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Pictures Paths Particles Processes

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4 CONTENTS<br />

1.5.1 The effective action as a Legendre transform . . . . . . . 44<br />

1.5.2 Diagrams for the effective action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />

1.5.3 Computing the effective action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46<br />

1.5.4 More fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />

1.5.5 A zero-dimensional model for QED . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50<br />

1.6 Renormalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />

1.6.1 Physics vs. Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />

1.6.2 The renormalization program : an example . . . . . . . . 53<br />

1.6.3 Loop divergences : a toy model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<br />

1.6.4 Nonrenormalizeable theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<br />

1.6.5 Scale dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58<br />

1.6.6 Low-order approximation to the renormalized coupling . . 61<br />

1.6.7 Scheme dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62<br />

2 QFT in Euclidean spaces 63<br />

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />

2.2 One-dimensional discrete theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />

2.2.1 An infinite number of fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />

2.2.2 Introducing the propagator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br />

2.2.3 Computing the propagator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br />

2.2.4 A figment of the imagination, and a sermon . . . . . . . . 67<br />

2.3 One-dimensional continuum theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68<br />

2.3.1 The continuum limit for the propagator . . . . . . . . . . 68<br />

2.3.2 The continuum limit for the action . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />

2.3.3 The continuum limit of the classical equation . . . . . . . 71<br />

2.3.4 The continuum Feynman rules and SDe . . . . . . . . . . 73<br />

2.3.5 Field configurations in one dimension . . . . . . . . . . . 74<br />

2.4 More-dimensional theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<br />

2.4.1 Continuum formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<br />

2.4.2 Explicit form of the propagator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />

2.4.3 Three examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />

2.4.4 Introducing wave vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<br />

2.4.5 Feynman rules in mode space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82<br />

2.4.6 Loop integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84<br />

3 QFT in Minkowski space 87<br />

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />

3.2 Moving into Minkowski space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />

3.2.1 Distance in Minkowski space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />

3.2.2 The Wick transition for the action . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />

3.2.3 The need for quantum transition amplitudes . . . . . . . 89<br />

3.2.4 The iɛ prescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />

3.2.5 Wick rotation for the propagator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />

3.2.6 Feynman rules for Minkowskian theories . . . . . . . . . . 92<br />

3.2.7 The Klein-Gordon equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />

3.3 <strong>Particles</strong> and sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

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