.s all they could be 

tighten ed ; b11t the balb were tight at tbe necks on t he side from 

the tire, bat you conld have pot a k oife·blade in at the 

front, looking a lmost as iJ the front bad con~rac~. We pot 

meal in now to prevent leakage, which it did iJ put in freqoenUy; 

but In AugDBt another ball or&ekod, a nd 1 had auother pu~ io. At 

tbie time, 1100ing t be boiler ran .., t hat it bad tu be mea led every day 

to make it workable at all, eome new L owmoor t " in boilers from 

B&Ckwortb, of Darliugt.on, were ordered at the latter part of 

Aogost; the other boiler still being worlt&d as well as it could. If 

it w.s filled at nigh~ ready for morning it bad gone entirely out of 

the glasses In the morning, and had to be re-tilled, and could get 

very httle steam, cooeequeo~ upon injecting aucll lots of water 11ud 

from having the fire W.lf puL out. We continued working it uutil 

one ball cracked after another, and finally s~m could not ~got up. 

h ie now standing that way, minOB some of ils fittings, aod 11 anyone 

wants it they can have I~ at a tithe of its cost. Perhaps some of 

your readers may havo more favourable repo r~ t han this i 1 hope so, 

lor their own sakes, as it has been a lot of t rouble and Inconvenience 

here, beelde the money lose. 

D os'r R.tOOIOUND IT. 

BRITISii RAI NFALL. 

Sm,-1 have to ask your readera' attention for a few moments to 

a request on the above subject, the importance of which in relation 

to eugioeering and drainage qoeatloos is w&ll known. It ia now 

some years since 1 began colltjctiog returns of ~be fall of rain-with 

wba~ soccese I will mention preseotly, but my main dUR.:ulty hu 

been to fiod oot the pert~ons who keep such records, aod oue uf the 

most obvious sources of asel..s~nce le the publiu press. I now, 

t herefore, ask from each and every journal la the Bnttsb Islee their 

all-powerful aid. When the collection wae first organised in 11:160, 

ecarcely 200 pereooe were known to observe aod record the rainfall; 

by steady perseverance, and the aid of a portion of tbe preee, the 

n umber hAll been raised until there are now more than 1,2{)0 places 

whence retome are regul&rl7 received. S till I know tbere are • 

maoy more, probt.bly hundred.l, who have either never beard of &hE' 

I 

I 

•

establishment of t. e&otr&l depot to which copies of &11 rain records 

• 

' 

DEc. 8, 1865. THE ENGINEER. 371 

before stated, find no difficulty in getting them free from blowholes 

should be sent, or they hne been too dll!ideot to send them. It is entirely . 

of pt.ramount importance to gather these, and m&ke the tables yet I t.m &fraid I have trespassed too muoh on your space, but should 

more complete. 1 therefore beg lenve through your columns to uk be glad at some future time to communicate my practical experience 

every reader to think for a moment if be or she knows of any one on some other points. 

J.uus T • .BoYs. 

who keeps, or hu kept, & rain· gauge; or who has any tables of London, December lat, 1865. 

rain-fall (or old we&ther journals), in their poseeseioo. ADd if they - -- 

d o know of euoh persons, I ask them on behalf of science, of my 

fellow·obsernra, and on my own behalf, to use every effort to secure 

their assistance, and to favour me with their names and addressee. 

We want old recorde, we want records for the present year, and 

from many parts of the country we want returns for the future, if a 

few persons will noUiy to me tbeir willingne888 to assist, &nd to pay 

10s. 6d. for the verv obeap and llimple gauge now supplied. 

To preven t oeedfesa correspondence I &noex & liBt of the plt.ces 

in ?thddlesex whence returns have been already collected for the 

yurs mentioned iD the laet column , and ehall be very glad of any 

additions or correct ion e. Oilier counties, or the complete list for the 

whole ooontry, shall be eent to any one willing to make good use of 

it. I m&y add th&t an ln.fluential committee of the British Aeaoci~ 

tion baa been appointed to superintend and assist in my investig~ 

tboe, and tht.t they cordially support my present application. 

G. J. 8YXON8. 

186, Ct.mden-r7 

, (Batt.on-gardeo) . . Mr. B. C. Woods .. 1888 Imp. 

., (Mile End) • . • • F. Obt.rriogtoo, E1q. C 1882 

, (Offord-road) . . 110 .ilr. Strac:ban •• . . C 1864 

.. t (Somenet.-hse.) l f>O 

Philos. Trans. .. 

1i74 81,li87·18011, 

1812 . 27 , 1829 _. 2 '.l' 

.. (Spring-gardena) 

.. .. 

.. 

" (Temple Bar) . . 

.. 

(Wenmr. Aby.) 

.. 

< ,. B ou•o~ 

.. 

{ 

1 

(Wbneball) , Oardeu 

.. 

.. • • • • .. .. 

.. • • • • • • • • 

,, .. . . .. 

N otting-hlll . . . . • . 

Paddington . . . . •. 

Poplar . . . . .. •. 

St. Jbn'a-wood(Lit. Soc.) 

.. (MeUoa-pl.} 

Spring Grove •• . .. 

l 'ottenba.m 

., 

(Vicarage} .. .. .. 

., (Lordship-ID.) 

Twickeobam (Observtry.) 

Uxbrldge (Hare6eld PK.) 

Wlocbmure-btll . . .. 

36 J. W. Bazalgett.e,Eaq. 1868 

95 ,. 1 6S 

96 .. 1863 

. . Bent's Met. Jour. .. 1795-1807 

.. Dr. Hebordon . . . . 1766 61 imp. 

66? ., 17~67 Imp. 

26? ,. 1766 87 lmn. 

•. J . C. Baile, Esq. •. C 18.54·60 • 

. . Nlcbolaon'aJou.ro. •. 1808 10 

•• .. 1817 21 

. • Lady J:sayoln~t . . •. 1838 42 Imp. 

•. 8. B Bluot, Esq. . . C 18~ 6 

.. 

25 

101 

, , lfiM-66 

Mr. Gaster.. • . . 0 1862-63 T 

B. J . .llontague, Esq 1857 

. . G. Leach, ~q . .. . 1862-67 imp. 

70 T. E. WyaH, £sq. . . 0 11!64 

.. Rev. J. S. Winter .. 0 1c61·62 T 

00 - Fowler . . . , . 1842-46 

. . W. D. Boward, Esq 184 7 

24 A. Ww, E•q. • • • . C 1863 

• • W . Vernou, .Eaq. • • C ISM 

. . Mra. Feltbam • . . . 0 18~8 

-- 

SCREW SHAFT BEARINGS. 

Srn,- Beiog a cooatan~ reader of your valuable journal, and 

having often derived imporl&ut information from its pagt!S, it has 

occurred to me that 11ome details of practical experience 1 have bad 

with the end or stern tube boarinto:a of eorew abafta, and the method 

I have used, with great enoceea, for Ct.6tiog on the brass, would Isle 

acceptable to your readers. I have had a great many of tbese shafte 

to coat over on foreign stations. The stern tube bearings, exposed 

u they &;e to the aotton of salt water, renders it very dea~able that 

tbie part of the shaft should be covered with brass. Notwithstand· 

ing tbat this appe&rs to be a simple operation, yet I have known the 

oatiing of large sbafte to cause gre&t expense and trouble before a 

solid casing of brass cou_ld be had. In moet of our large eogtDeerl.og 

eatablisbmenta this work is pretty well understood, yet I have 

eeen in many largo ahope a great deal of time and labour spent in 

drilli.og out the blowholes and plngging them up with brass pins, 

which often get loose again, or the metal, not being of the same 

kind, wears unequ_aUy and cuts the bearing, when, by a little care 

and knowledge, not the elighteet blowhole need occur, even when 

coating the largest bearing. 

I know that many shops adopt the plan of boring out the brass 

aleeve aod sbri.oking it on the abaft, but 1 consider the method of 

casting the brasa oo, when done in the right way, to be much the 

beat job and also the cheapest. 

I need not explain the manner that the mould la formed round 

the abaft, u thia will be familiar to praotical men, bot it is best in 

all caaes of dry sand or loam, and thoroughly dried, without any 

vegetable matler in the Nod. 

The brass should be aix of copper and one of tin, melted with a 

slow moderate blast. Tbia latter is important, as I have alwaya 

experienced trouble and blowing if the brass was melted too quickly 

or a &trong blast used. 

Tbe brus should not on any account be melted in & furnace 

which hu been used for melting iron; it is beet to melt the tin 

separate from the copper, but mjx them jost before being naed by 

pouring the melted tin In among the copper and stirring with a 

copper rod. I ft.ud If an iron rod is uaed for stirring it haa a 

tendency to make the metal porous. The t~haft abou_l d be heated eo 

that it may ahrink equally with the brasa. It ought Dever be 

heated beyond a blaok beat. The abaft must be perfectly clean and 

free from rust, and have a light coating of ohalk and water bruahed 

over it. It is best to apply the chalk mixture before the shalt is 

heated. 

The metal should be poured quickly and the gates placed equally 

o?er the mould. The bead of metal ahould be kept well up. 

If these instrncliooa are followed perfect sucoeea in c&&ting the 

brass coating on IICrew ehafta free from blowholea may be secured. 

I need hardlT mention that in a great many other par te of 

machinery coau.oge of brt.88 are caat on iron, euob, for instance, as 

the rolls uoed in paper maoblnery, where it ia of the greatest importance 

to be free from blowholes. I have seen t. great many cases of 

failure in casting the braas solid on tbis olaea of maobioery, and 

doubtleee you and your readers muet have noticed many inatances 

aleo. 

Bo far aa my experienoe goes I h&Ve alwaya succeeded with the 

method indicated above, but it waa only after a long practioe and 

many f&ilu.ree that I got into thia plan. 

At the repairing atatlon1 In ]ndia and Ohlna I bt.Ve re-coated a 

great many ~~Crew abaft bearings, and for eome time have tried t. 

large number of rolll of oast iron with ~logs of bra.se, ud, aa 

• 

• 

WHERE WAS THE FIRST RAIL ROLLED? 

S1a,-In your paper of last wselt-" Visits to the Provinces, 

Mertbyr and its Ironworks "-you state, "The first rails made in 

Englaod or Wales were 10lled at Penydarran." 

In this you have been misinformed, && tbe first rail ever mado 

was at tLe Bedliogton Ironworks, N orthumberland, and from tlese 

works a staff of n•en were sent to P enydarran to leach the Welsh· 

men to make rails. 

Tbe Ta.ff Vale Woru, now belonging to Mr. Folbergill, were 

established solely for rail rolling, and to these works a staff of 

Bedlington men were also sent. 

WILLIA¥ S. LoNO&lDOil. 

Aldermasley Ironworks, Ambergate, 

Derbyshire, 1st December, 1865. 

SUGAR MACHINERY. 

BY N. P. Boaoa. 

f Concluded.] 

Colonial Factoriu.-The arrangement of machinery for manufacturing 

purposes forms an important branch of the several duties of 

the engineer or architect. To lay down a rule, however, is, 

perhaps, as great an error as carelessneaa of distribution ; tbe main 

!aoiB to be considered generally, are arrangement auiatim, wit h 

access for repair, while, at the same time, an inequality of space 

should not be permitted. The several duties oC tbe empfoyll in each 

department will, to a great extent, regulate the room nquired. To 

exemplify this fact will be to r on through the several operattons. First, 

the steam b_as to be raised; ample room must, therefore, be allowed for 

U1e stokers, fuel, &o. A general length for the stoke-bole is twice 

that or tbe fire-bars; thus 12ft. may be considered a.n universal length 

frC\m the boiler front, space for the fuel inclusive. '!'he p•ocees or 

manufacture actually commences in the crushing room ; the main 

point to be considered in tbis department la length at right aDgles 

with the rolJs, for tbe transit of the cane and megass; enough space 

should be allowed at the megass end of the mill for the drainage of 

the or119hed cane. In some instances a separate r oom is preferable 

for this latter operation. I n the event of repair or renewal of any 

portion of the engine or mill, space mw;t. be given for that without 

necessitating the removal of any walls or partitions. The process of 

olarifica\ion nest en6uea. In this portion of tbe several branches 

!here are two modes of attaining the same result-the primitive 

tache and the battery-both of wbiob are heated by the fire from 

the boiler flues. The next, tbe modern steam clarifier, whiob latter 

is rapidly being used in preference to any other kind. The apace 

rEquired ill this case will depend on the diameter and 11umber of 

tbe vessels required-aol!icient room for repair and removal must be 

duly con6idered. After the liquor leaves the clarifier it JliBSee 

through the bag filter-which latter, by the way, should be d1reotly 

under the former; room ia here required for emptying the bags, r e 

moving the scum, stowage of bags, washing the same, and divers 

other necessary operations. The boiling of the liquor must nex~ be 

noticed :-Tbt:J pans for this procees are either tbe open pan or tbe 

well-known vacuum pan. With the adoption of either, apace must 

be allowed to pus arouud them; all joi niB and connections muet be 

accessible, a.od the apace under the pans should not be cramped, as 

the discharge valve must be readily accessible for repair, &:c. Tanks 

are provided for the liquor, both from tbe bag filters and boiling 

pans; the locality of tbue tanks is generally above and below tbe 

fioor line, steam lilte or "mount juices," being used for the elevation 

of the liquor where so requlrea. Tbe liquor alter boiling fiows 

from the pan into a tank underneath the same. A tank elevated 

next receives the liquor, which now undergoes & second proc8bs of 

filtering through antmal charcoal. The vessels now alluded to are 

deep and cylindrical in shape, closed &t the bottom end. A manhole 

is located at the aide, level with a false bottom; these filters Jut 

for a considerable time, and it is not an uncommon occurrence to 

erect them in separate portions at their destination, rather than 

convey them entire thereto. Tbo requisite amou11t of r oom required 

is, for Ule removal of the charcoal on tbe ground Boor, and a platform 

for the supply. Wheu the filters are arranged in rows, or opposite 

each other, the man-boles should face each other, so that one 

pa.ssage will suffice. With reference to removiug the dlters, this 

operation is generally similar to their erection. 

The granulation of the liquor may be said to be the most important 

of all the processes-not but what all r equire attention; ye~ iu a. 

commercial point of view, the grain of the sugar reguates 11.8 value. 

Tbe proce6S now under notice is carried out in open pans or vacuum 

pans, the latter being the better. '!'be ouly cause for the introduction 

of the former is economy of outlay- indeed, eo much ill the 

commercial element considered that, in some cases, tbe common 

tache is still erected. The rewarks applicable to the boiling process 

will afply in the present case as far as space is concerned. The 

oeotrifuga room should be ample in length and widtb, and as our 

to tbe granulatiog room as possible. 

In the event of loaf sugar being made, the ato'\'e should be in 

connection with the mould room, on the same level if possible. 

The revivification oC the animal charcoal being a separate process, 

the introduction of the furnace or machinery for that purpose is not 

required in the present description of the necessary arrangement. 

Should, however, it be req.1isite, or deemed desirable as an adjunct 

to the whole, it may be added that, within the precincts of the 

boiler-house, or a building common lo both, will be & good arrangement. 

With reference to the stores, offices, and dwellingP 1 

localilr will 

be the beat guide. Ono fact should alwaye be deemed imperativethe 

importance of a good au_pply of water, without wbicb no factory 

can be termed complete. N ow, with relation to the bu_ildioga, much 

depends on the nature of the produce of the country applioaiJle for 

that purpose. Architecture is generally the last coosideration of 

the p lanter in relation to sugar factories; bere and tbere may be 

found those who pay a little attention to the finish of tbe exterior. 

The great product~ of the sugar colonies is wood. Bricks &re made 

of the miner&! local produce, and dried in the sun. In some 

instances the uterior walls of the houses are of wooden structure; 

while iD other casee the Dative bricks are ueed. The roofs of the 

buildings are sometimes ftat, according, of course, to the width or 

space between tbe walla. Ventilating openings should always be 

attended to, as the surcharged state of the ste&m or heated air acta 

destructively on the roofing, partitions, &o. The windows of 

colonial factories are, in most oases, simply OD the Venetian prin· 

oiple, with framea to open and close. Glass is but little used, due to 

the cost of traneit and liabtlity of the commodlty_to fracture-to say 

nothing of the effect of the rays of the suo. 

Area of space not being of much consideralion in the coloniesor 

, rather, on sugar estate&-iL is the common practice to adhere to 

one storey ouly for sugar factories. 

R1ised platforms are, of 

course, obligatory for the vacuum pan, clari!!ers, tank•, &c. ; but 

as much of tbe plant as possible ia on the ground ftoor. Tbe 

labour of climbing is, by this arrangement, much lea~ened, in 

proportion to houses from eight to ten storeys high. Tbe pro· 

cess of manufacture, however, is not eo direct with ground·floor 

buildings as w i~b those of a plurality of fioora. Another patent 

reason too may be quoted as the ca06e for low.buildings, i.e., economy 

of strnoture. 

Attention will now be given to some of the existing examples of 

arrangement. In one inatance tbat the writer is acquainted with, the 

sugar mill, engine, and bower a relocated in one compartment, square 

in plan. Presuming it. J.o be on the left band the otari6era are on t. 

raised plaUorm directly inside the next room on the right hand; the 

bag filters are on the ground fl?or, directly under ibe olari6ers ; the 

liquor Bows from the dlters into a reccEsed tank. In th~ place of 

open boiling pans vacuum vessels &re used bo~h for first bo1hng and 

granulatiog. These pans are located at tbe 111de of the wall D€arest 

tbe observer in plan, midway of the lenstb of the compari!Deot. 

The vacnum pumps and steam engine are on the left;-baud s1de of 

the raised platform. 'l'be charcoal filters are oppo61te. the pens, 

with the receiving tank eleva.ted on be~ms al:!d pe~peod1 cula r ~upports. 

The centrifugal room 18 at the nght-~and s1de, but prO)PCIB 

from the line of the buildiog. The mould itove 11 at the end or the I a n 

room. The main steam boilers are situated oppo~ite tba~ for tbe 

mill engine, at right angles with the same. The room last 1~ question 

is an extenSiOn tbrougbout the leugtb Of the whole, With the 

charcoal furnace &t the eJttremity. Doora and w.iod_owa are, _of 

course suitably arranged bol h for acce&s and veolllat10n. lt will 

thtlB b~ understood that the raised platforms r equir~d are, o~ly tb~e 

for the clarifiers and vacuum pans. T~ proce .. s,. 1.n fact, IS carr1~ 

ont on terra jirmfl almost;,. toto. Alloiber dispo~111on of tbe ~et~tla 

consists of tbe entire portion being under one roof, the bull~mg 

being a long structure, with. aide aod end wa~ls o~ly; tbe boilers 

are at the end oC the build1ng, t!wlfront fac1ug 1n~ards. ~u t, 

the sugar-caue mill, engine, and laoll; are located 10 a Sollable 

manner· alter which the clarifiers and bag filtera. Two vacuum 

pans- the one for boiling, and the other for graoulatiou - are 

next in rotative arrangement. The charcoal fi_lters are located on 

eaoh side of the bu.ilding, eo that t.free ~pace 1B between the rows. 

The centrifugal machines are on ono etde beyond the filter~, and 

the moulds oppositely situated, the stove ~in_g at the extremity of 

the building. Suob an. arrangement as .tb1s 1s, perh~~· tb.e mo~t 

direct that can be cooce1ved, but thelocahty of the bu1ldtng 1lbelf !8 

the principal guide in all cases. Tbe illostration ~ompanyiog tblB 

article, represents a colonial faot.ory for productog m.ou;t s~g.ar. 

The additional room for the loaf sugar can be added, 11 requtstte, 

beyond the machine-room, but is not d~mande.datpre_s~nt. Much ol ~be 

maobioery herein depicted has been e~o~o 10 det;a1l1n the preced10g 

pages of tbis j o ~rnal, ben~ a descnp~t~e alluston t~ the arrang~ 

ment of dispositJon per 1e 1B only requt11te. The botlers-tiJ.ree 1n 

number-are of the ordinary Cornibll l.ind, properly fitted "!1th all 

the requisite detaila. The donkey engine at tbe front eupphea ~be 

feed-water in the event of a rupture or stoppage of tbe mtlleDgioe 

pump; the animal charcoal rovol ving cylinders are of ~be 

ordinary kind, locat~d opposite the boil~r froo1 1 

ampl~ room ~mg 

allowed for repair and renewal of matenal. T.oe eogtne, geanog, 

framing, and mill, need no comment, with the _exception tbat th~t r 

position hAS been duly considered. The room ID front of the m tU 

can be either used as & draining room for t he megiiBe. or as ~n 

engineer's store-in fact, t~pace is allowed ~or both. Tbere ts a_ce~ ta1n 

objection to stowing the megau 1rith111 undetaobed butldtngs, 

due to the fact that the crushed cane ia rather combn~>tiiJio alter a 

given time. Present space, howtver, will no. P . ' ~ of further entering 

into this matter, but a luoid • ccount 1e gtven by Henry 

Mitobell, EPq., M.D. (CJf Tri:.idad), in a paper in the" Sooil'ty of Arts' 

Journal," Nov. 11, 1864, which is well worthy of perusal. The 

receiving tauk is not sbowu. It is supported in the mill roo~ by 

trussed wooden beams, soflicienUy bigh to allow a ready drip 1nto 

the clari.fiere. These latter are shown in a separate room; underneath 

are the bag filtera, scum trough, and tank. Tbe ta.nks 688D in 

the outaide angle of the stove or megass room . are two '.n number, 

direclly over each other. The lower tank r ecetves tLe hquor from 

the bag filters; the higher from tbe boil~o~ !~cuum pan, and 

from thence to the charcoal filters,; whose dts~sthon need no description. 

Tbe vacuum pane a;e elevat~ on a suttable platform; the 

engines and vacuum pumps be1ng oppo11tely arranged. Tbe graonlaung 

pan is supplied from the tank outside the charcoal fil~ r 

room. After tbe boiling procesa ls complete tbe sugar, io a semlliqu.id 

state, is received i.oto the b_eaters (or coolers, .as tb~ _caae may 

rtqoire) i.o the centrilngal macbtno room. The dtspo tllon of tbe 

details in this laslrmeotioned department can be rudtly u nderstood. 

The roofs are double pitched at fair angles; venttlators are introduced 

over the clarifiers and elsewhere; each portion of the 

plant caD be r emoved without disturbing that adjoiuing; tbe pipes 

are arranged with care aa to economy of lengtb and repair; the 

" mount juice" is perfectly aoo&Aible, eo le the condensing box. ~be 

remaining details can be resdily u.odt:Jr..tood, so that further allueton 

will be super.6uoua. In conclu&ion, the writer would impreu on the 

profession generally that no clase of mecha.oism is more worthy of 

scientific attention than sugar machinery . 

AnlOlULTY Rzroax.-We have reason to believe that Mr. Seely 

has during tbe receea followed up hie investigations into Admiralty 

accounts and other matters, and that the questio.o of Admiralty 

Reform will again be brought before the H ouse. 

Tu Melropolitan Sanitary Auociation intend to bold their first 

wnference meeting on Tbursdt.y evening, December 14tb, at the 

rooms of the Society of Art!, J obn-street, Adelpbi. 

Thomas 

Chambers, Eeq., Q. 0., M.P., lue ool:leented to preside, and Dr. 

Draiu, Pruidt'ot of the Associatton of Medical Officers of Health of 

tbe Metropolis, will deliver &n addret.S on "Tbo Defeota in the 

Existing Sanitary Laws, with Snggeettons for their Amendment;" 

&Iter wbicb discussion on the snbj ~:ot will be invited. 

TIIA.DB OF New BaoNSWIOK.- The annual report of tbe Comptroller 

of New Brunswick ebowa that the imports last year were v. Jued at 

8,9!6,852 dole., and tbe exports at 6,063,89i dols. New Brunswick 

trades w ith almost every country. The large6t trade is done with 

Great Britain, to which she last year exported goods to tiJe value of 

2,132,738 dole., not including ehipe, and importtd from the Uuited 

Kingdom to the extent of 3,~98,125 dole. TIJe trade witb the Uoited 

States is second in extent and value. Last year New Brunswick 

exported good& amouuting to 1.266,148 dole., and imporwd ~oods to 

the extent of 8,alG,824 dole. Nova Scotia. comes third. Ezported 

last year 556,9l4 dole., and imported 1,860,842 dole. Ezporta to 

Oaoada 60,004 dole. ; imports from thence, 245,020 dole. Expnrts to 

Prince Edward's lsland, 112,728 doiiJ.; imports from tbanCf', 85,261 

n L iverpool 

and Birkenhead under tbt~ river Mer,ey. Mr. E. Lawrence. 

ex- mayor, presided. Sir Charles Fox e.a:plained tba ~ tbe principle 

of & pneumatic railway bad been aucceeefully tried on a h.rge scale 

a t Sydenbam, and one was now being ooo,truoted under the bed of 

tbe Tbamea, bel weeo Obariog Oroes and tbe Waterloo station. The 

proposed railway from Liverpool to Bilkenbead was a mile and 

three-eighths in length. There would \16 two stations in Liverpool 

and one at B io ken bead. The cost was eatimated at £ 300,000, with 

borrowing pow4'ra to raise tbe capttal to £400,000. Tb1s estimated 

cost would, however, be much reduced if tbe bed of tbe rtver were 

found to consist o f r ock illst.ead of quicksands. It was estimated 

that on £800,000 the traffic would produce .£30,000 a year, to pay a 6 

per cent.. dividend, and £1(),000 for working expenses. The •peed 

would be at the rate of 20 miles an hour, a ud each train fur goods and 

passengers could carry at least 600 pa88engert~, 

wbo would be 

cbarged Bd., 2d., and ld., according to olaas. ln answer to numorous 

questions it was explained that there wonld be DO d.anger ol collision, 

and the carriages, lnuriant and well lighted, would always be in 

plenty of fresb air. It waa t.1eo explained that no oppositton from 

"vested intere&LS" on either aide of the llersey was anticipated. 

Ultimately a vote of tbanka to Sir Obarlel Fox wu woved by Mr. 

R obertson Glacl.stone, seoondod by Mr. Rarold L itUedale, and 

carried unanimously, several genllemen resident on bo~h aides of the 

r iver expreeeiog their high approval of the eobeme •

372 ~ THE ENGINEER. DEc 8, 1865. 

P L A N 0 F A 0 0 L 0 N I A L S U G A R F A 0 T 0 R Y. 

•

DEc. 8, 1865. THE ENGINEER. 37:3 

~====~========================~======~==========~~==~~~~-- 

side. They remind us of the old explanation of the creation 

of the universe-tTcome it quite po1rible ; but tvtn though t~try mec/w, 

nicaL objection to the U&t of Uquld fu,tl '1/Jtre 1111ept a.VJav to-morrow, there 

'IDOUid ltill rtmain. the Ql'tal fatt that ptlroleum a• fueL i1 mormo111ly dtnrf" 

tha.n. coal. 0Me alltr lhu condition of offai r~, and none ~~nil admit the good 

qualitiu of liquid /uti, 1uch a.& they a1·e, more c!.urfuUy than. our1dvu. 

MEETINGS NEXT WEEK. 

hi&TITOTION 0!' CI VIL ENOI!IURS.-Tuesday, D ecember 12th, at 8 p.m : 

"Experiments on tbe Strength of Cement, chiefty in reference to the Port. 

laod Cement Wled In the Southern Main Dnunage Works," by John Grant, 

H . Inet. C.E. 

SOoiKTY OF ENOINURS.-.Monday, December 11, Annual Oeneral Meeting. 

CIVIL AND !IIICIUNIO.U. ENOHIBKR8' SOCIII1'Y.-Wedne>day, December 13, 

at S p.m., "On OratLOn and J ooes' Coal-cutting Me.cblnos," by Hr. 

B a.seloco. 

ddoertuement1 ctlnnot be guaranteed inurtion un.ttu delivered bejore ltvtn 

o'clock on. Thunda.y tvtmng in. eaeh week. 1'ht charge for four tlntl a.ncl 

under i1 thru •hilling•: each /irttafttrward&, eightpenct. The lint average~ 

tiglu word•: btoc.b a.re charged tht 1amt rau for the ~pace they ftll. All 

&ingle a.duerti1tmtn.l1 from the country nlU&t be aceompa.nitd by lta.nlpl in 

payment. 

To:a ENOlNUR. ca.n be h11

374 

THE E NGINEER. 


on the indications or gauge cocks-well known, especiallr. 

with such a pre .. u•e as nearly 60 lb., to be Yery deceitfu. 

On opening one of these taps, with t he attendant r emoval 

of the prl'S ure, there is an instantaneous rush of water 

t owards the spot, upon which it issues fr om the tap, falsifying 

the i'ldication, and tlctitiouslr raising the water 

leveL Or the hot water, in issuing 1nto the at mosphere, 

Mcessarily develops into steam, forming a deceitful spray. 

T hese things are, or ought to be, very well known, and it 

seems incredible that they should have to be r epeated 

A nno D omini 1865. An only somewhat leas injurioua 

omis ion wna that of t he prestonre gauge. It is always 

important, na one scarcely need be r eminded, to be able to 

check the indications of the safety-valve lever by a pressur e 

gauge. 

The next inq airy to be made in the cnae of any disaster 

o t the kind is na to the way in which the ' boiler wna kept 

-whether it was subj ected to periodical skilled inspection. 

Care of this kind does not aeem to have been been exercised. 

One of the workmen at the Abercarn Tin Works, a hammer-man, 

who narrowly escaped being k illed while 

"standing alongside of the boiler," stated at the inquest, 

he" had heard men complain that the boiler was not safe, 

" or that they did not like the boiler.'' It seems that" the 

"principal cause of complaint was that the boiler would 

11 

sometimes spring a leak." Remembering t!olat a brick 

partition ran along the whole length of the boiler, it can 

be easily imagined what injurious effects a leakage of corr 

osive concentrated water would have on the plates. 

Another si~nificant fact, evidently stated without anim\l.tl 

by this wltnt!ss, but strongly testifying to the parsimonious 

way in which the works were carried on, was 

that " the reason the works were not pot on that day till 

'' six o'clock in the evening was owing to the high wind, 

" the men being afraid of the roof falling.'' Another 

witness, a puddler, said that he bad " been afraid to work 

" there on account of this boiler, which was so ofLen out 

' ' of repair; it so often leaked" Even the man in charge 

told this witness, about five weeks ago, that " he was 

11 

a lmost afraid of it himself.'' At about that time the 

boiler had bad to be stopped, " hecauae they could not keep 

" water in it." In cross-examination by the solicitor of 

t he proprietors, be aaid that-" Once after the boiler bad 

" been r epaired and put back again, it was found that it 

" could not keep the water in;" in fact, "ther e had been 

"a small leaka'-e at the damper all along." Yet another 

witness said-" fbere was a leak in No. 3 boiler, which I 

11 

worked near." He had been" working by that boiler 

"about a week, and a leak had been there the whole of 

" the t ime." 

lt is thus apparent that the boiler was of, to say the 

least, inferior con;.truction-tbat it was unprovided with a 

g lass gauge or a float for the water-level, and with a steam 

gauge for the pressure-that it was worked without 

periodical inspection, and in a leaky aod therefore dangerous 

state. It is now to be inquired what were the probable 

pressure of the &team and the probable level of the water? 

l t. appears t~at the engine '_Vas not at work for twenty 

mmutes prev1ous to the explos1on. There was thus necessarily 

an accumulation of steam in the boiler. But we do 

not think th&.t this ro e to a dangerous pitch ; for, in the first 

place, this boiler was con nected with three others, and each 

had a pair of safety valves, all o~ wh~ch cou.ld scarcely ha~e 

stuck at one and the same ttme 10 the1r seats. It 1s, 

i~dce d, probable that they were blowing off, and that a 

h1gher pressure was reached than when the engine was 

being driven. But this would have no other effect than 

searching out a weak par t in any of tbe boilers ; and 

if an u udue prel!sure be taken as the cause, there 

is no good reason that all the communicating 

boilers d1d not burst. As to the level of the water, we 

hold that there was an ample supply. The engine driver 

at the A bercarn Tin Works was very explicit in this part 

of his evidence. On coming to the works before starting 

t he machinery be found No. 1 boiler heavy in the 

top cock, No. 2 in the top, No. 3 heavy in the Eecond 

cock, also No. 4 in the second cock. Said be :- 11 1 kept 

"the engine on till I got the fou r boilers full to the top 

"cock. When they were working on the fours tbev 

u 'stalled' the engine. ' Stalling' the engine means that 

"the steam is too weak to carry on the work. I let the 

"engine stop for about ten minutes. I went round the 

"boilers to try the water in them. I found No. 4 getting 

"light in the top cock; No. 6 rather heavy. I closed No. 

"3 ' ram' a little to let the water go to No. 4. boiler. Nos. 

" 1 and 2 wert: all right in the top cocks, with sufficient 

"water and over." About ten minutes after wa r dt~, the 

boiler exploded. It thus appears that there was sufficient 

water, and this portion of the evidence shows as clearly 

the r ough and unsatisfactory way employed for getting a 

notion of the height of the water. 

Such being the state of things immediately before the 

explo:.ion, we will now examine its results on the boiler 

itself and the adjacent objects. The shell of the boiler was 

in no way damaged, uod it is thus evident that it 

gave way at the flue. This is indeed completely 

collapsed. The nJO t injured and collapsed par t is about 

seven feet from one or the ends. The most distinct 

indication that the collapse did not arise from the tube 

getting r ed-hot is to be seen in the form taken by tbe tube 

at the part which evidently gave way first. It yielded at 

the side and not at the top. A witness standing alongside 

the boiler beard a his&ing, "for about a second, just as if 

it had sprung a leek." "lt made a hissing noise, and then a 

load report in ita full force.'' An outlet from a boiler which 

can spread in extent, a rent which can tear with a resulting 

outflow of steam and hot water, is indeed an incipient 

explo!!ioo. A leak first takes place, it extends, a 

wider rent is caused, a progressive action ensues, and at 

1 ast such un ir.jury of the structure is produced as to let 

out a de&tructive amount of steam and hot water. J n this 

case the tubular flue was a mon&ter piece of ordnance, 

out of which were projected the bricks forming 

the partition, accompanied w11h the steam and bot water. l t 

was in fa.ct a large gun loaded with bricks. The puddling 

f~maces at ~ach end of the boiler, and consequently in the 

lme of the d.i.ecb&rge,\wer e \blown to pieces, tbe molten iron 

and the materials of the furnaces bein~ scattered in all 

directions. The ~rcat ruulting destruction of, and injury 

to, life is thus easily explained. 

To t race the explosion to its originating cause is thus easy. 

Not being stayed with rings, the flue was inherently weak 

under the external pressure. It may, or may not have been 

injured in the abaence of a glass gauge, by the water getting 

too low on previoos occasions. But we think it more probable 

that the plates at the leak or leaks got more or less 

corroded, until at last the leak extended to a rent, the rent 

to a part ial collapse, and that this par tial collapse continually 

increased-as indeed a collapse necessarily most under 

the ever-present pressure. We are curious to know 

wbt>ther, under these circumstances, the jor7 will return 

t he usual verdict of "accidental death," w1th a recommendation 

to Messrs Whitehouse and Pbillips, " t o for the 

future use glass gauges on their steam boilers.'' 

SAND-BOXES FOR LOCOMOTIVES. 

CONSIDERABLE diversity of opinion exists among engineers 

as to the r eal value of sand as an expedient for 

increasing the adhesion of locomotive engines. One 

superintendent pins his faith on it with a determination 

which r efoses to be -npset by the most apparently convincing 

arguments against its use. Another believes that 

the employment of sand is objectionable in the highest 

degree; that it ener8etically promotes the destruction of 

tires and rails; that, 10 wet weather 1t cannot be induced 

to leave the delivery pipe in an even stream, without the 

greatest trouble; that it leads to the fracture of crank 

axles; that it increases train resistance; that, in dry and 

windy weather, it is blown on to the guide bars and link 

motion to their ruin ; and that, in short, its use is accompanied 

by an amount of vexation and mental worry which 

is but inditferenlly atoned for by a am~ll increase in the 

co-efficient of adhesion. There is, no doubt, much force in 

these objections. 

N everthdess, those who advocate the 

free use of sand h:>.ve by far the best of the controversy. 

In point of fact, sand is a necessity in our climate, and 

even those who are most opposed t o its use cannot get on 

without it. They use it, as it were, grudo-ingly and under 

protest, and in this fact alone possibly 1ies the cause of 

their dissatisfaction. 

It is not too much to say that a really good sanding 

apparatus has yet to be invented, and it is certain that, 

once placed at our disposal, nearly if not quite all the 

objections to the use of the expedient will disappear. So 

long as locomotive superintendents are satillfied to stick on 

a cubical wooden or iron box anywhere on the side frame; 

to fill it with damp, unsifted sand; and to regulate the 

distribution of this on the rails by eending the tireman to 

drop it in handsfol down a 1 ~i n. gas pipe, terminating, 

pos!tibly, 6 in. or Sin. in advance of the point of contact of 

the wheel with the rail, it is not to be expected that the 

r l'sults obtained will be very charming. When a pair of heavy 

drivers, spinning rapidly, are brought-up, to use the sailor's 

phrase, with a round turn by tht: application of sand to 

one rail only, a tremendous torsional ~otrain is as a matter 

of course thrown upon the crank-shaft; and if the process 

be often repeated a break-down is very likely indeed to 

ensue. So long na a rail is sanded by hand the distribution 

is certain to be irregular; tbe sand lies on the rail in 

patches, between which slip takes place, and it is quite 

possible that some of it may be blown into the motion, or 

that train resistnoco may be increased. ·with a moderately 

good self-acting apparatus, on the contrary, the sand would 

be distributed 10 a very fine and even stream, within an 

inch of the spot where it was required, beneath both drivers, 

and the shaft would be spared abnormal straius. An 

approximately perfect apparatus is still absent, but there 

are, nevertheless, many good sand boxes in daily use, 

especially in America. Strange as it may seem, the entire 

question present& several difficulties notwithstanding its 

apparent simplicity. Wet sand clogs na a matter of course, 

and refuses to flow of its own accord under the influence of 

gravity. On the other hand, sand well dried flows freely 

enou~h, bot on coming into contact with a round-beaded 

rail 1t at once falls off, powderitJg the ballast very nicely, 

and altogether failing to answer its intended purpo6e 10 

dry or moderately dry weather, and when the wind is 

very high, beiog swept from the iron as effectually 

na though the sweeping were done with a broom. Sand 

must not therefore be too dry- at lenat as sand pipes 

are now fi tted-and many expedients have been employed 

to persuade it to leave its box when damp. One of the 

best of these is an Archimedian screw, t he r evolution of 

which by the engine-driver propels the sand towards an 

horizo nt~~ol :>.p~rtur·e in the side of the containing receptacle, 

connected with which is the pipe leading to tbe rail. Sometimes 

the screw merely bor es a hole or tunnel through the 

damp mass, which refu ses to fall in on its thread; and 

thus at the moment the sand is most rtquired its aid is 

unattainable. Besides, there is a certain amount of complexity 

in the entire affair, and its use is likely to distract 

the a ttention of those in charge of the engine trom signals, 

and so may possibly tend t o induce an aeeds are now sown by the aid of the drill, and 

it is essential that even in windy weather these should be 

deposited exactly in the little furrow and not blown away 

over the surface of the soil. Two wings are fitted, one at 

each side of the coulter, therefore, which effectually shelter 

the orifice of the dilicharge pipe leading from the &eed 

rel!ervoir. '!'here is no r eason whatever why a modification 

of this idea should not be appliec! in the cru.e of the locomotive 

with direct benefit. P late iron guards extending 

Lack at each side of the wheel aa far at least as the verttcalline, 

might be made to embrace it as it were, and by 

extending down as low as the upper edge of the rail-they 

might be brought lower but for the crob11ings-to effectually 

exclude mischievous currents of air. The pipe, too, if the sand 

were quite dry, might be flatt('ncd ne:~r the end so as to bring 

it.l! mouth much nearer the point of coata

0 


• 

tHE :gNGINEEl-t 

• 

375 

0 

THE PATE NT J OURNAL. 

Condemed from the J ournal of the Commiuiontrl of Palmt.l. 

Grants of Provisional Protection for Six Months. 

1894. WtLtlUl L' PIIN?'NEtUI, Esscx-~treet, Strand, London, " I mpro,·e. 

monts In br~ech-loadtng fire aru o~, and In the charJ:ell and proje c~lles to 

be u•ed tberew1~b.''-Petitson recorded 20th July, 1811.'l. 

1982. JouN D I~RY JOUNSO!I, Lincoln'•·iuu-tlelds, Lo11don, "A new or improv~d 

dete rgeu~ solu~lou to be used In the wa.;bing or cleausiug of wool 

and woollen tabrics. "-A commuoica~lon from Charles Dyonise Relnleld, 

Pari•. -Petotion rtco-rdtd 25th Jv.ly, 1865. 

209S. WtLttAM BlllTS, Wbo.rf·rotld, City-road, London, "Improvement8 in 

the ma.nufacture of CO.J)bules."-Pdotacm recordtci 12th .Avgeut, 1866. 

2106. JoUN BINRY J OONSON, Lincoln's·inn-Helds, London, ·• !mprovement8 

!u ~he vreparation or production of spongy metal~ and in their anpllcatlons."- 

A communication from Francob Drivet, 'l'Uriu, ltaly.-Pdition 

reco-rdtd 16th .AuguBt, 1865. 

2391. JonN BESRT JODN80N, Lincoln'•-inn-Helds, Lonllon, "lmpi'O'\•oments 

In railway carriageS and o~ber veblcles."-A communh:atlou from Henry 

Hud ~ou Trenor, tbire "Improvements in the manuf~~.eture of ordnance, 

wbole or m par~. "-Pthtion rtoo>·dtd SOtll October, 1865. 

2809. EnWIN AJ>DlBON .PutLLtPS, Sou~bamptoo-buildings , Chancery-lane, 

London, "Improve mentTLT, Upper BJker-stre e~, .Re£ont'8 Park, London, 

•• l mpruvemeot• in ob~inlng fresh water from salt and Impure water 

also applicable for ventilating purposes." 

2955. Jow B&NRY S:lltTII and GliOI\01 RoBIIRT SlllTD, We6t Plumat&d, 

Kent., "An Improved wetbod of draugbtlng I!M~erna for C06te, wal· tcG.lts, 

and other close-6t~ing garmeo~. aod appara~us to be n.sed in obtaining 

the measuremen~ for the same.'' 

2956. WU.L!Ait Blli RY COPll, Bostock·street, St. George's-ln-th&-East, 

London, ·• An improved mo.cb.ioe for taking off tbe fibre from oott.on eeed 

and cleaning it." 

296i. GKOKGI CARTER, Willeobu.H, Staffordsbire, "Impronll18nts In the 

manufacture of bevelled or convex i.ron w:t.Sbers, and in machinery to be 

employed in the Raid manufacture. •· 

2958. Jo&&PEI IWCK CooP&R, Birmingham, "Improvements in breech-loading 

Ore-arm~.'' 

29&9. TuoMaS JOSIIPS PliRRY, Bigb6eld.s, near Bilstoo, Statfordabire. " Improvemeo~ 

me~llic wheel~." 

in macb1nery for the manufacture of moulds for cas~ing 

2960. Wn.ttAJI Ct.ARK, Chancery-lane, London, "Improvements ln knlt. 

ting-mncbl~oe neeoles."-A communication from h nac Wixom Lamb, 

Roche•ter, New York, US. 

2961. RtCDARD AROOIBALn BROOIIAN, Fleet-street, London, "Improvement• 

in the lllDnuracture of sbawls.''- A communication from Pierre Honorf 

Maillard, Paris. 

2963. TUOliUS MAXWitL 'IENNA.XT, Edinburgh, N.B., " Improvements In 

furnaces" 

2964. \\ lLLlAll EDWAR.D NIWTO!f, Chancery-lane, London," An Improved 

process ror bardcni.og malleable aud uon-malltable cast iron.''-A oommuoica 

tion from Thomas Henry Jenkloe, New York, U.S. 

2965. JAJt!S IIARB!RT, Kldderminster, Worcesterabire, " Jmprovements in 

the production or manufacture or gas for heating or illuminating, and In 

tbe retona aod apparo.tus employed 1n eucb manufacture." 

2961. LO ITIS GONZAOOII SPSTSISR, l>t. Maure-les·FOl!~6i, Pari~, " Improvemen~ 

in the manufacture of bricks or building blocks." 

21168. WALTER PAYTON, Sewardst.one-road, Victoria Park, Middlesex," Improvements 

in means or apparatus for measurin~t tbo passage or tlow of 

liqu1ds, for raisi •·g and forcint fluids, and for ob~imog motive power, 

also in means ror the manufacture of part8 of such apparatus. "- Pctitio!u 

1'«trrded 17th N~ uembt1', 1865. 

2971. SA!ol OliL HAZARD Ho~TLY, Upper Blker street, Regoot'8 Po.rk, 

London. ·• I mprovem en~ in cookio~t arpara~u~." 

2974. !iJL'(RY Ct.ltTO~. Queen's Hotel, St. Ma.rtln's-le.Grand, London." Improvement• 

lusewi.n" macbines."-Partly a communication from Gcorge 

Snieder, Vack•hur,::, MissLs•ipoi, U.S. 

2976. lsuc LAZAROB, Birmingham, " I mprovements in bows or ties for 

articles of drees. ''- Pct•tion& rtcf>Td.!d 18th N01111mbtr, 1865. 

2978. ARTUOR RtCK&TT, Birmlnjth~m. •• An improved m.acbine or appara~u 

s for clean•ll!( or dre-•~in~t cur ran~~ and otbAr fruita." 

2979. JOSKPH BtVKRti!Y F&sBY, B1rmlngbam, "Improvements In f:~Bten - 

111118 for sates' doors and other doors and lids, and for other like purpo3es." 

29i!V. J Alt!lJI BROOOBTOM EDOI and ENOCB Brn». Bolton, Lancashire, 

·• c.,r~ln improvolments in mecbaoi~m or apparatus for •pi.nnlng aod 

doubling cotton or other fibrous sub!tanoos" 

r9dl. CnARLIIS WBITNXY, Kensinsrtou, Middlesex, "Improvements in 

breech· loading ~:uns, and in cortr1dges for breecb-lol\ding gnnB." 

2986. GBOROI P UTLASD Hlll(III~O, Wincbester-slreot, llaldon-road, 

Keotitlh Town, and Bll:tRY CoYLll, Great Abrylebooe-Btreet, London, 

" An improved trap or liquid sealing to the covers of cl.sterns, pane, jars, 

tubs, and o~ber ve~els or chambers.'' 

2987. WILLIA¥ OLAJUi, Cbancery·IMe, London, " Improvements In bleaching 

featber8. "-A communication from Adolpbe Pierre Viol and C4ssire 

Pierre Ou6ot, Boulevort St. Martin, Paris. 

2988. J.All!.il Pa1T, Cleckbea•on Y·•rksbirP, •• Improvements In aewlng m& 

chine~."-Pdotion• nc01'dtd 20th Na«n•btf', 1865. 

!989. RJCUAKD W ALTlt88 aud Tu oH AB EDWTB KIIJU W .U."IIIIl, Pel,all, 

Swlford•btre, "luoprovemeota In machinery for cutting or abecu-lng ebee~ 

Iron aucJ o~ber met.nllic ab,ets or plates.'' 

2990. SAlt OWL 8&N!itST1', .Maocb.ator, " Jmprovomonts In ooak• for &~m . 

watA>r, air, anti goJJes at blgb pressures, and al•o In gau ~re coclu and water 

RaUJI'es for boilers and aedhnent ~ubea for cocks and pipes." 

1991. FlU!lliJUO PoP&, Mark-hoe, London, " I mprovemen ts in locks."-A 

communication from WIIUam Hod.aon Uld James Rutson, J anerville, 

W ilcolllin, U.S. 

209(. OIOROB SlOTH, Upper Tbames-street, Loo don, and GIOllGB SKITB, 

jun., and OIU&LII!I WI.LLIAJt SxrTn, Mare-atreet, Haclme7, K lddleaex, 

• ' Impronmen~ In hair·bruabJ.na appara~UJ." 

290/l. TUOliU.S R!CUAJU)S DARDISO, Leeds," I mprovemeot.5 In the applica· 

tioo of pressure ~ the roUeu of epinning, preparin~, and o~her machinery." 

2996. ALPRKD Vtlt()UT NBWTON, Chancery-lane, London, "Improvements 

io apparatus for condeueiog exbauo5 steam and beating air by the heat 

ab6trac\ed 10 tffect1ng the condo."'ll!&~lon or sucb steam. "-A communicat 

ion fr•HD Add o~on C~l•in Flelcher, New Yotk, U.S. 

2997. WttLLA!IJI PARSOIIS, Toron~-terrae, Clayton, r.e&r 

Manchester, " lroproveown~ In appo.ratue for ol.otunlng artldclal Jlgbt 

from \'Olatile liquid a or 6 ulds." 

8001. ALPR&D Vtl\CIST NrsWTO:s, Chancery-lane, London, "An improvemeM 

In ejectora for dlscbargln~ bilge water and for ot her purpo~es.''-A 

commu,lcation from Nalhau Letllngwell Cbappell, New York, U.S. 

SOu2. SAJtOilL At.&X.U!DIR BllLL, Epplog Villas, Stratford, 12sex, ''An improvement 

In the manufacture of 1r1ctlon matches and tapel'l'. •• 

3003. WttLIAM BtRT, West Ham, Esstx, " Improved apparatus for efrtctlog 

a communication between the passengers of a railway train auo.l the 

guard or driver, or both." 

3004. SA¥118L B 11STIIR, Newcastle-on-Tyne, "lmprovemeot3 In ancbon.'' 

::005. ALYIIJI) L.L'IOIU'IELD, Engineera' Departatent, Great Nortberu Rail· 

" ay, King's eros~. London, •• ! mpyovement.5 in machinery or apparatus 

for stamping or lm rresslng railway or other tickets." 

SQ07. JA!IJIII.B J onlf FnlLD, Upper GitJord-atreet, Caledonian-road, London, 

•· lroprovement.s in tbo w>lnulacture of •oap."-Ptt1tio!u recorded 22nd 

N()'ll(m/H:r, 1865. 

Invention Protected for SU: Montha by the Deposit of a 

Complete 8peci1ication. 

8013. EB&.'il17.1R GOOD!\OW LA~tsoN, Windsor, Vermont, US.," Certain new 

and ubeful improvemenLB In breecb-loadlug and repeatlol!' 6re.arms."-A 

commun1ce~lon from Albert Ball, Worcester, Haasacbu.setta, U.S. 

Dtpolittd and rewrdtd 2Srd Novtmbt~· , 1865. 

Patents on which the Stamp Duty of £30 has been PaicL 

3215. TBO:IIAS W.u.LER, Fish·street-bill, Londou.-Dated lst December, 

1862. 

3188. JAME8 TII~NANT C.&tRD, Greenock, Renlrewsbire, N. B.- Doted 2Stb 

November, 1862. 

8259. lttCDAIUl J:lolU'SBt', jun., Spit~legale Ironworks, Graotbam, Lincolnshire.-Dal.ed 

4tb December, 1862. 

8326. TnO:IIAS E DWARD VtCKI';II8, Sbetlleld.- Dated lllh Dec~mbe r, 186Z. 

3310. S .. UIOSL BINIAltiN \1 EllTFUILD, Birruingbam.-Daleu 10th Oecember, 

1862. 

32H. G!!ORGB FIATUIRSTOIII GRllPIN, New Adelpbi Cbambera, London. 

Du.ted 1st Dec.:mber, 1 86~. 

3243. CUARt!.il FRliJlllRtCE CL.AUS, Fearobead, Ltmcasbire.- Dated Srd 

December, 1862. 

S2t9. BBIIRY SWAN, 

:Uccember, 1862. 

Bishopsgate-atreet Without, Londoo.- Dated ftb 

Patents on which the Stamp Dnty of £100 has been Paid. 

2964. RtcnA.IUl BoRNSllY, jun., ::;pi~tlegate Ironworks, Grantbam, Lincolnshire.- 

Dated 27tb J>ecember 1868. . 

2734. JOHN 000LSON 1 Midwortb, Newark, NottiugbaiDJbire.-Du.ted 30th 

November, 18~8. 

• 

2746. 0EOROII Wtu!.!All B.u.IIB, Ipswich, SuJfolk.- Date.l bt December, 

1858. 

276l. LIVt BtBSELL, New York, U.S.-Dated lst December,l858. 

2767. Wn,ttA!ol ROBERTSON nod JAMII.S GOTLl&UI 01\CDAA, Dundee, Forfarshlrc, 

N. B.-Dated 2ud Decemb~r. 18o8. 

2837. COARt18 BODGS0!\ 1 

BaUard .Ra~b Jrum , Wicklow, lreiADd.- DatedllOth 

December, 1858. 

Notices to Proceed. 

188&. CoAntltS l«lsso!l, Birmingham, "Improvements In portable charge 

holders for breech-loading gun•, wbe~ber single or doubl&-barrelled, as 

also in ~he means of manufacturing tbe said holden, and in ex ploding 

the charge." 

1894. WitLIAJt LA PENOTI11Rll, Essex-street, Strand, London, " Improvement.'! 

In breecb-loailinsc llre.arms, and in ~be cbuges and project.ilea to 

be used tberewi!b."-Pdihon' recorded 20th J'uiy, 1865. 

1903. RIOiiARD MoTT W AI-s~reet, London, "1mprovement8 In tbe 

manuf .. cture of iron rails and glrdcrs.''-A commu01cation from Martin 

Dieudonu6 Henvaux, St. S..rvais, near Namur!.. Belglum. 

1977. JonN LAWSOM and EDWA.RD GBRJUR)) l'tTTilN, Leeds, Yorkshire, 

·• Improvemeota 10 preparing machinery for flax, tow, jute, and other 

!lbrous materials.'' 

1978. AOGUSTUS A.l'PLl!GARTB, Dartford, Kent, •• Improvements In machinery 

for 11rinting io coloure.''-Pdition• recorded St1t J uly, 1865. 

198S. 'l'BOIIAS WILLIA.II. Tollllf, Watson'e-road, Wood-greoo, M1ddlesex, 

and Colonel STODARI, Eg"yptlan Ball, P iccadilly, London," A new or 

improvtd apparatus for Ulusory exhibitions." 

1996. TBOIUS BILL P .t.toN, Montrosu, Forfarsblre, N.R, " Improvements 

In machinery tor the manufacture of linen or other yarns or lhreads. " 

1988. WtLLIAM SINGLl!TOK, Sheffield, " Improvemen~ in apparatus for 

cutting ecales for knives. and forml.ng metal webs for knives." 

1991. FR&D~RtCK RANSOIIII, Queen-s~reet-place , London." Improvements 

10 roouog tiles and alabs."- Yttitaon r'tcordect lit .Augwt, 1865. 

201~ EPHR.&UI SAB&L, Moorgllte·street, London, "lruprovewents in m11· 

cbinery to be used in ~be manure.cLure of plate orebeet iron and sleel." 

A communication from .Mar~in Dieudono6 Heuvaux, St. Servals, near 

Nnmur, Belgium. 

2016. ERNIST LISLIII RA!ISOIIl!, Ipswich, Sulfolk, " I mprovements In paints 

or prepam~ions for coating surfaces."-Petitio111 r«ordtd 81'CL .AvglUt, 

1866. 

2018. EPnllAUI SABKL, Moorgate-street, London, " Improvements in m& 

cbinery to be used In tbe manutactu.re of i.ron. ''-A communica~ion from 

Ma r ~iu Dieudonn6 Henvaux, $t. Servals, near Namur, Belgium. 

2029. BENRI ADIUIM JlO!INIIVI.LLI, Porcbes~er-terrace, Bayaw&.ter, Middle· 

sex, "lmprovemen~ In cbockiult or controlling tbo payment of fares in 

cabs and otber public vehlcles."-A commWllcatlon from L6on Seeker 

and Josepb Leib, Bootlevart Magenh, Paris. 

2081. ALPRID V1.NOUT NswroM, C'bancery-lane, London, :• An improvement 

In gun wipers." - A commWlicatlon from Hlram Berdan, Charles 

Lawrence Perkina, and Waiter H.ayes Burns, New York, U.S.-Pttitrol\4 

recorded 4th .A uqu~t. 1865. 

2088. JonN Btu~RY JOUNSON, Lincolo'e-inn-fieldo, London, " I mprovement.! 

in the ornaroeuta~lou of glas1, lllld lu tbe.appllcatiou of gll.38 eo ornu. 

mented.''-A communication rrom tbe Society, R~odall Cre&l or a.pplicabte to m41'int condmring 

lttanl mgitiU.''-Dattd 4th May, 1865. 

Iu carrymg ~h1a wveotlon i.nto • ffoct ~b e iovent.or usea the ordl.nary old 

and weu-kuown aystem of condensinK by iujectlng cold water Into 

lbe Ve$>el into which the steam enters from tbe cylinder, but be does not 

use sea water for ~his purpose. Tbe invention consbl8 in coodenamg tbe 

ateam by lnjec~ing fresh water or "a tor preVlously used, and in refrlgeratlllg' 

or cooling the water used for tb.b purpose over and over again, except eucb. 

portion aa is fed to ~be boilers. - Not procctdtct with. 

l SOl. W. J. RI Cl, Chd1ea., "Macl&iM1'!1for obtaining 111.0tillt polliU. "- Dated 

lOth Ma!f. 18~5. 

Tbid tnventaon relates to a novel arrangement of mechanism whereby 

m utive power can be obtained from the expansive force of compresaed atr. 

I n carrying out tbe Invention tbe patentee has a reservoir of suitable 

capacity and st.rengtb ~ cont.aln air under con•lderable pru1ure. Tblt 

re.oervoir commun.catel!, by means of vah·es ovening oa~ward, with tbe 

wo~lve power engine wbicb form! the subjec' of the inveu~lon. Tbe 

inveution caunot be descr1bed w 1~bout reference to the drawiojlS. 

1S03. S. POKOTYN81U and M. MTOIKLSJU, Parit, '' Obtaming attd applying 

111.0tiv~ po o:tt·."-Dactd lOth May, 1e65. 

Tbe objdc~ or this lnv.,o~ion is ~ ob~tu increased power from the pi.e~ns 

of eteam ~ngloes, whether boriJ:ontal or vertical, 6xed or movable, marine 

or o~berwtse, and at tbe ea me tlme reduce the dimeoaione of the cylinders 

in which they work, and by this means economisi"g bo b steam and ftlel. 

1'b.e piston rod ~be patentees make U•e of la so con;~ru cteo.l a• to be capable 

of exten~ion ami co~~raction. This _ia elf

376 

n m; 11.1 lenglb IJ equal to the lenlfth of t he orlllnu y apear~. and 11• 

bnadtb will be rerula~ by the breadt.b or the pump bt.rrtl. Oenerallylt 

will be or eu ftlclent dlame\er to dltplact one·half of the water wblcb the 

pump barrel will contain. It requltee to be llxed a t both end.t jun 11 tbt 

ordinary rpean are IJ.xed ; the bottom end Ill atW:hed to and Immediately 

oter Utt bucket ; tbo otbtr end 11 attached to tbe enr1ne apparatWI overbead 

In tbe ordiDAry way that apea" are eo ettached. Tbll hollow tube 11 

rtqulrtd to be wa\er·llkbL and made of llrM mat.etlal, eo 11 11ot to n.ct11l 

the welrbt of en ordinary JJ*rt; the llabl.er lt la made the rea\er t he 

adnnl.lfe• over tboepeart. The motiYo power of the en5l1ne la required In 

the •mo amount for both up atroli:e and ilo'lfll atroko of the pump, btlng a 

srroat hoproYement on the pre•ent modo of work lore colliery OOIIInoa In 

nh•tlon to t boee pumpe. Thlt Improved pump, when In action. roakoa a 

conllnuoUJ Orted ur.oo a frtwe havlroJt a contra! and two CJrdluary 

whuiJ, aud an enilno with a pair of cyllndtnt u1.on a aimllar rraroo and 

""beth 

Ue llya

D EC. 8, 1865. 

THE ENGINEER. 

- 

the feed log ol tho mnrklog mat.erlal la progref!llvely made through tbo 

applleatlon aa a regulator or motion and power, and which may be termed a 

noulo or tho pencll,and ont of which tubular holder the last piece or tho liquid chronometer. It coo alate or a cupola abell opoo at t-op and bott-om 

m arkln~r material is lloally dri1•eo by a. •hor t rorclng wire Interior of the 

rotating on Ita vertical axla, whlob dlpplog loto a bath or llquld,lmparLa 

tubular bolder, and the Improvement.& oonalaL In cooatructlog such ovor- 

cootrlfogal motion to the portion of the llqold ln1lde th.e cop, caualng the 

point-ed pcoclla In the followln~t manner :-On tho abor ~ tubular bolder liquid 10 Impelled to rlae until it la on tho point or onrllowlng. Tbe liquid 

thoro la a nob or projection, which ont-ers a fomi\IO acrew of uniform pit-ch 

la mnlotalncd lo thla condition without further expenditure or roower 10 long 

end t-o ond, ao that, by rotating Lbe acrow, thr tubulAr holdor la progros- 

ae tbe epced or power of tbo mllehloe or apparatua to be regulated remain a 

elvoly moved forwArd towards ~he nozzle or the poocll, together wltb the 

at tbe normal •tandllrd ; eo aoon u tbla la exceeded aod a conacqoeot 

marking material, ono end or which 6tl In 11nd la held securely by tbo 

lncreaaed Impulse le Imparted to the cup, the llqold o• erflowa the upper cdu 

end of tho abort tubular holder, while tbo other end or the marklncr male- 

of the rotating cap, coaalog 01peodlture of power which will pruent tho 

rial la, when In use, prjectlug through tho nozzle of the pencil. Int.erlor 

further acceleraUon of the cup, and thla ebaorptlon or power may bo furtbor 

or the abort tubnlar bolder la a. abort forcer wire, on or ne&r oao end or luereued by caualug the hquld thrown out t-o pua alternately agaloat 1 

which la formod or Oxed a neb or prnjeclloo, almllar to the ono on the 

aerlfl of 6xed radial vaaea llnd •aoea rotatlog wltb tbo cap. 

abort tubular bolder, and tbe neb In tbo forcer wlro alao ent.era the thread 

1231. J . CATtt.t.Oll, l/atton-gardm, 1And01\, "&l/-1UP'PIIIi11g puol; tbeeo flop•, 

rollora, and it la mond to and rro by n olt a and piolooe, or screw end nut, or 

when tho mllnctlo la lo uac, a re turned over on t) the top or tho bo1.-Not 

other equivalents worked t.y band or other power,10 u to brlug 1ho cylluder 

yrOt:ttd.td uith. and rllm under the follower, or to ooo aide wbeo roqulred. .lu w o rt lu~r wltb 

122l. J . F. ALLII~OIIl and T. F. CA8utN, SI".OI'!Id, " Palttntrl for driving tblalmproved preu tbe largecylloder aod ram are moved to one aide, and tho 

llandl, 1 trapl, lltlt.l, lw.rntu, o•· other 1ucA toA:e purpou1."-Dated lit May, 

follower la b routb~ up by ~be two •mallet ram a untlltbe ouder aide lhereof 

18116. Is abo•c the level of the Jar~ro cylinder and ram; the large cytloder and ram 

Jn Ilea or tbo present mo.Je or connecting Lho end• of drivlag b:wda or 

11re tbon moved under the tollowor, and the llual compreuion la ghen by tbo 

1tropa ror machinery by rlvettio~r ur aowlog them t-ogether, tbe lnvtnton action or tbo large r11m. 

propo•o to connect them by a ruteoer. Thla faateoer C\loslell of a me1alllo 

IU.7. T. J. MAV.\t.L, Rtd Lwn.·coll>'t, Puet.llrtd, London, "Ma"1ifactwre 

plaLO to be attncbed or ri•ott.ed to 11ne cod or the ILta p; the plate le for med 

&r trcatmtnt of mdia~btr 01' gutto.-pwch" &r compownd• thfrtO/, 

with luj~l or ura Iota or betiVeen wblcb la Haod a 11 uted eccentric roll ault· 

applAC4bu to the -prodmtaon of •lertr>IVPt plat.u, l:c."- i>altd 6th Moy, 

oblo for tbo purpoao req•tlred. Tbe roll turna rreel1 In tbo lugP, and when 1b06. 

lt la 10 plocod tba' the .hort.eaL radlue of the eceentrle is oppoette tbo plate 

Jo currylog oot tbie iovenlioo the palonteo tJ:tkra the lndla-robber, gultauoatlacbod 

end or tbo bond, lt eau bo pa•sod bouooth it, when the roll la 

IICrcha, or eompouoda tbercof, when combined \'lltb aulpbor, aud lu a aoml 

turned With lt, 10 Lhalaa tbe rodii becoooo l on ~ e r it prcssca upoo ond tocurea 

or partlnlly converted atot-o, produced by the B~Liou tberoou or tbo sulphur 

tbo bnud tho more tlgb~ly tbe greater tbo atruin tbat la upou lt.-Nol pro- 

nldcd by heat, and then In title partially converted etate, be opphca auch 

cwlecl will•. 

matt.er under prcasurc and bellL to the eurfa~e t-o bo stereotyped or copied, 

1:!23. J. U. JonNSON, LifLC()/n·•·inn-jfelAl•. Lon,Jon, "Stlf-acting a/arnLifoo· nnd ho cootlnuca tho prenure aod bent until porfcct counrolon Is obtaloed. 

in.ditu.t'••u a1• txcur o) heat or cotd.''-A commomKalton.-iJo.tccJ 2rlcl 

B1 tbo terma ··converatoo ''nod "oonnrtcd '' be meaoa that atato of tbe 

Jluy, 18M. 

mllterial which Is otber wleo called •ulcaolaed or cured. 

Thla mventlon c11onot bo desc rib~d wit boat reference to tho drowiog1. 

1260. C. LAli NRT, 11 o1kinvton, Cumbtrl4nd, "Conttrmtion ond I7IOCU of 

1124. R. FMifl'lR, Rtd Lio~·cowrt, London, •' BMlioutng pro.cu lo J,acil•tate 6UPPlyang fud to Jfrt'll'"O.Itl, 1toet1, and lilt furnacu of lotomotn:c and 

lht opn'ali'ln of rtJuf cotourrng on enedopu, note pap~r , .tc. - JJattd o. 

Tbo object or tbla lona~loa la to aupp111oel for conaumpUon on the under 

Tbla tnvouuon C\lo,lah In rcplacln~r tho horizoal!ll die by 11 vertical ooo aide or the fire. Tbo fuel Is forced up by & plawo or part•lloa worltlo~ In 

m ouUJcd ou a •bar, wurking In plummer blocll:a, and bAvln~t tue dcvleea the acgmeot or a cylinder, aod auachcd to a Blrong axle, or rather ILI1 tltted 

cui( raved or puocbed ou tbo cll.;e of 1~, iuatead of on the plane. I ut-a a tlot therdn, aod le cap11ble or belog drawn tntougb each axle eo u to 

Wt l 1 d p1111 IL from one aide to tile other thereof. 'l'ho cylinder may be Jlkeoed to 

U20. T. A LLCOCR, Birmingl.am, "Pinlllling and pol '"U 1 ' 1 .ta tu ltl an bolf tbo cover or an ordloary Blr fan, and Lhe piston to one uf tbo blot.des or 

roda."-JJu.ted. 2nd May, 1bO:i. I I b I I ll I d 11 d b h 

Thla 109 cnuon cooaleu 111 au Improved modo of Oullhlng mctnl tuboa by 

tho fan loose y nacrtcd t ruog 1 a a lot- n 10 axe, no eaa y rawn t roug • 

1 f 1 1 1 

When the pteton attaloa to tho level of tho grate bott-om, which la over ono 

which tbo patentee les!cns or ovo•da tbo omp o1mou~ 0 manuo nbour 11 ltnlf uf tbo C) Jluder, Md all tho fool l1os been forced up lot-a tbe Orf, thu 

tbo oporntlon termed tluattng tho 1 ubca, onJ oleo In an 1mpro\'ed modu or 

1 11 

d 1 1 1 011 d llb f; 1 ntlllt h h 

I IOiiabln" motnl tubes aod roue. 'l'ho applll'lltna ho employ• for tbeao pur. anuu nr cy n or or rcccptoc o 1 ago 11 c " oc 0 rcnc es l o 

" 1 11 d 1 1 1 h 1.o 11 t 1 under eldo or the piston. The piston le then drawn through tbo elot In tho 

poeu ~'

' THE E NGINE E R. 

~7 8 

a wu btr mad• wll h an apen ore ju t larfe tliOU ilh tn allow or I be two pl at~ 1 m ecbanlam like tha\ deterlbed In the apeelllc,tlnn of le• ten patent No. 

of tbe ahaok wbeo lu con lad puelnr tbr• Olfh 11. The platea nr wlrta moa' 11 11. for the year 18\ ; No. 488, for tho year 1861: and No. 1118, for the 

be of tueb mttal aa •1ll aiiC\w llr tbtlr betna bent w it hout breoklna. 

ye•r 1~62 ; the ohjtc\ or the Invention being to fac•llt.ate the manurac•ure 

U Q.S. D R &atLIIT 0/d/laa, " Ma"tifa-t., 1 ~ oj *OIIldl for •dallic ca~tinll• na1at In lhe noYea ~mptoyment and use of a l l)ltt a flplle•l by vute or cement for tho purpoae or. ftnllih •. Jn tbe 

.tricll lo or template revolving 00 10 axoa aupported on the moulding box 

common conat ruellon or ah001 upon aucb mac:bi ~> es the ~tttchet uniting tbo 

and panlleJ w t he out.:r clreu mreronco of the C) Under 14 be ta1t. t ho aolea and vamps past thrOUJih the ouLCr •ole, tbe vamp, and the \uner oole. 

proftle or outer edge of -ocb urlckle I• formed ..,., correapood Wltb t ho Shooa bavlntr nn per10anont lnnrr aole have, ho .. ever, to aume uttnt, 

abal·e or deslyn ur 1he ~ t int n qulred, 10 u dunn~t lt.s revolution to been cooStr ucLCd upon •heae maehmea, a narrow leat~eT or pasteboard 

,.move tbo loam aconrd ln ~t 14 the vuyl 10 g abape of the mould req•Jired. o ner aole being u,ed, thll 10le btlng luted w1tb tbe amp, and tempo 

When the revolvlnll ttr1cklt 1t employed 10 form m •ulda of lar ge duneo- 

ra11ly aecured to the 011t.er aolo, or the outer aole tl) lt., by lutlog taeka, and 

a loo~ 

ruch u •UPIJOrtlntr plllar 1 a 11 d alm•lar caAllog• the aro •ndworlt or forming no part or the uolou between tbe outer aole IUld vamp, bu\ be1og 

foundation of the mout 1 contained ~ltbm 

the ruo'ulding box ia to be ripJ>ed or toro out afh:r the ahoo ~" •owed. By lbe present. lnventl?o• 

permao .ntly ftllod u p wltb brlcllwork, the m oulding loam it then 10 be hO,.'ever, tbo emrloyment of tu eh flt xlbto tt!.mporary Inner &olot and la.ung 

pla•tered 00 to the luner rurfaoo of •uch bnck mould, aftt:r whlcb tbo tacka '" dlapcn~cd "ltb. a mct.altlc plato or tnuer aote btlng used for l&lir 

atrlck le lt eau ed \o r;,volve, u doscrlbed, 14 form t.he (Urfac:e Into the log, thla plat.e bavln~t 

1110h form and lite with reapect U> lhe ou 1 ~ 110 e 

deal go required, which produce• & amooth and even aurfaee upon the loam, 

that the IIILChea uniting tbt vamp and out.er aole are form~ ou 11de or, 

and tbtrcby forme an d fectuat mould ro.r the ryllodrlc.t ca ~Ling Without and cquldlataot from, tbo edu or lhe m ~ tall lc loner aole Tb11 fahe. aole 

the uao of the aolld panern now employed. Wben a mould for ,. curved bu & number of plna proj•ctlng fl"om Ita nut.er aurface. around wb1c~ a 

t ube or elbow le to be formed the above.deacribed wetbod may be used to thread la wound, tbla thread cluplng or temporarily uniUog the oppoa te 

for m the Oange or or namental' cap at:d tbo curve or the tube b formed by edgea of tbo vBmJ) lo luLIDI( ; theae pine aliO aervlng to keep tLe outt!r 110le 

means of a ~e roove or template 1; 1 wblob a pro6le m ovea w remove the In po5itloo. When tho vam p luu boen drawn over tbo last, tnd over tbo 

loam aceordlng to the ahape of t ho tem plate or gulde.-Not proctedtd edj(e8 of the m etal 1010, and Ita oppo•lto cd~tot 

laced or basted by the 

· 1 ~ · croulng tb relld, and tbo outer 1ole applied to the vamp and plale by tbo 

1Dt 

plos or the plat.o, tho la&L 11 removed, the ahoe being t hen in condition w 

1206. 1':. MnRa, MUlbank·ro~, Tl't1lmimttr, '' Wee ga~ mdtr•."- Dated lOth bo eowod, ~ho oeedlo In aewmg pusloy j uat out..ldo of t ne false sole, &J>d 

.llo!J. 1865. 

through ~ho contiguous ed11es of tho vamp and outer sole. 

The f lriL part of t hl1 lnvontlon relatea \o lmprovomont.s In the a r ran~rc· ·~ S T 

0 

S •. T .. A , t · t nd 

m en~ of tbo Inlet PMI~ It'O ror the gas U> tbe meaJurlng drum lu e 1 mblna- 1 ... ~0 . · · AR&BTT, to«;o~· 'me, , n •m'Jif'M!ml4 11 'n ' oppn-1 a 

t ion with t ho waste wa t.er chauobcr. The object. of the F irst pan of tho JW•k•, boUiu, and other ll•,tlor VUIIJOrmlt the WIL>te-wat.er to ft JW Into lt and 

l n carry1u11 uut thl• l n•· ~nllon th• P•t.entees llispeme entirely with the 

u p t he overflow pipe. By tbf1 arranl!ement t he ~aste-watt! r llue eau ICI&pcr, wblcb, In pU110g beneath the work la apt to, and frequently 

never de cend below tbe upper edjte of tbe l'ipe or cyltodu wblch surround• dou, i t retch the work, anll, Cll•eclally In culuur prlntlne-. preventt the 

t he o•erftow pipe, tbua • n11urlog the con•t.ant aoallng of tbo lower end of 

proper regl,url"g or tbo colour• correctly, A (fain, ll le well kno,.·n by 

the pipe \\bleb dcsceods from tbo lolet !>&'> a::e or lot.tmal cbamber tho3eln t ho trade that many atoues are broken by being (a.lmoJt lm perpre• 

lou..ly oe~erlbed. The ::.econd part or tbe improvemenll Is apl'llcable ceptlbly) uneven by tbe ngld or unytoldio)l prea•urc or ~be ~~Crape r. Now, 

14 wet 1111 mctenr, 1uch u were deacrlbed In ~heepeclftcatlona of pateota tho patentee em.,loya two, tbree, or mor .. rollers of equal dlme n al momuln one uniform level of tbe acrapcr. 

wator Hoc in tbo mcuur•n11 drum of wet G" wetero of this deaenptiou.- 

l 3l7. T. DAVIS, Clapham. Suo·uv, "l'uldl/ur c011taining bl4c.Hng, polilhin11 

Not proocuud IDith. oi/1, .tc."-JJat«l 12th May. 1d66. 

12119. P. BIIA8U, /~ 1111. a"d R. Illvt~ll. J.ltt jldalen.t Chcmiall Wor.b, near This tu ventlou hn~ rcrcruucu U> vt:&&ela for cootalolog blacking, potl1hln1C 

M u.uelburjlll, Mid Lothian, N.JJ., "Ontuo~~ttlllflg ean r•celve the barrel, Cdll, or other ,.ea.et wbtcb la partly balanced 

wire ovt r, ~hereby the rtq u11lte doublo tubular or approxlmat.e form ia 

tbereon, the heavy eod of the t.:ver fr11we bl:l g supported by a i pring or 

Imparted to t be umbrell:. or para.sol ribs; they then pau tbem through 

aprlnge, or by a welg b~ or we i ght~, acllng d~reclly or lbrough le vera and 

heated metal plata \o 8Lra•:htcn them, and bardou and ~m per tbem iu inclinea upon the lo1·cr framo, eo that" ben tbc liquid in t oe ta~~k or otber 

t be ordinary way.- Not procuckd 1Dil~ ve!ll>cl pl~~:t.-d oo tbo sah.J lever !hi me hill been drawn off bufScieotly, the 

1804. J. 000DWI5, Ardrouan, 4 y r, N.B., "CtUting irol\ jltrcUri ."-Da.Ud sprlug or 11prlogs, weight ur wct~htl, will, Rll the welgbt d 1U1inisbes, act 

U th !Jfay, 1865. 

upon n.nd gradually clov11t0 ono cud, 11nd, coruequently, do.,rCS§ tbe other 

Tbl• lnveutton getber the tloo to b a suitable tpa''C to bo J K C D d NB " ,. --• · ,. J) 

collce1ed ~bc u they have b~come AOIId, and ~hen rc!leted uvon or used for lS3liSG5 · All\D, "n te, · ·• ... ~m11 m....,ullu. - o.ttd 1Stll .l.la!J, 

I bat pu1 1 oao for wblcb they are aultoblc.-Not procudcd watl•. . The cblef part of tble lnvrntlon conele~. First, in tbo appl lc ~tlon and 

1811. 0. MOOIITJIO KD, Grcu1crojt. Y~.l:, and E. WttllfiOLL, Uppn-, !.!tU, York, u•o vf ,. aplrul tubulur needlo for •• over· Mowm~." of sucb diAmo~er and 

·• .ApporJJ tu.l fur c ulttr~q, t~"''"U:. and •moot/1\ng mtta.l 'f)lpu, ur~cL the number of turus u wilt cvultllll the rcq01red luugth c.or tbrcod. Secondly, 

aurjolctl oj botr•, rod1, 01' 1p1ndlu. - J>oUd 11th .IJ1ay, 181!5. In maklug a ~lot round Lire OUtlldO ur c~rc uruferrnce of .a me, so tbat 

'l'bls tovwtlon contlth In adapting to au ordinary •cre w atock, or to on the tbr• ad lO bo u8ed may bo road I y mtroduccd.- ll'ot procudtd 1Dith. 

apparaLuN or analui(OU~ cooRt r uctlon, a cotter l)r cuttera, or otbt:r sul""blo 1332. W . 6P&~CK, Q 14 ahty·court, Chanccry-ton.e, umd.on, "lmpro'Ccmntu in 

tool•, which aro cavablu or being advanced by BCICWI (aa Is w~ll·k .. own) 

the mode oj rtjhnll muu e loo.tJi"(l cann11n, and in. projtct•U• jqr the 

for the pur po•c of cultu g lmo, •mootbmg,fr. tu\~ng cyh ndrlc:lleurfaees of 1amt.''-.d comn 1 u,.kallon.-DaUd 1St/& Ma 11 , 1865. 

metal, eucb u pipea, boltt, aba lt.s, or apinu Cl . bcu the cutt,t,rs are ftxed Tbls luvcotlon conal•14 In d1vld1ntr the interior of the cannon I 1 

In the at.Ock , or In a oy other equlv•leo~ luotruwent, wbicb ~ UI 

embrace alternate port1001 compoaell re.peetlvely or larger froovet along wnlch ~h~ 

the !Jlpt, bolt, or epludiO W bo 0 1 cra~d upon, ~he IIAXk 1 ~ mo•ed r1~ mill1."- Dattd 15tA May. 1€G5. 

Tbla ln••entlon relatoa to maclaloery used In combmatlun ~ 1Lb vertloal 

uwt. Tbe face or J!ulde plate, t'Ddle...a cbaln and racked bar, commonly 

employed In "'"'in«r macblnery, are by thl~ 

lnveotloo alU>getber dt•penaed 

wltb aod In at~ of the'"'-or auldo l •l•l~ hlther U> o the hud or UJ'Jl"r end of a 1haf~ on 

wb1ch ooe or the conneetlog wbeela h 61ed, tbe l'lther of •uch m \\re wbeola 

btiu!r mount.(>d on a borlzl'lnt.al abaft carrying the raLChet "btel b~r!loa f1er 

mentioned, and by which the mitre whcela are actu~ted. thu.s ll'"'"ll the 

rcqulslt.e Cor .. •ard motion U> tbe timber U> bo u .. n . "bleb til prtiiod 

ag..lo\t tbo nld vertical 11roovod rollcn . 

Tbe uid ra1cbet wheel le 

lumllhed wltb \ho ordinary ~;ear, 

well uodcf"tood by penona aequalute a wheel ~ htch la ftxed on tbe cr&ne po>t, and Immediately 

above tho ba e pi ••e, or Into lnternJ I geu on the bue plate luelf 

this pinion h at rut, cxcepllog wbeu the etuLCh 18 thrown mU> gear wllh 

the cluLCb box and worm wheel, and tho crane then n.dla~s or ret"Oive 

round tbe crane poaL In ~he 

uaoal manorr. J n ••rder to malle the crane 

t ravel on Ita .. hcolt, the paten lee hu a largo wheel w1th gear on Ita outez 

dlamoter wblch u 100111 (not kcyecl) upoo tbe crane P' at, but the pmlon 

gear• totO I~ a ud la ~or ked In the mn.nner above dea be, and he then throws tbe friction clut dimlollh tbe uralo upon t he pit ropet, 

whtcb ar.~ 

carried ovor a .,uney or drum at the IUL by tbe emplo.vmout 

under t!&Ch pulley or drum bearing of a aprlog 11pparatus coDillatlng of a 

cylinder contalulnl( a pl!!ton, to 1110 back of wbich '""'"m, 11r, or gas Is 

atlmltteJ. Tbe 1JI:iWn ro a pair of ateam cyliodera plac.:d at iueb angle of lnclloattoo 

M 

aball be m ost expedient, and or calculated area w overcome 

tbo wtlotht c.of, at Jea,t, the empty cage aod tubs. T no amoUDt • f aprlof 

can bo ro~u lated by ~he leurtb of cyllodcr, or by &J>J>Iylnsr re~~ts 

upon the alidut or wotlon ban; the pipe. are atu.cbt.-d \o the ordinary 

neam pi pea at or near the C) ttnder of the ~ lndlo..: enr:ior, witbln view of 

the cngino·man ; the admi~Slon 

of iteam being re;ulat.ed by an ordinary 

val•' o or cock . Any de•lred amount of pressure may be ~;alued under t he 

pulley C) lloders by tbrotthDlf t bo pipe! cunveylu~ 

the st.eam to tho 

cyllodcnt. 

l uatead of •team, air, or gas, water may be uaed, tbo preaure 

bemji ~ealnod from an ordloary accumulator. 

13&4. R. and U. BAIIIltLD, Farring~· drett, 

[And()rl, "Pr~nt lltjl macli in.t~." 

-J>att aiWo eldowo.ye In a 1lotted eye formed lu tbe lower extremities of 

t wo rod•, the uppt r cxtrcmiUea or which take hold of tbe beariogw In tbe 

before·u1uoed plummer lllocka ; and when the crank shaft Is cawed W 

make a partial turn at tho rlt~b t tnt.enala these roda draw do•n or rAise 

up the cylinder. Tbo eald rodt arc g01ded to maintain tbcm vert1cal. Tbo 

cyli nder I• prevented from de•e, udlng, wben deslrablr, In the followlog 

mam1er :-Oo lbo belore-oa.mcd crank 8hat~ 

IJ fbcd a tb1rd and 

doubltHmded cran~«, oach coli furnL.hed wllh a pin. A cam on th~ dnviog 

abaf~ or the machine I• elllplo) ed to cau.e tho crank sb af~ w wake a par· 

llal toro at t bo rlgbt lntervalt, Cor tbe purposo~ of rAiling or lowcrlog tbe 

C)huder. The conne~;tlng rod or the aid c..w t.erwloatea ln a gab, ~bleb 

t.akl:ll bold or ono of t he pma In tbe Aid doubi!H!odcd e auk, for the pur 

!>11110 Of turning the ~halt. A lever, alao fUflll•h g•sar with tho Olher pin; tbiJ betnJr 

elft et.ell wben t t.o cy1lodcr .a up lt rema1n1 UJ\ tbo aal.l lever b4:tOg .ec:ured 

In 114 new poa1Lion. 1 bll ume movemeM of tbe le••er la emptoy.U w \ brow 

tbo ea .... ou the dr1vlng 1baft of the machine, wh1cb givea motion \o the 

teed bo:1rd of the machloe out of gear \\llh the board, ao tba~ lt cene• \o 

act whiiO the cyhuder remain• up; thll ia efftcted by conoeet tOC ~be Aiel 

lo•er, by a link, whb tbe eooot~;ttng rod of tbo cam 10r aetu•\ Wif tbe feed 

board, wbich lt hft.s out of ~tear w1 tb a pin A cu r~ed j oiDted lever la 

employed U> open the ~rtppen at the rllfht t sm c, wb1eb le•t:r ia worked by 

t he cam for glvtug m otion U> tho feed buard. 

•· Rid era ·• are pl..cod on the 

Ink r oller~, lbo a.,wdlet uf wblcb at ooo extremity are acre .. ·tllrcadod, aDCl 

tbe threaded portton worka In a nut wbtch Is •uvport.ed on tbe •ld• IIUDe 

of the maeblne, In cona(qucnee or wblch, as tbe ridera are cat:JMd to 

revolve by rcet•ng ou tbo tok ro1le11, they also receivo a motlou In the 

dtnctloo or tbelr lonrtb al~rnt.tely 

In l&eh dlrectiOD, .. tbl t.ble of 

the machloo cowea and ¥OU•. J. cam, fur nlabed wltb varloua padea, 11 

employed to &ivo motion to tbe vibrator roller. A roller l.J placed on oacb 

• 

•

• 

DEC. 8, 1865. 

T HE E NG I NEER. 

379 

elde frame of the mauhloo, to facllltat.e tbo puttloiC on and the removal of 

tbo for me from tbo machine. The pateoteea cauw tbo ductor or lnlc 

cylinder to rovuh•e by mltru gear, which can bo put out of ~tear with lt by 

elacklo•g a folcUon ~••her, when tbo ductor may be turned by hand. 

1846 J. O.lOOLlln, &adinq, "Omw /07' ba.bnq brtad."-Datul 16th Jlay, 

1~6.5, 

'J bto oven le cnnetructfd lon~t In proportion to ih width, and 11 clivldetl 

loto ,cveral fCctlon,, with a fumtt.CO or 6re·place and Oues whb aJ'parMus 

ror re~ulatlo~e t •oe l>t at of eoch section. 'l'here aru al.o glazed opeolu~r• In 

ono or l>otb elllce at Interval• lo order that tho pr(ljlreOTR or TUB N~tw Zuu~o laoN: 

VaiUIIbk Stul to bo P'roduced i 11 thJJt CounlNJ : £10.000 wwth of 

:blachintry to go out-R~rLWAY HATER: Evidence for tlte Royal 

Commi11ion nt:tt Wtdntlldoy-CoAL Ta.u>&. Brilk-B.&aDWARI 

Tu os: Active: Localitiu Sptci/itd-AORICOLTOBAL I»PLB)IINT 

Suow: N!llleltiu llare-BoAJlD OP TRADB RnuRNs: bleiaLr and 

Hardware• Sp«i/itd. 

T os coosumel'll of finished iron in the United States of Amorie& 

continue to order somewhat freely from makers io both North and 

also South Staffordshire. Although, therefore, we have arrived at 

a period when, as a rul t>, buyers at home limit their purchases to the 

lowest possible qnoutity, yet most houses have now as many orders 

under baud as they can execute within a reasonable time, and 

second-class iron ie increasing in value. 

The price or North Sturrordsblre bars is DOW £8 a too, delivered 

in L iverpool, tbe makers having resolved that they will accept no 

more orders at the prices which they have been rt>ceotly taking, 

namely, £7 lfis., at tbe port named. 

Tbe previoudy loug list or 

American orders has been increased by the specifications received 

by this week's mail, \vhiob, indeed, hAS brought a larger proportion 

than bnslalE"ly beco tbo ruiP, nlike to North and South Staffordshire, 

the bar oril~>ra goinp: to the former, and the 11heet and hoop orders to 

tbP latter division o( that COUnty, 

Yeeterday (T hursday) South Stal1ordsbiro iron, not of the first 

brands, wa11 quoted on 'Obaoge io Birmingham 2s. 6d. and 6s. a too 

h igher tbao 1t be.s r ecently been sell lop: at; and holders or orders 

(or plates &od eb~ete who were not prepart'd to g ive the advance, 

found it very difficult to get their speolfie&lions off their bands; 

but, with tbis advance, tho rates at wb1eh a large quantity or iroo is 

seot from the works is much below tbe list of .£8 10s. for bars. 

More orders bav11 come to band in the past week than 1o the cor responding 

per iod whioh terminated at the date of our lasL Good 

platts are io growing reque&t, and sheets for galvanising purposes 

are again io demand. 

Certain makers or pig iron r eport that they are unable to deliver as 

fast ta their customers require; aod that if they could make Cuter 

tbey might secure a considerable advance on t he prices which they 

are now getting. 

Some severe experiments wore made on Friday last with iron 

produced from the iron sand or New Zealand. Mr. Cbarles 

lllartiu, meebaoical and consulting engineer of London, has been 

successful io smelting some or the or e in a small furnace with coke, 

IUld with blast from a L loyd's fan, by which he obtains fourteen tons 

a week, aod be llas bad i~ made into bal'll, sheets, plates, &o. Some 

or the bars were broken on the day named by the cbain-testiog 

m aobi~Jory or Messrs. Parkea, or 'l'iptou, and links of l iin. rounds 

bore a tt'nailo 8traiu up to 62 to os, wbilt! the GovernmenL or Lloyd's 

test is ooly 18 too a 15 owt. Tbe nperimonts a bowed that, according 

t o the working or tbe iron in tbo puddliog furnace, it became bard 

or soft, and that tbe less tbo mantpulation the stronger the bar for 

teos1le uses. While the rounds which were made by ono 6rm wore 

extremely bsrd and much resembled steel, there wsa fenoing wir11 

shown which was as soft as such iron could be desired, bending 

cold easily around ita own diameter. Again, the same wire 

ditJereotly treated is being drawn into vtry floe threads; and a 

half. iocb plate, rolled by Mt>ssre. Cam mill, wbeo struck oo the side, 

rings like a piece of liteel. Dy the cementation process Mr. Martin 

proposes to mako steel in New Zealand. lie will take out tllrt>e 

furnaces or moderljte dimensions, r.od two horizoolal engines or 

40-borae pqwer each, alt~getbe r £10,000 wot tb of mr.obinery. 

Charcoal be will be able 10 get in as great abuodaoco as the &and, 

and plenty of hme containing a percentage or manganese. Tbus bo 

will toro out iogota or at eel that at the pr~seot price or t hat metal of 

a corresponding quality is worth £ 50 a too, wh1oh be is sure be will 

be able to dehvor 10 the Thames at a cost to the producer or lOlls 

than a fifth or that price. FrOID the investigation we have made 

we ioclto& to tbo opioion that be is r igbL When Mr. Marlin began 

h •s experiments Mesari!. St.ensoo, of Northampton, Mr. Musbet, of 

Cole(ord, and a Frenchman named Moreau, at his works at Ha: te~oa, 

bad all e.Jperlmeoted with tbt>ir own patents in attempts to utili~>& 

tb11 s11nd, but to uo commt'rcially practical purpose. 

R~lattve to t be ralas of carriage by railway and canal from this 

dU.trict, tbe ratlway &utborities br.vo lotimau:d that the poiut.s now 

under di~CU8Mioo have been narrowed to only two or tbree, and tbat 

t he traders will 8oou receive their de8oi1e rt>ply. The case or the 

iron trade will be Jeid before tbe Royal Comruisaion ou Wednesday 

next(tbe J8tb iulibut), by M1·. J ohn l:lartley, Mr. William Matthe w11, 

a nd .Mr. Waiter Willlams, Mr. Footer, M.P., tbe cb .. irmao of the 

trade, who was appointed, baviog tbougbt t.b ~t the evideuoo of 

the&e geutlemeo will be suOicioot. Mr. W1lham W.alker, factor, 

and ru.r. Edward J. 01bbs, iroomaster, Lave been appo10tod a der~tation 

to give evidence before the same comm!&si~n on ~ebal( or. t~e 

Wolverbampt.ou Chamber of Commerce. 'lhe•r teatunooy, 1t 18 

expected, will be given on tbe 14tb. 

Cuull11 in grta~r rt quest tbau it was last.weok ; ~nd some consumers 

or l11r6o q uuullties are not well supphed. Pnccs, howev .. r, 

do not advsuce. 

Wltb r egard to the general hardware trades of the West Midlands 

we Lave to rE"port t bat a modPrate amount or activity is ob, gave the signal "lino 

olear. •· Tbe lraio r ushed on aud dashed with a tremendous crash 

i uto tbo lock btolow, killing tbe engineer and fireman. Tbe gu11rd 

jumped ofl aud saved his life. 'l'bo engine and t rucks were 

shattered to pieoee, and tboy and their cooteot:.s ooml'letely 

cbocked up the eutraoce to the dock. 

T bo only witness c~ lled 

before the coroner oo Saturday was James Cole, an eogine.driver on 

the Vale of Neatb line (and brother-in-law to the deceased W11li11m 

Cule ), who deposed t hat \\ illiam Cole had been thirteen years in 

1be employ of the V11le ol .Neatb Curupaoy, b ut ~as a" spare llaod," 

baviug beon " put baok " for acciden ts bappeniog to the ougioe be 

bad charge oJ, and wbiob might appeu to bavo been cauoJed 

by negligence; bo had c.Cten dr1ven over tbe bridges; there wero 

red and white slt~oals on the New Cut Bridge aod tht1 Lock Bridgt, 

wbiob could be aeen from t be plat(or w a~ Port Tea aut; thoro was 

also a aigoal at the tank office. A policeman stlltiooed at the 

ea3teru d t!joUL gave tbe aigoal to start, and then they paid no attention 

to aoytblog el·e e:r.cept the brid!(e. Tbuy would see both the 

bridge signals from Port T enant platform, 10nd at star ting tbey 

could see them, whttber they were bl:(ore them or against them, 

but in t he dark or tbe log it was impOiiStble to see the signals from 

that point. T be bridge signals worked with the bridges, a.ud eaob 

bridge oniy worked ita own elgoa\. It was tbe duty or tbe man on 

the New Out Bridge to give the signal by hand l"mp, and aLio t 11e 

duty of the man on the other bridge when they passed there. 

Tboy placed t be lamps on the girder or the bridge. IL was the 

duty or tbe Now Cut Hridge man lo give the signal," All rigbt," a nd 

tha~ ougbt to moan tbaL botb bridges were all rigbt, becaube he 

should not give the algoal uuless be bad reooivod i1 lrom t he otbor 

man. T be ioquiry was adjourned till F riday, D.,cember 7Lb. 

J obo nowelle, the signalman, is io the custody of the police. 

'l'bo inquiry touoblog the death of the six men wbo were killed 

a t t be fearful buil&r eJt1,1oeion aL A beroarne Tin works, w1111 resumed 

on Monday last, when Mr. Llewellio, solicitor, again nvpeared for 

1\lr. W bitebouse, tbe proprietor, aud said tbat as it appe•red to b8 

tbe wish or the jury to have a Goverornent engineer, bu should no~ 

tbeo call t be following geo tlemeo who bad examined the exploded 

boiler :-Mr. HozzAy, Jllllsldt! Works; Mr. Ricbards, ~bbw Vale; 

Mr. Grey, Ebbw V11lo ; and Mr. E lliott., of Macbeo. Tbe coroner 

said be would writ.e to the R ome Sooret•ry informing bim or the 

jury's wibh. Heu ry Lewis, engineer, said iL was bis duty t.o look 

aft.er the boilers at the works; on t he night or tbe accident be 

examined t bem as usual and found that tbe water was well up; on 

a second examination he found No. 8 boiler, the ono that exploded, 

full or water up to the top cock. Tbill was twenty-five to tl.airty 

He oouJd uot give any reasou I or the 

minutes before the explosion. The boiler under went a t borougb 

r epair about twelve mootba a~o, liince which t imo t bere bad beeu 

occasiooalleaka, but none calhog for aeriouB att.ontiou; the works 

w~ re stopped for one day every mootb in order to thoroughly examine 

aud clean the boilers. 

explosion. T bo witness expressed b 1a decided prefereuce for gauge 

cocks over tbe gl11.011 gauge or tbe ftoat. Tbe inquiry wu lben 

8djour oed till 1'nol'8day fur the coroner to communicate with tile 

H ome omoe. This procedure WdS indeed recommended iu tbe 

leader columns ofTuK E:iGlNREK some weeks ago. 

Toe H eath Oblliu Works are prog resdmg wnh great vigour, and 

a large amouut of busiu61'8 is being done in obaios, independen tly of 

the amount or oalla manufactured. 

The spirited proprietor has 

just fiolshed oue or tho longest chains y et manufactured in South 

Wales, for Lbe Pwllferon Colliery. I ts weight i:~ about four to os. 

lo tbo worke aro eeveral other large chains for d ifft~reut collieries in 

tbo neighbourhood or H oatb. Tbis is a proof or Wbllt CllU be done 

by SouLb Wales in tbo mMoufaoture ol chains for all purposes, 

SCOTLAND-ITS TH.ADE AND OPERATIONS. 

(From our own Corrupondem.) 

TuB OL.t.soow P1o JaoN lllARKRT-OONTRACT Poa TB& RossiA nr 

M ESSRS. JAatiS AND O!!oaos 'l'aowsoN-MBErtNO or TDI Sa.t.aal!OLD&RS 

011' TUB .i::DINOUIIOB AND UATUOAT8 lUILWAY Co¥PANYlt1SII 

or llL&CtCJ!lotiTJJS' WAGES rs D oMB.lRTO~- l'ae Nsw R •UTI 

D&TI\' £BN ~ouTLAND AND l uu11o: SuoaT Su PASSAOB-0oNTIIAOT 

POR A Lt.ROB S IIIP BY MES .. as STBIIL! A~D eo., 011' Ga&&NUCK 

Tus Ai.lLTA (s.s.)- LA OIICu OP TUB RoB ILLA-LAOIICII BY M.:s,as. 

J . AND Jt l:iWAN- MEBTI~O OP TUB Gt.&SOOW PBILOSOPOICJ.L 

SociETY: Propom.l Public Tt~t•m(J11i·•l w tile 14te Admiral Frtzr(ly: 

P_apu by Jamu R Nopin: Paper by Mr. Keddre-LI::.T u11 

~ II&IBLS LAUI\COID IN TO& 0LYD8 DUIII~O TOR PAST MONTU-00CK 

A~D HAILW.lY ACCOMMODATION AT LB ITU-LAU~CB OP TUC FAIRY 

VllnON-S.liLIIIO or TUB UERiu~s-l' as CLYDK Cosrous ll1vs~o• 

- LAUI\CU OP TUB L.l009 DY i

• 

380 THE ENGINEER. 

I between Britain and Ireland ie reduced to the minimum, the time NOTES FROM THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN 

being about two hours, while for the north of England and eouth 

COUNTIES. 

of Scotland it will be by far the cheapeet and most comfortable 

route as well as the ahorteet, to the north of Irelaud. Mesera. 

(From our oum Corrupondott.) 

Robe~t Steele and Company , shipbuilders, Greenock, have oon.tracted H ULL WaST DI!TBtCT Duuu.oa W o&K.S- l!J.NonsTmt GaoLOOro.u. 

to build a vOBiel of larg~ .tonnage !or M088rs. George Smith and Soci&TY-HULL Doou: The H'utem &teMion-Bun or Tawa: 

Sone, Glasgow, u an addltton ~ thetr numerous fleet . SM!kld: LwU: Sowth Y orklhire- LAUNoa or .&. Soasw Su.t.na 

Last week the Malta, a magn,•ftcent sorew steamer, lately butlt by 

- llor.r. Docu- Tus ST..t.TE or L.&.NO.t.SBin: Great I mprOtJemmt 

Messrs. Jam88 and George 'Ibomson, Glasgow, for the ~essrs. -FALL or ..t. R.t.I LW..t.T V•wu

1865 December 08th

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