Slug Catchers in Natural Gas Production - NTNU

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Karam – Slug Catchers in Natural Gas Production Figure 19: The digitized elevation profile of the Ormen Lange flowline in HYSYS ............................ 49 Figure 20: The slug tool results showing the position, length, frequency and velocity of slugs along with different flow regimes in the Ormen Lange pipeline. ................................................... 49 Figure 21: The elevation profile of the Snøhvit flowline (Christiansen, 2012) ..................................... 50 Figure 22: The digitized elevation profile of the Snøhvit field as it is implemented in HYSYS .......... 50 Figure 23: The elevation profile of the Troll flowline. H=-350 m and L=67 km (Albrechtsen & Sletfjerding, 2003) .................................................................................................................. 51 Page viii of viii
Karam – Slug Catchers in Natural Gas Production CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Natural gas reserves around the world have shown a remarkable increase. As the population around the world is growing, especially in underdeveloped countries, the oil/gas industry is forced to find some additional sources of energy besides oil. Thus, researches for new fields and new alternatives were carried on and intensified. Due to that, the approved reserves of natural gas, according to BP’s statistical energy review 2011, have increased from 106.86 trillion cubic meters in 1987 to 208.4 trillion cubic meters in 2011. At the end of 2011, the world’s natural gas production, which is showing an increasing trend, accounts for 3276.2 billion cubic meters. Natural gas is essential and accounts for a great portion of the world’s energy supply. It constitutes up to 24% of the worldwide supply of energy. It is currently used for electricity and power sectors which feed, in turn, both residential and commercial sectors. The industrial sector and transportation are both using natural gas for energy supply. It is considered as the cleanest source of energy implemented at the present time in the industry, thus making the usage of it more popular. Its ability to produce a large deal of energy with the least emission possible made of natural gas a highly demanded energy source especially with the increasing environmental concerns. The production of natural gas presents many challenges among which the transport of gas from the templates up to the receiving facilities stand out. Many of the receiving terminals do not receive only natural gas in the pipelines: gas is often associated with condensed hydrocarbons and condensed water. Both the condensate and the water tend to form slugs in the pipelines leading to blocked pipes and to irregular arrival to terminals with large volume rates. These rates cannot be handled by the facilities without the presence of some buffer volumes known as slug catchers. Slug catchers have been used in many of the receiving facilities in Norway. Troll, Heidrun, Ormen Lange and Snøhvit are four different fields offshore Norway. The first three lie in the Norwegian Sea whereas the last one is located in the Barents Sea. The four different fields are linked to the receiving facilities through subsea pipelines. Slug catchers are the first facilities receiving the flow from the pipelines. In order to determine the size of the slug catcher, the approximate volumes assumed to be forming in the pipelines have to be estimated. To do so, HYSYS has been used to implement some simulations, estimate the continuous amount of gas, condensate and liquid water and then discuss the Page 1 of 56
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Slug Catchers in Natural Gas Production - NTNU

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