A Guide to the Study of Social and Economic Groups and ... - icrisat

A Guide to the Study of Social and
Economic Groups and Stratification
In ICRISAT'S Indian Village Level Studies
Victor S. Doherty
Economics Program
International Crops Research Institute
For the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Patancheru
Andhra Pradesh 502 324, INDIA
November 1992

A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GROUPS"
AND . STRATIFICATION IN ICRISAT'S INDIAN VILLAGE LEVEL:STUDIES
ABSTRACT
Because it directly affects crucial processes
'including production, demand, and distribution, social
stratification occurring in agricultural societies is
an important phenomenon. This paper deals with the
•study of that system of stratification known as caste,
which up to the present has been dominant in many
SoUth Asian societies and especially in India. It
aims to provide a brief, non-technical introduction
to.turther reading on the'subject. It defines and discusses
basic aspects of caste, and presents a number
of measures for study of the social and economic dyna-.
mics and effects of‘caste in selected Indian agricultural
villages.

ii
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page,
ABSTRACT
SECTION I s THE STUDY OF CASTE IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION
CASTE-BASED SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN INDIA
• •
2
SECTION II : THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES
THE VLS AREAS AND SAMPLES
SOURCES OF BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR THE SAMPLE VILLAGE AREAS
SECTION III : ANALYSIS OF CASTE IN THE VILLAGE
LEVEL STUDIES
BACKGROUND TO THE USE OF CASTE RANK CLUSTERS IN VLS ANALYSIS 12
DERIVATION OF THE VLS CASTE RANKING SYSTEMS 13
NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY AND RANKING 15
SECTION IV : DESCRIPTION OF•CASTE RANK MEASURES IN
THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES
THE VLS-C DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION TAPE 17
VLS CENSUS DATA ON CASTES .. 17
.CASTE CODES AND VILLAGE CODES (CASCODE AND VILCODE) . 19
ADJUSTED CASTE RANK (ADJRANK) 20
SAMPLE-WEIGHTED CASTE RANK (SAMRANK) 22
VILLAGE-WEIGHTED CASTE RANK (VILRANK) 23
CONSOLIDATED RANKS (CONRANK) 23
cont d.

Table of Contents (cont'd.)
Page
REFERENCES 25
APPENDIX 32
. .
1. Destription of Data, with Location . on VLS-C '33
Demographic and Household infdrmation Tape
2..VLS Villages : Location, VILCODE, and Census 34
Dates
3. Caste Descriptions 35
4. CASCODE 67
5. ADJRANK 77
6. SAMRANK 87
7. VILRANK 97
8. Sample Castes by CONRANK 107
9. Other Castes by CONRANK 108
10. :Number of Sample Caste Households by ADJRANK 109
11.-Number of Sample Caste Households by CONRANK 110

A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GROUPS
AND STRATIFICATION IN ICRISAT'S INDIAN VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES
Victor S. Doherty*
SECTION I
THE STUDY OF CASTE IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION
Most of the coding systems discussed in the following pages involve the
ranking of caste groups against each other. Yet the discussion beloWemphasizes
the fact that many educated, urbanized Indians do not recognize present
or. continuing validity for caste separation and inequality. Most inhabi-
.tants of farming, villages, also, whether they are educated or uneducated,
'recognize clearly that change has already occurred and that there is
potential for further, even more wide-ranging change.
Caste is nevertheless still important in these villages. It is a
means of regulating marriage, and a means of social solidarity and cooperation
in the serious business of social mobility. It is a factor in
political alliance across and within groups. In understanding an area,
a . knowledge of the castes in that area assists in identifying the present- - ,
t-v ■ t•
day effects of earlier inequalities in rights to hold or control land and
to hold ,
office. One must understand the past, and how it has helped to
shape the present, before one can understand what is new in the present or
what the future is likely to be.
* Principal Social Anthropologist, International Crops Research Institute
for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324,
India.
This paper collects and comments on information to which a number of
persons have contributed or have assisted in collection.. Among these are
Jere R. Behrman and James G. Ryan, who each devised a ranking system; R.P.
Singh, Head of the Village. Level Studies Unit in the Economics Program;
B.L. Jain, VLS Research Officer in Madhya Pradesh; and many of the economlc
and anthropological Investigators in the Program: S.S. Badhe, T. Balaramaiah,
V. Bhaskar Rao, M.J. Bhende, N.B. Dudhane, R.R. Kashikar, K.L. Khanna, K.G.
Kshirsagar, B.R. Patel, M.A. Patel, P.S.S. Raju, R. Shinde, and M.S. Yagnils,

CASTE-BASED SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
IN INDIA
Comparative studies of economic and social activity allow us to understand
how human beings, placed in similar circumstances, react in similar ways.
Examination of the differences among societies can show us how these common
human reactions combine to make up different patterns according to
• history and circumstances. These patterns vary in their durability, and in
the degree to which they, promote overall human well-being in a given society.
Stratification, which is to say ascribed and structured social inequality
(Heller 1967, Fried 1968) is and has been a widespread phenomenon in many
human societies, seemingly at least from the time of the post-neolithic on.
This inequality usually proscribes or reinforces differential access to and
use of the means of production and their benefits. Social stratification is
important where it occurs in agricultural societies, since it directly
affects such crucial processes as produCtion, demand, and distribution.
This paper deals with the study of that system kpown as caste, which up to•
the present. has beeri a dominant system of stratification in many South
Asian, societies and especially in India. It aims ' to provide a brief, nontechnical
introduction to further reading on the subject; and to discuss
some means devised to study different aspects of the socioeconomic nature
and effects of caste in selected Indian agricultural villages.
Although undergoing change today, caste in India still manifests
, itself in hardened, institutionalized combinations of economic and political
stratification. It is strongly•associated with economic and craft
specialization. It limits marriages to alliances among the member families
of relatively small groups claiming a common history and status.

3
In South Asia the system is most closely associated with Hinduism and India,
but the influence of castelike principles is seen to permeate the society of
even non4lindu groups in many parts of the subcontinent. Useful summaries on
the subject of caste and guides to writings on it include those by Bailey
(1968) and Mencher (1974). A good ethnographic picture of its operation at
the village level is found in a number of works including books by Srinivasl
(1976) and Berreman (1972).
A useful, working definition of caste, taking into account its major
aspects in India but deliberately phrased broadly enough to allow for crosscultural
interpretation as well, might be as follows: Caste refers to
sociall inherited olitical and'economic ine ualit and s ecialization,
based on and operating through'endogamous groups, which taken together comprise
'a single; complex society. Widespread conflict and competition for
.political and economic position, among and within ethnic groups, seems to
..have been important for the origin of these divisions, specializations,
and inequalities in India.
In anthropological discussions the caste system is sometimes referred
••
to as thejati-Varna system, in order to emphasize the fact that it has
two major facets. These are the endogamous group into which one is born,
one's jati; and the varna (Sanskrit "color", by extension "class") or
broad group of occupations with which a jati is associated. Rank enters
into both concepts. Jatis have standing in society according to their .
,actual political and economic power. They are also ranked according to
the standing of the occupation which the majority of their members follow
or followed until recent times. TratRtionaily, the four main varna cate
gories for occupations were priest, t-evior, merchant, and farmer or

.
4
laborer. Untouchable jatis were traditionally considered to be outside
the varna scale. This seems to havd been importantly a political fact,
due as much or more to their lack of power and subsequent relegation to
menial and'"unclean" occupations, as to their association per se with
these jobs.
The word caste, as well as its common modern day.euphemism, "community",
refers today. in India and elsewhere to both jati and varna, as they are
intertwined in day-to-day, practical life. The ideas.Of occupatiOn,
occupational rank, and marital exclusiveness are all expressed by this one
word. In Indian languages various other terms are available for reference.
to these or related meanings. Although the distinction is not always
clear, in English the word "caste" can often refer more specifically to
a hereditary occupational group or a regional quasi-ethnic group, such as the
Kunbi farmers in villages E and F below. "Subcaste" refers to endoga-
mous units within such .a group: the Tirale and Ghatod, in this example.
• I.
A fuller discussion of the development of the ideas , of jati and varna is
'in Basham (1959: - Chapter V). Useful discussions on other aspects of case , '
is
and of Indian history and culture are found in the same volume.
The.study of caste calls for caveats. ,
The first is that in any
particular analytic context one must always be specific about what one is
referring to when using the term. Caste is a multifaceted topic and has
attracted study by analysts from many countries, who have provided explanations
and studies emphasizing many different ,
•
aspects. Caste in India
is or has been a highly complex system, with much local variation. At
the same time, there is much regulari ty, throughout India, in the religious
and cultural justifications offered to support it. There are also strong

similarities, from a comparative sociological point of view, between the
caste system in India and systems of'socially inherited and culturally
rationalized inequality elsewhere in the world.
The second caveat'is that all this is changing, to such a. degree that
one who does not take change into analytic account will be very likely, to
give an incorrect picture. The Indian farmer or laborer today, just as
much as a member of the urban elite or of the urban middle class, has very
•
different expectations, views of society, and strategies than were common
even a generation ago. Such an individual sees the possibility and even
the long-term inevitability of change, and chooses a course of personal
•economic and political endeavor in line with this. ,Such strategic choice
1 ,
occurs however incomplete or even unconscious an individual's formula-
tion of reasons for the choice may be.
Studios which have emphasized the religious and ideological aspects
of caste, and its unique qualities as a cultural system, include those by
Dumont (1970), Leach (1971), and Das (1977). Studies of the system as a
case or cases illustrating crosseulturally incident systems of stratification
include especially those by Berreman (1960, 1972). The authors Bose,.
(1975) and Karve (1968) take positions which are compatible with a crosscultural
orientation, but they are particularly concerned with reconstruc-
tion of past events and with the observation of contemporary situations which
seem to explain past proCesses in the development and .solidification of the
is
caste system in India. Mencher (1974) provides an analysis of the system
in terms of political,control and agricultural production, and emphasize§
the role of the lowest castes as agricultural laborers. J.M. Mfahar (1972)
collects a number of useful articles focusing on problems of untouchability,
and on its background. Von l!iirer-Haimendorf (1945, 1979) has written a

6
number of excellent ethnographies in which we see the relations .
between
mainstream political, economic, and religious groups on the one hand; and,
on the'other, so-called tribal groups in the process of assimilation or
resistance to caste-mediated systems of political and economic life. (The
term "'tribe" refers in India to previously independent or semi-independent
ethnic groups, of non-Hindu or unorthodox Hindu religion.) Marriott (1965)
has provided a theoretical framework to deal with data on an all-India basis
'in analyzing the deVelopment of the caste system.
Jacobson (1978) provides an example of the kind of combined archaeological
and historical work now being done by some scholars to elucidate the
development of the system in particular regional areas. Klass (1980) and
Kolenda (1978) have recently written useful overall surveys' of caste.
An important section of recent work on caste by Indian and foreign
comparative sociologists and by anthropologists strongly reflects changing
social and economic reality. .Earlier books (Srinivas 1962, Beteille 1969)
as well as recent collections of studies by a number of authors (Srinivas •
'et al., 1979; Beteille and Madan 1975) show this emphasis on change in a
range of contexts. Many of these authors share ideals for publiC change,
which are realistic despite setbacks which continue to occur, including
clashes among caste and regional groups as the new order replaces the old.
All societies, of course, have difficult in changes of this magnitude.
Although the qualifications in this statement indicate how far there is
still to travel, it can be said that the majority of Indians probably is
committed to finally abolishing the inequalities and disabilities based on
caste.

SECTION II s THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES
•;
,, THE VLS AREAS AND SAMPLES
The Village Level Studies (VLS) carried out by ICRISAT inIndia focus on agricultural
and related activities of sample households in ten villages.
There
are two VLS villages in each of five districts, which repreent important soil
and agroclimatic regions of the Indian dry semi-arid tropics: the area in
which most farming is rainfed, and where rainfall is not only low and un-
dependable but where it exceeds potential evapotranspiratiodfor only 2.5
•
to 4.0 months of the year. (The study areas are listed in Table 2 in the
Appendix.) Data are collected monthly from forty sample households per vil-
, lage, representing those household§ which reported agriculture as their
major occupation. The samples are stratified accordinvto size of operational
landholding. Ten households each from large farmer, medium farmer,
small farmer, and laborer categories are included.
Jodhall et al. (1977) and Binswanger and Ryan (1980) contain descriptions
of the VLS. The manual of instructions for economic investigators
has also been published (Binswanger and Jodha 1978). Jodha et al. (1977)
provide background agroeconomic data for the six villages, in Maharashtra
and Andhra Pradesh, with which the VLS began in 1975. Singh and Singh
(1982) cover the two,Gujarat villages, where work began in 1980. .A similar
paper on the Madhya Pradesh villages, which were added in 1981, is
forthcoming.
Similar Vill'age Level Studies have been initiated ,
since 1980 by
ICRISAT's socioeconomic research.group in West Africa. Ten villages distributed
among different agroclimatic and soils regions of semi-arid tropical

8
Upper Volta and Niger are included (see Matlon 1980a, 1980b; McIntire
1981a, 1981b for more information). The potential which these studies
hold for comparison of culturally different agricultural societies in
similar environments is very great. Aspects of stratification are likely
to be particularly important Cn such analysis.
SOURCES OF BACKGROUND INFORMATION
FOR THE SAMPLE VILLAGE AREAS
The ten villages of the Village Level Studies (VLS) in India are drawn
•from five districts located among four states. These villages contain
households representing many castes, with a variety of local and regional
'hittories and with different occupational specializations. Brief summaries
of information about each caste are contained in ifhles 3A-H, J-K
_
in the! Appendix. The castes in these tables have been listed in seven
adjusted rank groups (ADJRANK) in each village, to allow for comparison
of social and economic' standing across villages and areas. In these
tables it has been possible to include only a small amount of background
•
material on each group, and no information is given on the history or
on the geographical and political contexts of the sample villages. Summaries
of agroclimatic and cropping pattern information are contained in
. Jodha et al. (1977), blit the additional sources discussed in the followparagraphs
should be consulted.
•
Useful summaries and bibliographical introductions to earlier and
recent literature on a variety of topics are in Schwartzberg (1978).
' This work includes such items as political histories of the subregions
represented by VLS districts, and maps showing the distribution of key

castes and ethnic groups in each region of India.. Other maps,• showing
several of the village sample areas in detail, including a number of one
inch to one mile and two cm to one km. sheets, are listed in the map
catalogue of the Survey of India (Government of India 1970 and subsequent
editions). Baden-Powell (1892) has information on earlier systems of land
tenure and related arrangements, material which is useful for,understanding
the background of the present; and for gauging change.
The gazetteer volumes of British and of post-Independence India are
valuable sources. • Both the pre- and post-Independence volumes provide a
range of geographical, geological, and historical information. The ,
British-era volumes covering the various British-controlled districts and
Indian states of South Asia are particularly valuable for regional ethnographic
and socioeconomic information, despite the sometimes inappropriate
interpretations and value, judgements provided with those data. (Opinions
and judgements can be useful data in themselves, of course, and should be
'regarded as such no matter how badly dated they may be.) Schwartzberg
4.
(1978:141, 252) provides a list, map, and descriptive notes regarding
coverage and data quality of these gazetteers, while Scholberg (1970)
. provides fuller bibliographical information on their publishing history.
Gazetteers of neighboring areas, listed' in the Schwartzberg and
Scholberg volumes, shoUld be consulted in addition to the gazetteers
covering what are now the sample districts.
The*Gazetteer of the Bombay,
Presidency edited by Campbell covers Sholapur (1884), and the VLS area
of Sabarkantha District is covered in the article on Prantij Taluka in
the Ahmedabad volume (1879). What is now Raisen District was covered in
the Gazetteer for the independent Bhopal State (see Schwartzberg and

10
'Scholberg for coverage and publishing information). Material -
on Raisen
would also be well supplemented by consulting the general volumes of the
Gazetteer of the Central Provinces and Berar, while Akola Distri .ct is
covered by a volume in the latter work. Mahbubnagar, which until 1949 ,
was part of the independent Hyderabad State, is covered in Khqn (1909);
a modern gazetteer for Mahbubnagar itself is also available (Rajgopal
1976). Hyderabad is also covered by a long article in the Imperial Gazetteer .
of India (HMSSI 1908), as are the other districts'and important district
towns and subdivisions in the areas sampled by the VLS. The first four
volumes of the Imperial Gazetteer contain valuable material relating to
history; climate, geology, adMinistration, and other topics for India as
a whole. Similar, post-Independence articles are in the four volumes of
the ,
Gazetteer of India (Government of India 1965, etc.). .Post-Independence
gazetteers published by the respective state governments are available for
some of the other VLS districts also (Rajyagor 1974 for,Sabarkantha, e.g.).
These volumes are good sources on recent history and on development
projects. District census handbooks, compiling data from the decennial;
national censuses are also useful. Information about publishing bodies,
and partial information on post-Independence gaietteers and district census
handbooks already published is in the Indian Bibliographies Bureau's
Indian'Books'in Print (1981); see also Schwartzberg 1978.
In addition to the ethnographic and socioeconomic information contained
in .the gazetteers, there are several works covering the tribes and castes
of each region of India, giving the same sorts of information more completely
and with more ethnographic detail, while focusing special articles
on each caste or tribal group found in a major region. These volumes are

1 1
.,very valuable for the information they contain on economic specializations,
'' .
on customs and language, and on relations with other groups. The value of
these works persists despite the fact that some of the ethnological conclusions
and authors' opinions which they contain have either been superseded
by more recent research, or are otherwise severely dated. Material
relating to Sholapur and to Sabarkantha will be found in Enthoven (1920),
Among the various series on tribes and castes, the Akola and Raisen areas
are covered in Russell and Hiralal (1916). Syed Siraj-ul-Hassan (1920)
covers old Hyderabad State and thus Mahbubnagar, while some of the material
in Thurston (1909) is also useful for this district. Castes treated in
one series are often treated also in the others, and the various articles
: should be compared.
Ethnographies relating to all theSe regions are li'Sted in Schwartzberg
(1978:143). Particularly useful items for the Telengana region.of Andhra
pradeeh,including Mahbubnagar, include Dube,(1955), von pUrer-Haimendorf .
(1979), and Hiebert (1971). Orenstein (1965) reports on a Maharashtra
village, and more ethnographies of Maharashtrian areas are listed in
Schwirtzberg (1978:143). Material of use with respect to both Raiseriand
Sabarkantha will be found in Mayer (1966). Srinivas (1976), mentioned
earlier, reports on Karnataka but gives a very good general view of the
working of village life.
A useful, overall outline of Indian history is the two-volume work
by Thapar (1966) and Spear (1965). New material is continually appearing,
and is reported on or reviewed in a number of specialized journals, and
in the Economic and Political' Weekly published from Bombay. Compendia
of information on particular areas or reports - on development programs are
published from time to time by the various state governments and by the
Government of India.:

.12
SECTION III 2 ANALYSIS OF CASTE IN THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES
BACKGROUND TO THE USE OF CASTE
RANK CLUSTERS IN VLS ANALYSIS
Because the history of each region and even each village in India differs
from that of other regions and villages, local political and economic
positions are not exactly equivalent even for castes that may be considered
to be of the same origin. In many cases, these local differences are
quite marked. Religious-based status, far from being the same even for
all people in a single area, is subject to varying interpretations
(Burghart 1978). It is usually entangled with political and economic
standing as well. Nevertheless, there are common themes, 'and comparison
across regions and villages is valid (see Marriott 1965, e.g.).
Statistically based, replicable methods have been developed for
the determination of caste rank within a given village (P.M: Mahar 1959,
e.g.), on the basis of questionnaires administered to panels of respondents.
A similar means (Hiebert 1969) is available, also based on questionnaires
administered to panels, to determine ascribed caste rank and achieved
personal status independently, and then to show how these combine to yield
a unique status vector in each individual's case.
A common finding of these and other studies is that both socially and
cognitively castes are clustered in rank groups, rather than being clearly
separated from one another. Clustering occurs despite the fact that endogassures
that in the .last analysis, each caste is separate from all
other local castes when the matter is one of basic alliances and inheritance.
In her study Mahar identified 7 distinct sets of rules for social interaction.

13
The application of these rules, which were rationalized by her village informants
according to purity-pollution concepts, divided 15 castes into 7
functional groups with respect to social interaction. Although am individual's
placing of any one caste sometimes differed from the placing indicated
by others on the 18-member panel, Mahar (1959:141) found that for
these 15 castes any individual respondent's answers agreed with approximately
80% of the other respondents' answers.
.Hiebert also found clustering among the caste ranks provided by his
panel: Application of a binomial test indicated the presence of 9 significant,
ascribed rank groups in a set of one-by-one rank orderings of 30
castes by each of 42 respondents. A similar analysis indicated the presence
of, 4 significant, achieved rank groups among eighteen village men
well-known by the respondents.
In . several of the tables in the Appendix, cross-village, adjusted
ranking Systems having variously seven (ADJRANK) or four (CONRANK) posi-
Xions have been used, for convenience and in broad agreement with findings
such as those of Mahar and Hiebert on clustering. This approach also
agrees with the findings of Miller (1956) that seven, plus or minus two,
,is consistently indicated by psychological tests to be the maximum number
of distinct positions which human subjects can separate easily along the
same continuum.
DERIVATION OF THE VLS .
•,CASTE RANKING SYSTEMS
•
Using the ranking systems explained in Section IV b'elow and listed in
Table .1 in the Appendix; it is possible to identify each caste 1) separately;

14
) by a unique rank vis-a-vis other respondent castes in the .
same village; 3) on an adjusted, cross-village scale of seven ranks; 4)
on a scale weighted according to the frequencies of appearanceof •castes
in the sample or 5) on a weighted scale for the village as a whole; and
6) on a four-rank, unweighted, cross-village scale. Depending upon the
nature of the question under investigation and the needs of the analyst
for different ways of ordering data, the various coding systems can be
used to provide nominal systems for identification only; and they can
proVide numerically either continuous or discontinuous variation in the
rank measures used. Based on the information below, new methods of ranking
or new weightings could be devised as well.
In constructing the ranking systems used here the attempt has been to
provide workable methods which will be , useful in ordering and analyzing
data from several related but different viewpoints. Unlike the work of
P.M. Mahar and of Hiebert, there has not been any attempt to provide statistically
verifiable accounts of the way particular panels of villagers see
particular village sets of castes. Instead, rough measures of local -
regional validity were sought. In order to rank the sample castes, and
in order to provide background information on them, the VLS economic
investigators were used as informants. Each of these had been brought up
in a village in the region he reported on, and each had been resident for
at least one year in the village where he collected VLS sample data on
agricultural household'activiiies. Each investigatcir was asked 1) to rank
sample castes, 2) to assign non-sample castes to one of seven adjusted
rank groups after these had been calculated arithmetically for,the sample
castes, and 3) to provide written background material for each of the

1 5
castes appearing in his village. Ranks were on the basis of overall social,
religious, and economic 'standing, with slightly greater weight given to
religious rank.
The measures which result are certainly rough. Recensusing of the
villages would improve our knowledge of caste subdivisions there; whole or
partial recounts would be necessary for any analysis focusing in detail
on the economic and social dynamics of particular castes and subcastes.
At
the same time there. is high evident correlation between the results of the
procedures used and the ethnographic literature for the particular
regions. The measures also have proved useful as applied in a number of
VLS studies (13idinger 1981, Ryan 1982 e.g.). Thus the systems discussed
below are felt to fulfil their iirpOse: to aid in the analySis
of data from several broad perspectives, and in the identification of
important points for more detailed investigation with other tools.
NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY AND RANKING
At various points in the Appendix Tables, reference is made to groups of
castes identified variously as Flarijans or as Scheduled Castes.
The
term Harijan ("Child of God") is a term popularized by Gandhi and used
•
to refer to the ex-untouchable castes (untouchability was outlawed by
the Indian Constitution). Over the years, however, the term has
acquired somewhat pejorative connotations. Where it was used by census-
,
.takers and thus appears in the VLS records it has been retained for some
purposes below.* Nevertheless, in general when it is necessary to refer
to these casts as a group, the term Scheduled Castes would be preferred
(see Southworth 1974). The latter term comes from the names of these
The original VLS censuses , in Villages A-F were carried out before anthropological
input was available to the team.

16
castes having been entered in a list ("schedule") of groups which were
socially, and economically disadvantagyd under previous custom and for
which remedial measures have been precribed.
The term Adivasi ("original inhabitant") also appears below. Like
the term Harijan it has acquired derogatory.meaning; in the , same way, however,
it is retained where necessary when it figures in the original
census records for a village. If a generic term were needed "tribal"
would be preferable, though this'term itself is used by many in a derogatory
way. The best practice in general is to use the name referring to a
particular group whatever the group's status, and to choose the variant
preferred by that group itself. Thus, as noted in Table 3B below, Yaedav
is preferred to Golla as a caste name by a number of Mihbubnagar shepherds..
Similarly, Yadav seems to be preferred to Ahir by some shepherd and
cattle-herding groups farther north. The ex-untouchable Mahars often
prefer to be known as Nav Buddha, marking the conversion of many of them •
to Buddhism, under the influence of the reforier D.R. Ambedkar (see
J.M. Mahar 1972). In order to find one's way through the ethnographic
literature, it is of course necessary to be aware of the range of terms
which may be used to refer to a given group, by its members or by their
neighbors; thus a number of variant names are listed in Tables 3A-H,
J-K.
In several of the tables below, Muslims are ranked along with the
other groups despite the fact that Islamic ideals deny the validity of
caste. Ethnographers in many areas of India have met with comments from
their, informants about the inappropriateness of the idea of caste as
applied to Muslims. Although an ideal arrangement,, therefore, would

time.
17
deal with them separately, Muslims are included here on the same scale
partly for convenience' sake. They are also included on practical grounds
.;
not because they can be regarded as equivalent to a caste, but because
the scale is socioeconomic as well as religious and they form a distinct
part of the overall socioeconomic structure of thevillages where they
live.
SECTION, IV : DESCRIPTION OF CASTE RANK MEASURES
IN THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES
THE VLS-C DEMOGRAPHIC AND
HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION TAPE
The following sections contain information about systems of coding and rank-
,ing for,castes represented by households in the VLS India samples. The
,
jnformation is contained in a master tape for the VLS-C census and demo-
,graphic records, which was put into its present form during August-September
1982, and which is updated from time to ,
Table 1 in the Appendix
lists the data categories and their positions in the taped record. Table
. .',,2 contains a list of villages, village codes CVILCODE), and census 'dás.
Besides the codes relating to caste, discussed below, the tape contains
r
other information on -the members of each household including age, occu-
pational status, education, and other items.
•
1VLS CENSUS DATA ON CASTES
Tables 3A-H,' J-K in the Appendix contain information on the castes in each
of the VLS villages, and the number of households in each caste. Among the
villages where the VLS began in 1975, recounts of the numbers of households
in each caste were made for villages A and E in early 1980.

18
These recounts detected the presence of endogamous, subcasto groups
- and even whole castes (for example the Baindlas plus the Madigas in village A)
which were not recorded by name earlier. Nevertheless, comparison .of the
earlier and later counts shows little differenCe in proportionate strength
for most castes. This is especially the case when the castes are combined
in adjusted rank groups (ADJRANK; see below for discussion).
Where significant differences in caste proportions, or in absolute
numbers,. are recorded in the recensus counts, it is likely that the
differences reflect,fairly straightforward processes. Thus the increases
in number of households among Marathas in village E and.Reddis in village
A .
may well be due to the splitting up of joint ,household landholdings among
brothers. This splitting up, in turn, may be due to a passing demographic
:phase of these particular castes at this particular time. It may be due
also or instead to adjustment to land ceiling laws, or to other factors.
The.reduction in the number of Mahar households in Village E may be due to
movement out of the village to urban areas. The Mahars, although still
-discriminated against, appear to have more education and better groiii
organization than castes of similar status at the village level, and thus •
they have more mobility to seek changes in their social and economic
situation.
The overall relative lack of change in ADJRANK group proportions in
Village A and Village E seems to indicate that the original• censuses in
these and the other villages were approximately correct. Nevertheless,
the fact that particular cases suggest some change for some groups suggests
that the reasons for these changes should be sought. It also
implies that.it would be worthwhile, to recensus the other villages. This
.would make it possible to identify variations elsewhere, and to investigate
., •

19
these cases in order to discover their causes. . Such investigation
.would be likely to uncover processes of importance for understanding the
VLS villages and the social and economic changes they are undergoing.
CASTE t
CODES AND'VILLAGE CODES (CASCODE AND VILCODE)
These codes, identified as CASCODE in Table 1, designate the castes represented
by VLS respondent households, as well as non-sample households.
•The codes are listed, along with the names of the castes to which they
refer, in Appendix Tables 4K-1-1, J-K. In April of 1978, castes with members
which appeared then in samples in the original six VLS villages were
listed and were assigned individual codes (codes 1-12). The same process
- ,
was carried out in October, 1982 for sample castes in the four villages .
;A)
A
•in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh (codes 1-13). Code numbers: in the series
20, 21, ..., etc., have been assigned to be used for castes not actually
appearing in the active samples reviewed in April 1978 or in October
t .
'1982. These castes were assigned codes in the series 20,21,
etc.,
in October 1982. Additional castes, or divisions which may be noted
e
f
later within broad groups, can be coded as may be necessary, using this
same series. Where all members of a caste belong to the same subcaste
the codes apply to this division only.
Caste codes identify particular castes or subcastes of households.
They may be used purely as identifications numbers, in which case they
would not imply any information about rank. Their use in this way in
analysis, as identifying significant social groups but not ranking these,

20
will often prove to be the best strategy. In such a case, ranking will be
provided, if appropriate, in terms of the data being examined.
Taken together with the village code (VILCODE, listed in Table 2) the
caste codes allow identification of households coming from particular, named
'social groups in particular social contexts. For example: C-1 =?Maratha
in Village C, but D-1 = Maratha in Village D; E-6.= Sonar (goldsmith) in
Village E, but A-22 = Hausa.a (goldsmith) in Village A.
As noted above, when the VLS economic investigators prepared the lists
of castes appearing in their village samples they were asked to list them in
rank order, as they perceived it, with the highest caste listed first on a
scale of ,
overall social, religious, and economic standing. A slight bias in
favor of religious, rank was exercised. Thus, if the analyst wishes, the
caste codes may be used to define a unique rank order, village by village,
for the April 1978 or October 1982 sample castes. These orders were used
in the construction of sample rank scores (SAMRANK; see below).
ADJUSTED CASTE RANK (ADJRANK)
When caste codes were assigned in April 1978 and in October 1982 the same
number of sample castes was not found in each village. The number of indi
vidual caste ranks was cumbersome for some purposes and too fragmentary
for others; nor was it possible to compare ranks across villages using
the CASCODE system. An adjusted rank (ADJRANK) was therefore calculated
for each caste, corresponding to what its rank would be if there were
only seven rank positions in each village. This number corresponds to the
number of functional social groups reported by P.M. Mahar for the village
she studied, and to what (as noted above) psychologists have determined

21
experimentally to be a normal limit for easy, mental discrimination of
separate points along a single continuum. Clustering of castes was felt to
be quite in accordance with reality, and the measure was considered close
enough to be of value, even though modifications would have been introduced
had it been possible to repeat Mahar's or Hiebert's panel procedures. The
following calculations were carried out:
- 100%
It was assumed that 100% = the maximum rank level
available in any single village.
VLS sample castes for each village were arranged in
rank order, with the highest-ranked caste first.
maximum rank divided by the number of sample castes
in a village equals the percentage rank claimed by the
lowest ranking caste. This number also equals the rank
increment assigned for each step above the lowest level.
The percentage ranks for castes in the village-by-village
lists were then compared with percentage values for a
seven-rank system calculated in the same way, to see how
the castes in each village would cluster under such circumstances.
Tables SA-H, J-K give caste codes (series 1-13) in rank order, the percentage
steps into which these ranks translate and the adjusted rank groups
into which they fall. All castes not in the sample when caste codes were
assigned (CASCODEs 20, 21, ...; etc.) were assigned lattr to adjusted rank
groups, by a resident investigator for the village in question. In Tables
SA-H, J-K, the codes for these castes have been listed in a separate
column for each village, but these castes have not been assigned percentage
ranks.
The ADJRANK groups 1 -
7 may also be used simply to identify clusters
of ;households within the VLS samples of one or more villages, when analyses
based on individual castes would not provide enough observations for

22
statistical significance (see also section below on CONRANK, and Tables 10
and 11 in the Appendix).
SAMPLE-WEIGHTED CASTE RANK (SAMRANK)
In January 1980 a second system of ranking was devised, by Jere R. Behrman,
based on the rank ordering of sample household castes. This system takes
into account the relative frequency with which households of different
castes appear in the sample. It is listed in Table 1 as SAMRANK. The
hypothesis behind this system is that castes which rank above a large
number of households of other castes are to be weighted more heavily than
castes ranking above a smaller number of households. The system does not
take into account the frequency of households of a caste in the village,
but their frequency in the VLS ,sample instead. Frequency in the sample
depends upon the relative frequency with which households of different
castes ,
reported agriculture as their primary economic activity. Thus the
SAMRANK measure properly indicates the degree of exclusivity and high rank
of agricultural households of a given high caste vis-a-vis farmers and . carm
laborers of lower castes. It does'not take into account caste fellow
households of the sampled castes if these households do not follow farming
or farm labor as their main occupation nor does it take into account castes
which are wholly nonagricultural. Since mainly nonagricultural households
usually account for 25% to 30% of the households of a sample village, the
Jnalyst must therefore be precise in drawing conclusions based or the
1 ;ample-weighted rank. The SAMRANK score is expressed in percentage points.
Scores have been prepared only for the April, 1978 and October, 1982
sample castes.

23
VILLAGE-WEIGHTED CASTE RANK (VILRANK)
As implied in the preceding section, for some analytic purposes it may be
- desirable to have available a weighted rank system which takes into account
the caste composition of the whole village, including both agricultural and
nonagricultural households. Following the system of calculation used for
SAMRANK, such a village-weighted rank system (VILRANK) has been calculated
in Tables 3A-H, J-K for each of the ten villages. The measure is based on
the original censuses except in the case of village A, where it was necessary
to use the 1980 recensus in order to have'a better count of some
castes.
In contrast to the SAMRANK calculations All village castes have
been covered, using ADJRANK groups.
CONSOLIDATED RANKS (CONRANK) •
This system (CONRANK) was devised by James G. Ryan during 1980, based again
on the individual rank listing of codes for sample castes. The system was
applied at that time to Villages A-F. As Table 8 indicates, CONRANK'specifies
four ranked, cross-village groups. It is particularly useful foi
analyses in which systems dividing the sample into smaller groups would not
allow for enough observations per group to run valid statistical tests
(see Table 11 below; cf. Table 10 also). As with the CASCODE or ADJRANK.
systems, CONRANK codes can be used either for simple identification or
to divide the sample into ordered rank groups. Here as elsewhere the ranks
refer to overall social, religious, and economic standing, not to standing '
according to any single criterion.

24
The CONRANK codes for the April 1978 and October 1982 sample castes
were assigned on,the basis of inspection of descriptive data on occupation
and socioeconomic condition of the individual castes, as recorded by the
investigators and reported in Tables 3A-H, J-K. CONRANK codes for castes
coded in the series 20, 21, ..., etc., wero determined on the basis of
the information in the ADJRANK Tables SA-H, J-K, where all non -sample
castes are arbitrarily held equal to the lowest caste in their ADJRANK
group.
VSD:kms9111982

REFERENCES

26
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•
Campbell, James M.
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28
ul-Hassan, Sycd Siraj
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1978 Caste in Contemporary India : Beyond Organic Solidarity.
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29
Leach, E.R.
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in
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•
1980b
Local varieties, planting strategies, and early season farming
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1960 Caste and Kinship in Central India : A Village and its
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1974 The caste system upside down or the not-so-bysterious East.
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•
1956 The magical number seven, plus or minus two : some limits
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Orenstein, Henry
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1974 Gujarat State Gazetteers : Sabarkantha District. Ahmedabad:
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31
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APPENDIX

3 3
Table. . Description of Data with Location on VLS-C Demographic and
Household Information Tape.
Field Abbreviation Information provided
Location on
VLS-C Tape
Field Column
Number Number
VILCODE A letter code indicating one of 1 2
the 10 VLS villages.
CASCODE
.Individual numerical code for 26 NA
each caste in each village.
ADJRANK
Caste membership in one of 27 NA
seven adjusted rank groups, for
comparison across villages.
SAMRANK
'. - VILRANK
Weighted ranks in percentage 32 NA
terms, based on the number of
households of each caste
(CASCODE) in the VLS samples
in April 1978 (6 villages) and
October 1982 (four villages).
Weighted ranks in percentage 34 NA *
terms, based on the number of
households in each ADJRANK
group according to the whole
village censuses.
Ranks for sample castes in 33 NA
April 1978 and October 1982.
clustered into four groups,
village by village.

34
Table 2. VLS Villages : Location, VILCODE, and Census Dates.
State
District
Original
whole
VILCODE village
census
date
Date through
which VLS
demographic
tape updated
(as of Oct
1982)
Date
households
pet
caste
recounted.
Andhra Pradesh Mahbubnagar
Apr 1975
Apr 1975
Dec 1979 Feb 1980
Jun 1980
•
Maharashtra
Sholapur
C Apr 1975
Jun 1980
D Apr 1975
Jun 1980 v
Akola
E Apr 1975
Aug 1979 Mar 1980
F Apr 1975
Aug 19 79
Gujarat
Sabarkantha
G Apr 1980
H Apr 1980
Madhya Pradesh Raisen
J May 1981
K May 1981

35
TABLE 3 A (1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village - A*
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this
Area
Main Occupations
in this Village
No. of
.Households
1975 1980
ADJRANK 1**
Brahmin Village Village Accountant (earlier 3
(Niyogi***) accountants termed Karnam, now•Patwari)
families. Large landowners
who aro busy with farming. 5
'Brahmin Priests Large landowners busy with
(Vaidika)
farming. A few act as
priests and perform rituals
for ceremonies such as
marriages.
Komati Business Primarily merchants. They 11
are well-off; a few own
land. -
Reddi or Agriculture Primarily farmers; many .42 53
Kapu
large landholders, some
small. Members of this
group provided village
officers (Patels) under the
pre-Independence government
and still do so, as contacts
and overseers for
police work (Police Patel)
and tax collection (Mali
Patel). A few work as
school teachers.
58 68
(.128) (.127)
The sample is drawn from two main hamlets, of a single administrative
village. There is also a third hamlet (see note ** below, p.35).
Within ADJRANK groups, castes are in alphabetical order.
Here and on the following pages, main caste names are followed
by subcaste or sect names in parentheses, where these are known. •

36
TABLE 3 A (2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this
Area
Main Occupations
in this Village.
No..of
Households
1975 . 1980
ADJRANK 2
Padmasale
or Sale
Weavers
Involved in business as
cloth Merchants. A few do
tailoring, farming, and
agricultural labor. At
least one does some weaving.
16 20,
Velama
Agridulture
Landowners concentrating on
farming. A few lease in
land for cultivation.
10 10
26 30
(.057) (.056)
ADJRANK 3
Bogama
Dancing,
entertainment
Landowners and farmers. A .
few work as milk collectors
for the government dairy.
Hausala
Goldsmiths
Work as goldsmiths; landowners
and farmers..
8 10
Katika
(Are Katika)
Butchers,
distillers
Butchers andliquor sellers.
Some have land and farm.
6
Sevaka
Servants
Have land and farm.
4 ,.4
Telaga
Agriculture
Have land and farm. Vegetable
and fruit sellers.
Some work as agricultural
laborers.
10 13
33
(.073) (.075)
ADJRANK 4
Gowda
Toddy
tappers.
Toddy tappers and sellers.
Some have land and farm. A
few are teachers. Some do
agricultural labor.
96 117
Contd.

37
TABLE 3 A (3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or.
Caste Occupations
in this
Area
Main Occupations
in this Village
No.. of
Households
19.75 1980
Muslim Landowners and A few have lands. A few are 10
govt. .officials village watchmen and agricultural
laborers. A few
work for the government as
office attendants.
TET
(.233) (.234) . 1
.,ADJRANK 5
Boya
Farmers,
hunter-gathers,
watchmen, and
laborers •
Shopkeepers. One person
works as office attendant
and guard for the village
school.
1
Chakali
Washing clothes Washing clothes. A few
19 20
have lands and farm, and
also work as agricultural
laborers.
. Kummari Potters
Potters. Some have lands and 7
farm, and also work as farm
laborers.
Mangali
Wadla
ADJRANK 6
Kurma
(Prathi)
Kurma
(Unni)
Barbers
Carpenters and
blacksmiths
Shepherds
Shepherds
Barbers;• Musicians for 11
marriages and other celebrations.
Carpenters and blacksmiths. 23 24
Some have land and farm.
59
(.130) (.120) .
Sheep raising and weaving 28
woolen blankets. Have land
and also work as Agricul,.
tural laborers. ; 5 1
Sheep raising and weaving . 33
woolen blankets. Have lands
and farm. Some work as
.'agricultural laborers.
Contd.

38
TABLE 3A(4)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this Area
Main Occupations in
this Village
No. of
Households
1975 1980
Mala Agricultural Most are agricultural 58
labor, village laborers; a few have land;
servants
a •few are village watchmen.
Mala Dasari Agricultural
labor, and
Mala priests
Priests for the Mala caste
fof celebrations such as
marriages, and for other
rituals. Agricultural
labor.
Waddar Stoneworkers Stoneworkers.' Some have
land and farm.
**
2
Yerukala
Hunter-gatherers, Basketmaking and pig raisbasketmakers,
ing. Sell herbal medicine
pig raising
for snakebite.
1
* ** 124
(.232) •
No clear, distinction was made among Mala Dasari, Mala, Baindla and Madiga
in the - 1975.census. Where these groups are concerned, 1975 records show
the term "Harijan" in 98 cases, and "Mala" in 22 cases. Overall, these
four groups were recorded as 120 households in 1975 and 143 in 1980. For
purposes of demographic comparison aline is added in brackets [ i•on'ihe
next page, in which households for ADJRANK 6 and 7 are totaled together,
and the percentages for 1975 and 1980 are compared. Very little difference
is seen in proportional representation on the two census dates.
** The main Waddar settlement had 22 households in 1980, all Waddars. It
is administratively part of the main village, but since it is some distance
away and is separate for most farming purposes its households are
not used in drawing the VLS sample. Including the Waddar settlement,
village A in its administrative sense had 23 Waddar households in 1975
and 24 in 1980.

39
TABLE 3A(5)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or
caste Occupations
in this Area
Main occupations in
this Village
No. of
Households
1975 .1980
ADJRANK 7
Baindla
Agricultural
labor, Madiga
priests
Madiga priests. Beat drums at •
the time of other villagers" marriages
and other ritual's. Agricultural
laborers.
Madiga
Agricultural
labor, leatherworXers
Leatherworkers; removing dead
cattle from the village. A few
have lands. Most work as agri.L
cultural laborers. A few are
village watchmen.
79
84
' (.157)
ADJRANK + 7 172 208
(.379) (.389)
see note (*) on preceding page.
454 • 535
(1.000) (1.001)
111=,===== 17=213=111111=.
• •

40
TABLE 3 B (1)
CASTE. DESCRIPTIONS
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or
Caste.Occupations
in this
Area
Main Occupations
in this Village
No. of
Households
1975
ADJRANK 1
Bhatrajulu 'Bards at Farming, business and teaching.
marriages, etc. All of the families have low
incomes.
Brahmin Priests Village Accountant (Patwari), • 1
priest, and farming.
Reddi or. Cultivators Cultivation, teaching, govern- 44
Kapu :
ment employees, village officials'
such as Police Patel and Mali
Patel. About 50% of the families
are well-off.
Komati Merchants Shopkeeping, moneylending, farm- 6
ink; and employment in the private
sector. Two families are well-off.
53
(.165)
ADJRANK 2
Hausala. Goldsmiths •Goldsmith work and farming.
Fairly well-off.
Jogi
Basketmaking
Farming, basketmaking, and one
crane* owner; Most have low
incomes.
3
Kammari
Blacksmiths
Blacksmith work and farming;
low income.
Wadla Carpenters and
blacksmiths '
Carpentry and farming; low
income.
2
8
.025)
* The machine is used mainly in digging and desilting wells.

'41
TABLE 3 B (2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this
Area
Main Occupations
in this Village
NO, of
Households
1975
ADJRANK 3
Muslim Butchers and Butchers, liquor selling, tealiquor
sellers stall keepers, farming, and
government employees. Low
income group.
Musti • Cultivators Farming, tea-stall keepers.
(Golly and
About half are well-off.
Yara)
Sale Weavers Weaving, tailoring, tea-stall
keepers and farming. Only one
family is well-off.
1 1
35
3
49
(.152)
ADJRANK 4
Boya Farmers, hunter-. Cultivation, farm and nonfarm 27
gatherers,
labor. About 30% are well-off.
watchmen, and
laborers
Gondla or
Idiga or
Gowd
Toddy tappers
Farming, liquor selling, teastall
keepers, farm and nonfarm
labor. About 50% are
poor.
15
Of ,
Medari
Telaga•
Basketmakers Farming, basketmaking with .
bamboo, farm and nonfarm labor.
Most are poor.
Cultivators
Farming, tea-stall keepers,
farm and nonfarm labor. About
60% of the households are poor.
68
IT§
(.357)
Contd.

42
.TABLE 3 B (3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or
Caste Occupa-:
tions in this
Area
Main Occupations
in this Village
No. of
Households
1975
ADJRANK
Chakali Washermen Washing clothes, farming. All ,
are, poor.
Yaedav or
Golla*
Shepherds Shepherds, farming. Only two
families are well-off.
28
37
(.115)
ADJRANK 6
Mangali Barbers Barbers, farming, playing music
for marriages. All are poor.
6
Yerukala
Hunter-gatherers,
pig raising,
.
basketmaking
Pig raising, basket and mat
making, snake catching, farming.
All are poor.
4
10
(.031)
ADJRANK 7
Madiga
Harijan
Mala
Agricultural Shoemaking, farming, village
labor, leatherworkers,
village labor. Only three households
watchmen, farm and nonfarm
servants
are well-off.
Agricultural Agricultural labor
labor
Agricultural ;Digging grave pits, farming,
labor, 2r4ve Ivillage watchmen, farm and
diggers, village nonfarm labor. Only one
servants •
family is well-off.
1**
37**
12 **
50
(.155)
* The term Yaedav is preferred by the group itself.
322
(1.000)
** In the 1975 census, as for Village A, a number of Madiga and Mala households
were lumped together under the cover term "Harijan".

43
TABLE 3 C (1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this
Area
Main Occupations
in this Village
No. of
Households
1975
ADJRANK 1
Brahmin
(Deshastha)
Priests
These are well to do families,
economically as well as educationally.
They work as priests,
and are farmers. Most families
have a member in government
employment (teacher, postmaster, •
clerk, etc.) in the village or
outside.
Koshti
(Lingayat*,
Weavers Their traditional occupation was
weaving, but no one weaves now.
Koshti)
Farming and agricultural labor
are their main sources of income.
Two households are engaged in
tailoring work, two other families
depend mostly on wage labor.
Economically the group is poor,
except for one household whose 3
sons are employed in Sholapur
city.
Maratha Cultivators. The main farming : community. They
also work as labOrers and a few
are employed in government'jobs as
teachers, clerks, etc. The majOr=
ity are medium to low income households.
Only perhaps 5% are wellto=do,and
these are engaged in
trading and as contractors.
Raj put Cultivators Descendants of a family which
earlier provided managers for'an
absentee landlord. Now they are
farmers; they also work as laborers.
Economically they are very poor.
7
(.024)
135
3
151
(.508)
Lingayats are members of a Hindu reformist group widespread in Karnataka
and Maharashtra.

44
TABLE 3 C (2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this
Area
Main Occupations
in this Village
No. of
Households
1975
ADJRANK 2
Wan i
(Lingayat)
Merchants
Three families are engaged in
trading-(2 households have grain
and sundries shops while one
runs a teashop). One household's
three sons are employed
as teacher's. Two families own
land and farm. Altogether the
. group is of average economic
condition.
4
(.013)
ADJRANK 3
Mali Farming Both the families are poor and 2
work regularly as laborers. The
head of one household is employed
as a skilled laborer to prepare
sugar during the sugarcane harvest.
The same household also owns a few
buffaloes.
2
(.007)
ADJRANK 4
Dhangar Shepherds Their main occupations are farming 49
and wage labor. 10% of the households
are rich and they raise sheep
and goats in addition to farming.
Three Dhangar families are the
richest in the village and are
descended from the rulers of the
village in the pre-Independence
period.
Gondhadi Priest of Do not work now as priests. They
deity Khandoba . work as agricultural laborers and
one family member is employed in
the village school. Their earnings
are equal to their expenses.
Contd.

45
TABLE 3 C (3) .
CASTE. DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this
Area '
Main Occupations
in this Village .
No. of
Households
1975
Gos avi
Kasar
(Jain*)
Koli
Religious
mendicants
Bangle sellers
Fishers, household
water
suppliers
The head of the single household 1
begs in the village and also works'
as a laborer. Economically poor'
but better than other laborers,
as begging adds to his earnings.
The women sell bangles while the 1
others work as laborers.
Almost all the families supply water 6
for household purposes to the other
villagers on a cash Or kind basis.
One household is employed by the
village Council and also does
carpentry. Most of the households
are poor. They sometimes work,as
laborers.
Kumbhar Potters One family works as potters while
the others work as agricultural
laborers. One female head of household
works as an assistant to the
midwife in the primary health
centre outside the village. All are
poor.
Lohar or Blacksmith or Two families work as blacksmiths and
Sutar** carpenter two as carpenters. They repair
traditional farm implements and do
building also. Young male laborers
work at both agricultural and nonagricultural
jobs. Their earnings
are sufficient for family consumption.
Parit Washing
clothes
Wash clothes for the richer households
and also work as agricultural
4
laborers.
* Bangle sellers in this area are known Kasars; the religion of this family
is Jainism. Jains are members of a reformist religion which arose and
split off from Hinduism at about the same time as Buddhism. They are
common in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh (see Tables 314, J, K, and L below).
** These households are of the same caste but are called by different names
depending upon their occupation.

46
TABLE 3 C (A)
CASTE- DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this
Area
Main Occupations
in this Village
No. of
Households
1975
Teli Oil-pressers, The head of this household was
traders,
cultivating some land in 1975 but
farming
has since left the village. His
was the poorest farm family in
the village.
Warik Barber Most of the households do their 6
traditional business of barbering.
Only one family is well-off.
Farmers, and agricultural and
nonagricultural laborers.
76
(.256)
ADJRANK 5
Berad Farmers, They sometimes work as village
hunter-
watchmen and are paid in kind
gatherers, (bread, etc.) by the villagers..
watchmen,
These are poor families, earning
laborers
enough for their family needs by
means of labor wages.
Muslim Farmers and The families are engaged in 14
government trading (one has a small betel
shop while the other has a teashop);
others work as agricultural and
nonagricultural laborers. Most of
the households are'poor. One old
widow carries food containers from
the village to the road and back
''and is paid for that by the concerned
people. One Muslim woman
is engaged in the bangle business:
17
(.057)
ADJRANK 6
Kaikadi Beggars This is a poor family doing agri- 1
cultural labor. Sometimes they
make baskets.
Contd.

47
TABLE 3 C (5)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS ,
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Oceupations
in this
Area
Main Occupations
- in this Village
No. of
Households
19 75
Mahar or Laborers, About 20 to 25% of the household
Nav Buddha village heads are permanent farm servants
servants,
for Maratha or Dhangar households.
scavenging The rest of the family heads do '
daily -wage work. Some households
have members employed in gdvernment
service or in factories outside
the village (Bombay, Pune).
Some households own land but most
of the times they lease or share
this out. The overall condition
of the households of this group
is poor.
16
Waddar 'Stoneworkers They work in stone breaking and
and builders house building. They also own
pigs. Two households are fairly
well-to-do as they are engaged
in building and construction. The
women of this group sometimes•work
as laborers. 23
(.077)
ADJRANK 7
Chambhar Laborers, They are economically poor. . Two 7
leatherworkers do leatherwork while others do
only wage work. One household.
head is employed as attendant in
the village school. Two sons of
one household are working in
Bombay.
Huler Laborers, These people also sometimes do
sweepers
leatherwork. One household is
engaged in leatherwork while
another is employed in the village
Panchayat. Some are employed
,outside the village also. A few
families own land; some cultivate
while others lease theirs out.
Others are either permanent farm
servants or casual laborers for
farm or non-farm work.
13
Contd.

4 8
TABLE 3 C (6)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this
Area
Main Occupations
in this Village
No. of
Households
1975
Laborers, They are economically poor. They 4
village
serve as"musicians at marriages,
servants,
etc. and are engaged in repemaking
musicians, During the season for marriages
ropemakers (March to June) their economic
scavengers condition is better than during
other months. They do wage work
in addition their specialities.
Td.
(.081)
297
(.999)

49
TABLE 3D(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
•Caste Occupations
. in this Area
Main Occupations in
this Village
No. of
Households
1975
ADJRANK 1.
Brahmin Priest They no - longer work as priests, ,
but as farmers. The majority are
well-to-do and are educated. They
do not participate in the labor
market.
1 0
Jangam Lingayat Priests of the Lingayat sect. 3
priests
Their economic condition is fair
and they do not participate in
the labor market.
Koshti Weavers Mostly well-to-do farmers. They 27
no longer weave. A,few households
have. members with government jobs
in the village while members•of
others are serving outside the
village.
Maratha Farming About 20% of the households are 138
well-to-do while the rest are
pooi. Their main occupation is
farming; the poor families earn
their livelihood from wages. A
few households have members serving
outside the village in government.
178
(.421)
ADJRANK 2'
Wani
(Lingayat*)
Merchants
The economic condition of these
people is fair; their main occupation
is farming followed by
trading. A few households have
members employed outside the
village..
18
18
(.043)
The Wani and also the Koshti families in this village and in Village C
are Lingayats. Two households included on this line were listed in 1975
only by religious sect, as Lingayat, but are probably merchant (Wani)
families.

Sti
ADJRANK
Mali
ADJRANK 4
Kumbhar
Sonar
ADJRANK 5
Berad
Dhangar.
Gosavi
Kasar
(Jain)
Koli
Lohar
Religious
mendicants
: Bangle sellers
Fishing, water
suppliers
Blacksmiths
TABLE 3D(2)
.CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
Main Occupations in
in this Area this i' 1 1ge
Farming
Potters
Goldsmiths
Farmers, huntergatherers,,
watchmen,
laborers
Shepherds
No. of
Households
1975
Only 10% of the households are well- 38
to-do and the rest are poor. The
main occupation of these people is
farming. Men of some of the poor
families serve as permanent farm
servants (mainly with. Koshtis and
Marathas), while others do wage work. 38
(.090)
Some are engaged in pot making while 4
others are laborers. Some households
have land but lease it out.
Only one family is fairly well-off,
the others are poor. The poor families
do not cultivate their land but
lease or share it out. One family
farms its land and also works as
goldsmiths. One household head is
Police Patel of the village. 7
(.017)
Economically poor. Main occupations
are as watchmen and laborers.
About 10% of the households are eco- 49
nomically sound, while others are
fair to poor. Their main occupations
are farming and agricultural
labor. Some households raise sheep_
and goats, in addition to farming.
Some households have members as
permanent farmservants for other
families. Relatkiely low literacy.
Begging; family also work as laborers.
This household is very poor.
Sell bangles in the village,, but their
main source of income is labor wages. '
Economically poor. They serve as 6
water carriers and as farm laborers.
Poor households. Their main occupa- 2
tion is as blacksmiths. They also
work as laborers.
cont'd.

51
TABLE 3D(3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this Area
Main Occupation
in this Village
No. of
Households
1975
,
Muslim Farmers and Economically well-off. Though 26
government
most are farmers a few have restauservants
rant keeping or tailoring as an
occupation; others are employed,in
government service in the village
and Outside the village.
Parit Washing clothes Economically poor. Wash clothes in
the village and also work as laborers.
Shimpi Tailor Household head works as a laborer; 1
family economically poor.
Sutar Carpenters Not well-off. Work as carpenters and 11
sometimes as laborers. A few households
have a member employed in.government
service. Some households own
land, but they lease it out to others.
Tell Oil pressers, Economically well-to-do. Their main
traders,
occupation is trading; they also
farming
farm but generally do not work as
laborers. A few households have
grain and sundries stores, and one
has a tea shop.
,Warik . Barbers Their economic condition is fair.
Their main occupation is as barbers,
followed by•farming. They occasionally
work as laborers.
ADJRANK 6
Waddar Stoneworkers Economically poor. Their main occupation
is stone breaking. They also
undertake masonry work. A few households
own land but they lease out
the land to others. They also work
.•as laborers.
118
(.279)
8
8
(:019)
cont'd.

52
TABLE 30(4) '
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this Area
Main occupa,
in this Village
No. of
louseholds
1975
ADJRANK 7
Chambhar Laborers, Their economic condition is fair. 15
leatherworkers. Leatherworkers and laborers.
Mahar or
Nav Buddha
Laborers, village
servants, scavengers
Economically these families are poor. 35
They are primarily laborers. A few
are employed as permanent farm servants
with Marathas, Koshtis, or
others. Some households have members
working outside the village
as government employees.
Mang
Laborers,
ropemakers,
musicians
These families are very poor. During
summer (the marriage season)
they hire out their services as
musicians and work as laborers for
the rest of the time. '
56
(.132) .
423
(1.001)

53
TABLE 3E(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this Area
Main ccupations
.in this Village
No. of
Households
1975 1980
• ADJRANK 1
Maratha •
(Deshmukh)
Farming
All the households are landowners.
Literacy may be the highest in the
village. A few persons are employed
as teachers, talathi (revenue worker)
gram sevak (village level worker),
etc. The males do not hire. themselves
out for daily labor and females
usually do not work in the fields. •
Perhaps 20% are poor•and 20% are
well-off. One household owns a flour.
mill and two have power threshers.
29 40
Kunbi or Farming Farmers. They do not usually work as
Patel
(rirale*)
daily laborers but both men and women
work on their own fields. On an
average one person from each family
is employed in government service.
All the families are well-off.
6 8
35 48
(.207) (.246)
ADJRANK 2 •
Gosavi` Religious' At present, three families are well-.
mendicants off, and are progressive farmers.
Three persons are employed in government
service: two are teachers and
one is a policeman. Three households
are poor and their main occupation
is agricultural labor.
Mali Farming Farmers and farm laborers. About 18%
are well-off, 10% are medium, and
the rest are poor. One household
head works as a carpenter. Two flour
mills and two power threshers are
owned by households of this caste.
A few persons are employed in govern-
, went jobs. Most of the shops including
fair price shops for government
subsidized commodities are owned by
households of this caste.
7 11
60
-
69
67 80
'(:396) (.410)
* The Tirales are an endogamous subdivision of the Kunbis, who•are a farming
group throughout the northern Deccan Plateau and Gujarat.

54
TABLE 3E(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS .
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this Area
Main Occupation in
this Village
No.of,
Households
1975 1980
ADJRANK 3
Muslim
(Fakir)
Muslim
(Sheikh)
Farming and
government
servants
Farmers and farm laborers; the
women do not work in the fields.
Two family heads are shopkeepers
while three are engaged in the
dairy business. About 25% of the
families are economically poor.
15
10
6
Sonar.
Goldsmiths Two are engaged in farm: 3 5
ing and one is still doing his traditional
business. One family owns a
shop; a woman from this family also
works as a recruiter of farm labor
in the village. One family is well
off.
.
Sutar Carpenters At present only one family is engaged 2
in carpentry, in addition to farming.
The group is not well-off.
20 23
(.118) (.118)
ADJRANK 4
Kumbhar
ADJRANK
':Potters
The one family in the village has 1
only a little land. They work as
daily farm laborers or as permanent
firm servants but their 'main business
is potmaking. They sell the
pots in the surrounding villages;
their economic condition is medium. T r
(.006) (.005)
Koli Fishers The household noted during the 1975
census was a government servant
(Village Level Worker) working in
The rural Health Department.. He has
since been transferred to another
village.
0

55
TABLE 3E(3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
No. of
Caste Occupations Main Occupations.in Households
in this Area this Village 1975 •980
Navhi or Barbers Besides farming, most of the families
Warik
in this caste do their traditional
business. Two persons are in the
army and one is the village ouncil
attendant. One family is well-off;
two are medium and one hpusehold is
economically poor.
Parit . Washing At present no one works washing
clothes clothes; instead they do farming and
work as agricultural laborers. One
is a permanent farm servant. All the
families in this caste are economically
poor.
3 2
8 8
(.047) (.041)
ADJRANK 6
Kaikadi. • Basket- Make baskets and storage bins. Some
making
are farmers and work for daily, wages
also. The economic condition of
these families is very poor.
Mahar Farm labor- The main business of this community 30 24
ers, vil- is daily labor which includes both
.lage ser- agricultural labor and work on ,
vants
government , schemes. One person
works as a:labor recruiter. Some
are permanent farm servants; a few
own a little land but also work
33 28
as laborers. (.195) (.144)
ADJRANK 7
Mang Farm labor- The traditional musicians of the
ers, vil- village. Some farming, but mostly
lage ser- agricultural daily labor. They
vants, are economically poor. -5- 7
musicians (.030) (.036)
3
="177° 195
(.999) (1.000)
===== ====

56
TABLE 3F(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this Area
Main Occupations in
this • Village
No. of
Households
1976
ADJRANK 1
Kunbi \.;
(Tirale
and
Gh4tod)
Farming
Farmers; a few are poor and work, as
agricultural laborers. One family
owns a shop and a flour mill in the
village. Only a few households are
rich while others are economically
medium and poor households.
ADJRANK 2
Kalar Distillers Farming; one family.is well - off and
owns a tractor. Three other households
are well-off while the economic
condition ofone family is
medium. They do not work as •
laborers.
Sindhi Merchants Traders. About two decades ago there
were many Sindhi households (about
10-15) in this village, but slowly
they migrated to the nearby subdistrict
headquarters and other
nearby towns and settled there. Now
there is only one family in the village;
the economic condition of this
family is medium.
•
46
46
(.319)
Teli Oilpressers, Agricultural laborers; all the families .2
farming- are poor.
'7
(.049)
ADJRANK 3
Dhangar Shepherds Farmers and agricultural laborers. 13
Only one family in the caste is welloff,
while the others are poor.
•
* Ghatod is another among several endogamous subdivisions of the Kunbis.
(see note (•), p.53).
cont'd.

57
TABLE 3F(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupations.
in this Area
Main Occupations in
Village
No. of
holds
1975
Sutar Carpenters Carpenters; also work as farm 3
. -
laborers. The economic condition
of one household is medium while',
the other households are poor.
16
(.111)
ADJRANK 4
Gowari Cattle heider All are economically poor; they 26
work as farmers and agricultural
.
laborers. 26
(.181)
Kumbhar:
Potters
Farming and pottery: they sell pots
in and outside the village. The
economic condition of two families
is medium' while one family is poor.
Muslim Farmers and Mainly farmers and agricultural 24
government
laborers. One family operates a
servants
shop in the village. The economic
condition of 50% of the households
is medium while the remaining half
is poor. The women do not work
outside the home.
Navhi Barber The head of the single family
works as a barber.
Tirmoli Farming rarming and agricultural labor.
The economic condition of two
households is medium while the
other two are poor.
32
(.222)
ADJRANK 6
Beldar Earthen wall They continue their traditional 8
construction
occupation of construction of
house walls with mud. They work
as laborers when they do not
have construction work. 8
(.056)
onto&

58
TABLE 3F(3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village F
•
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
CaSte Occupations
in this Area
Main Occupations. in
this Village
No. of
Households
1975
ADJRANK 7
Mahar ' Farm labor, Agricultural labor and some farming. 9
village The economic condition of one
'servants, family is medium while all others
farming are poor. 9
(.063)
144
(1.001)

V
ADJRANK 1
Baniya
(Shah)
Baniya
(Swetambar
Jain)
Brahmin
.(Tapodhan)
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this Area
Merchants
Merchants
Priests
TABLE 3G(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
Shopkeepers.
Shopkeepers.
Main Occupations in
this Village
Farming, family priests, private
medical practitioner. One family
is well-off.
No. of
Households
1980
Thakur*
(Jhala)
Thakur
(.1111ala.
Rajput)
ADJRANK 2'
Thakur
(Parmar)
Thakur
(Solanki) ,
ADJRANK 3
Thakur
(Khant)
•ADJRANK 4
KuMbhar
•
Luhar
Suthar
Farmers
Farmerp
Farmers
Farmers
Farmers
Potters
Blacksmiths
Carpenters
Farming. Generally low income. Som6 57
have government jobs, some do farm
labor, some animal husbandry.
Farming, village officials such as 31
Police Patel. About 40% of the families
are well-off. A number have
government jobs, but at the lower
levels due to low education. Some
animal husbandry. 93
(0.522)
Farming, farm labor. Low income. 1
Farming, farm labor. All are low .27
income. .
7F
(0; 157) •
Farming, farm labor. 6
(0.034)
Farming, potters. Fairly well-off.
Some shopkeeping.
Farm labor, farming. Low income.
Carpentry, farming. 4
(0.073)
* Thakur,.a word meaning roughly "leader", is used as an overall. caste
name by a number of subcaste groups claiming descent from kshatriya
or warrior varna ancestors.

61
TABLE 3H(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
(KrA)
Village H
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
'in this Area'
Main Occupations in
this Village
No. of
HouSeholds
1980 .
ADJRANK 1
Baniya
(Digambar
Jain)
Merchants
Brahmin . Priests
(Mevada)
Brahmin
(Nagar)
Priests
Merchants; well off.
Private medical practitioner. 1
Farming,government employment, priest,
animal husbandry.
Patel*
-(Kadva)
• ADJRANK 2
Suthar .
ADJRANK'
Gurjar
Farming
Carpenters
Potters**;
bringing
water at
village and
private
social
celebra- '
tions
1 Farming, animal husbandry, government 45
work and private company employment.
Well-off. 53
(0.411)
Carpentry, farming, animal husbandry.
Well-off. (0.008)
Farming, animal husbandry, shop- 3
keeping. (0.023)
ADJRANK 4
Darji Tailors Tailors.
Luhar Blacksmiths Farming, government employment, work - 3
for cooperative dairy society, blacksmiths.
Targara 'Dramatists •Dramatists; government employment. Low 2
income.
Valand or Barber
Barbers, farming. Low income.
3
Nai
10
(0.078)
'* Patel is not only a title .(roughly meaning "officer" or "headman") but is used
as a caste name, most often by Kunbi groups.
** More information is needed regarding this group. If they are the same as the
Gujars, who are known generally as cattle herders and farmers, their occupation
as potter's in this village would -seem to be only a local enterprise.
4

TABLE 3G(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
4
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
•
Traditional or
Caste occupations
in this Area
Main Occupation in
this Village
No. of
Households
1980
ADJRANK , 5
Barot
Valand or
Nai
•
ADJRANK 6
Vankar
ADJRANK 7
Bhangi
Bhunetar
Chamar
Bards and
genealogists
Tailors
Priests in
Shiva temples
Vegetable
sellers
Shepherds
Barbers
Cotton
weavers
Sweepers
Farm labor
Laborers and
leatherworkers
Astrologers
and family
priests for
scheduled
castes.
Farm labor
Farm labor, farming. Low income.
Tailoring, animal husbandry. 2
Priests in Shiva temple. 1
Vegetable selling. 2
Shepherds. Fairly well-off. 2
Barbers. Farming. Servants at Thakur 1
marriages.
10
(0.056) .
Farm labor. 10
(0.056)
Sweepers. 2
Farm labor. 1
Farm labor; all are poor. .7
Traditional work and farm labor.
All. are low income. Some have
government jobs.
Farm labor. 3
18
(0.101)
4=7=1
178
(0.999)
* It is not certain whether or not this group is the same as the Kathiya
group in Yilkage H Cp.62).

4
TABLE 3J(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village J
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Traditional or . , Main Occupations in
Caste occupations
this village
in this Area
ADJRANK 1
Brahmin Priest Farming; all are well-off.
(Sanadya)
OW. Farming Farming; all are well-off.
Kurmi Farming Farming, farm labor, village
Patel. Well-off.
ADJRANK 2
Chadhar Carpentry. Farming, carpentry. Well-off.
Yadav or i Animal ►usr Farming, milk selling.
Ahir
bandry and
milk soiling
' No. of
House.
hold4.
1981
;4
17 ,
3-7
'(0,343)
9
13
(0.204)
ADJRANK 3
Baniya
(Gupta)
Namdev or
KhOgs
or jai
Merchants
Tailors
Barbers,
making ' leaf
platest*
Farming, merchants, government
emp1oyment, hold private tuition
classes for school child,
rep in village.
Farming, tailoring, village
Patwari, shopkeeping. Well-off.
Tell Shopkeepers Farming, farm labor.
(Sahu)
(earlier
oilpressers)
ADJRANK '
naTetha
or Dhobi
Washing
clothes
Farming barbering, farm labor.
lr
(0.045) .
Farming, farm labor, 3
1!/ Disposable plates used fuf feasts and large gatherings, for offerings •
gt StIrines etc.
•
cont 1 1.

ADJRANK 5 .
•
64
TABLE 3J(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village J
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
•t ..
Traditional or Main Occupations, in .
Caste Occupations . .this Village
in this Area
No. of
Households
1981
Karigar
Kumhar or
Praj apati •
Carpentry Farming, carpentry. 1
Potters Potter, farming, making bidis.* 1•.1
Low income,
Blacksmiths Farming 3
•
ADJRANK 6
Bidi making,
business,
government
employment
Farming, bangle selling, farm
labor, bidi making, government
employment.
FI : •
W •
•
• :C,4
Basod
Making bamboo
baskets
Making bamboo baskets; daily
wage work.
Bhoj
Permanent
servant .
Permanent servant.
Chamar
Farm labor,
leatherwork
Farming, farm labor, bidi making, 16
low income.
•
Gbnd or _
Gaund or
Adivasi
Bamboo basket
making
Farming, farm labor. Low income.
4
22
0.204)
ADJRANK 7'
Khagar
Permanent
servant
Permanent servant.
1
(0.009)
108
(1.001)
.t*
* Country cigarettes with leaf instead of paper wrappers.
•

ADJRANK 1!
Traditional or
Caste Occupations
in this Area
TABLE 3K(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Main occupations in
this village
No. of
House
holds
1981
Baniya Merchants Merchants,farming, shopkeepers, 18
(Parwar
village Patel, government employees,
Digambar
teachers.
Jain)
Lodhi or Farmers Farming, government employees, 76
Lodhi
regUlar and daily wage laborers.
Thakur
la
(. 547)
ADJRANK 2
Baniya
(Gupta)
Brahmin
(Sanadya)
ADJRANK 3
Merchants
Priests
Guj ar or Farming Farming,
Gujar
Thakur
Shopkeeping, merchants, teaching,
farming.
*Priests, farming, Low income.
.'7
U.
(.070)
Luhar or
Karigar or
Vishwakarma
Carpenters and Carpenters, blacksmiths, farming,
blacksmiths government employment.
Yadav or Grazing animals Grazing animals, regular farm labor .. ' 8
Ahir
and daily labor. Low income.
13
.076)
ADJRANK 4
Dhimar or Water car- Water carriers, farming, regular
Barau or riers farm labor and daily labor. Low
Raikwar
income.
Khabas Barbers Barbers, farming, government
or Nai.
employees, daily wage work.
•
•
Kumhar or Potters Pottery,,farming i regular farm labor,
Prajapati and daily labor. Low income. • .
(.052)

66
TABLE 3K(2)
CASTE' DESCRIPTIONS
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
ADJRANK S
Chadhar
or Kotwar
Traditional or
No. of
Caste Occupations ' ' Main Occupations in HouSe-
'in this Area this Village holds
1975'
Village
watchman
Village watchman, farming, regular
farm labor and daily labor. Low
income.
7
Gond or
Gaundor
Adivasi
Laborers
.Regular farm labor; daily labor
in forest, agricultural, and road
work. All are poor.
Kach4i .
• Farmers
Farming, daily wage work., All are
poor.
Kalar
Laborers
(earlier
distillers)
Laborers, grazing animals. . 'Low
income.
(Sahu)
Farmers
(earlier
oilpressers
Farming, daily and regular farm
labor. Low income.
1
17
(.099)
ADJRANK 6
Baretha
or Dhobi
Washing
clothes
Washing clothes, farming, daily
wage labor. Low income.
Chamar
Silawat
ADJRANK 7
Based
Malvik
Mehatar
Leatherworkers,
laborers
Farming
Bamboo basket
making
Leatherworkers
Sweepers,
cleaning
latrines
Leatherworkers, laborers. Farming.
All are poor.
Farming, charcoal burning in forest. 2
Daily wage labor including forest
labor. Low income. 18
(.105) .
Basket making, farming, daily wage
labor. • Low income.
Leatherworkers, daily wage labor.
Poor.
Sweepers, cleaning latrines, daily
wage work., Poor.
9.
(.052)
172
(1.001)

67
TABLE 4A
CAS CODE
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Castes and Subcastes* Coded in
April 1978 Sample. List
(in rank order)
Caste CASCODE Caste --
Other Castes and Subcnstes.
(not in rank order) -'
CASCODE
, T
•
Brahmin . Brahmin (Niyogi) 20
Reddi 2 Brahmin (yaidikA) 21
Velama 3 Komati 24
Padmasale 4 Hausala
Bogama Sevaka 24
Katika (Are Katika) Telaga 25 .
qowda M4041 ?6
Wa.dla Boya 27
Chakali Kummari 20
Kurma 10 Mangali 29 ,
Mala 11 Kurma (Prathi) 30
Madiga 12 Kurma (Unni) 31
Mala Dasari 32
Waddar
33, •
. .
Yerukala 14
Baindla
3S
* In these tables as in Tables 3A-H, J-K subcaste names are in parentheses
following the main caste.name.

68
TABLE 4 B
CASCODE
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra .
Pradesh
• .
Castes and Subcastes Coded in
April 1978 Sample List
(in rankorder)
Other Castes and Sub castes
(not in ran(order)
.Caste CASCODE Caste CASCODE
Ileddi s 1 Brahmin 20
Bhatrajulu 2 Komati 21
Kammari 3 Hausala 22
Jogi 4 Wadla 23
Musti 5 Muslim 24
Telaga s 6 Musti (Golla) 25
Boya 7 Musti (Yara) 26
Yaedav 8 Sale 27
Mangali . 9 Medari 28
Yerukala 10 Gondla 29
Madiga* 11 Chakali 30
Mala* 31
* The term Harijan occurs in Table 3 B, but is not coded here since any
Harijan household in the sample now or at a later date would be further
identifiable as either Madiga or Mala.

'69
TABLE 4 C
CASCODE
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Castes and Subcastes Coded in
April 1978 Sample List
(in rank order)
Other Castes and Subcastos
(not in rank order)
Caste CASCODE Caste CASCQDR
Maratha 1 Brahmin (Deshastha) 20
Koshti (Lingayat) 2 Rajput 21
Wani (Lingayat) 3 Gondhadi
-.
.22
Mali 4 Gosavi 23
Dhangar 5 Kasar (Jain) 24
Muslim 6 Koli 25
Mahar 7 Kumbhar 26
Huler 8 Lohar or Sutar 27
Parit 28
Teli 29
. •
Warik 30.
Berad 31.
Kaikadi 32
Waddar 33
Chambhar 34
Mang 35

■
• '""''
1 r ...177100.....ormuktz
70
TABLE 4 D
CASCODE
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
3
.Castes and Subcastes Coded in
April 1978 Sample List
(in rank order)
Other'Castes and Subcastes
(not in rank order)
•
Caste CASCODE Caste CASCODE..
Maratha 1 Brahmin 20
Koshti. 2 Jangam 21
Mani 3 Barad 22
Mali — 4 Gosavi - 23
Sonar 5 Kasar (Jam)
Kumbhar .6 Koli 25
Ethangar 7 Lohar 26.
Waddar' 8 • Muslim 27
Mahar 9 Parit 28
Shimpi 29
•Sutar 30
Tell 31
Warik 32
Chambhar 33
Mang 34

7,1
TABLE 4 E
CASCODE
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
Castes and Subcastes Coded in
April 1978 Sample List
(in rank order)
Other Castes and Subcastes
(not in rank order)
Caste CASCODE Caste • CASCODE
'
Maratha (Deshmukh) 1 Muslim (Fakir) 20
Kunbi (Tirale) 2 Muslim (Sheikh) 21
Gosavi 3 Sutar 22
Mali 4 Koli 23
Muslim 5
Sonar 6
Kumbhar 7
Navhi 8
Parit
•
9
Kaikadi 10
Mahar 11
Mang - 12
.1'
•

72
TABLE 4 F
CASCODE
•
Village P
Akola Distritt, Maharashtra
Castes. and Subcastes Coded in
April 1978 Sample List
.'(in:rank order)
Other Castes and Subcastes
(not in rank order) .
Caste. CASCODE• Caste
CASCODE
Kunbi (Tirale) 1 Sindhi
Kunbi (Ghatod) 2 Teli
Kalar 3 Kumbhar
Sutar 4 Navhi
20
1 21
22
23
Dhangar
S
•
Gowari 6
Muslim 7
Tirmol i 8
•
Beldar . - 9
•
Mahar 10
•

Barot
73
TABLE 4 G
CASCODE
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
Castes and Subcastes Coded in
October 1982 Sample List
"(in rank order)
•
Other Castes and Subcastes
.(not in rank order)
Caste CASCODE Caste CASCODE
Thakur (Jhala Rajput) Baniya (Shah) 20
Thakur (Jhala) Baniya (Swetambar Jain) 21
Thakur*(Solanki) Brahmin (Tapodhan) 22
Thakur (Khant) Thakur (Parmar) 23
Luhar Suthar . 24
Kumbhar .
25
Valand 7 Darji 26
Vankar Goswami 27
Garoda• Kathiya 28-
Rabari 29
Bhangi 30
Bhunetar 31
Chamar. 32
Parmar 33

74
TABLE 4 H
CASCODE
Village H
Sabarkantha DiStrict o
Gujarat
M
Castes and Subcastes Coded in
October' 1982 Sample List
(in rank order)
Other Castes and Subcastes
(not in rank order)
• •
Caste CASCODE Caste .CASCODE
Patel.(Kadva) Baniya (Digambar Jain) 20
Suthar Brahmin (Nevada) 21
Gurjar 3 Brahmin (Nagar) 22
Luhar Darji 23
Thakur (Makvana) Targara 24
-Thakur (Parmar) 6 ' Valand 25
Kathiya 7

75
TABLE 4 J
CASCODE
Village J
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Castes and Subcastes Coded in
October 1982 Sample List
• (in rank order)
Other Castes and Subcastes
(not in rank order)
Caste CASCODE Caste CASCODE
Gujar 1 Brahmin (Sanadya) 20
Kurmi 2 Teli (Sahu). 21
•Chadhar 3 Karigar 22
Yadav 4 Kumhar 23
Baniya (Gupta) 5 Basod 24
Namdev 6 Bhoj 25
Khabas 7
Baretha 8
Luhar 9
Muslim 10
Chamar 11
Gond 12
Khagar 13

76
TABLE 4K
CASCODE
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Castes and .Subcastes Coded in
October 1982 Sample List
(in 'rank order)
. ,
Other Castes and Subcastes
(not in rank order)
Caste CASCODE Caste .CASCODE
Baniya (Parwar 1' Luhar 20
Digambar Jain)
Lodhi 2 Kumhar 21
Brahmin . (Sanadya) 3 Gond — 22 .
Baniya (Gupta) Kalar 23
Gujar S Tell (Sahu) 24
Yadav 6 Silawat 25
Dhimar 7 Malvik 26
Khabas 8 Mehatar 27
Kachhi 9
Chadhar 10
Baretha 11
Chamar 12
Basod 13

77
TABLE 5 A
ADJRANK
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
ADJRANK
ADJRANK
(%) *
CASCODE
(April 1978
sample)
Sample Caste
Rank
(%)**
',Other
CASCODES
100.0 1 100.0
2 91.6 20-22
85.7 3 83.3
4 75.0
71.5 5 66.6 .
6 . 58.3 23-25
57.2 50.0 26
42.9 8 41.7
33.3 27-29
•
28.6 10 25.0
11 16.7 30-34
14.3 12 8.3 35
Percentage values for ADJRANK apply to all castes in that group.
** Percentage values noted in this column apply only to April, 1978 and
October, 1982 sample castes.

78
TABLE p B
ADJRANK
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
ADJRANK
ADJRANK
. (%.)
CASCODE
(April 1978
sample)
Sample Caste
. Rank
(%)
Other'
CASCODES
100.0 1 100.0
2 90.9 20',21
2 85.7 3 81.8
4 72.7 22 , 23
71.5 5 63.6 24-27
57.2 6 54.5
7 45,5 28-29
42,9 8 36.4 30 -
28.6 9 , 27.3
10 18.2
7 14.3 1 1 9.1 31

79
TABLE 5 C
ADJRANK
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
ADJRANK
ADJRANK
(%)
CASCODE
(April 1978 ,
sample)
Sample Caste
Rank
(%)
Other
CASCODES
100.0 1
2
100.0
87.5
2•,21
85.7 3 75.0
71.5 4 62.5
57.2 5 50.0
22-30
42.9 6 37.5
31
28.6 7 25.0.
32,33
14.3 12.5
34,35

80
rt.
TABLE 5 D
ADJRANK
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
. .ADJRANK
ADJRANK
(%)
CASCODE
Sample Caste
(April. 1978
Rank
sample) (%)
Other
CASCODES
100.0 1 100.0
2 88.9 20,21
85.7 3 77.8
71.5 4 66.7
57.2• 5 55.6
6 44.4
, 42.9 7 33.3 22-32
28.6 8 22.2
14.3 - 11.1 33,34

81
TABLE S E
ADJRANK
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
ADJRANK
ADJRANK
(%)
CASCODE
(April 1978
sample)
Sample Caste
Rank
(3)
Other
CASCODES
100.0 1 100.0
2 91.6
85.7 3 83.3
4 75.0
71.5 5 66.6
58.3 20-22
57.2 7 50.0
42.9 8 41.7
. -
33.3 23
28.6 10 25.0
11 16.7
14.3. 12 8.3

82
TABLE 5 F
. ADJRANK
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra.
•
•
.Y •
'ADJRANK .
ADJRANK
(0 ) .
CASCODE
(April 1978
sample)
Sample Caste
Rank
(%)
OthO' -
CASCODEs
100.0 1 100.0
2 '90.0 •
. '
85.7 3 80.0 20,21
,"
71.5 70.0
60.0
57.2 6 50.0
•
42 .9 7 40.0
8 30.0 22,23
28.6 9 20.0
14.3 10 10.0

83
'TABLE 5 G
ADJRANK
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
ADJRANK
ADJRANK
(%)
CASCODE
October
sample)
Sample Caste
1982 • . Rank
(%)
Other
GASCODEs :
100.0
1
2
100.0
88.9 20-22
85.7
3 77.8 23
71.5
4 66.7
57.2 •
5 55.6
44.4 24
42.9
33.3 25-29
28.6
8 22.2
14. 3 .
. 11.1 30-33

84
TABLES H
ADJRANK
Village H
Gabarkantha District,, Gujarat
ADJRANK
ADJRANK
(%)..
CASCODE
(October
sample)
Sample Caste
1982 Rank .
(%)
Other
',.CASCODEs
100.0 1 100.0 20-22
85.7 2 85.7
71.5 3 71.5
57.2 4 57.2 23-25
. 42.9
:5
42.9
28.6 6 28.6
14.3 7 14.3

85
TABLE 5 J
. ADJRANK
Village J NIkt,
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
ADJRANK
ADJRANK
(%)
CASCODE
Sample Caste
(October , 1982 Rank
sample) (%)
. 0010 „Y.... •
CASCQDEs r;;;
100.0 1 100.0
1 Ṿ
2 92.3
. ,..
20
, .
85.7 3 84.6
4 76.9
I..
• t.
I.
71.5 5 69.2 :
6 61.5 • '
57,2 .7 53.8
8 46.1
42.9 9 38.5
10 30.8 2'
•
28.6 11 23.1
12 15.4 24,25
14.3 13 7.7

'
86
1.
" 4.- •
TABLE 5 K
ADJRANK
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
ADJRANK
ADJRANK
(%)
CASCODE
(October 1982
sample)
• Sample Caste
. • Rank,
(96 )‘
Other
CASCODEs
.4
100.0 1 100.0
2 92.3
85.7 3 84.6
4 76.9
ti!
71.5 69.2
61.5 20
57.2 7 53.8
46.1 •21 —
42.9
. 9
38.5
10 30.8 • 22-24
28.6 11 23.1
12 15.4 25
14.3 13 7.7 26,27

87
TABLE 6 A
SAMRANK
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
April 1978
'CASCODE .
No. of
families
Range
Mean m
SAMRANK..
5.0 95.0 - 100.0 97.50
17.5 77.5 - 95.0 86.25
2.5 75.0 - 77.5 76.25
4
2.5 72.5 -. 75.0 73.75
2.5 70.0 - 72.5 71.25
2.5 67.5 - 70.0 68.75
10
11 •
•12
10
1
1
6
3
6
25.0 42.5 - 67.5 55.00
2.5 40.0 - 42.5 41.25
2.5 37.5 - 40.0 38.75
15,0 22.5 37.5 30.Q0
7.5 15.0 - 22.5 18.75
15.0 0.0 - 15.0 7.50
n s40
01 I .11 • g

88
TABLE 6B
SAMRANK
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
April 1978
CASCODE
No, of
families
'Range
Mean =
•SAMRANK.
17.5 82.5 - 100.0 91.25
•
5.0 77.5 - 82.5 80.00
2.5 75.0 - 77.5 76.25
2.5 72.5 - 75.0 73.75
6
6
5
15.0 57.5 - 72.5 65.00
15.0 ' 42.5 - 57.5 50.00
12.5 30.0 - 42.5 36.25
10.0 20.0 - 30.0 25.00
2.5 17.5' 20.0 • 18.75
2.5 15.0 - 17.5 16.25
15.0 0.0 - 15.0 7.50
40 :

89
TABLE 6 C
SAMRANK
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
April 1978
CASCODE
No. of
families
•Range
Mean =
SAMRANK
.
• .
22 55.0 • 45.0 - 100'.0 72.50
2 , •5.0 40.0 -• 45.0 ' 42.50
1 2.5 37.5 - 40.0 38.75
1 2.5 35.0 - 37.5 36.25
9 22.5 12.5.- 35.0 23.75
1 2.5 10.0 -' 12 ..5 11.25
3 7:5 2.5 - .10.0 5.00
1 2.5. 0.0 - .2.5 1.25
40
* Castes 7 and 8 in this village were originally ranked together on the
basis:of the investigator's information. In this revision of the , '
original (1980) SAMRANK calculations, they have been separated in
order to maintain the same procedure throughout. New or revised
calculations due to this change appear in CASCODE lines 6-8.

90
TABLE 6 D .
EMBANK
Village D
Akola District, Maharashtra
April 1978
r 2 .7 :
-ASCODE
No
families
of
Range
• Mein %fa
SAMRANK
19
2
2
48.7 51.3 - 100.0 75.65
5.1 46.2 - 51.3 48.75
5.1 41.1 - 46.2 43.65
7.7 33.4 - .
41.1 37.25
2.6 30.8 - 33.4 32.10
2.6 28.2 - 30.8 29.50
7
8
9 2
20.5 7.7 - 28.2 17.95
2.6 5.1 - 7.7 6.40
5.1 0.0 - 5.1 2.55 .
* At the time individual caste ranks were identified for the Village D
sample, one household had dropped out of the study and was yet to be
replaced.
4'

91
TABLE 6 E
SAMRANK
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
April 1978
CASCODE
No. of ,
families
17.5 82.S
Range,
• Mean
SAMRANK
. ,
91.25 ,
2.5 80.0 - 82.5 .81.25
3
7.5 72.5 - 80.0 76.25
14 35.0 37.5 - 72.5 SS.00
1 2.5 35.0 - 37,5 36.25
1 2.5 32.5 - 35.0 33.75
1 30.0 - 32.5 31.25
2 5.0 * 25.0 - 30.0 27.50
1 2.5 22.5 - 25.0 23.75
:
1 2.5 20.0 - 22.5 21.25
7 17.5 2.5 - 20.0 11.25
1 2.5 0.0 - 2.5 1.25

92
•
A4n 'I
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra
April 1978
.CAS CODE
No of
families
Range
Moan •
SAMRANK
2 5.0 95.0 - 100.0 97.50
11 27.5 67.5 - 95.0 81.25
2 5.0 62.5 - 67.5 65.00
2 5.0 57.5.- 62.5 60.00
17.5 40.0 - 57.5 48.75
20.0 20.0 - 40.0 30.00
5.0 15.0 - 20.0 17.50
5.0 10.0 - 15.0 12.50
3 7.5 2.5 - 10.0 6.25
2.5 0.0 - 2.5 1.25".

93
TABLE 6 G
SAMRANK
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
October 1982
CASCODE
No. of
families
% Range .
Mean ='.
SAMRANK
8, 20.0 80.0 - 100.0
2 13 32.5 47.5 - 80.0
3 7 17.5 30.0 - 47.5
4 1 2.5 27.5.- 30.0
5 . 2 5.0 22.5 - 27.5
3 7.5 15.0 - 22.5
1 2.5. 12.5 - 15.0
3 7.5 5.0'- 12.5
2 5.0 0.0 - 5.0
90.00
63.75
38.75
28.75
25.00
18.75
13.75
8.75
2.50 •
= 40

94
TABLE 6 IL
SAMRANK
Village ii
Sabarkantha District, Gufarat
October 1982
CSSCODE. '
No . of
families
•Range
Mein =
SAMRANK
14 . 35.0 65.0 100.0 82.51.7
1 2.5 62.5 - 65.0 63.75
1 2.5 60.0 62.5 61.25
5.0 55.0 - 60.0 57.30
2.5 52.5 - 55.0 53.75
20 50.0 2,5 - 52.5 27.50
1 2.5 0.0 - 2.5 1.25
40

96
TABLE 6 K
• SAMRANK
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Octpher 1982.
„.‘
CASCODE
No. of
families
Range
Mean ••
SAMRANK
4
21
10.0 90.0 - 100.0 95.00
52.5 37.5 - 90.0 63.75
2.5 35.0 - 37.5 36.25
1
2.5 32.5 - 35.0 33.75
2.5 30.0 - 32.5 31.25
6 '
5.0 25.0 - 30.0 27.50
7
2.5 22.5 - 25.0 23.75
5.0 17.5 - 22.5 20.00
a
2.5 15.0 - 17.5 16.25
:10
12
13
2.5 12.5 - 15.0 13.75
5.0 7.5 - 12.5 10.00
5.0 -2.5 - 7.5 5.00
2.5 .0.0 - 2.5 1'.25
•
n =40

97
•TABLE.? A
VILRANK
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Tradesh
ADJRANK -
No. of
households
1979*
• Range
Mean =
VILRANK
68 •
12.71
87.29 - 100.0 93.65
30 5.61 81.68 - 87.29 84.49
40 7.48 74.20 - 81.68 77.94
4 125 23.36 50.84 -. 74.20 62.52
5 64 11.96 38.88 - 50.84 44.86
6 124 23.18 15.70 - 38.88 27.29
7 84 15.70 0.00 - 15.70 7.85
n 1 = 535
* The 1979 recensus has been used in the case of Village A in order to
have data identifying the separate castes which make up ADJRANK nos. 6
and 7.. driginal censuses are used for the other villages in this
series of tables.

98
TABLE 7 B
VILRANK
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
ADJRANK
No. of
households
1975
Range
Mean =
VILRANK
1 s3• 16.46 83.54 - 100.0 91.77
2 8 2.48 81.06 - 83.54 82.30
3 49 15.22 65.84 81.06 73.45
4 115 35.71 30.13 - 65.84 47.99
5 37 11.49 18.64 - 30.13 '24.39
6 10 3.11 15.53 - 18.64 17.09
7 50 15.53 0.00 - 15.53 7.77
= 322

2
99
TABLE 7 C
VILRANK
Villige C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
ADJRANK
No. of
households
1975
Range
Mean
VILRANK
151
4
50.84 49,15 - 100.00 74.58
1.35 47.80 - 49.15 48.48
6
76
17
23
0.67 47.13 - 47.80 47.47
25.59 21.54 - 47.13 34.34
5.72 15.82 , - 21.54 18.68
7.74 8.08 - 15.82 11.95
24
8.08 0.00 . -
8.08 4.04
297

100
TABLE 7 D
V I LRANK
. ... .
Village .D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
178 48.08 57.92 - 100.0 78.96 •
18 4.26 53.66 - 57.92 55.79
38 8.98 44.68 - 53.66 49.17
7 1.65 43.03 - 44.68 43.86
118 27.90 15.13 - 43.03 29.08
8 1.89 13.24 - 15.13 14.19
56 13.24 0.00 - 13.24 6.62
= • 423

'01130,4 0
•
101
TABLE7 E
VILRANK
Village E
Akola District,'Maharashtra
ADJRANK •
-No.'of
houieholds
1975•
• Range
Mean is
VILRANK
1 35 20.71 79.27 - 100.00 89.64
2 67 39.64 39.63 - 79.27 S9.45
3 20 11.83 27.80 - 39.63 33.72
4 1 0.59 27.21 - 27.80 27.50
5 8 4.73 22.48 - 27.21 24.85
6 I 33 19.53 2.96 - 22.48 12.72
7 5 2.99 0:00 - 2.96 1.48
169

102
TABLE 7 F
VILRANK
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra
ADJRANK
No. - , of
households
19 75
Range
Mean =
VILRANK
1 46 31.94 68.06 - 100.00 84.03
2 7 4.86 63.20 - 68.06 65.63
3 16 11.11 52.09 - 63.20• 57.65
4 26 18.06 34.03 - 52.09 43.06
5 32 22.22' 11.81 - 34.03 22.92
6 8 5.56 6.25 - 11.81 9.03
7 9 6.25 0.00 - 6.25 3.13
= 144

103
TABLE 7G
VILRANK
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
No. of
ADJRANK households Range
1980
Mean *
VILRANK
93 52.25 47.75 - 100.00 73.88
2
3
28 15.73 32.02 - 47.75 39.89
6 3.37 28.65 - 32.02 30.34
13 7.30 21.35 - 28.65 25.00
10 5.62 15.73 - 21.35 18.54
10 5.62 10.11 15.73 12.92
18 10.11 0.00 - 10.11 5.05
178

104
TABLE 7 H
VILRANK
Village H
Sabarkentha District; Gujarat
,
NO. of
. API 44:14 0h01!4
P59
% Range
Mean =
VILRANK .
.1 ? 09 58.93 7 1416'.(4); 79.47
1 0.78 58.15 - 58.93 58.54
3 2.33 55.82 - 58.15 56.99
10 7.75 48.07 - 55.82 51.95
1 0.78 47.29 - 48.07 47.68
60 46.51 0.78 - 47.29 24.04
0.78 0.00 - 0.78 0.39
129
... . . •. • + 1

105
TABLE 7J
VILRANK
Village J.
Raison District, Madhya Pradesh
ADJRANK
No. of
households
1981
Range'
Mean is
VILRANIC.
37
22
7
7
12
22
1 •
34.26 65.74 - 160.00 82.87
20.37 45.37 - 455.74 55.56
6.48 38.89 - 15.37 42.13
6.48 32.41 - 38,89 35.65
11.11 21.30 -132.41
i
26.86
20.37 0.93 -1 21.30 11.12
0.93 0.00 - 0.93 0.47
V.
i
n = 108

106
TABLE 7.K
VILRANK
Village K
Baisen District, Madhya Pradesh
r.
i(?)
ADJRANK
No. of
households
1981
Range
Moan ci
VILRANK
94 54.65 45.35 100.00 72.68
2
12 6.98 38.37 - 45.35 41.86
13 7.56 30.81 38.37 34.59
9 5. 3 25.58 30.81 x8.20
17 9.813 15.70 25.58 20.64
18 10.47 5.23 15.70 10.47
9 5.23 0.00 5.23 2.62

107 7L:
TABLE
S
. CONRANK for Sample CASCODES
Date
April 1978
Village
CONRANK
2. 3
Sample CASC,ODEs.
,1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12
4-6 7-9
3,4 5
1,2
3-5 '6,7
8,9
E
3-5 6-8
9-12
11 F
3-5 6-8•
9,10
October 1982
1,2
3,4 5.4
8,9
1
2-4 5,6
7
J
1,2
3-5 6-10
11-13
1,2
3-5 6-11
12,13

108
TABLE 9 .
CONRANK for Additional CASCODEs
Village
CONRANK
2 3
Additional CASCODEs
20 -22 23 -
25
•20-22 23-27
20.21,
20,21 22
20-21
20,21
20-22 23 .
26-29 30-35
28-30 . 34
4-30 31-35
22-32 33,34
22 •: 23
A2,23:•
24-29 30-33
20-22 23-25
20
21-23 24,25
20-24 25-27

109
v.
'TABLE 10
Number of Sample Caste Households by ADJRANK
Date
Village
ADJRANK
2 3 4 S 7
April 1978
9 2 2 10 6
9 11 4 2 6
24 1 1 9 1 3 1
21 2 3 2- 8 1 2
.E. 8 17 2 1 3 8 1
F 13 2 9 G 4 3 1
October 1982
G 21 7 1 :5 :3
14 1 1 2 1 '20 1
J 10 10 12 1
11
K 25 2 4
.Totals 154 46 . 30 53 29 65 22