NUFRA 2013 - FIAS

NUFRA 2013 

Kemer (Antalya), Turkey 

INCL4.6: 

from fragments to hyperfragments 

Jean-‐Christophe David 

J. Cugnon (Liège Univ.); A. Boudard, S. Leray and D. Mancusi (CEA) 

CEA 

InsPtute of Research into the Fundamental laws of Universe 

Nuclear Physics Division 

(France)

NUFRA 2013 

Kemer (Antalya), Turkey 

INCL4.6: 

from fragments to hyperfragments 

Jean-‐Christophe David 

J. Cugnon (Liège Univ.); A. Boudard, S. Leray and D. Mancusi (CEA) 

CEA 

InsPtute of Research into the Fundamental laws of Universe 

Nuclear Physics Division 

(France)

Spalla%on reac%ons 

1 st Step 

INCL4.6 

Fast (10 -‐22 s) 

EnergePc parPcles emiUed 

Excited nucleus 

Intra-‐Nuclear Cascade 

2 nd Step 

DeexcitaPon 

Slow (>10 -‐18 s) 

Several channels 

ABLA07 – SMM – GEMINI++ – GEM – … 

Nuclear reacPons between a Light ParPcle and a Nucleus 

~150 MeV < Projectile Energy < ~2 GeV 

NUFRA 2013 INCL4.6: from fragments to hyperfragments J.-‐C. David

INCL4.6 

History (NUFRA) 

Ø 2007 -‐ J. Cugnon « The physics of spallaPon reacPons » 

Ø 2007 -‐ S. Leray « SpallaPon reacPons: from experiments to applicaPons » 

Ø 

Ø 

Ø 

2009 -‐ D. Mancusi « Importance of mulPfragmentaPon in spallaPon reacPons » 

2011 -‐ A. Boudard « Recent developments of INCL4 related to fragmentaPon studies » 

2013 -‐ J.-‐C. David « INCL4.6: from fragments to hyperfragments » 


Agenda 

Ø 

Ø 

Ø 

INCL4.6 

Ø physics ingredients 

Ø new capabiliPes (examples) 

INCL High Energy (à 10-‐15 GeV) 

Future: Strangeness (some words) 


Agenda 

Ø 

Ø 

Ø 

INCL4.6 






First step of spallaPon reacPons 

Two ways to proceed 

From « Schrödinger » 

From « ObservaPon » 

ProjecPle 

wave length 

Mean free 

path 

à VUU/BUU equa%on 

(f i : density distribuPon) 

Difficult to solve à parPcle-‐test 

BUU (or QMD) models are too slow 

(too powerful?) for spallaPon reacPons, 

BUT needed for specific study or HI. 

à 

à 

Internucleonic 

distance 

Nucleus 

radius 

Nucleus = independent nucleon bag 

ParPcle: classical trajectory 

Transport equaPon solved/replaced 

via Monte-‐Carlo 

INC models dedicated to SpallaPon reacPons 


Modeling 

Ø Target preparation 

• Wood-Saxon density 

• Fermi momentum 

Ø Entering particles 

• Coulomb deviation 

• Incident clusters 

p (1 GeV) 

N N N 

Δ 

Δ π 

N N 

Transmission 

Reflection 

Ø Propagation (t dependence) 

Potential 

• Straight lines, constant velocity 

• Energy, isospin dependent potential 

p in 

Ø Interactions (NN, Δ, π) 

• Minimum distance of approach (σ) 

• Pauli principle 

E=0 

Ø Escaping particles 

E f (38 MeV) 

• Quantum transmission 

h 

h 

• Coalescence in phase space 

h 

è clusters (d, t, 3 V 

He, α) 

0 (- 45 MeV) 

Ø End of the cascade: stopping time 

INCL4.6: Phys. Rev. C 87, 014606 (2013) 

NUFRA 2013 INCL4.6: from fragments to hyperfragments J.-‐C. David 

b

Modeling 

Ø Target preparation 

• Wood-Saxon density 

• Fermi momentum 

Ø Entering particles 

• Coulomb deviation 

• Incident clusters 

p (1 GeV) 

N N N 

Δ 

Δ π 

N N 

Transmission 

Reflection 

Ø Propagation (t dependence) 

Potential 

• Straight lines, constant velocity 

• Energy, isospin dependent potential 

p in 

Ø Interactions (NN, Δ, π) 

• Minimum distance of approach (σ) 

• Pauli principle 

E=0 

Ø Escaping particles 

E f (38 MeV) 

• Quantum transmission 

h 

h 

• Coalescence in phase space 

h 

è clusters (d, t, 3 V 

He, α) 

0 (- 45 MeV) 

Ø End of the cascade: stopping time 

INCL4.6: Phys. Rev. C 87, 014606 (2013) 

NUFRA 2013 INCL4.6: from fragments to hyperfragments J.-‐C. David 

b

Agenda 

Ø 

Ø 

Ø 

INCL4.6 






New Capabili%es 

Two examples 

• AstaPne producPon from Bi (or Z target + 2) 

• Advantages of INCL4.6 in the meteorites study 


Asta%ne 

Topic: 

• AstaPne from liquid Pb-‐Bi spallaPon target 

• At volaPle and decays into Po 

• Po: safety issue (long-‐lived α emiUers) 


Asta%ne 

Topic: 




Target 

Ø Liquid Pb-Bi in Ta cylinder 

(L=20 cm, r=1 cm) 

Projectile 

Ø Proton beam: 1.0 and 1.4 GeV 

ISOLDE experiment 

VolaPle release from a liquid Pb-‐Bi target 

Results: 

Ø He, Ne, Ar, Br, Kr, Cd, I, Xe, Hg, 

Po and At 

proton 


Asta%ne 

Topic: 




ISOLDE experiment 

VolaPle release from a liquid Pb-‐Bi target 

Target 

Ø Liquid Pb-Bi in Ta cylinder 

(L=20 cm, r=1 cm) 

Projectile 

Ø Proton beam: 1.0 and 1.4 GeV 

Results: 

Ø He, Ne, Ar, Br, Kr, Cd, I, Xe, Hg, 

Po and At 

Results 

(2007) 

INCL4.2 

Ber%ni 

FLUKA 


Asta%ne 

ProducPon mechanisms 

Direct channel (π-‐ emission) 

Secondary reacPon (He) 

Weight 

of each 

channel 

Light At: 

Heavy At: 

π-‐ 

3 

He -‐ α 


Asta%ne 

Reliability of INCL4.6 in Pion producPon 

INCL4.2 (previous version) 

INCL4.6 

INCL4.6 fits well the data 


Asta%ne 

Reliability of INCL4.6 in He producPon 

3 

He α 

INCL4.6-‐Abla07 

Right 

3 

He and α 

producPon rates 


Asta%ne 

Reliability of INCL4.6 in Low energy He-‐induced reacPons on Bi 

At from Bi 

3 

He α 

α-‐induced: great 

3 

He-‐induced: OK 


Asta%ne 

Results 

(INCL-‐Abla implemented in parPcle-‐transport code (MCNPX)) 

Previous results (2007) 

INCL4.2 

Ber%ni 

FLUKA 


Asta%ne 

Results 

(INCL-‐Abla implemented in parPcle-‐transport code (MCNPX)) 

Previous results (2007) 

INCL4.2 

Ber%ni 

FLUKA 

INCL4.6-‐Abla07 results 

p (1400 MeV) + Pb-Bi (IS419) -- Astatine 

10 8 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 

??? 

Elem. XS: OK 

Complex geo.: KO 

Atoms/µC 

10 7 

10 6 

INCL4.6-Abla07 (Tdif=0h) 

Y. Tall et al. 

Isotopic mass number (A) 


Asta%ne 

What about release %me? 

Noble gases release immediately (Kr, Xe, etc.) 

But release Pme of Hg is ~10mn 

And nothing on AstaPne is known 

isotope in the target 

(prod/disap.) 

isotope 

producPon 

isotope 

decay 

isotope 

release 


Asta%ne 

Mercury 

p (1400 MeV) + Pb-Bi (IS419) -- Mercury 

10 11 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 

Release Pme taken into account 

à Much beUer results! 

Atoms/µC 

10 10 

10 9 

10 8 

INCL4.6-Abla07 (Tdif=0mn) 

INCL4.6-Abla07 (Tdif=10mn) 




Asta%ne 

Asta%ne 

p (1400 MeV) + Pb-Bi (IS419) -- Astatine 

10 8 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 

INCL4.6-‐Abla07 fits the data 

with a 

Release Pme ~10h! 

Atoms/µC 

10 7 

10 6 







J.-‐C. David et al., EPJ A (2013) 49: 29 



GCR -‐ Meteorites study 

• INCL4.6-‐Abla07 good in p-‐induced reacPons (IAEA benchmark – www-‐nds.iaea.org/spallaPons/) 

• INCL4.6-‐Abla07 good in α-‐induced reacPons -‐ even at low energies (see AstaPne) 

AND 

• GalacPc Cosmic Ray: ~87% proton, 12% α, and 1% heavier ions 

• Energy spectrum of GCR ≈ spallaPon domain 

GCR: GalacPc Cosmic Ray 

SCR: Solar Cosmic Ray 

spallation 



Can INCL4.6-‐Abla07 play a role where GCR interact? 

Example: Cosmogenic nuclides in meteorites 

« Was erzählen uns Meteorite 

über das frühe 

Sonnensystem ? » 

(Ingo Leya – Univ. Bern) 

Used to study 

. the meteorite history 

. the GCR spectra 



Can INCL4.6-‐Abla07 play a role where GCR interact? 

Example: Cosmogenic nuclides in meteorites 

(Data - models) 

σ producPon of 

isotope i 

with projecPle k 

on target nucleus j 

(p, n, α) 

from http://noblegas.unibe.ch/index.php?content=teaching/meteorites_ess (Chapter 5) 



ProjecPle: proton (87%) 

p+Fe 10 Be 

p+Fe 36 Cl 

p+Ni 53 Mn 

• INCL4.6 – Abla07 much beUer than INCL4.2-‐Abla 

• INCL4.6 – Abla07 is compePPve below 200 MeV (… TALYS-‐TENDL) 



ProjecPle: neutron (secondary reacPons) 

• n ≠ p (low energy) 

• Too few exp. data with neutron 

• Here data from Leya-‐Michel 

(NIM B269 (2011) 2487–2503) 

from thick target 

deconvoluPon using TALYS as 

guess funcPon 

p/n+O 14 C 

p/n+Fe 54 Mn 

• INCL4.6-‐Abla07 

~OK in the whole energy range 

à project: used INCL4.6-‐Abla07 

as guess funcPon 

to draw “beUer” σ n 



ProjecPle: α (12%) 

Michel83 

incl46-abla07 

incl46-abla07 (2p+2n) 

nat Fe(alpha,x) 

51 g Cr (cumulative) 

Michel83 

Tarkanyi03 

Daum97 

incl46-abla07 

incl46-abla07 (2p+2n) 

nat Fe(alpha,x) 

57 i Co (independent) 

1000 

100 

α+Fe 57 Co 

Cross section (mb) 

10 

1 


100 

10 

α+Fe 51 Cr 

0.1 

10 100 1000 4000 

Incident energy (MeV) 

1 

10 100 1000 4000 


• Hypothesis α = 2p+2n quesPonable (especially isotopes close to the target) 

à SoluPon: INCL4.6-‐Abla07? 


Agenda 

Ø 

Ø 

Ø 

INCL4.6 






High energy – mul%ple pion 

Why going up to 10-‐15 GeV? 

• GCR go much above 2-‐3 GeV 

• High energy proton accelerators à Huge amount of π (Fermilab) 

• … 



How? 

Only the final product has to be taken into account 

no resonance – . lives Pme (0.5-‐2 fm/c) < « collision Pme » (~4 fm/c) 

. overlapping (large width) 

Main new channel à MulPple pion producPon (strange parPcles < ~10%) 

So, direct producPon of 1π, 2π, 3π and 4π added 



How? 

Ingredients 

1-‐ Number of π – based on σ producPon 

• σ(NN à NNnπ) n=1,2,3,4 

• σ(πN à πNn’π) n’=1,2,3 

Thanks to 

. exp. data 

. isospin decomposiPon 

2-‐ Outgoing parPcles 

• Charge reparPPon (isospin conservaPon/symmetry + hypothesis) 

• Energy-‐momentum reparPPon (biased phase space – N forward peaked) 



Results 

π spectra 

HARP collaboraPon 

Phys. Rev. C77 (2008) 055207 

MulPple pion channel is necessary 

Results with p as proj. are quite OK 

ImplementaPon in INCL4.7 is OK 

INCL HE-‐42: S. Pedoux and J. Cugnon, 

NP A, 866:16, 2011. 



π + (5 GeV/c) + Cu 

Results 

π spectra 

Results with π as proj. are quite well 

But… 

NOT enough pion in forward direcPon 



Results 

Isotope producPon (excitaPon funcPons) 

Michel96 

Michel02 

Titarenko 

Asano 

47HE - ONLY delta 

47HE - 1 PI 

47HE - 1-2 PI 

47HE - 1-2-3 PI 

47HE-abla07 

Michel96 

Michel02 

Titarenko 

Asano 


47HE - 1 PI 

47HE - 1-2 PI 

47HE - 1-2-3 PI 

47HE-abla07 

10 

nat Fe(p,x) 

7 g Be (independent) 

p+Fe 7 Be 

MulPpion 

channels 

improve 

at high energy 

1 

nat Fe(p,x) 

22 g Na (cumulative) 

p+Fe 22 Na 


1 

Light isotopes 

à more pions 

à more isotopes 


0.1 

0.1 

10 100 1000 5000 15000 


0.01 

10 100 1000 5000 15000 




Results 


Michel96 

Leya 


47HE - 1 PI 

47HE - 1-2 PI 

47HE - 1-2-3 PI 

47HE-abla07 

nat Fe(p,x) 

38 g Ar (cumulative) 

For some isotopes 

No effect at all! 

10 


1 

0.1 

p+Fe 38 Ar 

0.01 

10 100 1000 5000 15000 




Results 


Michel96 

Michel02 

Titarenko 

Asano 


47HE - 1 PI 

47HE - 1-2 PI 

47HE - 1-2-3 PI 

47HE-abla07 

Michel96 

Michel02 

Titarenko 

Asano 


47HE - 1 PI 

47HE - 1-2 PI 

47HE - 1-2-3 PI 

47HE-abla07 

1 

nat Fe(p,x) 

47 g Sc (cumulative) 

MulPpion 

channels 

improve 

at high energy 

10 

nat Fe(p,x) 

48 g V (cumulative) 


0.1 

p+Fe 47 Sc 

Heavy isotopes 

à more pions 

à less isotopes 


1 

p+Fe 48 V 

0.01 

10 100 1000 5000 15000 


0.1 

10 100 1000 5000 15000 




Results 

π - reservoir of excitaPon energy 

47HE-abla07 

47HE ONLY Delta 

47HE 1 PI 

47HE 1-2 PI 

47HE 1-2-3 PI 

nat Fe(p,x) 

300 

Excitation Energy (MeV) 

100 

MulPple pion 

à Eπ decreased (sharing) 

à π stay in the nucleus 

à E* increased 

à Less Heavy, More Light isotopes 

50 

300 1000 5000 15000 



Agenda 

Ø 

Ø 

Ø 

INCL4.6 






Strangeness in Nucleus 

TO BE DONE 



Same philosophy as MulPple Pion à No resonance! 

ParPcles to be added 

Λ, Σ, Ξ 

K, η, ω, φ 

Cross secPons – PotenPals have to be found, parameterized 

Based on a previous work done by J. Cugnon on anPproton annihilaPon 

(Phys. Rev. C, 41 :1701–1718 (1990)) 

… and all ingredients you could provide are welcome J 



We should be able to: 

• emit Y and K 

• get a Hyper-‐remnant (A, Z, Y, E*) 

• build a tool to prepare and analyze experiments 

à combined with a deexcitaPon code 

à implemented in a parPcle transport code (thick target) 


Conclusion 

• INCL4.6 is one of the more comprehensive code for « extended » spallaPon (first part) 

Two examples of applicaPon 

Ø 

Ø 

Reliability makes possible to esPmate release Pme of volaPle in liquid target 

Could help the study of meteorites (providing isotope producPon cross secPons) 

• INCL4.7 High Energy 

INCL4.2 extended to High Energy (15 GeV) via mulPpion channels (S. Pedoux – J. Cugnon) 

Now implemented in INCL4.7 with good results (A. Boudard – J.-‐C. David) 

• Future: Strangeness 


Conclusion 

INCL4.6 

Twofold goal: understanding AND predic%ng 

à Reliable and Efficient tool to simulate spalla%on reac%ons 

( available in PHITS – Geant4 – (MCNP6? – MARS?) ) 


Thank you!!

NUFRA 2013 - FIAS

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