paraffin wax deposition and fouling

1 

ci 0 

Ilc (i) 

s_ri P4 

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cr p :pi 

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o (1) 

li) !.(DCIS 00) 

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P 0 1.4 ccl c 

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F1 

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0 ci) 

ci

giving rise to random fluctuations. Deposition was shown to decrease 

asymptotically to a cri;ical value and then break down to build ur again, 

mental studies using solutions of paraffin wax in kerosene fiowin over 

cooled surfaces. t was found that paraffin wax deposits build u 

rate, temuerature, composition and time. This was confirmed by experi— 

The literature revealed that paraffin deposition denenuod on flow— 

planes of weakness close to the deposition wall. 

down and removal of deposits was probably caused by the formation of 

the boundary layer suspension and at the deposition surface. The break— 

f3ulig is conroed by he cohesive properties of wax partices in 

:t is suggested that the mechanism of paraffin wax deposi:ion and 

a boundary layer suspension of wax particles in kerosene. 

tion wall, at or below the solution solidification limit, there existed 

interface inside the boundary layer. From the interface to the deposi 

paraffin wax crystals came out of solution at a solubility temperature 

For the experimental conditions adopted it was calculated that 

with fiowrate and temperature but increase with concentration. 

cI1r’’r’) TC’

ACKC’bJLED3E.:ENTS 

should like to thank the following: 

Professor J.. flavies for allowing me 

to make use of the research 

facilities of the Department of Chemical Engineering. 

Dr. T. Reg Bott for his able supervision and support. 

Mr. Tom Steel, Mr. John Clark, Mr. Dave Hepell and other members 

of the departmental workshops, without whose help none of the apparatus 

used would ever have beer constructed. 

The Atomic Energy Research Establishment for the provision of a 

studentship and the Science Research Council for providing funds ;o 

build the apparatus. 

Mrs. Audrey Tanner for her patient trping.

2.1 :nti-oduction 4 

2. A iiv:u OF v:ous WO ON PAFFIN DESITI0N 4 

1.4 Approach of Thesis 3 

1.2 Effect of FoulinG 1 

1.3 Tyoes o± FoulIng 2 

1 1 FoulinLc in General 1 

1. INTRO IiUCTION 

L) Dscusscr. 

r..),p Star;u- o: Test Sections 

4.5.2 Startup o± Oircu.ation System 

--.5.1 :nodction 

4.5 Exuerimental Procedure 34 

4.4 cDerlmenta. Soluton 34 

4.5.5 Safety System 52 

:nstruntation 32 

33 The Test Sections 31 

Lr 

4.3.2 The Circulation System 30 

—.3.1 ntrod:ccion 50 

1+3 erimental Aparatus 30 

.2 Coiifications of Aparatus 29 

4.1 :roduction 29 

4. STiY G BY SOTiO\S O. PARhFi WAX IN KROS 29 

3.5 rermen;al ::ethod 27 

3.2 Eerimen;a System 26 

Results and Discussion 27 

3.5 Con&usions 28 

3i :ntroduction 26 

3. BAOXGRQLND TO o:- ?RESNT STJDIES 26 

2.4 Summary 23 

2.3.- Surface Properties 18 

2.3.2 Temperatures 12 

2.5.3 :± 16 

2.3.5 Additives 22 

2p. FZo’..rate 9 

2.3 Factors Affecting Paraffin Deposition 9 

2.2.2 Crys;aiiisation 5 

2.2.3 Sofoility 7 

2.2.4 Rheological Properties 8 

2.2 Paraffin iax and Solutions 4 

2,2.1 Petroleum waxes 5 

CQTENTS

46 iixperimental Results 

461 IntroJuction 36 

Lf.6.2 Testing of Apparatus 37 

4.6.3 Results 37 

4.6.4 A Single Test Section Result 38 

4.y Discussion 33 

4.8 Conclusions 40 

5. A STUDY OF PARAFN WAX DESITI0N 41 

5.1 Introduction 41 

5.2 Experimental Apparatus 41 

5.2.1 Introduction 41 

5.2.2 The Circulation Systems 42 

5.23 Deposition Assembly 43 

5.2.4 Instrumentation 44 

5.3 Experimental Solutions 45 

5.4 Experimental ?rocedures 45 

5.4.1 introduction 

.4.2 Startup 

5.4. Procedure During Experiments if7 

5.4.4 Determination of Derosited Wax 47 

5.5 Exoerimental Results L9 

5.5.1 Introduction 

5.5.2 Main Results 50 

5.5.3 ffect of Flowrate 50 

5.6 Discussion 

5.6.1 Comments on Results 50 

5.6.2 Comrarabiiity o± Results 51 

5.6.3 Recommendations 53 

5,7 Conclusions 

6. ANAI,YSS OP FOULING DATA USING TEMPERATURE PROFES 

6.1 Introduction 

6.2 Application to Previous Results 

6.2.1 Introduction 55 

6.2.2 Method of naysis 55 

6.2.3 Different Reynolds Numbers 

6.2.4 Different Concentrations 59 

emperatu:e Pro:i.es Szuy 

Discussion 

Conc.sons 

F.

7. GENIL DiSCU2ION 63 

7.1 Introduction 63 

7.2 General Caaracterjstjcs of Derosition 63 

7.5 Behaviour of \Iax in Boundary Layers 64 

7.4 Buildu of Deposits 64 

75 Roova1 of Deposits 66 

7.6 Random :‘luctuations 68 

7,7 Other Ccnsidcrations 69 

?.d Mechanism o .Depos;ion 69 

7.9 Conclusions 71 

8 RECONDATOcS 72 

9. CONCLUSIONS 75 

WJMENCLATURE 74 

RBRNCRS 73

APPNNDICES 

1. PHYSICal PRSPHTIES Oi.’ PAiAFFIN WAX IN KEROSENE SOLUTIONS 

.1 Introduction Al 

Al ..2 Solubility [.2 

Al.3 Viscosity [.3 

Specific Gravity [.4 

[.9.5 Socific Heat [.Lf 

[.9.6 Thermal Conductivity [.5 

[.9.7 Discussion 

A1f 

2. CCHP 1.RISON CF THEORETICAL EifIRICAL AND EXPERIMENTal[.10 

SOLITY OF PARAFFIN WAX IN KEROSENE 

3. :NSTRUEENT CalIBRATIONS FOR THE FOULING STUDIES APPARATUS [.14 

[.3.9 Th;roduc;ion 

[.5.2 Pressure Transducer Calibration 

[.5.3 Calibraicn of Orifice 2eters [.14 

4. THE os’x TU3EX AND :s EXPER:XENTA: RESULTS OF THE 19 

FCU::NG STDThS 

5. CalBRATIQN CF ORIFICE EE:ER5 AND THERMISTORS USED IN THE [.20 

::PcS:T:cx STUDIES APPARATUS 

[.5.1 Orifice Meters 

[.5.2 Thermistors 

6. cERILINTal RESULTS OF THE DE2OS:T:ON STUDIES 

7. BOUNDARY YER TREORY USED IN THE CALCULATION OF ERATURE 

PROFI2S IN JR3UlET PIPE FIDW 

[.7.9 Basic çuaions [.53 

[.72 Expressicas for Eddy Diffusivity [.5-- 

[.7.3 Dimensicnless cua;ions [.35 

[.7.4 Velocity Distribution jf FlUid Properties 

are Constant 

[.7.5 Teraure Dstriouton if uid ProDer1es 

are Constant 

[.7.6 Velocity and Temperature Distribution with [.37 

Variable Viscosity 

P r-: D’’ )‘ ‘ - ‘—m --r-i- ‘ — rn- ‘--r1- 

c). .—‘.---‘ — _;__-__ -. — —.--- 4J .- 

r.troauctzon 

-2 .2 Su orou ines 

3.2.9 Data 

:.3.2.2 Friction Factor 

Calcalatica of Physical Proerties 

• [.3.24 Calculated Characteristics of System 

[.3.2.5 Dalculatica cf Dimensionless Velocity 

[.3 2.6 Calculation of Dimensionless Temperature 

AC .- 

-. — 

:rm.: Use 

[.3.5 Cc:.::utcr Ccu:.aticns

NOIJ 1DflaoLNI —

the major unresolved problem in heat transfer 

8. In spite of 

increases capital and operating costs of transfer equipment. 

transfer surfaces. It reduces heat transfer coefficients and 

ouling is tne deositon of undesirable substances on heat 

1.1 Foulinç in General 

Though being well known, fouling is poorly understood and remains 

1. ITP3DUCTlON 

ing resistances and are caiie fouling factors anc are casea 

are obtained from design correlations but R (tube wail) from the 

specified. The resistances R. (inside tube) and (outside tube) 

shut down and cleaning costs. 

Operating costs result from increased pressure drops and excessive 

Capital costs of transfer equipment increase due to fouling 

in industry make most fouling situations unique, rendering 

coefficients. The vast range of process streams and conditions 

—1— 

advances in heat transfer in the past decades, fouling continues 

to negate any improved methods of evaluating heat transfer 

comprehensive understanding difficult. 

1.2 Effeccs of ‘ouling 

be cause extra heat transfer area is required for the same duty. 

The heat transfer area of an exchanger can be determined from 

a relation of the form: 

A = -4’ (R. + R + R + . + i ) ..... (.2) 

1 0 w 

The transfer rate and mean temerature difference T are usually 

m 

therma conauc;vzty o± tuce material and its thic.mess. The Iou— 

on previous ererience. They are the designers safety factors 

amc 

•. (i) 

account zor :oL.ing ama rougnness o transzer suraces . 

The extra surface area required, due to fouling can be quite 

tme aesn oz excman;ers’ This area mas ocen

in fire 1.1. Using the recommended 

calculated for a typical water/water heat exchanger and is shown 

8 fouling factors the 

required heat transfer area increases by 100 per cent, showing 

generation, desalination and the oil and chemical industries. 

1.3 Tyes of Fouling 

Fouling has mainly been studied in water cooling, steam 

clearly the impairment caused by fouling. 

surfaces by an eva’3orating fluid. Occurs in steam generatic:. 

(5) 3oiling and evarora;ion fouling, where solids are left on 

deosit out and adhere to transfer surfaces. 

(4) Particulate fouling, where particles suspended in fluids 

temperatures. 

hydrocarbons polymerize or decompose due to excessive 

a product that deposits on transfer surfaces. Common ere 

(3) Chemical reaction fouling, where a substance reacts to form 

water and waxes in hydrocarbon solvents. 

due to heating or cooling. Commonly inorganic salts in 

(2) Solubility fouling, where a substance comes out of solution 

ing forms. 

on transfer surfaces, promoting and influencing other fcul— 

(1) Corrosic:. fouling, where a heat resistant layer is roduced 

to divide the main fouling types into the foilowi±ig six groups: 

contain fouiants arising from several sources, it is convenient 

Although it should be appreciated that most real deposits 

include geothermal silica scaling. 

both organic, inorganic and biological. Other fouling problems 

other industries deposition and fouling substances are numerous, 

and erosion product such as magnetite, causes difficulties. ifl 

inorganic salts are troublesome and in steam generation a corrosion 

ifl cooling water systems and desalination inverse solubility 

—2—

and time, fouling factors are usually published independently 

surfaces. 

rrocess variables such as velocity, temperature, concentration 

Though being recognised that fouling depends on the various 

1.4 Auproach of Thesis 

as crud” deposits, for example. 

(6) Biological fouling where some form of life grows on transfer 

:urtner paraf:n wax aeosition and fouling. 

tne recent wor carried ou at Brmzngnam Lr.lverslty to stucy 

:uctuatec. ac.u; an n:tal vajue. The present tness cescrices 

asyartotic au’roacn anc. tne neat transzer resistance unexpec;em_y 

not show the expected time dependence. There was no apparent 

The model system studied, paraffin wax in kerosene, however, did 

fouling at different flowrates, concentrations and temperatures. 

heat exchangers was concerned with the time characteristics of 

The early work(1) at Birmingham University into fouling of 

performances. 

for predicting economic cleaning cycles and transient thermal 

with time. This time deendence makes fouling studies imrortant 

fouling resistances of most exchangers increase asymptotically 

between, for examle, the amount deposited and velocity, the 

Tnile many types of fouling show different relationships 

material balance 

and are usually based on a general deposition and removal 

are almost as numerous as the fouling situations studied(1 9) 

constructing, largely empirical, fouling models. These models 

concerned with isolating the effects of different variables and 

of these variables. Research into fouling has therefore been 

—3—

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sur:ace ilowines and otner proauction equirment - The doposits 

consist mainiy of n—paraffins with smaller amounts of branched and 

cyclic para tns ana aromattcs 

(ia) 

(10.11) 

formation of any predominantly organic matter in oiiwell tubing, 

ifl the oil industry paraffin deposition is referred to a the 


2. A iJvZf 0 fJi0U CI ON ?fJAFE’iN OEra)SlT:C 

ra:aff:n teuDsIonco. ,_ne a::.c;n: 0: raraf:in founc. In cruac tt_ cat 

The c_out rctn; of a sc_uton s a control_tog factor to 

congealing coin; refers to re;roeum waxes. 

‘;.riereas toe acc’e tests a:ly to rara::tn anen re:roeum oI_s, 

:or exac;y 5 secoocs. .ne arparatus cor toe two tests s toe sane. 

snows no c.Dver.ieot woer. he test car :s nc_n n a ncrzon;a_ rcsttton 

whch toe o_, suocectec. to cooiing unner rrescricea conantons, 

given cy toe staaara metooc. is c.e:tnen as toat emrerature a: 

- 

LOi 

( -, 

under prescribed conditions. The rour toint of petroleum oils as 

crys;a_s appears at toe cottom o: a test ar woen toe 16 coo_cc. 

method’ is defined as that temperature at which a cloud of wax 

The cloud point of petroleum oils, as given by the standard 

2.2 Paraffin Thx and Solutions 

deposition. 

racers have arpeared dealing with specific aspects of raraffin 

of the problem is from 1932 . In the last 15—20 years several 

tion, is from 1955’ and prior to that the most thorough e::amination 

The latest cootrehensive review available on paraffin derosi 

making it relevant ;o heat transfer and processing conditions. 

however, iscusses the various factors affecting paraffin deucsi;ioo, 

fow:nes uncer laminar fow conditions. Some of the literature. 

ann toe JS.SJ. t dea±s primarily with paraffin deposition in 

The literature on paraffin deposition is mainly from the u.S.A. 

—4—

—5— 

vary from less than 1 per cent to more than 30 per denonstrat— 

ing clearly the range of problems encountered. 

2.2.1 Petroleum 

a:es 

The 

technology and Properties of petroleum waxes have been 

reviewed extensively in several references 

- 

V 

Petroleum waxes can in general be divided into paraffin and 

microcrystalline waxes. 

Paraffin waxes are obtained from 

distills 

:ion of petroleum at 

300—460°c and microcrystalline waves at higher temperatures. 

Paraffin 

waxes are available in various stages of refinement like siack wax, 

yellow crude scale, white crude scale or semi refined wax and then 

fully refined wax. 

Paraffin waxes consist mainly of normal :Darafns 

015 to C with small proportions of branched paraffins and have 

meting potnts from 

0 

-, o_, 

to 70 L. 

Microcrystalline waxes are seldom available with the same 10; 

range of oil contents as refined paraffin waxes. 

They are apt to 

deposit from waxy crudes during production (rod waxes), transror;ation 

(ripeline waxes) and storage (tank bottom waxes). 

Microcrystalline 

waxes contain higher proportions of branched paraffins than raraffin 

waxes, together with long side chains which interfere with the growth 

of large crystals. 

Microcrystalline waxes have melting points from 

60 to 90°C. 

2.2.2 Crystallization 

Rnones et 

a 

(20) 

ootainea two 

tyes o 

paraf:zn wax crysta_s, 

needles and plates, the relative amounts of which are determined by 

the conditions under whi-ch 

crystallization is effected. 

:ere 

was 

no indication chat the two crystal tymes represented different 

alle;rcric modifications of paraffin wax so they were consincrei as 

b.:o cr:rct hallcs of the saae solid phase. 

:t 

.cur-. chat 

neec_es are no; ;rce snag_c cr:s;a±s but are comorasea o_ 

OIca. 

aggregates 

ormea by the curling of the 

rates.

—6— 

Gruse and Stc•vens 8 stated that paraffin wax will form olates 

or needles deuenciing on what impurities are adsorbed on the crystal 

suri’acas The existence of solid crystal transitions at temporaures 

below the melting roint has been established, giving rise to hexa 

gonal or orthorhombic plates depending on at what temperature the 

crystallization occurs. 

(21‘ 

Holder and Winkler 

studied wax crystallization from 

distillate fuels. 

They stated that paraffin wax crystals have t:e 

arpearance oz very thin diamond shaped plates consisting of layers 

of n—paraffins stacked side by side parallel with the longer axis of 

the crystal. 

It was suggested that the crystal needles reported by 

otner worcers mgat gust cc rates, seen engewise. 

The raraffin wax 

crystals were considered not to be made up 0f discrete terraces, but 

grow via dislocations to consist of extremely shailow solid sairals. 

The size and number of wax crystals formed in solutions depend 

on the rate of cooling. 

Tronov(22) stated that a high rate of cooling 

favoured the formation 0f a large number of small crystals. afikov 

(a—) ‘ 

et al 

studying paraffin based petroleums, observed that on rapid 

cooling many centres of crystallization arise, which lead to the 

formation of fine crystals with highly developed surface areas. 

Since the crystallization process has a non—ecuiThbrium nature, the 

crystals which are formed have irregular shapes and incomplete angles, 

and possess an elevated surface tension. Or. slow cooling afikov et al 

observed that the crystallization process occurs under more ‘n:iL’crm 

conditons, as a resu..t of waica iarge, more un:orrmy :oacea crysua..s 

are formed, which possess a reat1vey smaJ sectfic sur:ace area ann 

free energy. 

Paraffin crystais formed unner s_ow coc_ng were ocserven 

to nave _ess ;ennency to form sovatem systems ana strong struc:ura_ 

networks, than crystals formed under rand cooling. 

Surface active comuonents such as resins and. asmha;enes can 

have an a;precaac_e e::ect on ;ie nature o: nara:::n crysta._:zation,

2.2.3 Solubility 

refined paraffin waxes in petroleum fractions. The waxes used had 

thus reduce the surface tonsion whida moans that tho system is loss 

Berne-Allen and Work 

likely to form strong structural network. 

that resins and nsphaltcnos are adsorbed on paraffin crystals and. 

1 did extensive work on solubility of 

loading to the deproesion of the pour point. llafikov at al stated 

carbon sclvants includins crude oil, could be ccL.clated aatisac;cri:j. 

heat of fascn of the wax. Nathan found that solubiIites n hydro— 

tore x is the zale fraction, 2r the as constant and &, the latent 

- s1: - 

.:.n x = — — ..... 2.2.5.2, 

the ideal solubilty relation 

petroletm rod waxes and had nelting points from 76 to 92°C. Zsins 

weijht waxes in a number of solvents. Zae waxes were obtained from 

26) stu&ied the solubility of purified high zolecular 

tozorap2 of the above equation. 

values was found to be about 5 oer cent. Davis has presented a 

point. e avera;e deviation of calculated values fran experir.ettal 

ten the solution temperature 2 is within 10°C of the wax melting 

from 60 to 300°C for wax melting points Cc 

3,) from 45 to 7C°C and 

of solvent. Vhis equation holds good for solvent bo±ling points (. 

ae concentration is expressed as rams of wax dissolved in ‘100 ml 

(2.2.3.., 

aS 

c = [1120 — 2.97 I.1357 

points of waxes and average boiling points of solvents. 

developed to express paraffin wax solubility in terms of melting 

solubilities in the various petroleum fractions. A relation was 

The cloud point method was employed to determine the paraffin wax 

basically normal hydrocarbons with boiling points from ‘150 to 490°C. 

melting points from 50 to 65°C and the petroleum fractions used wore 

-7—

study cloud and pour point Dhenomena in solutions o± binary n-paraffin 

I:olaer and ier(21) used the ideal solubility relation to 

relation was found not to apply to chlorinated and oxygenated solvents. 

point is about 1000 below the melting point. The ideal solubitty 

caroon numbers. i’or waxes with 30 carbon atoms the transition 

than 45 carbon atoms but its validity gradually decreases for lower 

tem-ocrature were ecual. This assunrotion is true for waxes with more 

It was assumed that the transition temperature and the aeltin point 

otartea .-nen tne snear rate, exressea as au/uy, :.‘iS . 0 .3 ), 

Its VIecoSity was )p cP. avIes snowea that non—)ewtonan eenavtcur 

o rara:::ns. ,.nen ne f C nettng po:nt :oara::n ‘,-.as £(eDt at ; , 

-- lID 

-, - “- - . 

av:es usea n—uooosane to stuny tne e::ect o: s:.ear rate 

- 

27) . 

forces the solution assumes the properties of a Newtonian fluid. 

louna tnau wnen a crys;a structure is comretey orocen &own ty sa ear 

about the rour point, depending on the rate of cooling. Raiikov et a 

when the paraffin crystals form three—dimensional structures at or 

such systems assume the prorerties of a plastic solid. This hapens 

based petroleurns. They stated that at certain specific temperatures 

Rafikov et ai(2 studied the rheological properties of raraffin 

2.2.4 Rheolo4cal Procerties 

rate. 

shows the cloud point of a typical solution as a function of cooling 

depeis on the cooling rate of the soiution°. Fire 2.2.3. 

The solubility of petroleum waxes in hydrocarbon solvents 

independent crystallization predominated. 

difference in molecular weight between the two n—oaraffins increased, 

from soution both independently and as solid solutions. .s the 

is not an ideal solvent. t was found that the waxes crys:aisei 

coulo. exceen exoerimen;ai values by a factor of 2, since the gas oil 

028 

waxes. They found that calculated cloud and pour point values 

blends in a dewaxed gas oil. The waxes used were high purity C to 

—8—

-.9— 

whica is well novc conditions existing in tubes and pipes carr’fint 

Para’fin waxco dissolved in hy:ccarbon solvents. 

t has been found that in laminar flow small particles carL 

migrate across 

th 

planes of shear. 

In turbulent pipe flow a particle 

placed in the laminar boundary layer will therefore move away from 

the wall to settle at the limit of the boundary(2S 

It has in fact 

been shon by a laser—doppler anemometer that there is a ccncerLtra— 

tion gradient set up within a laminar susrension boundary 

ayer(29). 

d particle iiich has sufficient momentum to enter the boundary layer 

may therefore exacrience difficulty in let alone adhering to the wall. 

2.3 Factors ffectin,g Paraffin Deposition 

The 

first 

attempts to evaluate the raraffin derosition rrobem 

1nvovea the exam:naton of cruc.es sy use of vascosaty—temnerature 

curves and chromatography. 

More recently important factors 

effect 

ing paraffin decosition have been identified, such as surface pro-Der— 

ties ann ancitaves. 

2.3. 

F.owrate 

essen ann 

3 

owen 

stuacen tne ef:ect of 

ioxate 

on 

ra:in 

derosition in stee:. and rlas;ic coated steel pipes; their arparatus 

consisted of 0.75 inch :Dipe 5 

ft. 

long submerged in a cold water bath. 

From a 30 gallon reservoir, in a hot water bath, microcrystalline wax 

in keroser.e solutions and several crude OilS were circulaten far acout 

3 hours. 

: 

all the runs tac solution bulk temperature was kant below 

its 

cloud roint. 

The wax derosited was removed mechanically from the 

pire which was then washed wita normal penoane. The amount of wax 

aeposat was tner. cetermarn cy separatIon :rom tne pencame in a 

centrifuge. 

The main conclusion of the ‘‘ork was that in laminar flow. 

dprosition increasea with flowrate, reacn:n; a maximum rrnor to tranaa— 

tion to turbuenn Z.ow ama ;nen decreasin: with increasin turbulence. 

The 

increase in arosi:ion, in laminar flow, with increased 

florate,

- - 

‘.ac a-Dlai-ieci in terms of more particles being carries by the moving 

s;rea:, orovic ng a greater cpoortunity for deoosition on the oioe 

surface. 

urtheranre, viscous drag exerted by the stream tends to 

reaove the accumulation and, at high velocities, becomes ecua 

to or 

may exceed the shear stresses within the deposited paraffin and 

iteraiy 

tear tne paraf fan de230sit apart. 

Paraffin derosied at 

hia 

flowrates was observed to be 

considerably harder than raraffin 

ae-:osatea at _owcr :owrates. The increase in ootn viscous arag ann 

snearlag stresses in mie rara::lr. aerosit at aign :lowrates was 

consaneren to account for the gradual decrease in deposition at high 

:owrates raner tnan a sunnen ann compete eminatioa of oarai::rL 

derosition as would be exoected of the shearing stress of the paraffin 

remained constant and was suddenly exceeded by the viscous drag of the 

:_ow stream. 

(22) 

rrcnov sunaten t:.e e:Iect 01 owrate on rara::in &ercsltaon 

. 

usinga5 per cent solution of technical paraffin in kerosene. 

The 

aroaratus used by Tronov consisted of a room temrerature reservoir 

from which the soThtion flowed to an experimental chamber. 

The raraffin 

deposited on the outside of a jacketed tube cooled from the inside with 

water C 

- - -. 

oc_ow anoaen. 

ezner 

-. 

. 

ne melting 

ront 

of ne •:ax uses 

nor the solution cloud point were given. 

The thickness of the amaffin 

deposit was measured after 2 minutes by a camera fitted with a micro— 

score. CrZy flowrates less than 1; cm/s were investigated. 

The results obtained by Troaov show that the deposit thickness 

decreases with increasing velocity and that the deposit harness. as 

exoressed by the velocity recuired to remove 

it 

from the cuoc wall, 

increases wita velocity. (See fig. 2.3.1.1) The behavicur was 

by saving that as the Llow:’ate increases onv those 

rahin 

crystals and cr:-sual clusters capable of firm attachment to the mur:he 

anc. havins sccd cchesion with one and other will not be removef from

— -ii 

— 

deposit. 

Tronov statej thal scudies on paraffin deposition ineicate that 

the ouilc—up 0± 

cposits alternates wtn their partial or total 

removaa, 

lndepenoenL of tne nature 

o 

the suriace. 

ior e:a:nple, 

it 

has been observed that deposits are removed from a glass surface in 

large lumps ieaving the surface very clean. 

fronov considers that removal of deposits from pipe walls 

governed by a lifting force acting at right angles to the direction 

of flow, and a shearing force acting in the direction of flow. 

The 

transport of removed particles or lumps, away from the surface, is 

then effected by the increase in fluid shearing in the radial direc 

tion, •mnich is also responsible for keeping the paraffin ‘ax Partc_es 

an susuension. 

:t 

should be noted that Tronov ony consaderec. c.erosi— 

ton 

in the lamInar flow region. 

The idea of a 

lfting 

force 

effectang removal of deposats mas not arearem an tne avaaao_e 

literature before and therefore Tronov’ s arguments wiil now ‘cc 

considered. 

Paraffin deposits being porous, means that the oil not only flows 

in the pice centre, but also in the mass of the deposits. The Thow 

velocity above the deposits will be 

considerably higher than inside 

it, 

leadins to a lifting force proportional to velocity scuare, as 

in aerodynamics and river oem aeveLopment. The 

fting 

aiim snearang 

forces wi 

of the lump 

act samu._taneous_y ifl ratios cerenciang on ;ne oraentataon 

ceing removec.. 

Jthough no 

information was found in the literature on the roro— 

sity of raxaffin derosit, 

it 

was considered unlikely that ror.ov s 

conce;:on o: a a:tzrg torce cou._m cc true. 

accon nan Oasaci 

staten mat :or a gaven tame reraom tnc 

altount of paraffin derosited in a cold srot tester decreased as the 

stirring rate increased. 

:, 

considering the cold spot tester as a

13,000 indicate fulli turbulent CoflditjOfl52) Patton and Casad 

waxes. higa shearing stresses resulting from ncreased stirrmg 

:ncreased stirring rate resulied in a more rapid failure of these 

sloughed” from smooth surfaces and “flaked off roughened surfaces. 

observed that low molecular weifht waxes formed deposits that 

loss than 10 indicate laminar conditions and numbers greater than 

tonal COnditIOns. fle :TLmccr ca.Lcujatec. was asout 00u but numcers 

mlxer, a calcu.aion a: tac :cl::lnf .1ejnoids numoer indcacez trn,;i— 

of the so.utioa ..as :.:ain:aincd a; 53—39°C, so the :?araffir would 

rcin; refined tarafffn with a cloud oint of 350f• The tearerature 

ton used throughout the .:ork contained 8 per cent o± a r.:etlnf 

at a o..,’ :_o.•.ra:e cver a cnea coener rate for 2 nours. Ehe so_u— 

raraffin dercsition. This was done by passing a kerosene—wax solution 

bet.:een a soliticn cloud oint and a confining surface, affected 

3o.e ara essen stualec now :ne temnerature aif:erence 

2.3.2 Demneratures 

tene crudes showed similar results to those obtained by Tronov. 

low athesion rcrerties as discussed in section 2.2.2. Low asphal— 

tion used and the high asphaltene crudes which both have relativey 

show, however, that their conclusions only arply to the model solu 

flow conditions. n exa::.ina;ion of the results of Jessea and Ec:ell 

decreases with increasing velocity both at laminar and turbuent 

wlta increasing :owra:e. Outer worers state taat aeposltlon 

reach a maximum at the transition to turbulent flow and then cecrease 

stated that deposition in laminar flow increases with flowrate o 

all respects as the conclusions of other workers. Jessen and ho 

1:ell 

The main conclisior.s of Jessen and howeli are not the same in 

deposits foliowing their ‘cuili—u-e. 

diameter due to taraffin deosition, observed slight removal of 

rmenski et ai in a paper analysing reduction in pire 

rates therefore serve to decrease derosition. See fig. 2.5.3.5. 

— 12 —

— 

13 

remain in solution and the plate temperature varied from LF to 3200. 

The amount of raraffin derozited was determined by removing the 

copuer :)late and v:eig’nin it. The 

temperature difference between 

the cloud roint and the plate temperature was considered most 

important in controlling the accumulation. It was found that the 

Paraffin deposit contained 8 per cent kerosene. The paraffin was in 

crystalline form, 

but the retained kerosene was enough to maie its 

consistency that of a heavy paste. 

The experimental results showed 

that deuosition increased with increasing temperature differential. 

See fig. 2.3.2.1. 

Further experiments by Cole and Jessen showed 

that the initial rate of deposition increased with increasing 

tem-cerature differential. 

The cnange ifl rate o: parazzin aenosation 

was attributed to the thermal insulation by the deposited wax layer 

and the variation in the amount of paraffin available for deposition, 

per degree temperature differential, since the rate of change in 

paraffin solubility with temperature is much greater just below 

the cloud roin; than it is for lower temperatures. 

Jorda’ 2 studied paraffin deposition and its prevention, jn 

a modified version of the cold spot tester developed by gun;’ 

The apparatus consisted of a flat circular plate mounted on a curved 

tube and positioned in a vessel containing a wax—oil solution. 

The 

apparatus was arranged such that the temperature of the central 

uor;ion 0: trie circaar pate coulo. cc varien oy means oz a crcua;— 

trig :qutd stream, 

The souutton was maintatnec. at a constant 

tenrerature and stirred wtth a magnettc st:rrer. 

PIe scuu;cn usec. 

in the experiments consited of a 25 weight rer cent refined petroleum 

wax in a refined petroleum solvent. The cloud cia; of the 

sollticn as 36°C. 

The olution temperature was at all times lea: 

L,. 

aria the stirring areec. at 300 r.r.m. resa sc_u;ioas were 

used for each ;es, which lasted 16 hours, Paraffin was de:ooited 

a; coTh oro; to:rDera;ures 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10°C below the solltior.

picture camera with a close un attachment. ulot of the weight of 

paraffin deposited as a function of cold spot tenrerature is snown 

deposition mechanism was obtained by the use of a high speed motion 

to the initially orttranped specks and, as the progress continued, an 

mill scale surface. Other stocks of rara±’.’ir. were observed to stick 

in the form ol’ small white snecks which collected in crevices in the 

cloud noint, on a mill scale steel trobe. The earaffia fir:;t aared 

unbroken layer was obsoi’ved to form. Further confirmation of this 

tecerature. 

of ote. tearerature. Zaca cee-.e ccrresocnas to a :oar;acu_ar wa_ 

comuosite grath of weight and molting noirit of derosits as a functio:: 

The exrcrimeetoZ results are shown in fig 25.2.3. ‘;:ich is a 

eynods nunoer 6D0—7.0) anc. each exeramenta. run .zastea 7 note-s. 

uoe e:e coro_e.. ..‘-e oZ ve_oc.v ias ceo at 0.5 “i/s 

temperature of tee oti ann the wa_2 temperature of tne exoeramenta. 

viscosity at was 12 c and the c.oud point :as 4300. The 1u.k 

exoeraments. it cor.zaaneo 10 welint per cent oaraf:in wax, itS 

gave operataona na1:acutaes .n :oaanes was usec. an a-... ;ne 

detacHable monitoring tube in a water acke;. crude oil known to 

circulation system with a 20 litre oil reservoir and a 12 mm diameter 

in raraffin derosition. Tao apparatus used consisted of a closea 

Fustogov and Federov 

5 investigated the effect of tearerature 

and cohesive strength of the raraffin. 

cold spot plate is governed by such factors as fluid flow velocity, 

higher. Jorda concludes that tao amount of paraffin deposited on the 

deposited wax showed, that the mean carbon number of the latter was 

Xeasurements of the a.kane distribution of the parer.t wax and the 

the wax particles were no longer sticky and no adhesion was observed. 

entire system ...ras cooled unti. a heavy wax—oil slurry was obtained, 

temperature of the deposition surface decreases. However if the 

in rig. 2.).22. Tao \lCifOt oj te wax detonates. increases as tee 

— lb. —

- 

iuctoov and dorov concluded 

hat terrncrature affectecj 

cortuosition of uaraffin deoosits; also that bocauae there is a 

range of paraffins dissolved in crude oils, t:cese will scuarate out 

according to their melting ooint. As the temuerature difference 

between the tube wall and the oil increases the deposits become 

looser since on rand cooling both high and low melting noint paraffins 

wI crystallize simultaneously lorming a weak porous structure wtn 

cavities full of oil. 

Tinally, the rapid fall in the quantity and 

meting point, as the oii temoerature decreases, confirms that the 

mechanism of paraffin denosition is one of crystal growth directly 

on a surface. 

o_esni et a... stucaen tae e:ec. 0... crune oi... temperature 

on :Daraf:nn c.euostcn. The exper1menta nrocemure conssuen 0: 

pouring a tca_ desalled cruae oil tnto a steel tuoe (O cm 

_ong 

1.5 cm diameter) rlaced in a constant temperature bath. The oi. uas 

kept stirred for the duration of the exueriment, which was one hour. 

At the end of each experiment the oil was poured off the tube and 

the tube weited to record the amount of uaraffin deoosited. :n 

exueraents a; success1vey 

temneratures tne para::in aepcsl;ec. 

in the previous exreriment was left in the tube. See fi. 2.5.2.—. 

Above 25°C evidently no deposition occurred, but a ZLll o 

adhered to the tube wall. 

At 25°C deposition started when the oil 

ter:er;ure fell oeow tne c_oum point. e.ow 5°C meros;;oa 

mown, 

acaarent_y cecause ot consmeraoe increase ifl Oi VSCDSiy. 

elow —5°Z demosition increased, nrobally because the paraffin 

nartices a;lomera;ed e.ad because more and more low melliaf noini 

parafffns crysta..;zen. 

-. .. - 

.essen arm :C.1eu 

- 

staten ;nat tne ....css o: temoera;ure o: tue 

(30) 

came c: was tue razor :nctor rvo..ved ;n tue :orzat;or C.. 

At lo,er terteratures paraffin deposits are acre crt:Z_ine 

arc. ;nere:ore narc..er ann more tign;y ne...c. tofetner. non coo.:rg C:

— ‘i6 

— 

tao oil from t 

:pernurea above the cloud roint toJer; ploce a; the 

uijo wall, an incroasec. deposition of paraffin results, as coatarod 

with that obtained aen the oil has been cooled below the cloud 

point prior to circulation through Pipes. 

Patton and CasadüD stated that the amount of paraffin dorosited 

on a surface will increase as the temoerature differential between 

the surfce and the solution is increased. 

The deposition wifl only 

occur if the surface temoerature is below both the temperature of 

the solution and the solution cloud point. 

2.5.3 Time 

studied paraffin deposition in the laboratory under 

conditions Simulating deposition in well tubing. 

:ts arparatus 

consstea 0± 

a c_ose circu.ation boo watn a 7 a ong c.. 

pipe eo; at p2°C by a constant temoerature acke;. 

The solutton 

used was a S/91°C melting point white wax dissolved in a relatively 

cure rpxere of C r and ,- caraff_s The soi:_o c..5 et 

1022 - 

5503 

at 93°C in the circulation system but cooled pricr 

entry into tue test section. 

Tue SQIUt1OL c_out ootnt was 

and the floate 22 c/n corresponding to a Reynclus nuacer of 

about 2’#OO in the test section. fter each exeriaen; the 7 a test 

section was cut into 25 cm 

lengths and the amount of derosit in 

eaca piece determtnea oy weigning. 

The amount o: wax present in 

the deposit formed from the refined wax—oil system was deteratned 

oy evaorat:ig tee oil arc. oig g tte ax. Pg. 2.5..2 s-o s 

tne ancun: of 0000Sit a; :ne out_et o: tne 7 a test sectcn as a 

function of time. ax goncentration in the denosi:s was fount to 

increase with time. 

hunt proposed that oaraffin dercsiticn is 

initiated by the direct nucleation of wax on or adjacent to the 

•cioe wall and that the denosit rows ‘cy 

diffusion of wax from 

solution to the r:eviousy de:csited wax. 

attor ant .essen 

anvestigatea para::tr aepcsataon usng

— 17 

— 

a deporsiion ce:Ll in a circulation loop as developed by Cole and 

(7!) 

;ecsen - The chilled dpcsition plate was made of polished 

utainless L3teei 

The solution used was a l.5 pcr cent weiht 

melting point refined wax in commcrcial grase n—hetane. 

0 

The solution was maintained ac 2tt C 

ann clrcujatea tarougi. te 

deposition cell at the rate of 1.06 cm/S waich corresponcied to 

a laminar flow velocity of 24 cm/s over the deposition surface. 

The solution cloud point was 2200 and the deposition plate was 

maintained at 19°C. 

Ipon completion of a test run the deposition 

plate was removed and turned on edge to drain. 

Any Dart of the 

deposit which slid off was caught in an evaorating disn along 

wita any iquin that aratnec :rom tne aeposat. 

The remaining 

ne:Doslt was wasned off wica n—neutane anc. caugac ifl a separate 

dish 

These were recorded as the total deposit and the adhere 

detosit respectively. 

See fig. 2.3.3.2 where adhered and total 

deposit are plotted as a function of time. 

:t ‘ias determined definitely by Patton and Jessen that the 

acnerec. c.eposat was atcacnem to tae suriace. 

The ouer port:on 

of tne cieposat wr ach immeaiatey sougaea was a resu_t of tne 

orerational crocedure. 

Then the flow of paraffin solution through 

the cell was halted at the end of each test, the cell was full of 

stagnant raraffin solution for a few seconds prior to draining the 

cell. 

During this brief period, the rortion of the fluid adjacent 

to tae decosat was coclen seow its cloum POiflt ann tae precaci atea 

wax rartices :ornea a seconnary c.erosa; on too o: tne org:na_ one. 

This secondary denosit as not the result of a crystalline growth 

process but rather a quickly chilled zoortion of the fluid which 

formed a gei. structure of annavaciua wax partac_es. ure 

threshold ceriod in fig. 2.5.3.2 was thought to indicate that a 

curtain amount of tine was necessary for the denosit to develor a 

recuired minimum cohesive strength. 

De-cosits become increasintly

difficult to rub off as tii depocition tine was increased indicating 

a cru;alliac a cure. r:ie amount of adrerent do;osit ‘.‘ias observc(1 

to sabilioc afuor aooro:aLuaioly one hour. 

Penton and oasaa used the cold soot test sevelo;ed r 

::um0) to study paraffin deosition. 

The solution they used :as 

a 10 e1’ cent weight Cit—don fI vien e iibining :ncrocrys;allinc 

properties, with a melting poin; of 72°C, 

in a Soltron 170 solvent 

with the boiling range 218—238°C. The solution cloud point 

- - - - - - _o - 

. C con iii a ne e::serameons tne scluaon vias Lept a; o C acove 

the cloud point, that is at 55°C. 

Among variables invesuigated 

were ;ine, temperature and rate of stirring. in fig. 2.5.3.5 

amount aeposi;ed is shown as a function of tine at 3 

differen; rates 

of stirring. 

Ii: fig. 2.3.5.4 amount daposi;e& is ohovsa as a func;ion 

of time at different tenrerature differences between the solu;ioi: 

cloud point and uhe surface tempera;ure. 

Phe results shorn in 

these fig-ures may be 

stated as follows: 

2eeos; v,’eight decreased vr;h increased s;irring ra;e; 

de:csit 

weight increased as uhe te:ererature differen;ial be;weem inc 

sonu;aon c_ou& roam; ann tue probe face temperamire was amcreasea; 

ne-coo;; weagn; ancreasec. rariony :or ;ne cars; 

;o 4 nouns 

end then increased at a much slower rate. 

2.3.4. S;rfEoe P:-oertues 

- - - (50) - -, 

essen ama ao’•,7e s;a;ea ama; amas;ac coa;ec. ronenmec 

reoucec. c.ra::ari aerosatson. fac reccnc;zon was reamue; ;o u.n 

v;etcabili;j by inc crude oil or sointion. 

:igh neting psin; 

naraffin c;u::es we; a pipe surface to a lesser degree then 

av/ 

ncr_;;ng roamt waxes n-i so_u;:on. i .ow con;ac; ong_e means a 

:ree sur:acc energy one more ve;;aag, 

1 

c.e::onstrated that the presence of co:’;ain aissubec. 

en a :n;c surface would reduce the adherence of nmadfin

— 19 

- 

toat sur:ace. 

hjsima.a ot al showed that the nature of the 

couou:us aesorbed on a surface woulu determine its wettaoilty 

characteristic - 

Cole and Jessen 

studied the effect of wettabilitv on usraffin 


Their ecoerimental apparatus has been discussed in 

section 2.3.2. 

The wettability characteristic of a coroer nlate was 

varied by aurlying different silicone coatings. The contact angles 

were measurec. woth water. 

The amount of paraffin o.esosited for a 

given temrerature aiiierential decreasea iith increasing contact 

ang.Le. See fig. 2.3.7.. t was found that temperature differential 

and free surface energy acted inderendently in determining the amount 

of wax deposited. 

Cole and Jessen concluded that as paraffin wax is derosited on 

a surface, it is held in place by adsorption forces. 

These adsoru 

tion forces are dependent upon the free surface energy possessed by 

both the raraffin and the surface. 

..s the free surface energy of 

the plate is reduced, a resultant decrease in the adsorption forces 

holding the paraffin to the plate surface takes place. 

This causes 

a decrease in the ar.ount of raraffin which can be retair.ed on the 

plate surface for the flow conditions rresent. 

hunt .C 

developed the cold spot tester and studied the effect 

of roughness or. paraffin derosition. 

iP nis wenl tucong somu.atior. tests. 

used e same solution as 

Lie SOLUtiOfl c_ou& poInt was 

5900 and it was maintained at 4900 in t:te atoaratus roa.-cong It a 

wax—oI s..nirry. The tests snowea that cieposo;s aoc. not acnere to 

a rolosnec. staor._css ste surace, out aonerec. to a sana o_as;aa 

s;ainess stee_ sur:ace. 

.o oeuosots were :ounc to orm on s::ootn 

rastic coatlogs out cierosots were neci :orn.y on r...ace on sanc.— 

Paper rougnenea coat:n::s. 

nunS concauaeo tnat para::on aemosots 

00 OCt acuiere to a meta. sur:ace cut are ne_a on r.ace cy sur:ace

surface seemed to stabilize after approximately one hour (see fig. 

It was concluded that whereas deuosition on a freshly rolished 

contact angle, as measured by methyleie iodide, was about 40 degrees. 

steel surface was increased by adsorbing on it a film ci crude oil 

distribution rcsidua from a benzene solution (0. mg/cm). The 

Pctton and investigated the effect of wettahility 

- 20 - 

DD mesh sand, resulted in aerceition o± an extremely severe nature. 

postulated that :hen an adsorbed film is present on the surface, 

rolished steel striace Samdb:.asting of the plastic coatinms by 

on naraffin derosition. Tne aruaratus and solution used have been 

ahenclic ama ;clrrethane formulations behaved as derasition on the 

discussed in Section 2..5.5 The wettability of a polished stainless 

cit alternatec.. .Several tlastic coated surfaces were a_so mnvesta— 

end of two hours exceeded slightly the amount deposited on the bare 

roughness factor, as measured by the average distance between 

This allows the paraffin molecules to anchor themselves laterally 

gated. It was found that derosition on thenol—iormaliehye, asoxy— 

the heptanc—wax solution partially dissolves in it and the film 

2.3.5.2), derosition on the film continued to increase and at the 

surface. Paraffin deposition therefore increases with increased 

surfaces exceut the rdlished steel, dsere build—up and slldir.j 

mmt. sca_e stee; corromec. steel anc. rouga grouno. stee. tue 

deposition in a cold spot tester. The raraifin was deposited on 

5 to 70 microns. The -caraffia wax was found to athere to all the 

5 different steel surfaces: polished steel; saniblasted steel; 

thus increase the force with which they are held to the surface. 

is penetrated by the hii molecular weight paraffin molecules. 

free surface energy of the deposition surface. Patton and Jessen 

tac eas ama vaLeys of tne contour of tne suazaces, rangec. :rom 

tO adjacent molecules which are firmly adsorbed on the surface and 

Jorda i2) investigated the effect of roughness on paraffin

— 2 

- S * .. -, ‘.: ,- - .-,- 

— 

hiditional plssticc, tetrafiuoretiiylenc, polyethylene ans noiy— 

propylene were also tested hut it was 

found that these co:Jccteci 

massive denosjts of extreme hardness and adhesion. 

3ecause these 

plastics are themselves oaraffinic in nature, they aPpear to possess 

a high chemical attraction for paraffin either through hydrogen 

bonding or a form of co—crystallization. 

Jorda concluded that paraffin deposition on metallic and non 

paraffinic plastic surfaces, at a given temrerature, is governed 

oy surface rounaness. ee tag. 25.42. The experaments showes 

that the amount, hardness, adhesion, per cent wax and 

molecular weight of the deposits increase as the surface roughness 

increases. 

Patton and Casad 

studied the effect 0f surface roughness 

on paraffin aeposition. Wne apparatus and exerimental rnethon has 

been discussec. in section 2.5. nree waxes in So1tro 

70 so_vent 

were investigated. Two of these, Cit—Con 550 and Sheliwax 200 with 

me__ng pons o ann o • .C 

— - — --— - 

resrec1Vey, 2C OW oec_: wea 

waxes composed primarily of normal paraffins and are higaly crystal 

line. The third wax used was a Cit—Don recrystallized heavy 

insermedsate (hTI) wata melting poant 72°C, a nign moLecular weagat 

materaa contasnang sagnafcant amounts of non—norma para::ans, 

thus exhibiting microcrystaline properties. 

One 

cold spot plates used by Patton and Casad were a highly 

polished plate, a plate finished with 2D—gri; paper and a ma;e 

finished with 50—grit rarer. 

Plastic coatings were also used, 

both smooth ann roughened. by 53—grit paper 

It was found that the 

deposition of Cit—Con 550 and SheJwax 203 differed from that cf 

Cit—Don -:_. 

.ae 

neuosats of tae two crys;a_lane waxes, or, s::.oo:n 

reta and las;c coatea surfaces, were :ouno. so se ocacue ann 

tend so slough off, leaving a snan granular resanua nercsass 

. . _. c.. 

o._a c 

—.- _S_

failure. however, desosit weights on plastic coated surfaces 

was attributed to there being insufficient viscous drag to cause 

and deposit weight did not vary with roughness. This behaviour 

wax showed no tendency to fail on either rough or smooth surfaces 

sur.’accc in small pieces The deposits of the microcrystalline 

Ccu0JI dd not L;Loua but lalica as be fore rid fitx:d irum tc 

0 .i 2fl Z5&1L PICCCS rOu;.enee. surfaces the cra;:alhj ne •;c 

been discussed in sections 2.5.. and on site effects of 

The worn of a:son and essen 

extensea :cer:cns c: ;:ae. 

wnua cconcaican..y sc.ve sne rara: :in aepcsntuon pro e..em :or 

many additives in she fields hunt concluded that none was available 

of de-osits, thus irihibi-ing saraffiri deoosition :.iter trying 

ac..stVes offerea sac ‘Dsssieini;y 0: resucflg ;ne conesave streng:a 

networn o: oara::n crystals.. nun; states snat caemaca_ 

oresence of asshasic substances prevented the formation of a rigid 

aaseraas are generai_y consac.ered to act as nnnnoors to crysta_— 

lization. Shesard has given exoerimental evidence that the 

‘Zr) 

se.son ann tewart’ states tnaz coourea peEroeum 

3C) 

235 .L.idi gives 

therefore, to surface roughness. 

a&:esive bond should be proportional to the surface area and, 

all surface irregularities and achieving maxisum contact, the 

of coarietely wetting a deoosition surface and hence penetrating 

on a surface. They oo:n:ed out, nowever, that a solution capacle 

wax corstoslslon ae;erared whesr.er or not a given deposit remaines. 

observed between surface roughness and deposit weight arid that she 

Patton and Casad concluded that no correlation could be 

plastic coatings. 

for sne same temoeratures because of the Insulation effects of the 

were at least D rer cent less than those obtained on bare steel 

— 22 - 

F — 

— 

1 

rara_::n aeoostzsori

and surface proueriez reapectlvely_ ‘dcn invcattating the cect 

ann comuare :ug. 2..3.2). Uhen derosittng on a surlace wtan an 

- 25 

in nature on which anot:uer deposit did not form (see fig. 2.3.5. 

as time went on, leaving a very thin film of wax auparently granular 

Itered the deuoaitior behaviour. Taen depositing on a i’rcshly 

diatillation residua to the hostane—wax solution drnnticrilly 

— 

oil inaustry, Th is defined as the formation of any rrcddhnctt;lg 

paraffin wan—kerosene—toluene solution prevented the formation of a 

struc:z’al la;ice of raraffin crystals. 

addition, the occlusion of additive molecules in a deposit resulto 

tao :o:c.ae: cu Dara:1:: auos::uo:: ts o: _on; smun_ng 

(_.. 

::uravev et al i-euoried -:ha; asuhaitenes (3.5 er cent) in a 

firmly anchored and may be swept off by the flowing fluid. :n 

a paraffin crystal may nucleate on the film, it is no; as 

irg the paraffin molecules from penetrating the film. Then, even 

it is capable 0f maintaining any :ore—adsorbed film, thus prevent— 

failure. Thrthermore, when an additive is rresent in a solu;ic:: 

in diminishing the cohesive strength of the deposit and allows 

the snielding effect of the paraffin derosit itself, ‘out succeens 

to result in the formation of a detectable adsorbed film because oi 

any adsorbed film the presence of an additive in a solution fails 

Patton and Jessen :oostulated that when the surface is free oi 

in one riece. 

to the rre—adsorbed film. The deposit simply slid off the specimen 

was removed from the arraratus; in no case did the denosit adhere 

that observed without an adsorbed film 

1 except when the specimen 

in decreased cohesive s:ren;h and thus encouroges cohesive dha:e. 

of additives they found that the addition of a smai amount of 

adsorbed distillation residua film the deposition was identical to 

:oolichcd surface an opaque cienosit was formed whica neeled off

— 24 

— 

organic detonits and as such is included in the suet of fouHn;. 

In an attumat to uncrstand the rnechanisrcs of paraffin derosition 

both crume oils and model solutiono have been studied. 

The 

oocrvations rerorted in tne literature and consicered most 

important for the present work, are summarized below 

The nature of the wax crystals formed in solutions is affected 

by the rate of cooling and sur±’actants. i high rate of cooThng 

favours the formation of a large number of small crystals with 

irregular shares and a high surface tension t a lower rate of 

cooling larger and more uniform crystals arc formed resulting in 

a lower surfac tension, as does the rresence of surfactants. 

ara:1in derosttion is cnaracterlzen cy an asrmpto;ac a:D:oac: 

to a final vaThe. 

The main factors affecting the deposition are 

fiowrate, temperatures and chemical pro:Derties. 

Increased flowrate decreases paraffin deposition and increases 

strength of derosits. 

Paraffin derosition and initia. rate of deposition, both 

increase witn increasec. temrerature ni::eren;aa cetlleen tile SOill— 

tior. coun roant ann tne c.epostaon waa temperature. fne rate o: 

c.eoosition granuay necreases nue to tne tnerma_ nsuataon 0I 

c.eposted wax, unlil the fir.a:. asyartotic value is renonec.. 

a 

solutior contains a range of waxes, the strength of deposits will 

decrease with increased tearerature differential. . 

solution 

k temperature below the cloud :ooir.t will derosi; less than a 

solution where deposition is affected by cooling fro:: above the 

cloud point. - 

araI:i:: ercsts are :.enn to nepcsiincn sur:aces Dy 

aosorr— 

tion iorces ntc: aerena on tne :ree sur:ace energy 0. 

.wax crys;a_s ann tne nerosn:aon surace. 

eur:actan;s can mcaa::T 

tne sur:ace teusnar. o: wax crys:E.s ann nercs;nc:: sur:1ces. 

Cohesive 

aiThres ona occur in raraffin deosits, sometimes

- 25 - 

loading to a random process of buildup and renoval

58 — 

0 

C) 

C 

4-. 

0 

54 

-Q 

D0 

C-) 

0 2 3 4 

Rate of cootn 

Fig. 2.2.3.1.— CLoud Doint of a 8I$ C me’Jng pct 

wax in a mixture of C and C- 2 p.raffins, as a 

fu-cton of cooHng rate. Ccncer.traon 1.2 

Q1iDO. 

From ref.iO

y 

- 

F’J 

CD:’ 

C) 

x— Dcpoit thickness (pm) 

p_) 4-- 0) 0) C) 

C) C) C) C) C) 

C) C) C) C) C) 

i0 

‘ 

r 

:) 

-h 

-Ti P o 

•1 3 

Ct) 

-139 

-lCD < 

fi) ::1 

- 1 

:5 

CD 

c 

CD 

0 o i-s) 

-t 

r%). 

0 

,.. fl. 

(L 

U) 

—w 

(1) ( 

U-) 

o 

—iC) 

C) 

.1 — 

c) 4— c_n 

C) C) C) C) 

u1-- Stripping velocity (cm/s) 

ci) 

(I) 

Li)

5— 

Reynoids number 40 

-o 

15.— 

Time 2 hours 

20 

C 

4— 

D 

cepos:ted T = icTw. From ref. 34 

0 5 10 15 20 25 

Effect of temerctwa on cmount of wcx 

T —Temerciture difference C°C 

Tb 38-39°C 

= 33 °C

0 

C 

15O— 

200 

From ref 2 

of wax eosited on a mi scce steeL TT Tw 

Fig.2.3.2.2— Effect of teperctua o t-e ci.o; 

tT— Temperoture dffeerce C°C) 

2 4 6 3 

(I) 

-o 

C) 

Tc 33°C 

Time 16 hours 

‘b =41 °C

From ref. 35 

temperature C°C) 

40 

o 

80— 

50 

55 

35°C 

2a 

0. 

50 

I- 

C-) 

0 

C 

C, 

0. 

r-g. 2.3..3.— Amount and metmg onz oc ceposts 

Cruce ot wtr 10 percent wax, Lc =3 03 ano p=22°D 

v bu< temperature at 3 constant watt tempeiats. 

0 

0 

Ci 

50 — 

C 

Li 

2 

C) 

-Q 40— 

-) 

S 

I 20- 

C 

33 35 

— Bu’k 

- 45 

C) 

Cl 

S

0 

o3 

Tb 

3D 

0•0 

L 

D 

2 •O— 

Fg.2.3.2.t..— Effect of ternperGture on wcx 

•;E 0.6— 

- 1.o- 

from c crude oiL From ref.35 

10 0 10 20 

— Bulk ternecture °C 

depcscn

300 

E 

U 

E 

200 

‘:3 

0) 

‘I) 

0 

CL 

0) 

‘3 

.4—’ 

0 

E 

100 

0 

0 

Tc 59°C 

- 

.._I 

20 

I 

ReynoLds numb’r 2t00 

— 

52°C 

Tb 55°C 

.l. ,_______t. 

I0 LU 80 100 120 1/ID 160 10 

t— hmc’ (rin.) 

Fig. 2.3.3.1. Amount deposit us ci function of time cit outtot of test section. 

From ref. 10

2 

I 

In 

0 Tot 

-D 

-D 

U 

16H 

16 

20, 

In 

F 

In o6f 

- 10 

S — 

Fç. 2.3.3.2.- Depostcn as a fr a 

i45 percent heptane— wax soLon on a resniy 

poUshed surface. Tb 24°C,Tc 22°C, °C. 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

From ref.1i 

t—Tirrw (mini 

0 Adhere

22 

200 

1 30 H 

200 rpm 

1 6 0 

D 

0 

C 

100 

80 

450 rpn 

z 40— 

20— 

0 

—I 

I 

2 4 3 8 10 12 11+ 16 18 

f—Time hours) 

Fig.2.3.3.3.—Amount depcsted v time c feer 

rates Go stirring. c = D2 °, 5°C,LL 

From 

ref. 3t

C CE) 

CL) CE) 

() 

.: rJ\: 

- . c: 

CD 

0 

(0 

II 

0 - 

I iJ : 4— 

.:: 

I ‘ U 

° J) 

o 

10 

-$ ‘- 

I ii 

•_ 

I— II— :, 

- 

o 

•F 

L_ 

: 

5- I Ii 

rjrO 

cDw Q) 

I 1- - 10 

). ci) 

From ref.37 

Eg 2.3.41. — Amount eosted v.cotcct 

9— Con;oct 

0 20 40 60 80 CQ 

C 

I I 

0 

C 

2. 

Tc = 33 °C 

5.—. 

Tb= 38—39°C 

D 

tT= Tc—Tw 17 °C 

Time 2 hours 

a) 

10 — 

C 

Re = 60 

U) 

a) 

1 s 

2O

400 

function of roughness factor. m ref2 

— — 

Fig. 2.D.L.2. — 

Aont 

of parcffin eosted Cs a 

e —Roughness FoctorCjJrn) 

0 

20 40 60 80 

QL_ 

Tw 28°C 

IC 3 , 

< 100— 

— 

S 

0 

Tb = 41 °C 

200— 

. 300— 

300 r.p.m. 

Time 16 hours

i-:i C: 

rr,— n -r

— 2o — 

3. i3:\CGRDU ND TO TI 

PRESENT SmJT)IS 

3.1 

:rocica 

The 

work at Eirmingham University into EculinE of heat transfer 

euipnent dares back to 9l9 when Bott 

Dointed out the lack of 

understandjn- of the rnechanicrcs of foulIng. 

Since that tinie the 

subject of fouling has been reviewed by Bott and Walker 

and 

research at Eirming’nam into fouling of heat transfer equirnent 

has been presented by 

aer ‘. 

The 

invesiga:ions by Waker 

included: 

heat transfer in clean commercial heat exchange tubes; 

mathematical representation of fouling data; a study of the 

fouling of a cooled heat transfer surface by wax from kerosene — 

raraf:an wax maxcures. The :arst two oz tnese nave ceer. puc.asnea 

by Walker and 3ott’ 

and the third by 

3otc° 

and Do;: and 

Waker. 

Presently, the work at Birming’:an on paraffir. wc 

fouling will be discussed. 

32 coeriaen;al Systea 

The cbjec;ives of the work by Walker’ 

‘ 

was to study the 

effect of f.owrate)wax concentration, bulk ;emrerature and 

on the deosition of wax from kerosene—araffin wax mixtures onto 

coolec tuoe 

suraces 

Walker used a 

5/5°0 

fally refined raraffin wax dissclved 

an a commercaal grace cerosene. The :asn roan; 0: tne cerosene 

was 550Cm 

ie 

caraffin weoc 

concentratnons usec an Ene exceriaen:s 

ranged fror, -f.2 to 264 per cent by weight, corresponanr:g to anonc 

points from 10 to 5200 respectively. 

The average :u_ teaDeratures 

ranged from 28.9 to L9,50 

:n all of the -5 runs the bulk 

temperature ‘as keot above the &oud coint. 

t: 

concen’traticns 

oe_o;i 

. 

ocr cc:::, runs :cre mane a: accu: 

3 

can ou a. 

niaer 

ccr.cen:ranacns ca_y a: a:ou: 

ey::ocs nmoe:s 

rna:a 

fcc::: to 25+;’. ann o’a:ca:a.. tames were ur :c 5,’ .:c;rs. 

::rimi:::- 

excc:imea:s, asting ncurs, a.,ker ::ad

constructed a Closed circulation arraratus where 

.:uikcr ascuaeu that cy changing the composition of the system, 

5.5 erimental kethod 

the results could be obtained in a reasonable time. 

7.5 per cent at Reynolds number around 10,000. 

deposited on a cooed surface when wax concentrations exceeded 

dcmontratoci that at bulk temperature of about i0°C xmraffiri wax 

— 27 — 

rate mci aecrin ter..perarure. 

.anc. ;rie ovara_.. neat :ran:er res:starice ttse:, cota were :cunt 

kert above the cloud roint. : this way fouling due to paraffin 

kept constant during each run, but cooling water was used as 

received from the mains. Soution bulk temperatures were al’iays 

water :.owrate out afferent souton flowrates. 

section 4.5. All the heat excnangers oreratea at the sane coc:ng 

ress;ance uctua;ea mocu: an vEue. unese :u::uai:cn, 

an asyartottc vaue. nsteae, ;rie overa.. neat trans:er 

raraffin wax in kerosene solutions could be cooled in 10 water 

3.4 Reanlts and discussion 

jacketed heat exchanger tubes. For details of arparatus see 

where the overall heat transfer resistance is plotted against 

deposition was indicated by any changes in the overall heat trans 

transfer resistance didnot increase contnuousy, or apuroaca 

to tncreaso ncrearn’i’:ax ccncen:ratnons, aecreasng :c.:— 

2o.9 aria ;ara::in wax ccncentra:on 9.7 per cent, wttn an 

time, at 3 different owrates. Average bulk temerature is 

fer coeffcen;, since the wall resistance is low and the water 

cne main :eauure oz tne resu_;s s, ;riat trie overa neat 

Point o: 9.5°C. 

0 0 - 

roca_ results ootainem oy alker are snon in zig. 3.--. , 

flowrate constant - 

The temuerature of a solution entering a heat exchanger was

3.5 Conclusions 

decreases 

At the inceution of an experiment a wax deposit is rapidly laid 

Ualker suggested a mechanism to explain the observed ofi’ccts. 

extenaive at the colder downstream end of test tubes. 

A viuual examination of the paraffin iax clc;pozitn , nhowed them 

— cL — 

roint the way for farther research. 

resultant concentration graaient will cause tne aiffusion o: wax 

ness that it becomes mechanically weak an sheds. 

to vary from individual earticlos to extended areas, depcndia; on 

boundary layer the mixture will become suocrsaturated and the 

toe operat:uv; conditions. Toe ucposits were aLso ±ound to oe more 

inorta.. mractnon. oker postula;en tnat tots ceposatton toen 

gave rise to a secondary layer, that periodically builds up and 

sheds. This secondary unstable layer builds un to such a thick 

work did show ale fluctuating nature of para::in i’ax cerosats ana 

down on the cooled surface from the adjacent mixture. This deronit 

and low concentrations the least fouling situation. 

onlv nartiallv covers the surface. At some point in the cooled 

from the bulk to the waIl. The wax crystals are then transferred 

boundary layer, to be most imoortant in reducing deposition, 

from the bour.dary layer to the wall, either by diffusion or 

sufficient information to study the fundamental mechanism of 

si cc cotact ‘ 

deposition did not occur- over such a time scale as to :3rcv.e 

than those formed at higoer concentrations, making high :‘lcwrates 

the system studied did not oroduce the exoected resulis 

formed at low concentrations appearea to cc mecaaatcay wea.:ar, 

foaling which iat be used it. design situations. ::owever, the 

!alker considered the residence time of wax artices, in ale 

The general conclusion of the fouling work by ‘‘aker is that 

w;-i rcrLasra floate. Dc os s 

0 he

10 

9 

C-) 1- 

a 

c’.J 

81- 

7,— 

C) 

6- 

0 

U) 

U) 5- 

CU 

I 

— 

CU 

C 

0 

0 

C) 

2 

H 

::>< XXX 

Run 

0 P30 20868 6.1 28.6 

)< F31 8695 6•0 28•4 

Q P32 11740 60 28.5 

XXx,XXX XX,x;( X 

.:Qco 0 

C0c30o 0O 0 00 

C 

I I I 1 

20 40 33 63 

f—Time h) 

Fg. 3.4.1. —Hect trnser resisonce v 

Tc’19.5 CflQ c9.5 pecen 

when

L - 

A sz: CF Fo:;:NG BY 

SOLUTIONS OF PARAFFTN WAX 

:Ns:s

— 29 — 

-.. I 5JDY OP OUhl::c BY hOLUTIONd OF PAPLFFIN WAX IN 

EEBO 

F1 

Introduction 

The e;ooerimeutai results obtained by 

1;iaer 

1) 

raised the 

following main cuestions: 

Uas the exoected asymototic heat 

trnsfer 

resistance reached in a few minutes, not detectable by the arparatuc, 

or would 

it 

be reached 

if 

experimental times were extencied 

Also, 

were the measured fluctuations in the heat transfer resistance real, 

or caused by some external factors, rossibly the mechanical desin of 

the anoaratus? 

Section 4 deals with exoerimental work carried out in an 

endeavour to clarify some of the above questions. 

.2 

Dodificatioss of Inoaratus 

All the exeerinenta 

work on fouling by solutions of 

rarafin 

wax in kerosene 

1 

was carried out in the same aroaratus as used by 

Walker 

, 

with three moazficatons. 

u 

tnermometers were put in uan walea roccets, to :orevent 

accidents 

if 

one of the mercury in glass thermometers broke. 

The inside and outside (the building) steam tracings were 

connected such as to allow seoarate arrlication. 

: 

this way, 

the outside steam tracings could ‘cc 

kert on during experiments, 

thus creating a thermal barrier and minimizing the effect of ambient 

temuerature fuctuations on the solution bulk teaterature. 

This 

was acne Decause an examana;aon o: tue exoeramenta 

resu_ts 

ootaanea cy 

;auer 

insacatea some reatioasuar cetween tue amient 

temperature sac. tue 

souion 

oul ter.nDera;ure. 

tuis :ere true, 

tue :uctuataons an tue 

eat 

trans:er resastance comuc. Ce rea:-zo:ceo 

by ambient teuterature fluctuations. 

lAo 

final modification c:as to move tue ;ueruastcr, coutuc__ang 

the solution bul: tearerature, from the discharge .siae of tue 

centrifugal 

ru.o 

mac riace at near tue stem:.: oca_ an tac s.orage 

tear. unto mus acme cecauce usun__y, cetter ocr.crc_ :au_ cc

was designed to cut off the steam supply on shut down, experience 

There is a further advantage in having the thermistor in the 

steam to tue co n the storage tank. Although the safety system 

by the safety sstem, the temperature control can continue sumplying 

stora-c tank. If the araratus would be shut down automatically 

ten erature. 

tttjn to resuce the fluctuations in the solution bulk 

obLined thu nrr the zerrin, device is to the source. 

a ; c... ..:anuo.e ..n..;m a _ia. .Le as 

ide nirc. tica steS 

deposit e a. 

circu.ated througu ten ra:aThe hen; exchangers, ‘/ucre the o-.naat 

tearerature man. :..owrate rue exrern.mea:a so_uttdn ras ;uus 

an exoerimer.:a_ souttcn coun cc crcu.aten a: constant cu 

The acara.us was oastca.y a cosem cmrcuiation oOr, .;mere 

section L2• shows a flc; diagram of the aezaratus. 

but modifications to the accaratus are discussen in 

The eerimea;a aucaratus has been described in det&Z by 

3. :roction 

43 Exmerimenta.. Accaratus 

tank itself, is a much safer procedure. 

unattended during the nigkts, a thermistor laced in the storage 

accicent. or an acraratus destgnea to run contznuousy :or nays 

therefore be heated until something fails, possiby causing an 

storage tank. ue now stationary solution in the storage tank 

tion bulk temperature, steam wIll be suulied to the coil in the 

temperature. This temrerature being lower than the recimired soTh— 

shortly atcr emergency shut down, indicate the ambient room 

A thermistor mThced on the discharge side of the mu:se wil, 

showed this was not the case. 

— —

— 51 

— 

insulatcd by 

bruglass and zuDijarted on a frame about 1 .35m from 

the ground, outside the buIlding. 

The rest of the aoaratus was 

inside the building. The holding tank was fitted with a level 

indicator. 

The steam coil in the tank was a 0.5 inch stainless steel 

pine about m iOfl”. The steam coil was connected to a 50 psi.g. 

steam main anc. contro.Jed wath a solenoid steam vad.ve actlvatea Dj 

a tei: era;ure co:trolier using a thermastor oLacee tn tao tank. 

The 

condensate was returned to the condensate mains. 

The pirework from the holding tank to the pump was 2 inches 

correr riPe, wn_e tne rest of the pirewor: was 

. ncn copper 

:e. 

Ccmtress1on fattings and gate valves were used. 

The circuation r 

eworz anc. sceamllnes outsase tan otia— 

ing were lagged with rockwool and water—proofed with roofing felt. 

The circulation pinework inside and outside the building was steam 

traced with a 0.3125 inch correr pipe. 

The c:rcua:ion pumu was a boruar on—Sacroon C—Ci2 

centrifugal pump with a stainless steel impeller. The uap :as 

driver, by a 75 h.p. 4157 3 

ohase electrical motor. 

4.3.3 The Test Sections 

The 

test sectior.s were ten water cooled tubes mounted 

vertically between horizontal delivery and discharge manifolds. 

ae acne o flow zr. one test sectzons WaS counter currant. 

_ne test sections were mane o: 0 zncn copper rae, zasane 

diameter 15.1 mm and. outside diameter 15.00 mm. The test se:icns 

consisted of a 72 mm 

etry length, followed by a water jacae;ei 

section 914 mm ong. The water jacket was mane 0f 0.75 inch cctuer 

:ipe. 

• The coolhr water came directly from the mains and was 

discharged to the grains.

• saLLy measures were tacen. oa:D;y s,evsoes were srS;a._c ac;:’:rLlm’ 

are given in Aurendin 5. 

mercury in water. The calibration constants oi the orifice meters 

the rressure drop across thorn measured in vertical manometers with 

and cooling water wore measured with —10 to 100 x o.°c and —C) to 

The Inlet and outlet tomeratures of the uxnerimerial ;oThtion 

. .5_si- ;wuma tation 

__) — 

Cooling water flowrates were measured by orifice meters with 

a ca:e;y system usa; smut sown em;sre arcamatus. 

pressure drop alonf ‘the test secticas. 

metrIc reccrcer surios cy ..;ner ;n. 

I :c ; ;a,_z’ St.L515 su an onon ;cDmca...I_:.. :3tDO_ 

bcauso the e erimenia scli;ion was fiam:c:oe, se’i:ma 

4.3.5 Safety srsbe 

recorded on an Xactaline Series 7056 b D—I50C 5 :soin’t rotem;io 

were monItored by :hern:coupes. Their outputs were measured c.ns 

transaucer system ans tre oritace meters are gsven sn pren&ix ,. 

stabilizes, power suarly were suoohied by Thar,schzcers (0.-.) 

transducer and a tye XF—I00f. conditioning module with a 

53 x 0.1°C mercury in glass thermometers, respectively. 

‘±me outrut Iron-. trie transaucer strain gauge orisge networc was :nd 

on to a 27030 series 3ryans chart recorder. The calsoraucn of the 

a senarate VäVC SO wms_e one pressure was being measured, a:: the 

measures sy a ty-ne RV—24 0—200 rs.ig. pressure transcucer. The 

ny_on tusng to a mansfo_s connected to a transaucer. Thc:.. _:ne mad 

others were closed. The rressure drou across these floumetors was 

taraings of al the IC orsfice meters were connected with transaronu 

ten test sections., were measured with orifice meters. The pressure 

‘LIe transaucor system was not semsttve enougn to measre -:me 

Temperatures a; various rarts of ‘the experimental apraratus 

The floates of the exrerimental solution through each of the

— 53 

capable of Coat ining the entire contents of the circulation loon, 

in cane the tank onrang a leaks 

A 

t:rmostat was fitted in the holc.ing tank, activating the 

zalety system if excessive temneratures were reached, indicaaLng a 

The return rires entering the holding tank ‘iere carried do:rn 

to within a few cm 

static electricity 

of the tank floor, minimizing the rroduc;ion of 

areventing excessive mixing of the exsernentai 

solution. 

An 

electric eye level detector was fitted to the level indicator 

o: one ncatia zanc, i a s:oon_age occurree, Inc soactaon ev in 

one tan won_s eror, pass one eectrtc eye and act:vate tne Sãt oy 

system. 

All olnework was nressure tested. The entire annaratus insie 

the building was rut inside a mild steel barrier, carahe o± 

contain 

ing the entire contents 0f the circulation iOO 

2 in case of eakage 

A 

tnermistor was instalThd at the top of tne exrerimenton r:g 

to detect any undue rise in temrerature inside the building. :t 

would activate the safety system. 

An orifice was installed on the rump discharge side and 

connected to a mercury electrode manometer. 

n the event of a 

blockage or nuar failure, the lack of differential rressure across 

tae ora:ace wons activate the safety systems 

tne entire arraraons was care:uLy eartacS to prevent one 

formation o static electricity and spark ignition. 

The 

safety svste: was essentially a groan of relays cconDcton 

in seraes on one was rtcrec. ouD on ;ne event oc a lire, :a__ 

tank level, blockage or man failure, in would stop the nuar 

2O seconds ater, close the soenoid valve or. the tuna discharge 

side.

— 34 

.4 ‘mrii:ntal Solution 

The 

oeritDontal solution used was a 51/5°C noraffiri wax in 

commercial grade kerosene. 

It’s ohysical properties arc given in 

flCiX 1 

The solution nrovi’Jc$ a simale ohysical fouling model. 

y 

its nature, the solution din not change its ororertics during use, 

and could trefcre be used again and again. 

!ith tac large canaity o the circulatlon system, wax cxDOsitei 

was such a sr:ali fraction of the total, that composition during each 

run could be considered constant. 

L5 

:Dr:ianta: procedure 

4.5.1 :nt:cduction 

The exnerir:en;al orocedure has been descrid in detnal 1r 

\iaer ‘. 

n tac present stunies ony the ast concen:rat:cn cy 

aer was usen. This SOUtiOfl was 26.L1 rer cent weigat oara:::n 

wax. The cloud point of the solution was 32°C. 

L52 Startut of Circulation System 

To 

start ur the circuation system, the steam suoal:r to ne 

holding tank was turned on to me..t the aclidified paraffin wax in 

kerosene soiut:on. 

Comalete me;1ng took acout a nay at ;ne enc. 

of which t:te s:ea. tracing was turned on. 

Then an tne _iiifc. 

exueranen;a.. sou:aon in sac oioewor nan menten, 

sac nstc.e stea: 

tracIng was turnec. o::. 

L5) 

Star:us o:Ths: neestons 

The ses-: sectons nac. oreviousy Dee:. 

ceanen wita carcon 

;e;racaloride. 

This was done by removing them and fialia’ wiTh 

carcon tetrac.Thorise for about an hour. 

This was :coec.te. several 

times unta_ an e:caa:na;aon visa a sma_. iiameter rsrectioa 

scope showed the,: to be cca:: ‘Ther. ary. 

: stars The crcu.a.uaon iZong she main and ye :urn lines 

valve in the 

aTh siraline via orenea and one test sco v_ca ct.n..

exce-ot the one between the holding tank and the circulation rumr, 

and the electrode manometer shorted out. with all valves closed 

To start the circulation pumn the safety system was turned on 

switched on and allowed to warm u1. 

Tue uressure transaucer power supriy ama its recorder were 

could be started. 

the designed bulk solution temDerature was reached, the test sections 

Cnce it was clear Lhat no blockares were in the ni-oeork anu that 

with the inlet uiZre to the desined valve and the coolia:: uter 

manifdll. The Jll-.’:ra-; th:oan the test sectiom’.’as then attst5d 

tuts aci:es ac eymass Inc ona..ace meter cy osmg tnre’ign an-c 

:ean:fo_s to ate atuen ssce o tue ors:sce meter. ne so_utson as 

arcr across tue ors:sce meter was uses to c_ear tue _sne :rcm tue 

rressare. nce imiat was LDrie, tue a.rasn c.oses, ann tue :ressuro 

was great emoug:. to clear tuat ran of tue _sne, agaInst athos::ner:c 

manifoll, Tue rressare on the arrroach side of the orifice meter 

having a arain on the llme close to the rressume transducer 

had a solidified ecoerimentnl solution in them. This was done by 

rressure tarrangs were c_earec oust as tue masn Pipe’cr tney 

outlet valves had been opened, the lines from the orifice meter 

The test sections were startea simgy. hen the irZet ant 

this oeration, 

tes’Dera;ure, The tem-cerature recormer was swstcuea on to :ecnator 

vave aria the system auowed to reacu tue cesignea. ouk so_utson 

Tue ten:perauure controller was then set to tne dessgnea. 

now under the control of the safety system. 

electrode manometer could be removed. The circulktion system ‘ias 

-oressure across tue orafsce meter ama. the snort carcuat across tue 

was now flowing through the bypass lime. There was a iifferen;al 

its 

discharge side and 

the bypass valve were orened. The solution 

the puar was startea \iuen ; nan run up to smeea, tue vave on 

— 35 —

sections were ke-:t the same. 

fosi:eratares and flcwrates were measured every 5 hours c3unin. 

5LL scrssion 

LvsL sections had ‘oeen started, oecauso the niccauLo sic i;rihii ;_ion a 

_lowraics in tiie test sections ham to oe ac1ustes once l tee 

nsj valve was closed 

turne3 on.. Is .:ore and more tez sections were :urr,et on ,hr; :rin 

the yatcic had chanod. The ccolinl water flowratcs in all the teat 

a_ncr. it::asuoseatuas ;.:as’:oasnowitaaasmnto;acusa: 

s;a:aes aunaratas, ‘:‘aS SO extent tue ex;eraaen;a_ sites ass:. 0’y 

The tam :arcse of the exuerisenial work on the fdllia 

latrofuctica 

a:eniaua;el iesults 

foarcea tarsal the ran. 

formea a neavy menosat on tit ansase wa__S, obscuran, any seresa’:s 

sections after each :‘un Then the test sections were drained there 

:t ‘:as not found rossille to insrect the incise of the tea; 

rune discharfe side was cloced and the rumr switched off. 

to sna; tue auraratus sown atter eac:: run, tue va_ye or. 

cc oeeratom to sassrate a;. 

rune was found to be excessive and at .east 5 test sections has to 

The heat: into the circulation system oy the cellrifu’;al 

read all temoeratures. 

tures were quate small, an itiurcinatea mafying gass was uses to 

Thecausc the dafferences in the inlet ana outlet Ouj,k teetera— 

larfe quantity of water involved. 

cause for concern, but little coad be done about i due tc the 

water flowrates increased sZihtly duninf the :eiht. This was a 

Soution i.owratos were found to remain constant, ‘sat coolin’ 

about S hours. 

tue say. The anraraus was bit unattended dur:nn’ tue night for 

— ,o —

— 37 — 

traa_frr resistance would be reached or that it had been reached 

in the first few m:utes, not detectable on the apparatus. 

fo eva_uate the exieramentaL data a cornruter rrogram baa 

been developed, called TU3RX, 

the details oi which are Given in 

Aerendix 4. 

The exrerirnental results are given in the came 

Aependix. 

.n a_i crie experiments a parai:in wax in kerosene ca_utlon 

with cloud point 32°C ‘as used. 

The Reynolds numbers obtained 

ranged from 3000 to 13000 and the bulk temeeratures from 33 to 

ne maximum experimental times reacned were 220 hours. n all, 22 

runs were made. 

1f.b.2 

Thsting o± the eearatus 

efore an effort was made 

to extend the experimental times, 

trio atoaratus was testea for reroaucioirty, as compared wtth trio 

results of baer . For ta_S purpose four runs were made, 

Groue A. 

The results are shown in figs. 1.6.2.1 and L6 2 These 

results are comparable with those obtained by Walker in runs F54 

to F57, riere the wax concentration WaS trio same arid the average 

solution balk temeerature was 35.4°C. 

It siouTh be noted that the first character of the ran 

identifier refers to the grorie of runs, the first number refers 

to the test section used and the last number the test rum’cer. 

4.63 GesuThs 

A 

first attesri to extend the experimental times, rrcfmced 

Group 3 of runs. 

ThiS rour riac. to cc a_u; c.oxri unexpec;ec_y a::er 

four days, for no fault of the arrarauss. 

The results are shorn in figs. 4.5.5.1 to 

• The ThnalgroueofruzswasGrourCwbich 

—‘-. _c_ 

Dr DCa_ 

The rca_The are shorn in figs. to

sectaon 4- at eajt tests sections had to be run to remove the 

lulnaclaf interactIons trom otner test sections. AS neatsonec. in 

To test this hrDothesis a sinie test section was run, thus 

fluctuins in t: heat tonsfer resistance. 

at arpr one time. ui;ht interact in such a ‘lay as to reinforce the 

It was conL.dered uosnihle tuat the tent secLion o)cr’.tsn 

• 

1 

IL 

&;in: C no C 

Do. roe ;userunrra rent ;:ans:e;’ resostance pore os:u e. 

boctet Zk solution ;:ss;erstsn’e c;rcl. Ye a-serpent dss.::r. 

feercer[ :. 

5r )c5.O n::J eat ;e:.serureotec ass 0 sserr 

the .coc.itica;ions aescrihed in section .2 :2re aired a; 

rensstance 

difcrant test sectuons, flvanf r:se to tre .lucrua:anD aes.; ;rs::s:Dr 

result dnanashes the chances of DOSSIDO nteractaons setwcen 

astac :ucruatins cnaracter Ot crc neat ;rans:er resastance. Th:s 

The san_e test SCCtIOfl resu_t o: run 2 snowea tne cnaraccer— 

eun te.;:perature. 

with increasing wax concentration, decreasing flcwrate anu decreasinT 

These fluctuations and the heat transfer resistance, both increased 

tc.r;es of 220 aours :nstead it fuctuated a coat an anataa va_se. 

ousry or approaca an asyrutocac value at ate ex;enaen e:;erc.menta_ 

The overaJ heat transfer resistance did not increase ccnt::Tr— 

findings of hbZker(1). 

The eruerinental results rerorted in section i5 confirnec. the 

47 Discussion 

conjaracle to those of run 39—12. The results are shown in fi,. 

The sinie test section was run for six days, giving results 

one test section. 

Turner centr1.ufal pump was there:ore nstarreu, cauaole of runnr 

neat rut into the system cy the 7.5 n.p. pumP. .. snarl 

Stuart— 

— 58

— — 

.LnL: 

fact that the fluctuations are not conatant, but coeend 

on the concentration, flowrate rind temperature of ue paraffin 

fa kerosene soluticn. sroniy suggests a real e:erirenta1 

ffuct 

n all tac c):Deriaental results the oror in solution oulk 

teaucracure aiong a test nectzon are very small. 

Ine avergae 

tenjerature dror in runs 1 to 21 was, for exarnole, i.5i-C_ The 

accuracy of the mercury in glass thermometers used in this work 

was about which is 75 rer cent of 1.5400. The maximum 

li:ey error is uner:ore acout 15 per cent. 

The ogarct::mzc meai: temuerature cn.iference ifl crc experi— 

- - - -. _o 

menta_ wor rangen !rom acout 2p to p5 0. -n error o: J. C 

therefore not affect the temperature driving force to any great 

extent - 

The recorcun ou:Dut iron the pressure transducer pro cacuy 

cannot be read with a greater accuracy than 0.25 ffV :n run 15 

where the Reynolds number is about 6000 the measured transducer 

output was accut p mV. 

The uotenta measurement error s taere:ore 

about 20 ocr cent 

Potential errors that can affect the heat transfer resistance 

are therefore present and should be considered in relation to the 

arrarent fluctuating nature of the heat transfer resistance - 

Ire vanue of tac neat transfer resistance cn ran 0;— .5 

cs 

ao:er uran woao oe ex’ectea a; Reynclns nameer 3T 2. .rc 

tjon of the resaTh showed the inlet solution tenreratare tD 

cc 

hicer then :n other runs in Grour C. 

:ercar’ column in the tnermome;er was 

t was aiscoverec.. tan; 

cro:en arcicatanc ccc ac—a 

termoerarures tans gavang a 

a-org neat trars:er reses:arce 

rIot of the everall hect transfer resistance versus EeyaoThs 

runs 5 cc 13 in Groar k wos consr-ncccn. Se 

—.7.2.’. e a c-’ log—_c. -:, s

These fluctuations were not reduced when interactions between 

nature of e overall heat rans±’er resistance. 

SO±Utlon bulk temuerature control, did not affect the fluctua:ing 

reduction ifl ambient temmerature effects arid an imorovea 

Thc oDcrjmentaj results confirmed the findings of kcrü). 

14 L C1cia: 5 car; 

X:C ted. The ;iope of the curve was found to equil urii by. 

amparatus. 

constciercia wnen evauatng tne cata from tac :ouling s;uaaes 

Temoerature ana :oa-’a;e measurement errors snoulo. cc 

asymoto-cc oehavtour CI tne hea transier resistance. 

xtended e-oerimental times did not produce the e:aected 

test sections were eliminated ‘cv running a single test section. 

— 

140 —

‘ci 

1 

V 

TEN 

TEST 

SECT IC N S 

DRAIN 

4 

V 

RETU RN 

BYPASS 

0 

III 

() 

Lii LU 

92L r\ 

LU LU ILl 

cr: c’ 

IL LL J 

WATER 

FROM 

MAINS 

STEAM 

50 psig 

. 

.— MAIr! 

FLLULINE 

L” 

j. L.._ 

Fic. 4.3.1. — 

Flow 

dioqrcirn of th fouHrig studios OppCiFGtUS

ii 

ID 

XXX 

9 

C-) 

0 

(N 

x 

S 

x 

xx< 

7r- 

:: 6E 

J) 

Ci 

xc ox 

x 

00 

0 

0 

x 

00 

0 

RL 

oq 

0 

0 

o A7—1 EL.23 7.5 33.1 

0 

‘I 

A 

x -2 610 74 33.4 

L 

I 

20 40 

t —TIME 

60 80 

(h) 

Fig. 4.5.2..— HeGt fransfer ressnce v te when 

Tc = 32 °C and c = 23 ercnt

(.i 

fruflsferresis{Qnce(kW/m2OC 

0) 

O8c 

X 

x X X 

CL) 

Ow 

— 

1- C) 

Qoo >< 

E 

xs( 

x> —i- 

c 

o x 

0J_). 

Ii 0 U) 

U 

Cu 

(1) -• 

0 X 

0 >< 

0 X 

>, 

‘-‘U’ 

C) 

.-:- 

U 

C) 

0 

o

12— 

-; 11L. 

s 10E 

- 9: 

‘3) 

0 

Run 

o 31-5 7635 7.1 425 

)< 32-6 6052 7.1 425 

0 36-9 13311 7i I+2.& 

fl 7-. 

C) 

x 

U) 

.4-. 

5— 

0 

ox 

>0< X 

xx 

x 

>‘ 

xxx 

N 

fx 

0c 

0 

0 00 

2 H 

00 

0 

‘- a 

it 

0L_ 

0 

20 60 50 

t — Trne h) 

A 

Fig. t.3.3.i.— HeQt transfer resiscince v time whefl 

Tc =.32 °C and c = 25 percent

- 

14 r 

1D — 

-i 

x 

— 

C) 

0 

12 — 

x 

Run 

0 B3-7 7697 7.1 43.1 

X 67-10 6306 66 42 4 

C) 

o -‘ 

C 

0 

U) 

U) 

C) 

x 

0 610-13 6716 6•8 42.4 

x 

x 

0 

XX X 

0 

CI 

00 00 

CI 0 CI 

0 

00 0 

0 

ob 

0 Cc 00 

0 

0000 

f I I 

I I I I — 

20 40 60 

t— Time h) 

r 

Fig. h..6.3.2.— Heat 

transfer resistance 

32 °C and c 23 

v 

ne vien 

cent

(1) 

U) 

C’) 

C) 

Cl) 

It) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

ox 

ox 

o X 

ox 

‘ 

C-, 

> 

1:3) 

1) 

.4— 

4I) 

I) 

(U 

i). 

C) 

a) 

to 

0 0 

0 

0 

C-, 

It) 

C-) 

r 

U) 

It) 

IC) 

C’) 

c3 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

c_ 

hi 

1:3) 

10 

(N 

II 

E L 

0 

-tJ 

0 

U 

• 0 

Z 

— 

c r)IO’) 

i) ED 

0 X10 

0 

0 

0 

C) 

o x 

OX 

0 

0 X 0 

0÷. 

-4 

C’4 

U) 

-4-- 

CI 

1:3) 

() 

0 

(N 

c-fl 

U 

(-a 

c-tj 

çtj 

0) CO t— tO U) -4 C) < 

.— 0 

-4 

J ?IM1 ) ouosisai iajsuoi i-j — 

U— 

-

- 

Fiq. 

12 

1o 

Run Re TaITb 

0 C3- 16 3s’ 12 68 386 

E — 

e 

-- C) 

C) 

U 

r / 

X C7-19 7264 69 383 

rJ 

x0 > 

x 

0 

X 

D 

2 

o I I ,__._I __i I.______j__ I I I ._i__._j __L___ 

O 20 60 60 80 100 120 140 1GO 180 200 220 240 

t — 

Time 

(h) 

1-lout trunsfor roistunce v time vihen Tc 32 00 and C 26 percent

f-iq. 1.0-3.5.— Hecit trcinsfcr re.istcncc v timo vihon Tc = 32 °C arid C = 26 perc: 

‘I 

12 

11 

10 

Ci 

0 

E 

8 

C) 

0 I— 

C 

U) 

Li) 

C) 

I- 

C) 

4- 

If) 

14 

U 

-4-, 

3 - 

U 

C) 

9- 

2— 

0 

00 

0 

x 

X 

XX 

0 

X 

00 

cP 

XXX< 

0 

0000 

XXxXX 

0 C5-18 6688 

[ 

6-8 38-2 

LzLoo_j.o 38-2 

0 0 

Co 00 00 0 0 

0 0 000 0Q 0000 

X X XX X X X XXX XXX X 

XXX 

XXX 

X 

XX 

X 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

I I I I____._L______I___L_____ !.. I i_.....I ._i...__._i 

20 140 60 80 100 120 1140 160 180 200 220 2/,l 

t— Time (h)

T 

Tb 

38•1 

382 

0 

o0 

0 

X 

XxXX 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Fig. 4.6.3.6.--- I oct truiifor reslsunc.u v time v’hen Tc 32 00 cind c = 20 p’rccnt 

Xx 

X 

X 

12r- - 

11’ 

0 

Run 

Re 

0 

0 

(‘4 

E 

> 

C) 

0 

a 

-1-’ 

U) 

U) 

C) 

C) 

‘4- 

U) 

CD 

0 

I- 

.4-. 

U 

C) 

10 

9-- 

8- 

7 

5- 

1, 

0 

00 

x XXX 

0 

x 

00 

00 

X 

XX X 

00 

0 

0 0 

000 

XXX X X Xxx 

X 

0 00 

0 

0 

.1 

x’.. > 

00 

X 

0 20 

x 

1,635 

7900 

67 

7.0 

0 000 

OCOO 00 

y >& 

XxxX XX’ 

X 

2 

—I I 

2(1 

I 

1,0 60 80 100 120 1t0 

t —Tirno (hi 

• 160 

I _i 1? I 

180 200 220 240

I--i 

Fig. f.6.3.7. I ;ut transfer rcsistcinco v time vihcn Tc 32 °C and c 26 percent 

0 

X 

12 -— 

-- —--—---——______ 

11 

10 

E 9” 

Run Th 

0 C2-15 5959 6.9 38.2 

xLC102187os_i 

00 0 

0 

0 > 

6 0 0 0 

o0 

0 0 0 

0 o0 0 o0 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 

0 oO°o 0 

0 

0 

XX x X X X x X X xxxx x x xx x X 

X X: X XX XX X X X X XX 

X 

Ti 

cr 

2 

0 - 

-—1 .I_L_J: I J L_IL_J I _i_L_ 

0 20 40 C0 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 

Tirnc (h) 

t —

10 

..L9 

0 

C-) 

- 

0 00 

- 0 

0 0 0 

0)0 0 0co 0 

00 

5 o0 

0 

0 

/:.6.11. - 

0 20 I0 60 80 100 120 11.0 160 

I-cut 

t Tiruc ( h 

trcinslor rosisicuice v time cit Ic 32 °C unc c = 26 percent

0 

C’) 

R — 

[feat 

transfer resistcince (kVIIm 2 °c ) 

1•1 

C) 

I-,) 

C!:-) 

Cm 

1 

0 

CD 

•1 

o 0 

r 

U) 

: 

U) 1 

0 

CL 

(n 

Cii 0 

‘U) 

—‘c-fl 

(I ‘ 

0 

Cl-) 

C 

LI 

CD 

00 

— 

C) •-•--{ - 

C) Ci u 

II H U I 

C-) 

C’) 

0-)t3 

0 0 - 

0 0 0 0 

C) C) C) 

0

\-fl 

ci 

U 

U 

U 

C) 

p

characteristc does exist and is tyticLiy reached in 1—2 acurs. 

a section + was shoa tha in erDaa. cic. 

2.$’.3, ho’cever s;.ow that :n son:e .ode. sys;er:s an as c Th 

ansfer resistance’. The Dositica s;dies reviewed in son 

not produce the expected asyatotic behaviour o± the ovea. heat 

5’. 

5 r S1-JD 

1 O ‘‘‘T TY 21DD 

cefore cac aepcszancn :c_ac out tao coonnag auct :us; coverea tac 

The -esdu ie:sition dun evr, had a hc en;r section 

first used br Coe anc. esen anc. water cy atton ana essen . 

The deDosicion and. cccin ducts were sanjair to tne f_c.: ce_. 

ducts, separacec .y cne aSI;on :3ate’. 

soutaon anc. tne cconing water were crcanated carcugn rectanZanar 

cop;er p_ate, ccoea cy water. See zire p.2.1. The exerrencal 

circanaanon syseas waere araf:n wax was aic;:ec. to c.epcsan on a 

The deposition studies acai’atus was basicai:j two 1ose. 

5.2.1 :trodacticn 

5.2 :oc enta Zoarauus 

detosztori coand be observec. vsua1iy anc. examned on snutasan. 

few ninutes of operation’. . feature of the apparatus was that the 

The rCain emphasis was on obtaining data for deosition in the first 

the deposition characceristics of paraffin wax in kerosene so anions. 

-. deosition 

studies aDuarauLs was constructed to investia ;e 

f1uctua;jn heat transfer resistance :.a of a short duration. 

caereore uns itc.ane anere an f totlc c.uprcaca -Co ane 

to stuoy loaning over ncurs anc. c.ays, raaner tnar. ainanes. an 

The :ou.1ng studies aparatus anscussed in section ‘i 

— —

c-’ 

51) 

C) 

F-” 

‘Li 

c-I, 

H 

PC;’ 

Fr’ 

Ci- (I) 

F.: C) 

5:’i 

: 

LI F 

C) H 

F 1’’ 

I,’ 

I’ 

p 

“3 . 

o (‘ 

C-- () 

1 (, 

L 

5’i p 

F’ ci 

C’, 

‘Li LI 

!: C) 

‘ci I-” 

U ‘1 

• 

Ci 

)-‘ CL) F” 

F, 

13 

C_) P 

C-’ 

C,) 

< a; 

‘1 

1_- C;’ 

C> V 

P C’ 

[‘ r 

Cl, “,ji 

C) 

C’ 

Li 

C) 

‘3 CL 

C’ 

C,) 

CL 

C 

r 

‘ 

ci- ci ‘s ‘ci cn Cf 0 Cl) Cf : 

c,’ 

0 V c-i- U ci- ij’ “Jl 

ci P’ c, p1 0 C’ 0 ‘, 

p CT) 

, [F P 1—-’ I—” 5) 

p ‘,,. ci LI . ‘ p i- p 0 (‘o 

,‘,‘ ,“, 0 C) CC> ‘ 

F- C: —c C: ci’ ci c-i’ ‘‘ 

C,, 0 P F-” 

< LI I” (I, P ci- (1) -‘ 

V C C) C) Ri 

, P ci- Fl ci- F-’’ (3’ I” LI Cv CT) Ii ‘—S V ‘ ‘c-I p 

C: I” C-’ ci P ci- C) CD 0 513 

CT’ Cl) 51) ci I 

ci’ • 

, 0 CT’ 5” F’’ P Ci’ C: ci• CT) 51) 

LI c; 51 H’ 

ci I’ 

‘ (I) C-i C,) 5” 1) CT) p Fl i-) 

,-‘ 

CT,’ (C’ V >j i-El 

ci V ci fT C) ci V 

P C) LI V 51’ Fl Ci) F-” 

C: P ‘I 113 F:” I” LI F” ‘iT Ci- CT) CD 5’) C) ‘ 

p p ,> p cC F’) C) 

C) F) [1 C) C’ LI P 51’ H F” 

5” C: C) H’ ‘ c 5’) Cv CL) , 5)3 Cv C I—” —‘ C) ‘ ? CL) Cl) C) 

5’- 1”’ 0 1-’ U) ci- C’ ci 1’, 5” H p p . p 0 C) -; H’ 

(1’ C i 0 , C.’ • CD F C) cl 51) cC F—,’ i- -51— F-” c ‘C-’ 

‘ H (I) LI ci 0 F” C: F—” Cv p1 C: Cv ç-: í’. i” CD C) 

C) I” H H- LI C: F3 13 F LI U) 5’’ ‘3 F-” Ci F’’ LI H 

H, P p p’ Cv 51 1-3 H 0 (1) U) Cl) 13 

C)) c-i- 

(, L 

F—” F” P C. I-’ 

CT) C) • C, P’ C-’ Cl) (‘ ci’ 

F- 51’ C 

ci 

C;- c 

U- F ‘ 0 5’) F-’’ C) p 

I”’ ci- H LI p Ci- ci- 

5’, c-C LI ‘ P F’ 5” 0 ci’ I-?, 

F’ C,’ F- ‘Li c-i’ CD c-i F-i i-’ 

51’ CT’ C4 ‘Li H I” 5)’ ci- ci- 1)1 I] F--” 0 Pci C) 

., F: ci- 51” C) F-” P3 c-i’ C) 

‘ci 0 ci p F-f F-” Ci H 

51’ U) CT’ LI LI ci C) Cl) C) 5-) 3 

C cC- 0) 5” CT’ c’ 

F--: I—> C) P ‘S C?) C: 5’) F-f 5)) F-i c) H 

U) 5’’, C) 

‘ p. c’v C, 

5’?) Ci- cJ ci’ 5)) ‘1 13 5’)’ Cl) 

F 

I—” C, 

“ 

C,) Ci- I 

‘ ,, Ci) C)’ 

I) 53 5’), r,’ ci CT) Ci) “a 

Li C c-i- 0 (j) 

F- 1 C) ‘ • ci Ci LI 

‘ 

(13 5-’-, C) 5)’ C) V C) (1) 

F-’’ (1) F:, C: ci- C’ 5’’ 3 IT) ‘(ST F-’ Ct’ Ci 

ç’ 51 F-i ci 5’ 5-’ C; 

C> Cu 51, Ci) I--’ ‘Li Cl) 

‘,j CT,’ CT’ 

5” Ci) c-F’ ci’ C’ 

F-i F-i ci- 51 C 

‘3 P ( 

Q 

I-] C) ci 

(11 LI C) 0 5L3’ 

ci’ C) ci 

cl F’ H 

ci- • ‘3 C,) F’ (CT ci 5’) 

Ci- 0 Ci) C) C: ci’ ci’ 0 F-” C) 

p P ‘3 Ci; C,) 511 0 Cv Cl’ 

(C> C) C) ci’ F-C I—” 

Li 

Ci) CC) H’ 

C: F’- 

0 C) 

P ci’ 

(TL 

51 C: (i ci’ 3 515 

C,) 

I-,,, 0 51 

‘J F-> C: (ii 5-,’ 0 ‘3 ci LI ES ti CD U) 

F’ I’ ci 51 C’ C) LI CD ‘T) C: Ci- Cl’ 

F—” 0 1) 

ci’ 

5’) CD ci 

Or’ C) 3 ci Cv 51 5” F—” ,‘ 

Ci F-’ ‘3 13 p. 5’) j 

5’ C’?’ t’ 5” F’ 515 Ct, 

, 5—’ ci- c-F’ c-i- C) 

Li CT F---’ C) 1-” 5)) ii F-i 

5° 5-’ F-” 5” 

c-F’ ) C) 5---’ 51)’ F-DC C) 

2- (C CC> 

‘ci F-” 51 ci’ C) ci 

U) 5) ci ‘>1 C) F-—’ H’ 51 Cv 

C) Co Fj 

p. C) Cc- C: ci C) 

‘3 Cl) F-) Ci- 0 Ci) 513 ci- lj F-,) LI Ci) Ci 0 

U C) ) 51 C: CD ‘3 (i P (iT S 0 CC 

F’ I” 5CC 5’) CD c Ci- C) 

F-’ p C) • 5” ‘3 513 ci- C) C) C) I) 

51) F--’ c-i- CT’ 51-f 

Cfl 

L>j 

C’ Li F—’ 

cf 0 c-I- C) F-’ Cl) 5” CD c-I ‘ci F” 

0 ci 0 • I-” 3 5--’ Cf F-” 51) 

CC, 5’) 13 

ci- P 5i) l) C,, 51 

o F’-’ F--) ‘3 1--’ cC c--’4 F--’ I--’ 5’?, 5’)’ C) c-i’ c-i- .3 ‘3 Q- 

c-- (ii C,, ‘-C p ci C> 

,-c 

F-” F-’ ci 55 ‘3 C) CD F-s’ 5’) 

I] c-- CC) 13 Cv 

C) 

c-Fci 

ci 

‘3 • LI ‘3 c-i’ 15 

Cv P 5” 12 V 50 C) I>’ Cl) 

P Fl C? C: 5)) 

“ C) F-” Ci) C) 5’) 5’) 

‘-_‘ Cl) 

C 

U) C) >1 Cf 5” ‘3 c-i’ 

i-1 ci- Cii C) O c-i’ Fl’ 0 Q ‘Q F] P 

51) Cn C) CD 

r’. C,) ci C) (C) c-i’- F ‘ Ci- P ci ‘3 

i- 0 5— C: F---’ 51 0 F-” l) ‘3 (T, 

c-I- F-C’ 

5-’ C: 

V 5” cT 

P 1” 0 0 F-f ‘ 51 .3 F-” • 5’) ‘? 

5” ci- 5’) F Ci) LI 53 C: 51 CD Cl) 

r’ ‘d ci CS [‘C) [‘j 

r-’ 

Ct’ U) 0 Ci) 3 

eq i-’ Oq 51) ‘3 ‘3 CC) Cl) ,-‘,‘ 

,, CT’> ,-‘,‘ 

I” LI 13 C’) 

‘ 55 51 C F-” C) C) 5’ F-i :- 

Cv I—’) 

5” Cl) ci- 

5” C’ I” (C’ Ti ‘1 0 ‘0 Ci- 513’ C,’ F—” (C’ 

ci 

511 LI “F 0 0 51 ‘3 Co I-” H’ (1) 5’)’ 0 Cv p 

5’ F--’ ci- C) C) 

I’-” 0 Ci- 51 5”, F --‘ ‘3 CC) 

C’’ Ci Ci- Li C) 

‘ 

1-’’ 1-’ 0 Cl) : ci’ c F-s’ (‘1’ 5’) C,) 13 

C,) 5, Ci- C) 5)) fT 13 c-i 51) 0 5) t C) Ci Ci 

T • C,, s-i 5$ Cl ‘3 “- C: I—’ 1-1, 0 C) Ci- C,, i, 53 C) C) 

c-I I--’ F 5” — P F-’ C) ‘I ii ‘-3 ,, F-’ F--’’ >1 

• F—’’ 5’-’ , P 1-’ 1” LI Li Ci- 

C) Ci- 

Ci- I—’ 513 Cl) 

LI 5> Cl) 51 I-’ 

C)? CC’ C 

LI 

V 

5-’ P P C) 

“' 

Ci’ C) Cv 5’) 

I--’ Ci c< 5’) 

F’s’ C: 

c C/) 

Ci’ F--’ 

Cl’ 515 

51 I

The ziuewor in the circulation systeu was stear. tracec 

0.555 364 —--) 

tion duct. The rest of the piping was 0.5 inch copper uipe (i.d. 

.eopper pipe. So was the Dipe on the downstream side of the deposi— 

The :Ji:es feeding the circulation puaps were 0.75 inch 

a srrer. 

I. staL. austin pump was fitted to the water ‘eath to act as 

.;ere t;en oeuween the Pers:e:: 

.., .. ...O j... ..,0 0... .. -.._...- 

-..- -- 

J_,_, 

to 1 -i Cu. 2ors.:: Piucs ware crilled into tae tatarac. etiens 

c..uc; nac. o en nen tatorac. sectnons aero tao c_ow area was recucec. 

cut to u a coper pata. Tao :aet ana ouu.et of the cezstou 

.-; the dowastrenu end of the duct a 2 -; 10 on area was ct 

c_C& 

-‘ -“ -. .. 

- 

, .. 

... . — 

. F’ — . 

- •- -.‘•-‘ -- 

(‘0 ... a O s.i.) C... .. ...cO iJ..i 

r.. 

The doucsithon duet was a I x 2 cu re .f.ar channel, 

The daposthon and coo..ing c..ucts were uade of ?erspax. 

coolzng ;:ater at tao ;op ngtae i.ow arranouen; countercurrent... 

2. . T..’.e s:ceruan;al so_uticn enterec at tao osuton ana tao 

•rt:cay n tae eeposizicn stuales apparatus as snown n ::o 

:egures 52..i, 5.2.3.2 an& 5_2..3. The asseu’ay was pJaco 

o ceposjton ai-io. coo1ug cucts and a copper plate, as sno.a: 

tion of paraffin wax ifl heat exchangers. The asseu’oly ccnsstac. 

The deposition asceubly was designec to siuthate the drcth— 

5.25 Dosition assanIy 

ara:r..s eaca. 

uae crcuation systeus were zitte with a oyass anc two 

were gate valves and water cocks 

9 respectively. 

Tao vaves in tae solution and cooling water circuiation ssteus 

—

.ne co-rer cae :s as.ec. on une sur_ae arc.as :acin 

ing be;een he copper pae anc. the deposin 

h± wali of the deposition ciu. .. a;er gaske; was used for seal— 

fore c4eveLopec a:ore i rencn3a he :3ae. 

51 c:i. The velocity d riuicn the position duc as nore— 

The effcive entry len,h before the d o.i;ion late .ias 

The 2 x 10 cra surface of he ccrer late .:as flush 

- are given in ::enii: 5 

rrnanrcd in ver;io.Z. ..ro.n-; ...anonetrs.. The c t’crations of 

c./2 ta;o:ngs The aaarentl&_ Dressures across tre Dra:lc.D :ni 

crifico cieters having diasw’;&rs half that of the rioss ano d and 

Solution ash. cooling water flc:rates were seasured with 

These were tesed against a standard ther:iueter 

were neasured with —10 to 50 ci°C :cercury in glass therscueters.. 

Solion and cooling water inlet ash. outlet traturis 

neasured with conventional pressure ganges 

ne sz.... cc. s o. .._e c.._.o ... .. 

-‘ _. -— -I 

_4 V - — -fl * 

524 str:entatioa 

auct 

cooDer plate was tnere:ore not znusa watti tae wali. 01 tae C03.ii 

wnere tre ccpier .ate .:as. une wals rere 0 ct:.icn. rae 

duct. The rec an.uiar d.ict was I x 2 cci at each end but 1.5 : 2 c::. 

filled with wire ries’n to rouote better flow distr ution in the 

anc. ou;et sections, 5 an cng eaca. The taperec. oticus .ere 

The CDc.Ing water c.uc was 2 or. long wini ta;ereo it 

fou.=ing sudes neat excnaners .tter tnan wou_c. a:s: s:ace.. 

blastec. piate ‘oc. r resent ;he surface cond:oons eis;r. in 

descrioed as ,O/40 cesh, nci—sLica It was hoed tha: ne sano— 

tne c.eoosston and cooi.ing c.ucs The oas;ing r.ec.a useo was 

— —

The calibrations o the tesperature controllers are given 

The coriea temperature setting couid cc adjusted wz.ta zne 

r. Denca:: 

acted as sensing devicos 

sent.. rnerastcrs piacca an the tanks of the circulataon system 

Thistors. They were ra&e in the electronic workshop of ;he depart— 

The kW to erature controllers were ciescribud az cre:canl 

care ‘,:as au:-an an r-an.. :orcocrcs to aana:..aze ane 

rrcc.an. of ;anw. e::;ra war ro an.ave aewosats an anna.. 

-_;e c :cs_tacn sc.as a aratus was aesagaca wa:. 

the still colder ‘an argace giving rise to further cepositica. 

worse by the fact that the sdlltion would be irainea alcwhy cer 

&ura: eratacn sac. ocsctre tac true ao:osit. wnas wownc ce 

a film o± solution would adhere to tao wax doitod 

was that. when the ckcosition duct :c. to be drainec after an 

— - — -— — 

— - _. 

• 

a •• •. 

4 

-- 

._ 

. 

-- 

J . ... —. 0 C. ... 

... 0 _... 

- ‘, - 

-— 

:terience had shown that it might ‘cc dffffcult to obtain 

_...z_. 

rara an .cerosene cor detaa_s see Lppcnc.ix 1 

wax was also used.. This was a 57/50°C meting point ‘ully redined 

however, a saluticn containing a higher melting point paraffin 

poznt Iuy re:anea para::an wax an ccrosene. 

as in the fou±ing stuc.ies.. This was a solutaon 01 51/54°C seitang 

:n the c.arosition work the same exterircental solution was used 

53 Z: rimearn Soluticus 

were kett at maxi:.;um.. 

The controllers had sensitivity dials which at all tir.es 

reteatec. ursts, the duration o which could be adjusted 

ana coarse chans.. The controllers turned the 1kw heater on in short 

— 45 —

— L6 — 

effects of these extra deposits 

542 Start 

3efore a new experi:entai solution was nade tr, the a:atus 

was run for some tiie with !ar; kerosene for cleanin 

Similary, 

the cooling water system was cleaned. 

An eeriental soiution was mace up y 

litres of fresh kerosene n the 46 litre tank 

The 2k heater ..as 

turned on and the water bath warned 

As the kerosene war,ec. up the paraffin wax was added 

ly. 

t 

and oeen ilaked and weiaea The circuatloa -uir was tarnec. on, 

the solution returning via the byass. 

This provided good stirring 

and hastened comniete soiu;ion 

The soution tercerature was rconztore 

aen it aaa. rec.cnc 

about 10°C above its expected cjOd point, the 2kW heater was turned 

ozf. The •i controlled neater was turnec on arc tae soutc.cn 

maintainec at that temperature until all tae wax nac. 

ssc..vee.. 

A samDie was taken 01 tae soution arc its coua pint 

.etermined by the standard method, wax or kerosene was accec. 

until the sonution nad the cloud roint cesjrec for taa; exte:c.c.n;. 

The ;emera;ure ccnzro was now set to tne cesc.res teurera— 

tare and the small cooling coil turnea cn. The mac.n f r.ne tnrou: 

;ne c.erosc.;on cuct was oenea, tac :iowra;e ac.us;ec arc. tac sy;en 

a.o’ec. to reaca equliorc.u: 

To 

start u tne Coo.1ng water circuiazica systen the tar.k 

was :c..._ec wc.tn fresa water. The c;. neater arc. tae In.; controt_ec 

heater ware turned cn 

The tump was u; on arc tac water a__c;.ae 

to cIrcuate t:.rou:. ne coo.ng Sc.C 0: tac c.e:c:stc.en cue; arc. 

the pas. 

in 

hen the ssteu ::ad reached its desrectete— 

;ure, tao 

i. 

:.c.n;er as ;rnoa. c_: arc. ;.:e sc..zJ_ ceo.i.iag 001... ci.

the solution and water o::a;es throu3h the depositio. and cooiin 

the c.epcsttaor. anc. cooi.zn aucts aic tac six ooazs tcenec. 

Uhen the a:aratus hac. rachec ts ecu±dbru tct2ratures, 

The cean aeDosatlon p.a; was sertec. carefui.y betweer. 

cazcts w.re dratnec. anc. tne a osttaon p_ate reaovec. and washed. 

ducts were tu.’nec’. off and diverted through the bypass lines,. The 

54.3 ?rocedurc duriexrir.ients 

later ca.ct :ro:. the iecositin duct. 

The iecsi;icn tiata .:as re...oved by disaalwcin2 tIle 

5.4.4 2 :erzi::acio:. o :ttei :ecc 

The shudcwn w:oceaure tock about 3D seconds. 

the in t:errtcc.ezar. 

strea:: :rca tac cu;e; tner::.oc.a;er,. vent was createc. cy 

cue c was c.raanea. This was cone by o,cer.an tne c.razn valve c.on— 

e:ore tne ceposition u±ate was renoved, zne coanin2 water 

con;roaaed ra;t. 

vaave at tae tottoct. The so...utoa now c.rainec. :rcz ne c.uct a.. a 

duct was ained by.otenng the vent valve a; the top a:cc. tne c.raan 

tneraoae;ers. The sanu;ior now fowea b’r tac rcass ..:ne. tac 

cone by caosng cne vanves ustream froc ;ne inaet anc. ou..ae; 

was turnec. off anc. tc.e c..e:lls:zIcn awct arainec cuaccay.. Ths was 

recorded, the cociin water was turned off. The solution f.c’..’:c.te 

...t ;ne enc. of an eerir.’.ent ‘inca the teaperatures nac.. teen 

temperatures recorded. 

beveran taLes aurin5 a run fowrates were ac.us;ed anc. 

water inlet and outet tea:;eratures ware recorded. 

care:uL.y acustea ana ;ne tiae recorcea. SolutiOn anc COOL.rl’ 

tion was then achaitted to the deposition duct and the flowrate 

flowrate was adusted and the inlet tanlerature checked. The solu 

Tne cooiing water was ac.mattea to tne coo...in auct. The 

— 47 —

nara wax oerosizeo. ouring tne experiment. 

me surry .me extra wax was washec off, eaving the relatively 

plate at 450 angie and gently pouring kerosene over the decosit. 

at room temperature after removal. This was done by holding the 

To overcome this uroblem, the plate was washed with fresh kerosene 

sdown were found to be effective, some extra wax still deoosited. 

:..lthough the measures taken to minimize deposition during 

at was c an b:ruam off the wmx 

r.m_ y. 

e;s was taken to gave an anlacataon OZ t.-iear 

‘or ;ne ‘an; of a :e;;er metnoa, tne reuo’oc.uci: ;y o: •m:e 

overa_m urenas ..cua tne same. 

wcud uherore very -ey obtain different results, a;houh 

c.ecenaec. great...y on eeeri:.:en;al scm zz:eren eert.m;ers 

;ssues was ;nere:ore ;ne greatest coricern, oecause ;:ier use 

to re::.cve the moose extra wax, woulu not af:ec; t. me 

expe::erca. conc.i;mons was so z:r.u.y acierec.. znat gerte wa:x:g 

: was considered that the wax deposited at the turbuien; 

drying. 

aeposmS was consicerec. not so important as tae use 0: tiSsues :cr 

wa: aeposicec., was conszc.erec. questzonaae. The wasning ol tne ‘.m: 

The acove metnoa usec. :or the c.eternnaton of tne ameunt Ot 

dry weight ano considered as tne true atount 0f paraffin wax ;osited. 

ne p±ate was weigheo again. This weight was recorded as the 

tiOfl plate zace ocwn on a tissue for O seconds. 

wax was removed w.tn tiSSUCS. This was done by placing the deposi— 

The kerosene still adsorbed to the surface of the decosited 

was recoroco as tme wet wegnt 

oriea wn tissues. The pate was accurate.y weignea. Ths weigmc 

Without touching the deposited wax the plate was carefully 

— L3 —

‘-- 

5,5 wocrinentsl Resuts 

with fingers or allow dirt to adhere to it. 

the plate was wiped dry, every care being taken not to touch it 

was then placed in a carbon tetrachioride bath The pate was 

a tissue soaked in carbon tetrachloride 

0 The reativel-i cea: tlate 

— L9 — 

5.5,1 ±ntrocuction 

usea in tie ouing stud:es. Preznary tests saowe that a O 

cental cata representatve of tie enavour o. tne heat excnan;crs 

er cent paraffin wa: in kerosene solution woua cc suitao.e. Sacn 

resoved severa taites :ron the cata to cc wipea wit:.. a cean ;ssue. 

a so±ution wouc. cc conparace to the one usea in runs —2 

and 29°C, resectivel-. 

bien tne pate was clean t was &roc cy a tissue ana pacan In a 

the average cooling water and solution bulk ter:.peratures were 6°C 

fresh kerosene bath. efore beTh; back in tne sition duct 

cy waer . n tnese runs the concentraton was 9,o er cent ana 

tenperature of the cooling water ::uch below rco tentarature. 

circulation water tez’erature was therefore naintained at ‘i5°C at 

above the cloud :oint. The exDeri:Letai tines were acut 2 hou:s 

rate selected gave a C c.g differential head aSross the soThtion 

orifice aeter. ca Taba .5,2 the average value for tie 

coefficient in euauion .5, was evaluated as 0.0355. The 

The urpose of the deposition stu&ues was to obtaIn n;eri— 

in all the e::DerThentai runs the bulk tenuerature was kctt 5°C 

wperience snowec. unat it wouaa cc diz:cut to see; t.ce 

— 

—.d 1. Z. — _. 

to a ancs nuacer o: aouu tn an 

the ezçerinenuaticn was very tine ccnsu;.’Lng, only one 

_. fl. t’ ‘-.l-. — 0 

detosiffon duct was investigated. The

. 

-S 

I’• 

5,-n 

0 

‘C; 

p1 

p 

P 

1•’.- 

C, 

.,; Ci 

C, 

C’, 

1’’ 

ci , 

I’’ 

(P l 

(P 

C) F 

Si ci 

P cm 

C 

o s 

H, 

‘ci -: 

F’ p. 

P Cl 

)- ‘, 

H, C)) 

so 

‘—‘ 

C’) 

Ic 

C) c; 

‘ci I’. 

C) Cc 

If’ 

I,. 5-I 

ci 5l’ 

C; 

(. Ii 

Cc 

I-,. 

5’ 0 

F’ 

Oi 

‘..Jl (N ci 

C F” ‘- C,. 

Cr, 0

two hours, the deposits were observed to wear off at the leac.ing 

decreased with concentration. .u e:neriaenta ffmes aeachi:. 

The paraffin deposits were found to cover the deoosition 

indicating higher deiDosition rates, as shown in fiLure 

with tiae to reach a final fluctuating value. 

::laue ever.y. The deosits were firm, although the fir:ness 

This final value was reached faster at gher coactrations, 

sance most c:mae ram•maua.. resu_us mactea a corre_a;:c:. 

as ffscusees an cuima 4, mas an obvious source of error. -an; 

parucusr srcsiuaon curve, ‘:ere obusaned in a ranso::. crser. 

aciptotic nature of paraffin deposition. 

able deposition curves were, however, obtained and did shoW the 

each run, the amount of wax depositing could vary reatly. asan— 

._unouga every care was ;aen to rerocuce ;ne sa.me proceanres in 

The main ex-3erimer.tal problem was that of reproducibility. 

5.6.2 Cc a:-ability of results 

with increasing flowrate. 

-s ex-Dectea, the amount of paraffin wax depositang decreases 

thickness was reached. 

was consac.eres ;aat the deposits broke town wnen a certain crztaca_ 

o: the paraffin aeposits increases wits time ans concentration, at 

tion and experimental time were increases. \o;ing ;na; ;ne tnac.ness 

vaaenty tae paraffan deposaus Droe sown sooner as concr.::a— 

a; gave ;ae nagacs; deposazon rae 

concentration run aid no; produce the hignest linal va_ne, a;aougn 

plate once renovea from the deooston anct 

edge of the deposition plate. The deposits did not slide off the 

— 5_ — 

r. the three runs ;here the 51/54°C wax was used, the :i:st 

Th resuce mae rossao:i;y o: ransom errors, mae paa;s or. a 

mae ::emaoa maca to c.euer.:.ane mae amount of aepzsa;ea max,

P C)’ 

C) C) 

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D ‘-S 

U U) Ct’ F)) 

‘i_I) c-I’ 

. c’l f’ C!) 

CD 

I(,) ‘(,) c-; 

l--’ C) C) 

o 0 

F-, P• 

I ‘ ci’ I—’’ 

I-” c-U 

0 1” 

F’ F-” 

Ii 

H £ C) 

f-I. c- 5 F’ H’ 10 F’ 

C) C) 6j CX) P 

C’)’ C) U- CL’ 

H C F’ “S ci’ CU 

CC’ C) (CL C< I’S 

0 

ii c-U ci- i,,j \,J1 :‘, 

H’ 

C) 0 C)’ N C F’ 

Cl) Cl) CO Q’ 

H1 1-5 

,-,‘ P 

c-U F’-’ F-Li 10 C) F) 

C)) F) H H I-’ I’) 

p o p C’ 

,-,_5 c’ 

C) C) —‘ U 

(CL F’ c-i- c’i- F-D “—‘ F-i 

‘-S F’ 0 F’ C)’ 

Fl’ ci’ “S p) C:, 

ci’ I- U) c-CL C) F’ 

C-’ C) ci C) CD U, 

L’S C) 0) Fl’ ‘S 

CD U) H C C) 

1-J CD F’ 

C’) i) C) Cl) ci’ 0 

o ,“ CD ci’ C 

C) F’ CC’ C) CC’ F’- 

c--I F’ F’ 

“S H CD U) ,j ‘U) 

o 0 “U P ci- C:, ro 

)i 

‘ C) ., C,L, 

C)’ C’) 

1’ Cl) CD Cl) F’ 0 

C)) L’5 p. )‘ Ci 

‘S C)) c-I’ c, o -‘ 

cii “U ‘ 

< F’- 

“S C) ,‘ CL’ 0 F’ CL) i-5 C’: ‘-‘El 

I,.) 

o F’-’ C) F’ F’ 

‘-‘S F’ 0) 1” F’ CL C’) 

C)’ C) c-U C) F” Ui 

CL) F’. F’ ()‘ 

p. ‘ P CD F)’ Ct’ p 

F-’. f-1. CD P r” 

F-’ CD C) C) C) 

CC) I--’. Ci) I-:, c-U :‘ U) 

“5 c-i- p 

c-U 

Cl) It) CD F) F’ 

C) F) C) ci’ C) 

c-U H H U) 0 C) 

I” c-i’ 0 IL, 

Cl) U) CL) cl ‘-ci 

“S ci- ci’ CLI 1-’ 

I Cl) F)’ P H1 I,) 

C) 

C) )E: 

CD 15 o (CL p 

.,‘) ci- c, CC) U ‘ 

o CD ‘-5 F’ C) C’) p Ci H 

CD 

I” ci- I-’ C’) 

F C)’ F’, ci’ 

ci 

CD bi C n 0 

‘5 S Ci’ 

F’ (U F’ 0 CD I- 

IL1 F’ CD C 

0 p 

“5 C)’ 

C) CL) 

is

wcr: on ara:zic: c.eposc.tion 

considered this ana usea an oxc.daton irJic.bitor i:: nis 

a fact a fectiag the coaparability of the ecerisenta results. 

Oxatzoa ci tac parazzia wax ifl kerosene SQiutloas CO OC 

derositia frcr.: a rcsh so.ion was, in sorie cases slighty 

he couc oi 

— 53 — 

.‘&ien the solution circulation systea was eniptied and &eaneó. 

ac. on ctc.oa. 

ci wax deposited could also be deternined by urea 

evaporating -h solvent under vacnurc or passing warn dry air over 

dposted wax. The iepcsi;ion plate could possibly be dried br 

The use of a better aethod to deternine the anount of 

migxzt tac recuctc.on Zn coatancaants present in solvents ana wac:es 

znnt c.ncrease ;:..e conparaJc._c.ty oz tac ecpeI’iaenuai resn;s,, as 

The use of an oxidation ibitor and/or a nitrogia blanket 

cible results. 

recuce tie proJ_en o: evaporation o: igat encs. ae use Di c.Ec. 

The use of a solvont with a closer bo:lang range won_c 

zuture wor.c., are ;ae :oowang: 

exists for c.ntroveaen;s .zcng the jtCSS to ce ccnsc.cerec in any 

Although the exuerimental systera produced results shcwing 

56. :teccencatifl3 

the paraffin deposition in one way or another. 

bottorc of the solution tank. These impurities probably affected 

LC1 roint fuly refined paraffin waxes would give nore reirocu— 

the asy::.Dtotic behaviour of paraffin deposition., considerabe scope 

i:aurc.ties iron the kerosene and the paraffin wax were foarco. on the 

greater than at _a-er tiaus altnoug’n no difereace was cetectec. in

— 54 — 

57 Concl:ons 

The deposition studies showed that paraffin deposition increases 

asymptotcaliy to a final fluctuating vaiue 

Then trio .:az c.epOSItS 

have reacned a critical ;nckness they say orea aon anc cuic U:? 

again, giving rise to the fluctuations. 

Initial rates of deosition increased with increased co:cenra— 

tion and dauosits firmness decreased. 

Deposition decreased ‘‘ith 

flo’ira;e and, i general, deposition increased with 

The exerimental system used for the deposition studies worked 

well but considerable scope exists for lzprovesents.

-- II 

1 

L1 

SOLUIIOIJ C;IFCU1_/:[ION SYSTEI4 

COOLING WATER CIRCULiVHC)N SYSTE•1 

--F 

- 

- 

(-n 

I— 

() 

cj 

(D 

-J 

0 

0 

C-) 

V 

Co 

1’ 

L 

\/ 

T 

r 

N’ 

— 

0 

F 

(1) 

0 

fl 

[II 

C-) 

‘‘ 

‘ •itc. 

DK1OS1TION uD1R; APPAR?\Us

_ 

- 

o.d.-i 5 

COOLING WATER DUCT 

SC/’LE2 12 5 

-- 12 

od-1 5 

02 

- DEPOSITION 

PLATE 

L 

rr 

DLPOSI1ION DUCI 

Fl G. 5. 2.3.1. [) E POSITI ON AND COOLING DCiS WITI 

B:iV’!EEN TI 

I EK 

I 

DEl ‘05111 ON PLATE

SCAR FE 1 

DEPOSITION PLATE 

- - 

0 

C) C) 

-- 12 

0 

2i 

DEPOSITION DLJCi 

12 2 

FIG. L. 2.3.2. DEPOSITI ON DUCT AND PLATE

[-10. 5. 2.33. COOLI NO \VATER DUCT AND DH’OSITI UN PLATL 

05 

1•5 

SCALE 1:1 

DEPOSITION PLATE 

io 

O’2 

- 

5ZZ 35 05 

1.o-- 

2 

----- 

12 - 

COOLING WATER DUCi

M—AMOUNI DEPOSITED (mg) 

T1 

0_i 

c) 

< C) 

Ui C) Q 

C) C) C) 

0 0 I 

0 0 

0 0 o 0 

0 0 0 0 ci 

> 0 C) ri CJ 

-I - I — 

0 0 0 C) I 

< C) 

ni C: o •U 

0 0 

ci 

E 0 0 

3— -3 

0 C) —I - 

• 

-u 

C) 

0 0 

- 0 0 00 U) 

C) C) 

o o 

0 0 

° C) 

0 C) 

c__ ‘—‘ 

—-—-‘. — 

‘_ I - ‘_—. — — ———— —-——--—- - —

---5’ 

c) 

—I..’ 

Y1 M— AMOUNT DEPOSITED (mg) 

01 

M U) 

—“ \ . (11 C) 0i CD C) 

S 

C) 

C) C) C) C) C) C> C) 

1i i 1. i a a1 iii1j 

0 0 

z 0 0 

-1 

0 

5rtr 

0 0 

>( 0 00 0 

(_) —I 

rn 0 0 

c_) 

0 0 

ri .E < ci ii 0 

—I 0 

—I 

r 

i -< tJ 

C) U 

— r C) 

rn 

;-I1 

CD 

0 C) 

- 0 

-. 0 

0 C) 

0 0 

CZ 0 C’ 

1-’) C)

C) 

0 0 

0 

Li.] 

CD 

- 

3 0 

3 0 h 

Iii 

(ED 

•- Il) . 0 

(0 

t_,1 

00 0 0 I II 3: 

0 0 C) 

0 

tj) 

-4 

U C) — 

0 0 

o 0 ‘ [---I 

0 0 :> 

o 0 C) -:- 

0 0 0 0 

(3 

0 0 0 

o 0 

0 0 0 Q C) C’) 

0 0 

o 0 0 0 

0 0 (3 

..L [Jj_J I.t_J. I LIA.Li L_L.L iIL_LJ._?.I .LJ_ LL 

(3 C) C) C) C) CD (ED C) C) 

U) C) U) C) U) C) (3 U) 

-4 .4 C’) C’) (N (N 

(I5UJ) GEI1ISOc]O JNflOV]V VJ 

I’-)

— 

NJ 

M — 

A tvl 0 U NT 0 E P051 T E D (rn g) 

T] 

--S —S tJ 

U] 

C) (fl C) 

G) 

ci 

C) CD C) 

CD 

Fl 

(_n 

0 0 

00 0 0 

0 0 

r%j 

CD 

0 0 

0 0 0 0 

ci 0 0 

C) 

Ill 

C: 

—I 

— 

0 0 

— 

z -i ‘CD 

—I 

0 0 

0 

—I 

m ni 

0 0 

z 

U 

U 

Ii) 

—U 

C) 

(1) 

U 

Co 

C) 

—S 

C) 

C) 

— 1 

- 

o 

0 

t II 

F’J N) 

(,) C) 

o o 

C) () 

00 

0 

TT iT 

ri 

—S 

C)

- II 

-fl M—AMOUNT DEPOSITED (rng) 

C) —‘ 

J1 (J C) (Ti CL) 

Y c: —i—i-—--r————--r———j 

— CE) CE) C) C) 

‘li 

no 

> 

> 

rn rn 

co 

-o 0 

o 0 

N) 

o 0 

< 3 

o (i-lu C) 

111 

o 

U o 0 .-u---I 

D C) 

00 

II 

I O) 

- 

r C) N) N) 

Ci]-’ C) 

U 

< 0 C) 

:< 

[‘1 

0 

—-‘ 

N) 

C)

CT 

II Ii 

olco 

1 

. 0 

-1 

C) 

I’ 

Fj 

C,-, 

0 

C) 

i1 

M—AMOUNT DEPOSITED (mg) 

\-____ 

-\• 

(ii 

(31 C) (31 

0 C) C) 

C) [r11 r1 

1 

1i 

0 

z 

91 

-n 

0 

9 

C) 

C ru 

- 00 

- 

23 

-- ru 

r r 

- -U_U 

U0 

C)) 

-o 

0 

(-n 

Ill 

(-C--) 

(1) 

C) 

C) 

C—) 

- 

- r’i 

‘——I 

rn 

— 

0 

0 

I-il 

ci 

(51 

-Il 

r 

C) 

C) 

rj:) 

C) 

III

91 

9) 

:< 

C) 

--z 

9] 

mc-) 

.;J -i 

ru — 

>< 

C-) 

OD z 

C-) 

C) 

Ui 

-I 

:< 

m 

M—AMOUNT DEPOSITED (mg) 

— 

(Ii C) Ui C) 

C) cz C) 

1—rirm—’ 

—0 

1rifrirr 

u 

ci U 

U t 0 

;o j2O 

c CC 

z z 

ci ci c3 

w r 

r’ 

—ID 

C) < 

(fl-I 

:< 

ill 

(TI 

N) 

C 

ci

C) 

0 

L 

c’J L) 

: 8 - 

Tc 

R:n= 

Re= 5737 

= 

1b 

2 r 

tn 

LU 

4 X< 

XX) 

x 

X>

.1 

1• 

ci 

E 

0 

Ci) 

c) 

— nj

—55— 

6Q :.zxs:s o rouL::G :s:: p’s 

F- — — 

0, rcaaCtio:x 

Ia the paraffin wax deposition and fouling studies the effect 

oz :uma veocaty nas oeen aemonstrated 

increased velocity decreases 

the neposition, 

The effects of concentration and temperature have 

also been shown, alas, not -as clearly. 

lthough increased concentra 

tion and decreased temperature increase deposition independently, 

they are i:aea cy a soluozlaty reataon, 

The efzects of concentra— 

taon ann temrerature are triereiore ootn characterized cy waere a 

zouling wax partacle or crystal comes out of soiution. 

Jhetner or 

not it :orr.s an tac oz a rassage or an tne oounnary layer. n 

all the present erperimental work the solution bulk temperature was 

kept above the cloud roint. 

There are two significant temperatures at which changes take 

place near a cola neposatior. wall. 

At the cloua pcant a wax 

partacne is formed and. at the roar point solac. wax s formen 

Between znese two points taere exists a &urry of wax crystals an 

erosene. 

The tearerature ais;rloution zrom oulk to wall an a 

foaling solution is therefore most important, 

The purpose of the rres.ent section is to investigate the 

likely temperature distribution and to see how that knowledge 

could halp in e::oiainirg the deposition and foaling mechanism. 

computer p:ogra::. caed P 

(Prozames) was c.evenopen to 

calculate tne velocity ann temrerature oro:ales an turo.en; tare 

flow. 

The boundary layer theory used in the program is given in 

pendx 7 and -.tpendi S givos details of the program. The 

was cm’:e_.oaen zor tne Dara::in wax an erosene sowataon.3 

uea ifl tIe o.l:ng swanacs. wac comwa..r ‘:cr. was carraec. out 

at the Oowatr Oertre, ‘IniverLty of 3irmingnam, and at the Central 

— -- —‘ 

: i. .-.... \._. 

.,.., 

. a. a,...i..,

- . O, O, 

I— 

—,-, 

fouling studies ifl the present work the W&i1 temperature Tw :as 

In the data required by the program P’I ony one terpera 

621 ntrOc.UC1on 

6,2 Dlicatiafl o Previous 2esults 

— 56 — 

applied to the case where a thin layer of wax had derosited. 

average solution bulk temperature was determined 3y aastin, 

c.ata was c.etermined by tne zact znat all varao.es ware :non 

6.2.2 Nethod of na1ysis 

rrofile ccrresconded a the average balk aen-Deratare, recai:ei 

tare was uknorn the wall Tw Reynods number and 

The particaiars of tne ran were as foliows: 

inlet/cutlet temreratures were determined exoerimentnl_y in 

except the wall temperature. For a given experimental ran the 

The esllts are alotted in figure 6.2.2.1. 

considered as being the temperature of a surface that reresented 

compared. to the average bulk temperature. 

the effective boundy of a i’iow in a assage :n this ;ay the 

tue wall temperature in tue caculations a temperature prozie 

correations cievec’em for tar calent flow in clean tu’zes cca_c za 

coulc. be proauced corresonc.ing to the real dstributon as 

verage balk temrerature Tb = 30.200 

verage Reynolds number Re = 13922 

stmatec. c.cuc. Point Ta’ = 27k) C 

ol an eaaticn otne worm: 

_ —. 

direct measure o hc... wel:. the calcnlated te::atu_e 

une wa temae:atares ware seectec. o Dc 22 , anc. — . 

dax concentration c = 

cne metuoc. was es;ec. uslng data zram run o oy ,aer 

The approaca usec. n to ana..yse tne :oaaang staiies

U. 

The tubes used in the fouling studies had i.d. 13.1 mm. 

integration of this equation had to be made numerically and was 

Jr 

ii(r—y)d(r—y) 

Tb = r 

. (6.2.2) 

(r - y) d (r - y) 

— 57 — 

The radius of the tubes was therefore 6550 m. In figure 6.2.2.1 

an indirect method was used. 

I W. 

distance of 3000 .tm, almost half the radius. A separate plot extend 

plot;ed in figure 6.2.2.2. The velocity at the centre = 1.95 /s 

profile does not change much for y > 500 im, which is the approxi 

would be obtained. As seen from figure 6.2.2.1 the temperature 

where T. is the bulk temperature, T and u the temperature and velocity 

at about 3000 m, a fair representation of the true distribution 

at distance y from the “wall” and r the radius of the passage. An 

the temmerature profiles for run F36 were plotted up to a radial 

was obtained at y = 6550 in. The bulk velocity was = 1.60 a/s. 

considered too tediQus to be of value in the present xork. Instead, 

mate limit of the boundary layer. 

ing to the centre of the passage, showed that if the calculated 

was selected as 23°C, the calculated temperature profile would 

U 

S 

= 0.82 

Tue ratio: - 

is only slightly higher than data given by >ucAdams 

temperature profile passed or crossed the average bulk temperature 

correspond to the average bulk temperature. 

The velocity profile for the wall temperature T = 23°C was 

Figure 6.2.2.1 showed that if the effective wall temperature 

4 for isothermal

profiles at different Reynolds numbers were investigated. 

analysis of temperature distribution in turbulent flow, the 

was also found to correspond to established data. To further the 

ing to a given experimental bulk temperature. The velocity profile 

could be selected to give rise to a temperature profile correspond 

In the previous section it was shown how a wall temperature 

6.23 Different Reynolds Numbers 

scales for y in these two figures.) 

layer exist, figure 6.2.3.5 was plotted. C.cote the aifferent 

To show at what distances the various regites of the boundary 

profile, figure 6.2.3.4 as plotted giving the results expected. 

To show the effect o± Reynolds nuaber on the teaperature 

wax in kerosene solution. 

ing to the bulk teuperatures, was the cloud point of the paraffin 

show that the wail teiperature selected to give a profile correspond 

are plotted in figures 6.2.3.1, 6.2.3.2 and 6.2.3.3. These figures 

or runs .30 and .32, but 17 C and 19.5 C for run P31. .ne resuts 

0 0 

ri — 

The wail tenperatures selected were 17°C, 19.5°C and 23°C 

Tc’ 19.5°C. 

with concentration c = 9.6 per cent and an estimated cloud point 

P32 11741 28.5 6.0 

P31 8699 28.4 6.0 

P30 20868 28.6 6.1 

Run I b (°c) (°c) 

by walker(1). The particulars for these runs were as follows: 

The fouling studies results used were runs P30, P31 and P32 

— 58 —

— 59 

Temperature profiles obtained at different wax concentrations 

Run c (%) Tc’ (°c) o (°c) a (°C) 

lars of the runs were as follows: 

results used were runs F2, Fil and F26 by Walker. The particu 

the selected wall temperature be about the same as the cloud point. 

that only where the temperature difference is great enough will 

cooling water ternperatu?e was about 13°C. In the present runs the 

the relatively high concentration of 9.6 per cent in those runs, 

all cases about the same as the solution cloud point. Because of 

the cloud point for runs F2, Fil and F26 respectively. 

sary to give the required profiles are about 7°C, 2°C and 2°C aoove 

6.2.4.3. As seen fror these figures the wail temperatures neces 

Eli; Tw = 12°C, 15°C 

Eli 25451 6.o 14 45.9 8.0 

F 2 20819 4.2 10 47.0 9.2 

F26 27123 7.9 17 46.2 6.9 

The wall temperatures selected were as follows: 

F 2; Tw = 8°c, io°c, 16°c 

F26; Tw = 15°C, 17°C, 19°C 

The results are plotted in figures 6.2.4.1, 6.2.4.2 and 

6.2.4 Different Concentrations 

corresponding differences were about 1°C, 6°c and 10°C. It follows 

the temperature difference between the cloud point and average 

and similar Reynolds numbers were investigated. The fouling studies 

In the previous section the selected wall temperature was in

L 

Run . 

(°c) 

used to calculate temperature profiles. 

numbers. The particulars were as follows: 

Prom the 22 runs obtained in the present work, 6 runs were 

In section 6.2 data obtained by Walker(1) was used to calculate 

6.3 Temperature Profiles Study 

temperature profiles in fouling studies heat exchanger tubes. In 

- 60 — 

Profile given in ppendix 8, ‘igure 8.2.’+, mensoress temperature 

where concentration was c = 26 per cent and cloud point Tc = 32°C. 

Tw = 34°C. The results are plotted in figures 6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.3, 

experimental bulk temperature. Two figures gave a correct profile 

same as tie cloud point, gave a pro;ile corresponang to the 

this section data obtained in the present fouling studies will be 

in two of them the temperature profile with a wall temperature the 

6.3.4, 6.3.5 and 6.3.6. From these six figures it was seen that 

if the wall temperature was 10C below the cloud point and two 

selected, covering two bulk temperatures and a range of Reynolds 

the dimensionless distance y to produce the Universal Velocity 

figures if it was 1°C above the cloud point. 

The wall temperatures selected were Tw = 30°C, Tw = 32°C and 

Just as the dimensicr-ess velocity u can be plotted against 

B0-13 6716 6.8 42.4 

B 6- 9 13311 7.1 42.8 

B 1- 5 7635 7.1 42.5 

C 8—20 4635 6.7 38.1 

c 1—4 8890 6.9 38.2 

C 5-16 6888 6.8 38.2 

(°c)

The boundary layer theory used to calculate the velocity ad 

6.4 Discussion 

tube. 

18.7 at the wall to about 17.5 near the centre of the heat exchanger 

wall temperature Tw = 32°C. The Prandtl number ranged from about 

— 61 — 

particles on the boundary layer could therefore not be included. 

T can be plotted. As an example this was done for run C8-20 with 

but no information was found on its applicability to situations where 

calculations of temperature profiles for common heat transfer problems 

viscosity in the basic boundary layer theory and variable Prandtl 

deposition occurs simultaneously. Any distortion effects of wax 

number was also included in the evaluation of the dimensionless 

temperature. 

temperature profiles was derived from data obtained in isothermal 

as vindicated by the results of the analysis. 

turbulent flow with air (45). It has however proven valid in 

the cooling water temperature and the cloud point was great enu;h 

paraffin wax in kerosene boing 3—4°C below the cloud point (se& 

computer program. This was a concern but proved a valid assumption 

Appendix 1) meant that a thin boundary layer suspension or slurry 

fluctuating in nature, ory average values could be supplied to the 

with the eerimenta1 bulk temperature. The cloud point was there 

the selected wall temperature is equal or close to the solution 

- - 0 

cloud point, the calculated temperature profile corresponds well 

existed. The above would only e true where the aifference cezween 

fore the temperature of that surface representing the effective 

DoUndary to tae 110w in tne tuoe passage. The pour p0iflt o: 5 /54 C 

The advent of modern computers allowed the inclusion of variable 

Because the paraffin wax in kerosene fouling system was 

Most of the results given in previous sections showed that, if

Due to a concentration gradient they diffuse to the cold surface 

The suggested physical model of the paraffin wax deposition 

— 62 — 

cold wall and deposit. 

tion side.. 

to allow the latter to be reached in the boundary layer on the solu 

will presumably deposit and be removed. 

and deposit. Under equilibrium conditions an equal amount of wax 

wax particles are formed at a cloud point ter;perature interface. 

process was based on the above results. It is snown in figure 6. 


as an ideal temperature profile across the wall of a fouling studies 

the shear field into the 

heat exchanger tube. in this Cloud Point Model wax crystals or 

inside the boundary layer. The particles can either move across 

particles will be formed at the cloud point temperature interface. 

for the mechanism of paraffin wax deposition. ifl the model paraffin 

The analysis of the fouling studies data resulted in a model 

4 bulk of the solution or diffuse to the

Q---O 

50 

40 

0 

() 

III 

30 

-0- -- 

:E> ZEZEE EEEEEEZ 

-o-----—--- OC 

L ‘1 

ft. 

>: 

II 

II 

20 

10 

R o = 1 3922 

0 T w 22 °C 

T = 2 1 5 °C x Tv 23 °C 

c Tw = 2t °C 

0 

I, I I l1j.L LLLI 

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 

y 

— 

EAUl/\L 

DI iANCE (J m) 

Fl 6. 6. 2.2.1 .—TEIH P i ATU F L v R/’.DIA L Dl ;T/’. NCE /i D F -1 ENI V/ALL 

\‘\‘IILN C 14 6 [LECLNI.

1 I C. (1.2.2.2 \1L. I .OC[FY V [A[) L/\L [) VTANCL. WI EN C 1/ 6 PD CENT 

U=l..9:; rn/s 

U b 1.60 rn’s 

20 

I U 

16 

cri 

14 

>- 

I 

C—) 

12 

10 

nfl 

I_I_ 

> 

I i 

06 

o ‘1 

0 2 

Re = 13922 

Tw 23 °C 

c 2i:!3 °C 

0•0 

I__ I L_L 

0 500 

I1_iLi_ I_!.I_J I I •i. 

1000 1500 2000 200 3000 

yRAOLAL D!E.LANCL (; iii)

-1b=26 °C 

50 

C) 

0 

30 

— 

V 

LU —-c 

Lii 

= 20000 o T\v 170 0 

10 Th 0 lvi 195 °C 

= 61 °C X Tv 230 0 

0 

I I Li i.. i i1 !Lii 

0 1,00 1000 1500 2J0 2500 3000 

y — 

LADIAL 

DL STANC[ (pm 

HG. 6.2.3.1 .-——lrMrLIATU[IE V RADIAL DIlAN;E Al DIrFFRL:NT WALL 

TE1 L[/:i UES WI EN C 9 •6 IHCLN 1.

V 

40 - 

0 

C—, 

lt! 

-— 

o. 

---—- 

a 

o- 

.-o-- -. 

—.---‘--—. — -c 

-——Ib284 

C 

[ij 20 

0 / - 

ILl 

Tci=6.O °C 

Re 8699 c Tw = 17.0°C 

l’c= 19.5 0 Tvi= i95°C 

Q VLIJl.I i. I! LI.J_JlJ.V IV. ILiJ LI •IIL.I 

0 500 1000 V300 2000 200 3000 

y -- 

RADIAL 

DISIANCL (pm) 

H(. 6.2.3.2. TE1PEflATURE V. RADLAL DISTANCE AT [)IEFERENT V/ALL 

1 E1IFRfTU1F’ V!H[H1’ C 9.6 PL[-CENT

—Tb=28 5°C 

50 

40 

0 

0 

° 

ui 20 

V 

CL — 

II 

> Re 11741 0 Tv,:: 17.0°C 

(Ii 

F11 

T : 19.5°C x Tv.’ 195 °C 

Ict G0 °C 0 Fvi 230°C 

1 !L! 

0 .J1iLi -LI.i I L1._L I_.1L1 LI.LI_lL 

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 

y — 

F?A[)IAL 

DViAi!CE ( ,ur) 

11 1. 6.2.3.3. TE11PRF/’i UFt v. flADIA[_ OIS17.NCL AT DIFE1 ENT WALL 

TEMPLI?ATU1: \VHLN C = 96 PLRGENI

Li 

FIG. G.2.3./. TEMPERAI URE v RADIAL DITANCE AT DIFITRENT 

REYNOLP NU11 \VfILN C= 9-6 PERC-[!i. 

- I 

- 

50 

/0 

Tvi= 195 °C 

C-) 

0 

30 

Cr 20 

Lu 

CL — 

H 

0 Re 8099 

10 x [e 11741 

Ii— 0 he 2OU’ 

o 

‘ 

‘ I 

j - 

i. 

0 50 100 150 200 

y RADI/\l_ DI SiNCV (Mm ) 

-

I-—. 

-7 

Li I 

CD 

C-) 

U) 

(_) C 

Li I 

(.) 

(I) 

H 

c 

I.’i 

IL 

IL 

D 

(1) 

C’-) 

C-) 

c’.J 

II 

Ii2 

() 

0 

(C, 

(:1) 

S.— 

II 

C) 

C) 

0 

[C) 

3: 

, Ii 

C) 

- .1 

Lii 

C) 

> (C) 

LU (:y) 

:. 

z 

CD> 

r: 

[‘1 

>- 

(Li 

1— 

CD 

LC) 

----- 

CD 

C-’, 

C) 

(‘4 

(Do) iflJVJiJVJELL — 

0 

I 

C’, 

(‘4 

(0 

( 

IL.

— 

1 7.0 0 

--Tc.=10.0°C 

50 

140 

— . 

1S — 

f_..... . 

-0—-•- 

—— ‘S —i’— — - 

0 

0 

3 

L’i 

[j 

0 

L tJ 

20 

To 2O1O 

= O2°C 

o Tw = U °C 

x Tw=1O°C 

C) 1w = 16 °C 

I J._L.L. I L..I. II .I..i.i I i I i_.I.I.IL_J._I LLL.I L 

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 

y — 

RADIt’L 

DISTANCE (1u m 

FIG. 6.?f:i. TLMPLI /\TU [E V RAD I/\ L DISTANCE AT DI rFI_FENT \‘‘LL T[ PERAI U [ E 

WHEN C 1•2 PEFiENI

—Tb=459 °C 

1,0 

—0 —--------O- 0 

U 

0 

LU 

:) 

I-- - 

3 

Li! 

fl 

uJ 

I--’. 

1 F— 

2 

10k- 

0 

25/.51 

Tci 8.0 00 

I , .[_i_ 

0 500 1000 

y— RADIAL 

[:((3 Q. 2./;.2. 1HPLRAYU1L v. RADIAL DISTANCE 

WHEN C 6.0 

Li L.. .1 

i00 2000 2500 3000 

DISTANCE (pm) 

o Tv: = 12 00 

x Tv = 15 00 

AT DIFEERENT WLL TLMPERATURLS 

I’LL CE.iii 

——T 14.0 °C

— -- 

— 

-——— — 

-—Tb = 16.2 °C 

417 

fl 0 

iC — ii’ 

50 

40 

- 

—- _\‘- -— —- — - ‘--—-——— S 

0 

0 

L J 

30 

F- 

Lii 

ft. 

LI! 

2 

Re = 27123 

0 Tw 15°C 

To - 6 9 00 x Tvi = 17 0 C 

0 1v.’z19 C 

0 

ii LL.iIt1 I 1J.Lj IJ I Li 

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 

y -RADIAL DISTANCI: (jim) 

O.2./:.3. TEMPEIATURE V. RADIAL DI 

WhEN 

‘ I/\L 

C = 7.0 

I- -j 

3000 

/\T [) I FE LR tNT WA EL TEM Pr RATU H ES 

Pt H C EN I

- 

T 32O O 

I 

40 - o 

-.----—— 

-- 425°C 

C) 

!J 30- 

I 

‘.1 

CL 

F 

I 

It-- 

Re 7635 o Tw — 

30 

°C 

10 Ta 71 °C x Tv’, = 32 °C 

Tw 37 °C 

0 ..J..i.J_IIj_jJ 

I 

i.i J.LI.I I_i]., .L.J.I.IIH ....L_I.._ 

0 300 i(JUO 1500 2000 2500 3000 

y — 

F? 

AD 

I AL DI S TA N C E lu m ) 

rio. 6.3.1. —TEM Pr FATULE v RADIAL DI3TANCE AT Di FTF?ENT V/AL) 

T ,, F) ) A C 

I I 

‘IL 

t 

\/ \ 

I 

U i . J ii 

I 

I 

‘1 

\ 

fl 

f 

\lJ 

\I r) - 

4 I 

• 

3 Vt 

It Jr 

I 

t I 

U 

— 

Li -- 

— iDf t)1 

- 

/0 

I 

‘.J SLL

Z_o_—o-- 

50 

l0 

- 

yX—--X— —- 

—_.--______ 

-—--—---—-— 

- t+28 

LI 

I 

30 ;- T 320 °C 

: 20 

10 

133’ii o Tw 30 °C 

m 

rj. x T vi 32 °C 

11’ 

o Tvi 3/: °C 

I 

I.J_ L.LV I., Lii 

0 500 1000 2000 2500 3000 

y R/\D 1/IL DI ;i/NCL: ( ).1i ) 

IC. G. 3. 2. —- TLMPLAIU v FADIAJ., DI SIANCL / [)Ii:r:Lr I \VALL 

TEll L[/\ UI ES 

I 

N 1W N [ O-9 \l E NE C = 2 PL_NCE NI.

- 

I 

110. 6. 3.3.-—- TLPErATU LE v FAD1/’L DI iA NCE AT DIEV[TENI V/ALL 

L 1b 424 °C 

50 

;zizZJ :z_.__ 

30 

Tc 320 °C 

UI 

20 

6716 o Tw=30 O 

1] — 

F-- To 5 0 °C X Tv’ 32 00 

10 

o Tvi34°0 

o 

-- 

, I I I I I I 

0 300 1000 1L0O 2000 2U00 3000 

y — 

F 

A [31 AI_ DI [A NC L (p i ) 

TLH R I AT r; IN IU N B 10-13 VVI L: FE C 26 PLI NT.

I:302 00 

50 

Ito 

-0——— 

---—----—-C--C 

.-———-x 

O0O 

— 

C) 

0 

U I 

30 

—T=320 °C 

20 

IL! 

IL. 

= 3890 

o Tv.’ 

30 

OC 

III 

F 

I I— 

10 

0 

0 

a = 6’9 °C 

LI.IL[. !LI 

500 

y 

1OUO 

I 

L.[J.i 

I 1 

[ADIAL [JITANCE 

X 

lvi 32 

c 1w 3/ °C 

[J. LLI.i II. LI 

iL00 2000 2!O0 3000 

( ju m ) 

DC 

FL C C.3. 1; 

I[M 

[) 

H ATLJ I 

TEI’. 1Il/.i UIE Ii 

[ 

v 

RUN Ci— 

[ADl/’.L 

i/ 

Lii 

jJi\ N Ci 

AT 

f\ 

V/I Zi C: 2i [‘L.RCI 

GE \‘ L N V/A L 1_ 

NT.

la 

- ---- 

-‘Yb 3B•2 °C 

—-Tc=32°C 

50 - 

40 

w 30’ 

I. 

20- 

L I 

L 

10 - 

G86i o Tw3O °C 

68 x Tw32 °C 

0 Tv’ : 3/, ° 

0 

, I_I I__I_ ii LJ t 

0 00 1000 ibOO 2000 2500 3000 

y — 

F? 

A D I /‘ I. U I STA N C L ( p r n ) 

:j C. G. 3. [ ThM PLR/.TUr E v. RAE) IAL DI STANCE AT F) IEFEE?ENT WALL TEM PERAIU[?ES 

N RUN CS— 16 WHERE C 26 PERCENT

I 

50 

;) 30c’/ 

/ 

C —------------- 0 —--—0 

— 

Lii 

0 

20 

[l 

10-- 

R = 4635 0 Tvi 30 °C 

1 ci 6 ‘7 ° C x Tw 32 ° C 

0 Tv’ 34 °C 

C) 

•_ 

I , I 

0 1000 ibuQ 2000 2b00 3000 

y — 

RA 

Dl AL [)l STA N C [- ( p m ) 

110. 0. .6. TLIIPERATU EE v. PA DIAL DIST/\NCE Al DlFFLELNi \VALL TEMPLJ?ATUIRES 

FOF? [?UN CO— 20 ‘Hrrr: C 26 PL[CENT 

- 

I

100 :zz 

[Ii 

or 

Lii 

CL 

>: 

Li I 

F 

(I) 

LU 

10 

C) 

Li I 

C) 

I---- 

-i-: 

1 10 

- 1 

y-- DI1ENS10NLrSS DtTANCF 

100 1UC)0 

FiG. (.3.7. tili’iENSIONLESS 1 L: PEt/iUL ‘.1. DIi”1VNSI0NL[SS UI [ANO[* FO RUN 

CO -- 

20 

WHL N WALL TL[i I LiATU I[ WAS 32. °C

FIG. 6. 4.1. AN IDEEAL TEMPERATURE PROFILE ACROSS THEE WALL 

OF A FOULING IUD[ES HEAl EXCHANGER TUBE 

< Tp Tc 

-_‘-- 

I — 

BUFFER LAYER 

I AMINAR SU3LY[R 

-:: dVAX PARTICLES 

SOLID PARAFFIN ‘iVAX 

1 Ii B E ‘iVA I - L

Cl) 

C) 

Cl) 

Cl)

— 63 — 

7. DISCUSSIOI 


In the present work it has been shown how the deposition of 

paraffin wax is affected by flowrate, temperature, concentration 

and time. A review of the literature revealed that other factors 

also play a part, for example, the presentce of surfactants. 

The 

problem of paraffin deposition and fouling is therefore complex in 

nature, as indeed are most fouling problems. 

It is therefore not 

surprising that the information available on paraffin deposition is 

very qualitative and not directly applicable to practical situations. 

Any new understanding of the problem will therefore be of vaue and 

horefully lead to the development of quantitative relations. :n 

the present section the characteristics of paraffin wax deposition 

will be discussed and a possible deposition mechanism suggested. 

7.2 General Characteristics of Deposition 

The problem of paraffin wax deposition and fouling usually 

arises when a hydrocarbon solution containing paraffin wax is 

cooled below its solubility limit, or more commonly, 

below its solidi 

fication limit. 

As discussed in section 2.2 the solubility limit 

depends on the rate of cooling and the solidification limit on the 

existing shear stresses. 

6) conditions these limits 

At standard(151 

are defined as the cloud and pour point, respectively. 

fl 

the present work deposition and fouling at turbulent flew 

conditions were considered. In au exoeriments the solution hulk 

temperature was kent well above the cloud roint, resulting in waD: 

particles forming in th colder boundary layer. 

The main character 

istics of the system were that the amount of wax deposited increased 

asymptotically and rapidly to a final fluctuating value that 

decreased with flowrate, decreased with temperature and increasec. 

with concentration. 

3ui1du of deposits alternated with their reaovcZ, 

giving rise to random fluctuations.

point temperature interface. Clearly the behaviour of small 

It is anticipated therefore that a suspension of wax crystals in 

particles depositing came out of solution inside the boundary layer. 

solution pour point, it was calculated in section that the wax 

where the tube wall temperature was always kept well below the 

For the experimental conditions adopted in the fouling studies, 

I 0-f — 

particles in boundary layers is important in paraffin wax deposition 

and fouling. 

7.3 Behaviour of ax in Bouncarv Layers 

may move due to Brownian motion giving rise to diffusion. During 

deposition therefore, both wax particles and molecules probably 

deposits. s wax molecules diffuse toward the wall more and more 

contribute to the diffusion toward the wall. The diffusional driving 

wi devlop ra;idiy. s the wax detosits build up the heat fux 

solubility limit. it is therefore likely that wax particles 

kerosene existed from the surface of the solid wax to the cloud 

probably also influence the moveaent of particles in boundary 

of them will come out of solution because of the decreasing 

force resulting from the wax depletion at the wail where the wax 

If these shearing forces act similarly in boundary layer suspensions 

in laminar flow may move small particles away from the tube waZ... 

constitute the major proportion of wax deposited. 

7.4 3uZ.du of Ds:ts 

layers. 

they may move particles outside the cloud point ter.perature inter 

face, where they will dissolve. Particle interactions will 

that is cooled, cepcsition occurs. Velocity and teaterature profiles 

As is well known molecules and even small particles in solutions 

It was shom in section 2.2.4 that the shear field existing 

inen a solution containing a wax foulant enters a clean tue

— 65 — 

through it decreases gradually due to the increased thermal resist 

ance resulting from the presence of the wax. 

cooling decreases fewer wax particles will be 

As the heat flux or 

formed in the boundary 

layer. 

This lower particle concentration reduces the number of 

particles reaching the wall and thereby also the deposition. 

During the initial rapid buildup of deposits, particles will 

have a greater chance of depositing because of the strong thermal 

effects. 

As the heat flux decreases it becomes more difficult for 

particles to deposit and deposition of particles containing less 

kerosene than at initial deposition, might occur. The rapid deposi 

tion initially may give an opportunity to ‘trap” kerosene between 

crystals, but the slower deposition rate later may give an 

opportunity for a less contaminated layer. 

In this ‘ay the wax close 

to the wall would contain more kerosene than the wax away from it. 

The shear stresses acting on deposits will increase during 

buildup because of reduction in the area of the flow passage. 

Waiker’ calculated the1thermal resistances for run F38 having the 

following particulars: 

Reynolds number 

Re = 14345 

Wax 

concentration 

c = 14.6% 

Estimated cloud point 

3verage bulk temperature 

verage overall heat 

transfer resistance 

Using the well knoi Dittus—Boelter 

resistances, the fouling resistance 

= 27.5°C 

= 30.9°C 

R = 2.3987 (k,Vm 

2 Oc)_l 

equation, to determine the film 

could be obtained by subtraction 

from the overall resistance. 

:nsic e resistance 

resistance 

3ucside tuce resistance 

Fouling resistance 

= 0.6164 

w 

= 0.0023 

R = 0.0317 

2, = 1.7483 

2 = 2.3987 

• 2 o,, —i 

(c../m i-,) 

VT 

TI 

‘I 

TI

0 

w 

2 °c) 

shear stress of 30.4 per cent. As shown by Walker the Dittus— 

rerresents a change in diameter of 6.4 per cent resulting in an 

1. k = 0.42 mm. For a tube having i.d. 13.1 mm this 

— 66 — 

plane of weakness will devalor. Time is often an important factor 

•crystans. .s tse trisc.tncss cuilas up se oz sacs a 

Using the thermal conductivity of a typical wax given in Appendix 1 

resistances will be as follows: 

as k = 0.0002387 (kW/m °c) the average deposit thickness was 

evaluated as fl 

Using the new fouling resistance the deposit thickness was evaluated 

value, a cohesive faalure within it is likely to occur. The strength 

regalar pattern being sustained is reduced so that eventually a 

increase in average velocity of 1.2 per cent and an increase in 

of the wax layer will depend upon a close and regalar pattern of wax 

as 0.45 mm. The resulting increase in shear stress will therefore 

Boelter equation gives heat transfer coefficient values constantly 

7.5 Remova.. of eosi:s 

below those xperimentaliy obtained in commerciai tubes. Substract— 

and fouling. 

ing therefore 30 per cent, as recommended by Walker, the various 

be about 32.9 per cent. 

by over 30 per cent during deposition. These increases and the 

contributing to the asymptotic behaviour of paraffin wax deposition 

decreases in heat flux will therefore be the major factors 

Outside tube resistance R = 0.024’ 

IT 

Wall resistance 2 = 0.0023 

U 

Inside tube resistance R. = 0.4742 (kW/m 

Fouling resistance = 1.8978 

II 

2en a wax deposit has increased its thickness to some critical 

The shear stresses acting on deposits may therefore increase 

2 = 2.3987

For breakdown and removal to occur some transformation of the 

weakness). 

weakness the wax deposit breaks down and is removed from the tube 

— 67 — 

istic random fuctuations in paraffin deositicn and foulinT. 

shear forces. In paraffin waxes there exists a solid crystal 

in the establishment of regular crystal matrices, that is, time being 

wax deposit structure may take place, reducing its resistance to 

required for orientation. As the deposition is a rapid process there 

is added opportunity for weakness. As a result of cohesion loss or 

On breakdo’. and removal of deposits? only strongly held Crystals 

responsible for the creation of weak planes in the paraffin wax 

surface, leaving a thin granular layer. (The granular layer probably 

It was considered possible that some similar transition might be 

represents a well oriented matrix of crystals with few planes of 

at low temperatures where the wax transformed into a new crystal 

transition (section 2.2.2) at temperatures below the melting point. 

lubricating layer around them. The deoosit will therefore be most 

kerosene solvent will be exuded from the crystals and form a 

near a deposition surface after rapid initial deposition, the 

deoosits. These weak planes could be formed near the rube waZ 

stresses as deposits build up, are probably the main factors 

structure. 

will ‘cc left on the tube surface, giving rise to the granular 

rapid cooling. As regular denser crystal structures are formed 

systems and strong structural network than crystals formed under 

structure. As sho in section 2.2.2. crystals formed under slow 

likely to break where transition has occurred near the tube wall. 

cooling were observed to have less tendency to form solvated 

causlnf the breakdon ana removal that give rise to the character 

The creation of planes of weakness and the increases in shear

experienced in other runs by Walker. The standard deviation from 

temperature. See section 7.4 for details. The magnitude of the 

waiier(1) was at a high flowrate and concentration but a low 

tration but decreased with flowrate and temperature. Run F38 by 

7.6 Random Fluctuations 

—o — 

The magnitude of the random fluctuations in the overall heat 

random fluctuations was therefore substantial, about double those 

:ndeed, the tube surfaces were observed to be covered with patches. 

merefore give rise to random fluctuations. 

establish some average cverage of the tube surface by deposits. 

per cent from the fouling resistance. The maximum fluctuation in 

using the Dittus Boelter equation to evaluate the film resistances. 

fouling resistance for run F38 was R = 1.7483 (kW/m 

2 °c)’ when 

the average overall heat transfer resistance R = 2.398? (kW/m 

was calculated as 0.1585 (kW/m 

The standard deviation therefore, represents a deviation of 9.1 

run F38 from the average overall resistance was found to be 

0.3100 (kW/m 

The calculations show that the amount of wax required to break 

down or build up, giving rise to the fluctuations, is typically 

10—20 per cent of the average wax deposited. It is therefore 

The rap rtia_ 3uaup 01 OCO51t5 was not aetectae or. 

ny additional buildup or breakdown of paraffin wax deposits oula 

surface. These deposits probably broke down in a short time to 

studies, a deposit was rapidly laid down over most of the cola tube 

typically only by 2 standard deviations. 

standard deviations going from minimum to maximum, but more 

resistance. The fouling resistance therefore changes by about 4 

2 oc)_l, representing 17.7 per cent of the fouling 

2 oc)l As shown in section 7. the 

2 °C) 

anticipated that, at the start of an experiment in the fouling 

transfer resistance in the fouling studies, increased with concen

— 69 — 

the large fouling studies aparatus. Some indication wan, however, 

found of more wax depositing in the first hour than at subsequent 

times, particularly at low Reynolds numbers as in run A1O—4 

shown 

in figure 4.6.2.2. 

7.7 Other Considerations 

At turbulent flow conditions the shearing stresses are probably 

greater than those existing at the standard pour point condition. 

As was shown in section 2.2.4, increased shear stresses can oreak 

down the structure of solidified hydrocarbon solutions such that 

they show Newtonian behaviour. 

For the experimental conditions 

existing in the present work a particle suspension 

there fore 

probably exist at temperatures below the standard pour point. 

As deposition progresses the resulting increase in shear 

forces will mean that wax particles are more effectively moved 

across the shear fields away from the tube surface. 

hen paraffir. wax derosits it will give u its heat of fusion 

(see Appendix 2) and thereby raise the temperature of the depcsi— 

tion site. 

The effect of roughness on paraffin deposition would be to 

increase the shear stresses at the wall and hence decrease the 


Fewer particles would have the cohesive properties 

for deposition. 

increased shear fields in boundary layers, heat of fusicn and 

roughness will therefore all contribute to lower deposition rates. 

7.8 :echanism of Deosition 

A 

derosition and fling mechar.ism must explain the buZdup 

of deposits and the final asymrtotice values reached before break 

down. : the foulinç stuc.es (Section it was found that a; 

syr:rtotic conditions the aeos1D1Dn ‘as less at high 

and ten era;ures, bu; greater a; high concn;ra;ions. 

Eowrn;es 

:n the

As a result, the cloud point temperature interface moves closer 

and increase heat and mass transfer rates between bulk and wall. 

Increased flowrates will decrease the boundary layer thickness 

temoerature was also raised. 

more wax deposited at increased concentrations, although the 

- 70 — 

paraffin wax arttces. 

opposite to deposition, they are not likely to control paraffin 

deposition studies (Section 5) it was found that the wax deposited 

temperature of the solid wax decreases. It has been shown how 

in a given time decreased with flowrate. It was also found that 

wax deposition. Momentum transfer or shear stresses also increase 

both heat and mass transfer rates increase with flowrate, the 

deposition at asymptotic conditions decreases with flowrate. Since 

with flowrate and decrease the number of particles able to derosit 

particles capable of depositing because of their differer;t sizes, 

li:nitirg factor, but the cohesive properties of the particles 

to the wall, shear stresses at the wall increase and the surface 

The transport of material to the surface is therefore not the 

derositing. :ncreased shear stresses will decrease the number of 

ayer tnc.-ness w.u cecrease anc. tne emperature ncrease in tne 

shaoes and packir. properties. 

ture was increased, other variables remaining constant, the wax 

temperature. If exoerimental conditions were such that the ;emera— 

immediately after breakdown and removal. 

during the rapid asymptotic ‘oui:.dup. It is anticipated that heat 

conditions it was shown in Section 7.4 how heat flux decreased 

transfer may play an equally important par; as momentum trar.sfer, 

.ounsary ayer wt Lecrease ne conesive properties 0: the 

Cohesive proerties of wax particles are also affected by 

thile heat transfer is not the limiting factor at asymptotic

Increased flowrate and temperature therefore both decrease 

increased concentration increases the total number of particles 

build up. 

the number ofparticles having cohesive properties to deposit while 

increases the probability of cohesion. 

An increase in wax concentration, at unchanged temperature and 

flow conditions, will move the Cloud point temperature interface 

away from the wall. More particles will be formed in the extended 

boundary layer suspension and the greater number of particles 

tion progresses. The main factors causing breakdown of raraffin 

shear stresses that decrease and increase respectively, as derosi— 

paraffin deposition and fouling are robably he hea: flux and 


— 71 — 

The main factors influencing the asymptotic behaviour of 

wax deposits are most likely the creation of planes of weakness 

The amount of wax that deposits or is removed, giving rise 

wax deposited at any one time. 

The mechanism of paraffin wax deposition and fouling is 

formed in the boundary layer. Fiowra;e and temperature decrease 

by greater wax concentration in the bulk solution. 

in the fouling studies, is typically 10—20 per cent of the total 

probably controilecL by the cohesive properties of the wax particles 

the number of particles able to deposit while the umber is increased 

present and thereby the deposition. 

to the random fluctuations in the overall heat transfer resistances 

inside the deposits and the increase in shear stresses as deposits

OD 

(2 

() 

Li 

C) 

(n

— 72 — 

8. ICOi’NDATTCNS 

It is recommended that further work should be done on fouling of 

heat exchanger tubes to produce date for evaluation of the various 

fouling models. 

Any work using the present fouling studies apparatus 

should include friction factor measurements. 

The apparatus would be 

improved if the 24 hour fluctuations of flowrate and temperature arising 

in the cooling water mains, could be eliminated. 

Considerable scope exists for further work using the deposition 

apparatus. 

It is recommended that a high melting point paraffin wax be 

used in a close boiling range solvent. 

The wax determination method 

should be improved. 

Extensive data on one solution at different 

concentrations, temperatures and flowrate would allow the evaluation 

of the deposition and fouling models that have been proposed, particularly 

to demonstrate how the initial deposition rates depend on fiowrate. 

Some 

fundamental problems of interest in fouling include; the 

behaviour of small particles in boundary layers, the effect of cooling 

and shear stresses on cloud and pour points, composition and crystallisa— 

tion of particles and deposits, shape and size of partIcles and the 

adhesion properties to smooth and rough surfaces. 

Understanding of these prbblerns would help explaining the character 

istic buildup and removal of paraffin wax deposits.

— — 

9. CONCLUSIONS 

The nature and properties of solutions containing wax foulants have 

been studies in the oil industry where extensive work has been done 

on paraffin deposition at laminar flow conditions. 

In the present work the effects of flowrate, temperature, concentra 

tion and. time were investigated. 

The experimental flow conditions were 

turbulent and solution bulk temperatures were kept well above the cloud 

points. 

I; was found that paraffin wax deposition increased asymtotic— 

ally to some 

critical value and then broke dom to build up again, giving 

rise to random fluctuations. 

The amount of wax depositing and the 

magnitude of the fluctuations, resulting from the buildup and removal 

process, were found to decrease with fiowrate and temperature, but 

increase with concentration. 

3y calcuiathng temperature distributions the raraffin wax was found 

to come out of solution inside the boundary layer at a temperature inter 

face eaual to the cloud Doint. 

From the interface to the deposition 

surface there existed a suspension of wax particles in kerosene. 

The 

temperature of the deposition surface was at or below the solution rour 

point. 

The breakdown and removal of derosits is considered to be due to 

crystal transformation at the tube wall giving rise to planes of weakness 

resulting in failure. 

The deposition mechanism is thought to be controlled 

by the cohesive prorer;es of tne wax partcles in tne bounary iayer 

suspension. 

Low shear stresses and high concentrations both increase 

the rrobabili;y of cohesion.

EEfiDN2WON

:0 

e = Roughness factor 

Cp = Heat capacity 

C, Discharge coefficient (= CD) 

c = Concentration 

b = Constant 

= rea of flow passage 

?‘)MNCLTURE 

— 7 — 

h = Enthalpy 

X = Anount deposited 

A = Hcat transfer area 

k Thermal conductivity 

Pr = ?randti nunber 

n = Constant or exponent 

q = Heat flux 

S = DCCi.C gaV;y 

R = Overall resistance 

R. = Fouling resistance 

r :adius 

R. = Outsicie tue zcu.in ress;ance 

R = ‘al. resistance 

Re = Renolns nu: 

= verage Rajnolds ncber 

= Osi tube resistance 

= Gas cons:an 

= .sya’xotic fouling r.sis;ance 

= inside tube fouling resistance 

= aea; cranszer rate 

= Pressure difference 

= Constant 

atent heat of fusion 

= Fluctuating enthalpy

T TemDerature 

T = Average temperature 

= Dimensionless teriperature 

= iean temperature difference 

T, 

= Boiling point 

= Estir.iated cloud point 

= Bulk teriperature 

— 

— 

— 75 — 

T = Pour point 

3 = Ielting point 

T = Cloud point 

= Temperature difference 

Ta = Average cooling water temperature 

Tb = Average bulk temperature

+ 

= Average velocity at centre of tube 

= Dzmensionless ve±ociy y1 

u = Velocity 

u = Average velocity 

— 76 — 

U = Overall heat transfer coefficient 

v’ = Fluctuating velocity 

x = Xole fracticn,axial direction or deposit thickness 

W = Flowrate 

u’ = Fluctuating velocity 

y = Radial distance 

u = Dimensionless velocity 

y = Dimensionless cstance 

+ + 

= Dimension.ess ciszance at 

÷ + 

= Shearing stress velocity

= :ieat eddy dfusivity 

= Xoent eddy di±’usivity 

= Constant 

13 = Constant 

a = Constant orEh/Cu 

— 77 

P = Density 

v = Kinematic viscosity 

T = Momentum flux 

1’ = Viscosity 

(U = Viscosity at wall 

Ti! = Momentum flux at wall 

0 Contact angle 

= Density at waJ 

= Deposition fuic;on 

= Removal function

Siid

in Exchar.ge: Tubes”, Chem. Engr., CEI51, (March 1973). 

4, Walker, R.A., Eott, T.1, “Effect of Roughness on Heat Transfer 

Chem. Engr., cE216, (June 1969). 

Chera. Engr., CE391, Nov. 1971. 

University of Birminam, 1973. 

1. \‘1alkr, R.A., “Polling in Heat Exchanger Tubes”, Ph.D. Thesis, 

xcs 

— 78 

10. Hunt, E.3., “aboratorr Study of Paraffin Deositicn”, 

13. Shock, D.A., Sudhury, J.D., Crockart, J.J., “Studies of ;he 

12. Jorda, R.M., “Paraffin Denosition and Prevention in Oil ells”, 

11. Patton, C.C., Jessen, F.W., “The Effect of ?etroeu:’. Residua on 

14. •Reiste, C.E., “Paraffin and Congealing Oil Problems”, 

15 AST 22500—56 and I? 219/57 

2. Bott, T.R., “industrial Fellow Report on Heat Transfer’, 

6. Eott, T.R., “Fouling in She and—Tube Heat Exchangers”, 

3. Bott, T.R., Walker, R.A., “Poullag in Heat Transfer Equipment”, 

7. Bott, T1R., Walker, R.A., “Fouling in Heat xchaager Tubes — Some 

8. Taborek, J., Aoki, T., Ritter, R.3., Palen, J.W., Naudsen, J.G. 

9. Watkiason, A.P., “Particulate Fouling of Sensible Heat Exchangers”, 

Proceedings Syraaosium Advances in Thermal and 

5. Walker, R.A., Eott, TR., “An Arproach to the Prediction of 

Fouling in Heat Exchanger Tubes from Existing Data” 

Mechanical Design of Shell—and—Tube Heat Exchangers, 

Trans. Insta Chem. Eagrs., 51, 165—167 (1973). 

Observations”, D.S.I.R. — S.A..Ch.E. — S.A.i.Xech.E. 

Birniehill Institute, N.E.L., Glasgow, (November 28th, 

Heat Exchangers, Johaunesberg, April 1974 

Symo. Heat Transfer and the Design and Operation of 

1973). 

Behaviour”, Char. Eng Prog., 68(7), 69-78, 

Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 

Transfer”, Chem. Exg. Prsg., 68(2), 59—67 

Clcud Roin; of Petroleum Oils”. 

Paraffin Deosition From a Heptane—Refined Wax 

J. Ret. Tech., 1605—1619 (Dec. 1966). 

J. Pet. Tech., 1259—1269 (Nov. 1962). 

Setu. 1968. 

“Pouling The Major Unresolved Problem in Heat 

System”, Soc. Pet. Engrs. J., 333—340 (Dec. 1965). 

(Feb. 1972) and “Predictive Methods for Fouling 

J. Pet. Tech., 23—28, Sept. 195)). 

Mechanism of Paraffin Derosition and :ts Ocatrol”, 

(July 1972). 

3u11 ls::•:, 

5L8, (1952). 

1

17. Nazee, W.M., “Modern Petroleum Technology”, Institute of 

29. Lee, S.L 

33 (7), 806—812 (July 1938). 

1st ed., (1960). 

md. Eng. Chem., 19, 935—8 (1927). 

‘Crystallisation of Paraffin Wax”, 

19. Guthrie, V.B., “Petroleum Products Handbook”, McGraw Hill, 

20. Rhodes, F.H., Xason, C.W., Sutton, W.R, 

Petroleum, 4th ed., (1973). 

“Pour Point of Petroleum Oils”. 

— 79 

— 

McGraw Hill, 3rd ed., (1960). 

50. Jessen, F.W., :c’.:el, J.N., “ffect of Flow Rate on Paraffin 

21. Holder, G.A., Winkler, J. “Wax Crystailisation from DistIllace 

16. fST: 97—67 and ]? 15/67 

22. Tronov, V.P., ‘ffect of Fiowrate and Other Factors on the 

28. Brenner, H., “Hrc.rodynamic Resistance of Particles at Small 

24. Berne—Allen, A., Work, LT., “Solubility of Refined Paraffin 

25. Rafikov, S.R., Cutsalmk, V.G., Epelbaum, K.E., Yatsenko, E.A., 

27. Davies, P.A., Ph.D. Thesis, University of 3irminnam, (1972). 

18. Cruse, W.A., Stevens, D.R., “Chemical Technology of Petroleum”, 

25. Davis, D.S. “Nomograph for Paraffin Wax Solubility in ?etroieum 

26. i\athan, C.C., “Soucii.ity Szucies on alga oecuar eca araffn 

0, Einav, S., ‘Migration in a Laminar Susension Bouadar:, 

Pet. Trans., AkE, 215, 80—87 (1958). 

Haifa, (1971). 

Accumulation in Plastic, Steel and Coated Piue”, 

Laser—Dopp.er Anemometer”, Progress in :ieat :raasr, 

Formation of Paraffin Deposits”, Tr., Tatar. Neft. 

Fuels”, J. Inst. Pet., 51 (499), 228—252 (July 1965). 

Academic Press, (1966). 

Hydrocarbons Obtained from Petroleum Rod Waxes”, 

:ernationai Symposium on Two—Phase Systems, 

Reynolds Numbers”, Advan. Chem. Eng., 6, 287—438, 

Pet. Trans., AI, 20f, 151—155 (1955). 

6, 384—03. Pergamon Press, (1972), Proceedings 

Paraffin—Based Petroleums”, 14t. Chem. Eng., 13 (3), 

Sdobnov, E.., “The Rheological Properties of 

Fractions”, md. Eng. Chem., 30, 1293 (1938). 

Waxes in Petroleum Fractions”. lad. Eag. Chem., 

Nauch. — ssled. Inst., No. 13, 207—30, (1969), 

500—506 (July 1973). 

(m Russian). 

ayer easured by the Use of a Two—Dimensional

Oil Gas J., 58 (38), 87—91 (Sept. 1960). 

32. Perry, J.H., “Chemical Engineers Handbook”, 

Cole, R.J., Jezzcn, F.W., ‘Paraffin Deposition”, 

(1971), (In Russian). 

33. Armenski, E.A., Novoselov, V.F, Tugunov, P.1., 

McGraw Hill, 4th ed, (‘950). 

17—24 (March 9970). 

Wax — Solvent Systems”, Soc. Pet. Engrs. J., 

- 0 - 

“Paraffin Deposition in Short Pirelines”, 

Izv. Vysak. Ucheb Zaved., Heft Gas, 9- (7) 71—3w 

6. Kolesnik, .0., Lukashevick, 1.?., Susanina, 0.0., 

8. Zisrnan, W.A., “Influence of Constitution on Adhesion”, 

57. Parks, G.E., “Chemical Inhibitors Combat Paraffin Deposi;ion 

31. Patton, C.C., Caaad, B..., “Paraffin Deposition from Refined 

39. Nelson, W.L., Stewart, 1.2., “Effect of Oil on Plastic ?rcser;ies 

40. Shepard, J.C., “Theory and Mechanism of :iaffin Deposition”, 

41. Muravev, i.X., Osk, l.A., Mishchenho, .T., 

43. McAdar.:s, W.H., “Heat Transmission”, McGraw Hill, 3rd ed., (195--). 

42. Nelson, W.L., “Petroleum Refining En;ineerin;”, McGraw Hill, 

44. :cezso, W.L., ‘TouTh; of Ee.t :changers”, Refiner and Natural 

4. Deissler, 2.0. “Thrbulent }eat Z’ansar and frioticn in 

Lin, Oxford University -ress, (9959). 

and 13 (6), 292—298, (Aust 193). 

4th ed., (9958). 

(1949). 

nd. En;. Chern., 55, 99 (1953). 

Oil Gas J., 58, 97 (April 4th 1960). 

85—8, (1971), (In Russian). — 

Isv. Vyssh. Uche. Zaved, Heft Gaz, 14 (2), 

12 (2), 35—9, (1969), (In Russian). 

Deposition” Izv. Vyssh. Jcheb. Zaved., Heft Gaz, 

35. Pustogov, V.1., Federov, EE., “Role of Temperature in ;ax 

“Effect of Temperature on Paraffin Deposition”, 

of Petroleum Waxes”, md. En;. Chem., 41, 2239, 

Short Course, University of Oklahoma, (1958). 

Presence of Sumerfactants”, Heft Khoz., -8 (12), 

‘-8—5, (n Russian). 

Digest, Proc. of first Annual Paraffin Conhro 

Gasoiene aziufacturer, 93 (7), 279—275, (July 995--) 

Valume 7, Section , Convective ieat Transfer and 

Passages”, HiCk Seed .erodynamics and Jet Proralsion, 

“Crystallization of Paraffin in Solution in the 

friction in flow of licuids, 238—33?, falter D.C. 

t,

— 81 — 

46. Coulson, J., Richardson, J.P., “Chcnical Engineering”, 

Vol. One, Pergarnon Press, Revised Second Edition, 

(1970) - 

47. Cooper, A., “Recover More Heat with Plate Heat Exchangers”, 

Chern Engr., No. 285, 280—285, (May 1974). 

48 Standards of the Th’oular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 

5th edition, New York, (1968). 

49. Galloway, T.R., “Heat Transfer ?ouling Through Growth of 

Calcareous Ruin Deposits”, mt. J. Heat Mass 

Transfer, 16, 43—460, (1973).

U 

U 

F--I 

C) 

(f

i S-i Ti .1” 0 -P 

-‘‘ •) 0 ci .i Pu 

c- • 0 -4 ci ‘‘ flu 

ci Si S-i Si H 

U -P H -P ‘) Ui 

H S-i UI d C) H Cc) 

2c ii)) ci 0 “Si c- •, c 

‘i c,ci LI—i ci) 4 

o ii Si 0 ‘-4 

-d ci) • 

o a ci) H 

0 i cci f r1 1 

4) 0 U) 

4) Q) U) U) U) 0 ‘Si Cci 

1 C) 

r4 ‘Si LC () I)) 

o U) $ -P I”i 

H 0 

ii Si u 

ci) 

o 

Si 0 fl. 0 

cii 

0 

Si 

ci.) 

ri 0 

4.) • H 

C) r4 

U) 0 

Si 

0 

(I) 

d 

r1 

cii ci 

UI) 

if 

r-i II) 

Si 

‘Si - 

.rc ci) 

cii • 

S-i 

Ai 1.1) 

ci Si 0 

CI) Si Si ci) 

C 

0 

Si o 

ci Cc) 4,) 

lf 

U) 

,Si 

0 

Si CD 

C[ 

ci) Si 

I:) 

ci 

0 

Si 

r- 0 

,i 

i)’ 

Si (‘2 ci Si 

(I) P 

cc-i 

P-i 

0 

Si -4 U) 

‘Si Cc) C U) U) ,i H 

ci • 

U) “4 

‘1 

Cl 

0 

‘Si 

ci ri 

ri 

-P 

ci flu Cl 

cci 

Pu 

-“4 -i 

4.) 

‘J 

‘2) C-) 

0 

1 -O Ii) 

Ci 

c.4 Ii 

cci) 

U ii 

C!) 

“2 

“1 

4.) 

,‘2 C-) 

C— Si 

-1 

(4 :1 C--i 

) 

.4 

C-u ‘Si P, 0 ci 

0 

-< cci 

C) C-) 0 

Si 

ci 5-. 

Si P 

cii 

(2) 

0 

0 

‘2 

Pu 

C) Si 

Si U) C--u 

ii) Si • 

Si -Si ‘Si 

U’ ‘H 

‘ci ci Si C-i 

Si 5-. C) C) 

ci i’D CI) 

P 

C-i 

‘Si C) (‘—i Ii) U) 

2 r. a v ci r- s-. 

ci.) Si o Si Si 

ci c-— ‘cJ Lf’ .5) C) (I) 

—i 

_— • ,X) Si Cc) 

o 

j) cij Ci P cii 0 Ci ci) 

o ii ,i — ci 1i Si ‘4 ci 

o ,i ---c o 

o 

•r-i 

o

The o1ubi1ity of 5i/54°Cparafin wax, in kerosene wac measured by 

Tue pour point 0: i/p4°C purafiir wax n :erosene was aiso aeasureo 

‘-- .—. 

uinr he stadard cloud point method(15). The results are given in 

2 SoIubi1ir 

) 

waues, are Given in Tables A.2.2 — A1.2.5. 

uthr data, a:: the soubillty of :ea-affin and micrccrystaire 

n 01 C. 

that the our eoiat is give:: in multiples of 5°C and the cloud point 

found to be 5—4°c bebow the cloud point. it should be noted 

using the standard method°. For a given concentration, the prnr 

— —

— 

- 5 

The viscosity of paraffin wax in kerosene solutions was measured 

by aiker 

in a capillary viscometer. 

The exoerimental data were fitted to the Walther equation: 

lOg log (i’ +1) = a log T + ...... (Ai.3) 

where P is the absolute temperature in °K, i’ the kinematic viscosity 

in cS and a, , y csnstans. 

The constant y was eva’aatea y successive approximation, as outlinec. 

. . .• 

. (27) • 

sy 

. 

iavaes . lmcing ;ae average va.ue o’ - as Q9p), c. anc. were 

evauated t different wax concentrations. 

These values were plotted zn 

-. _o - 

z:g. 

•• ,- —- 

so taat vascost:es o: C 

.. . - 

rarain wax in erosene soi.u— 

tons coua Dc es,;aaatea Smoo;nes vaiues or tne viscosaty measurements 

oDtalnea by !aer are plottea in iig. .3.2.

— — 

.‘.ti+ 

c:Lic gravity 

The spoct:ic gravity oi raraffin wac in kerosene solutions at 

a1jron; to 

ratures ias r.ures oy ier(1). 

.‘ne anta saowaci that wax concentration hac a negiigibe eziect on 

the specific gravity of paraffin wax in kerosene solutions. 

The data 

was found to be weil rcpresento. by: 

S = 0.7962 — 00D0729T . (.4) 

where T is in C. This corresponds to an ?.P.i. gravity of 50.40. 

Succific n3at 

The specific heat of an oil with an .i.P.I. gravity of 50.4° was 

taken as (42) 

0.4036 0.00’62T 

..... 

whore Cp is the specific heat in Btu/ib °F and T is in 0C.

— A5 — 

..-6 ThD-1 DQactiv1r 

Thc 

e:rosion used by Wa1ke for the thersal conductviy of 

paraz 

wax in keroser.e was: 

1: = (869 — 00045 T) /100 .... (16) 

where Ic 

is the thermal conductivity in Btu/hr 

0, 

and T in °C. 

Tao reference from whica this expression was obtanea is not cnown. 

The thermal conductivity of pure kerosoac at i80c4 and of an 

o(f•) 

uaociuea wax at 0 C wore given as O0CSo ana 0. tu/nr it. i 

respoc;jvely 0 Using equation ?1 .6 the thermal conductivity at correspond— 

jag temperatures ‘.;ould be oo86i and 00B69 Btu/nr. ft.°11’.

In section Al .4 the auount of pcraffin wax dissolved in keroceno 

characterizing keroseae. 

8) have stated taat specific gravity is the best tay of 

and stve,as(1 

was shown to have neGliaible effects on the specific gravity. Cruse 

Al.7 D3cucaion 

1• 

present fouling studies. 

used, with a fair degree of accuracy for the solutions usqd in the 

nature, t2ic specific heat and thermal conductivity of kerosene can be 

Because pcraffin wax and kerosene are so s4 in chezical 

— —

(:) 

rr 

0 

Ill 

U, 

. 

CD 

0 •) X 

S (N 

U 

‘0 

-° 

CD 

c-) 

( - 

(._) i) 

n_ — - C fl 

0 

[1) 

— Iii 

i’c C) 

;:.- C) 

C) 

(.:) 

LiJ 

[ii 

,lI ;: 

Lii 

; 

{( 

lii 

IL 

fl_ tJ_ 

0::: 

iii -< f 

E0 dD) ,kJJSODSIA—r/

0 

: 

0 

4-) 

ri 

() 

0 

(‘C 

0 

“C 

C’) 

I-’ 

0 

‘J) C) 

C-, 

C) 

C-i 

11 

4.) 

N 

I 

C) 

‘C 

0 

0 4.) 

i-H CD r N CO UN CO 1f’ 0 U-’i () 

—z- C”. C)’i c 0 N v 

N - 

N N 

C) 0, 

CI) 

U 

0 

(U 

f:-- 1 

0 

0 

I 

9 

H N C) C’- C) N 0 

Co 

C’) Cli UN ‘-.0 0\ U’ 

i—I 

‘r4 

0 

CCI 

CH 

11) 

I--I 

r1 

0 

C-i 

C) 

C) 

C’) 

“5 

‘I 

C, 

C-i 

4, 

(U 

0 

Ti 

Cl) 

c-.- o ir g’ ic’, UN Co -.- o 

N N Cli UN UN - 

CO 0 0 ‘.-- ‘. - 

0 

I I I • I I • I I 

N -t ‘0 (3’ UN O- UN (,,‘ C.) 

- C) C;” 

i- Cli i\J - 

‘C— 

C’. 

C) 

H 

C) 

1—-i f-,. 1

I-] 

H 

— C 

C) p 

0’ H 0’ 

H 

CD C) CD 

\.Tj 0 ‘Ji 

• • 

‘J N N 

• r’ 

4 

N ro 0 0 

‘.i4 C 

‘_“ 

‘5)4 C’ 

I”. 

C) C) 

CD C) F’ 

H) 

C) 

C) C) 

C) 

‘rC) 

C) C) H 

H CD C) 

0 

C) C) 

ci c- C) C) C) 

S_SC) 

0 p d 

C) 

F) ci ‘‘ 

C) H) ci 

C) ‘- C) 

5— 

J -3 ‘•“C) 0 H’J 

C’ C) 0 C) C) HO 

H’ C) C) 

C) H) C) ‘1 

F” 

‘ C’ ‘) 

C)0j 10 C) C) 

1H C) H’ F-” 

C) ,-,, )_. , 

< 0 

C’ F” --.) 

‘—‘ 0 

C) C) -,.,p I-” 0 

—S 

(1”,) 

C) C) 

N N H) 

- o -r c-) 

‘J4 ‘.1) [) O’ C) 3 CD C 1 C) C) 

‘— 0 ‘—i C) H’ ‘C) 

H’ C) H 

H) 

C) C) ,i F’’ 

CD C) C) C) 

CD ‘‘C 

C)F-

— A9 — 

Table Ai.2.4 Cloud and our ioiciiarnt 

ConcDntl’:.3 of a 0/63’C fiüiy 

refinc rra±1in in kcroacne 

Weigit wax 

(C, 

/3 

1’ 

Oi1 

(°c) 

Pour oint 

(°c) 

2.6 

27 

22 

5.3 

32 

29 

10.3 

39 

34 

13.1 

42 

36 

Table 

Cd an our nircs a diffeea 

cOa.;nra1OnS o a o0o C iincro— 

cr:stallie :iz kercsene 

-- — 

W.. 

Ic’ 

Pour z.:a-;; 

(0 

2.6 

3.9 

5.1 

7.9 

< 10 

3D 

32 

37 

41

fully refined paraffin wax in kerosene. 

:.ppenai:c 1, experiirental results are given for the solubility of 51/5+°C 

the solubility of refined paraffin waxes in hydrocarbon solvents. In 

In section 2.2.3 eirica1 and theoretical expressions were given for 

PAAFFi ‘!fX Ii’! iROIii 

AiDP:I?i:::J. SULW-aLL’LI CJ 

APPENDIX 2 CCVPATTs0 CF i__OTTIc p.1, • E:PIPIcAL 

To oo;azn tac naten; na; 0I zusaca ar ;ne zonecu_ar wen 0.. 

cisaovec. wax. 

/ 

the uairsal as constant and the latent head of fusion ofthe 

wax citwa; :zoiat T and the solution teaperature T, are in I 

gives the r.oie fraction x of paraf:n wax c.asso_vea n eros.ne. ne 

/ ......... (2.2.3.2, 

lax = — :-— — 

1 

The theoretical equation: 

are ivn as :er cent wax in solution. 

averaged to give the values in Table A2.1, where the wax concentrations 

The soub±iity was calculated a; selting points 51 anc 54°C and 

avera:ed to give Tb as 194°C. 

at ;hich 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 per cent of the kerosene had evaporated, 

..pnd:: 1 • s recoasended by Lerne—Alien and Work 24) teaporatre 

The averase kerosene biiin, point was derived froi Table .1.1 in 

teaperature, ai in 

soaven; point. T the wax melting point and T the ao1ubii;y 

;ne concen;ra;ion c s expressec.. n g/aOO rnl sovent. Tb is ne 

bj 1.1357 . 23 ) 

— 2.97 

.A. 

‘I— — CT-) 

In the er.ipirical equation: 

theoretical relations coapared with the experimental results. 

It was conso.ered iaporant to investigate how the erpiricai and 

- AlO —

— A91 — 

parafi’in w, it was assumed to be composed entirely of one ncraal :araffin. 

The 

chain length and heat of fusion of this normal paraffin were obtained 

(26) 0 

rom Natnan . $or a normal paraffin with the melting point of 525 C, 

the chain length was estimated to be 

25, corresponding to a molecular 

weight of 352 and a latent heat of fusion of 18.88 kcal/mole. 

The average molecular weight of the kerosene was obteined from 

4) 

erne_iicn and wori2 

by assuming it to be ãfl aliphatic hydrocarbon 

solvent. A solvent with a boiling point corresponding to kerosene, the 

molecular weight was estimated to be 53. 

Table A2.1 shows the calculated theoretical solubility, expressed 

as per cent WaX 

in solution. 

The experimental solubility given in Appendix I 

and the empirical 

and theoretical solubilities calculated here, are plotted in fig A2.i - 

The capirical and theoretical solubility curves are similar in shape, 

tac foraer consistently preaictng aigaer saturation coacentratjons, a; 

at given temperature. 

-s tae souzion temperature rises, tne iz:erence 

tac ompirca ana tneore;icaj curves rses. 

The exerimental curve is fairly close to the empirical curve at 

low concentrations but then approaches and crosses the theoretical 

curve. 

It is n;erestng to note how ciose the experizen;a ana 

;neore;cal curves are at aiga concentrations.. 

This 15 contrary to 

what was expected because iea.ty c.ecreases wtri increasec. concentration. 

It was considered that the similarity in the shape of the empirical 

and theoretical curves, indicated that the solvents used by 2crne—Allen 

and ork(2 were purer ana c’oser to eali;y taan tao commarcian graae 

used in the present work. 

The difference in the empirica. ana 

theoretical curves could be due to errors involving the assumptions 

rocua: to ootann ta. neat o :n.iioa 0: ae paran wX. 

As anscu&ioa n section 2.p ana saown in fig. 2.2..., 

rate affects ;ne cloud point oe;roleum waxes in hNdrooarbon solvents.

— A12 — 

The cloud point decrenses with increased coo1in rate. The true oquili— 

Dri.’. concentration saould theexore be sligaJy nigacr than tne 

experimental value, measured at a finite cooling rate.

)< 0 0 

-H rn rn 

t - >< 

rn — 

o m 

FIC A2.1 SoL1JI nv or 51 /I: O FULLY 1LFINLJJ PA[ALFIN W/\X IN K1’R OSE NE 

u 

1’ 

C — 

WAX 

Co N CE N I [/I I 0 N ( % w 

C.) 

C) (3 CD C) CD C) C) 

— C.) .N Cl) 

r—- 

11 

— Li 

— :i> i:.i 

C: 

I 

C) 

L 

C) 

C? 

c. 

(3 

(ii 

C.)

— A3 — 

Tnble A2.1 Ca1culccd c iric:L nnd theDrctici 

solubility o± 751+JC fuLLy refinori 

rffin wax in kerosene 

Tezerature 

(°c) 

Weight per cent wax 

Empirical 

Theoretical 

5 229 1.43 

10 4.26 2.78 

15 7.78 485 

20 13,77 1 8.41 

25 23.20 13.19 

30 36.34 22.31 

35 51.87 33.43 

40 67.04 51.58

The pressure transducer was calibrated using a deadweight pressure 

A3.2 Pressure transducer calibration 

—.4- 

A3..i Introduction 

TOULING STUD S APP.’TUS 

PPEDIX 3 IlTiEl’r CLIB’TT0DS F3 

Instrument calibratIons for the fouling studies apparatus were 

poi. Cu .r. . 

given bj: 

orifice were found by regression where the flowra W in lb/in.. was 

these results the calibration constant C.. and. xi for cash 

pressure crop across tae orfce meters p was neasurea n cm ag. 

dcharges over given time intervals at different fiowrates. The 

The cooling water orifice meters were calibrated by weighing the 

Calira;on of orifice reters 

nanufacturer’s test results are shown in Table A3.2. 

constant of 20.0 could be applied to convert the mV to p.s.i.g. The 

over its operating range of 0—200 p.s.i.g. and that a calibration 

The results showed that the transducer gave consistent readings 

transaucer output was measure on tac recorer an the poten;ome;er. 

small increments to 200 p.s.i.g. and cack again. After eacti step tac 

Starting rom zero p.s.i.g. the appliea pressure was increasea in 

of zero aV. 

200 p.s.i.g. gave an output of 10 n1V and zero p.s.i.g. gave an output 

tLe associated iF—00 conc.itionng module, so an applied Pressure of 

First, the zero span of the transducer output was adjustea u$ng 

Series 27000 recorder, which was used in the experimental work. 

by W.G. Pye & Co. Ltd. The transducer output was recorded on a ryans 

meter in conjunction with a Scanlamp Type 78915 galvanometer, both supplied 

tostr. The transducer output was measured with a Type 7565 Potentio— 

— A1+ — 

W 

= 

C

calibration constants are given in Table A3.3.2. 

Using equation 1.3.3 the calibration constants were obtained. The 

previously calibrated rotametcr. 

Because the solution dischargos from the toot sections back to the 

The values of CD 

sad n for each orifice are tabulated in Pablo A3.3.i. 

holding tank were inaccessible, the orifices were calibrated against a 

flowrate W is in lb/sin, as tafore, but 4p expressed in raV/100. The 

— A15 —

— A16 —. 

Table P.3.2 

Pressure transducer ca1ibration 

manufacturer& results 

Pressure 

(p.s.i..) 

Transducer output 

(niV) 

0 0.CO 

2.00 

8o 4.o 

120 6.02 

16o 8.01 

2D 10.00 

o0 o.0 

120 6.01 

80 

4.00 

40 2.00 

0 0.00

— Al? — 

Table A3.3.1 

Calibration constants 

for :ater orifice 

I2eters 

ThbeNo. 

CD 

I_______ 

I 36.21 0.454 

2 31.60 0.498 

3 34.31 0.447 

4 30.28 0.488 

5 37.14 0.456 

6 35.32 0.525 

7 35.40 0.489 

8 38.72 0.438 

9 36.42 0.454 

10 37.23 0.473 

I

- AlS - 

Table A33.2 

Calibiation consats 

for SOi.UtiOfl orifice 

meters 

Tube 0. 

CD 11 

1 4.322 0.487 

2 4.987 0.464 

3 4.407 0.491 

4 4.417 0483 

5 4_44 0496 

6 4.457 0.497 

7 44 0.493 

8 4.580 0.457 

9 4.492 0.490 

L 

10 4.703 0.443 

I

— A19 — 

APPENDIX 4 THE PRDGR’M TTJBEX AND THE 

EXPEPIMENTAL RESULTS Oi’ 

Ifl iOULANG STUDIES 

A 

program called TUBEX was developed to process the data obtained 

in the fouling studies, Section 4. 

The 

cooling water and solution flowrates were calculated using 

the calioration constants given in Tables A3.3.1 and A3.3.2 in equation 

A3 .3 

The physical properties of the paraffin wax in kerosene solution 

were calculated using the relations given in Appendix I, at the 

average bulk temperature. 

The appropriate Waither equation constants 

were obtained from figure A1.3. 

The overall heat transfer resistance was calculated from: 

R = T (4.i) 

2o 

ana was given in icW/m C. The heat flux was ana . he logan hniic 

mean :epera;ure ci fference .across tne exchanger. 

Prandtl and Reynolds numbers were calculated in the usual way. 

Although the progra was made to calculate friction factors, the low 

zcnzitivity of the pressure transducer used (see Appendix 3), did not 

allow this.

C 

C PROGRtt’ NAMF TUEEX J.S.GUOMUNflSSCN 11.11.74 

C 

C 

DI’ENSICN CO(2,10) ,CNC2, 10) 

REAL I 

REAL*8 R 

N R P t GE = 30 

C READS ORIFICE CALIPTIO CONSTANTS 

C 

DO 9 1=1,2 

DO S K=1,10 

READ(5,10) COCI ,V),Cr(I,K) 

10 FOR’AT (2FIC.6) 

9 CONTINUE 

C 

C COOLED TEST SECTION DIMENSIONS 

C 

C 

L=3. 0 

D=C.516 

C 999 

CA=3.12*D*Df576.0 

AHT=3.11i2*D*L/i2. 0 

C RE.ES DETAILS OF RUN 

C 

1 READ(5.20) NT,JR,, 

1P 

20 FQR’AT(2(I2,8X),2F10.6,?6) 

IFU’T.LT.1) GOTO O 

NK=NR 

21 WRIiE(6,23) R 

23 F!iP’T (lH1////12X,4HUN ,‘6/) 

55 RITE(6,3) 

3 FOR 

2, 5X ,3HDP1,’X,3HflPT, X ,1FIV,3Y ,4HCF/ ?,‘.X, ?HP.Ff 13, ‘H( HR ) l,4( IX, H( 

80 

1/H)2 C)!) 

IF(M’.LC.NRPAGr) Gq]C 77 

RLA\O. 0 

P R A V 0

C 

NC = C 

C REiCS EACH SET OF RE[iJCS FOP UN 

C 

2 REAC(5,4) rr,TIME 

4 FOP.AT(I2 ,7X,F1U.6) 

IF(M’..LT.l) GOTO 30 

IF(M.EC.RP.GE) Gn1021 

77 IF(’.Ec.NRPAGE) NRPñCF=NPPACE+29 

REAO (5,22) TWT,TWO,1KI,TKO,C’K,PW,DPT 

22 FOR”AT(F9. 6,6F10.6) 

GOTC 66 

C 

C CALCULATES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MIXTtJRE 

C 

66 T=(IKI÷TKO)/2.0 

SG=c. 796163—0.00C729T 

DEN=SG*O.99904*62.3 

CP=C.1j038+0.031 62 *T 

TK=( 8.69—O.0045*T)/100.O 

VLL=A*O.43434LflG(T+273.0)+R 

IF(VLL.GF.38.0) GOTO 16 

1]. VL=1C.O**VLL 

IF(VL.GE.38.J) GOTO 16 

12 V=1.C.0**VL—O.953 

V=V*36. 0/029. 0 

C 

C CALCULATES FLOWRATES 

C 

13 FK=CO(1,NT)(DPKC(1,’iT) )‘60.0 

15 FW=CD(2,NT)(DPWCN(2,NT))*60.0 

V K F K / ( 00 N * CA) 

VFPS=VK/3600.0 

VMS=W PS*J.3348 

C 

C CALCUI ATES REYNOLD5 uMPEP. Nfl PRANOTL NI)WER Fop SET OF EATA 

C 

C 

RE= (D/J 2.)) VK/’J 

PR=CP*V*DCN!TK 

C CALCULATFS HEAT TRNFFP PFSISTAtCF FOR DATA ST

C 

C 

0 11 = 1K I — 

T 

D T 2 -=1K o T — 

W 0 

W I 

HK=(TKI—TKtJ)*1.8*CP*FI< 

IF(flTI.NE.DT2) GOTO 88 

ALID-=D11*1 .8 

GO IC 89 

88 ALTD=( (f)T1—0T2) /ALOG(CTI/flT2))*I .8 

89 RF1=tHT*ALTD/HK 

RFSI=RF1/J. C05678 

C CALCULATES FRICTION FC1OR FOR CTA SET 

C 

C 

DpTt=DPI/5. C 

HEAD=144. 0CP14/DEN 

CFHEAD*D/ (L*12.0)*(3 2.?/(VFPS*VFPS) ) /4.0 

IF ( DPT.GE. 10.0) CF=9999.9 

C WRIIE CUT RESULTS FOP DATA SET 

C 

C 

WRITE(6,18) TIME,TWI,TWC,TKI,TKO,EPK,EPW,DPT,VMS,CF,RFST 

18 FOfU’AT(lX,11X,F6.2,4(1X,F5.2,1X),2X,F4.I,4X,F4.2,3X,F3.1,X,4.2,2 

5( 3X,F6.3)) 

RE=REAV+RE 

PRA’=PRAV+ PR 

NC=rC-’-l 

GOTC 2 

C CALCULATES AVERAGE REYNOLDS \IJMBEP AND PRANDTL NUMBER FOR RUN 

C 

30 FNC=FLOAT(NC) 

REAV=PEAV/FNC 

PRAV=PRAV/FNC 

WRITE(6 ,31) REAV, PRA’I ,NC 

31 FORrAT(lFIO,11X,8HMEA RE ,F1O.1,9H ME/’N PR ,F8.2,13H NO. PEADINS, 

915) 

N P P t’ GE 30 

GOTC I 

16 WRITF(6,17) A, r3 

17 FOPMAT(1X.20UCECK A AND B A = ,Fl0.’!1 B = ,FlQ.) 

GOIC 1 

go s-Fop 

[NE]

13.42 7.40 7.SC 33.90 33.10 13.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.0 5.2C1 

13.50 7.5C 7.5C 33.90 33.00 13.3 0.65 0.0 1.16 0.0 4.SSI 

13.58 7.50 7.50 33.80 33.10 13.3 0.60 0.0 1.16 0.0 6.031 

13.75 7.5C 7.SC 33.80 33.10 13.4 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.C 5.cc8 

13.92 7.50 7.45 33.80 33.10 13.0 0.65 0.0 1.15 0.0 

14.08 7.40 7.45 33.70 33.00 13.0 0.60 0.0 1.15 0.0 6.085 

14.25 7.40 7.45 33.7 33.00 13.0. 0.60 0.0 1.15 0.0 6,085 

15.13 1.4C 7.3C 33.50 32.80 13.0 0.65 o.0 1.15 C.C 6.059 

16.25 7.40 7.40 33.40 32.80 12.8 0.65 0.0 1.14 0.0 7.111 

17.05 7.30 7.4C 34.10 33.3o 13.0 0.65 0.0 1.15 0.0 5.405 

42.03 7.60 7.60 33,40 32.70 13.5 o.5 0.0 1.17 0.0 5.969 

“4.08 7.55 7.50 33.30 32.60 13.8 0.75 0.0 1.18 C.C 5.913 

57.87 7,50 7.50 33.4 32.60 12.5 0.65 0.0 1.13 0.C 5.346 

60.17 7.50 7.50 33.20 32.50 12.5 0.65 0.0 1.13 0.0 6.076 

63.00 7.40 7.4C 33.20 32.60 12.5 0.70 0.0 1.13 0.0 7.130 

RUN A7—l 

TIME flU TWC TKI TKC OPK CPW CPT V CF/2 RF 

(UR) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.HG) (MV) (MPS) 

1.0/(/(1)2 C) 

18.13 7.50 7.EC 33.70 33.00 13.0 0,65 0.0 1.15 0.0 6.067 

19.10 7.55 7.75 33.60 33.00 13.0 0.7C 0.0 1.15 0.0 7.025 

20.33 7.55 7.60 33.90 33.20 13.5 0.75 0.0 1.17 0.0 

33.62 7.45 7.SC 33.50 32.75 13.8 0.65 0.0 1.18 C.C 5.470 

35.22 7.45 7.30 33.50 32.90 13.8 0.65 0.0 1.18 0.0 6.2 

37.C7 7.50 7.50 33.50 32.90 13.5 0,65 0.0 1.17 0.0 

38.93 7.6C 7.6C 33.50 32.80 13.5 0.65 0.0 1.17 C.0 5.8CC 

66.50 7.40 7.4C 32.80 32.00 12.5 0.75 0.0 1.13 0.C 5.22 

68.07 7.35 7.35 33.00 32.30 13.5 0.80 0.0 1.17 0.0 

82.17 7.40 7.4C 32.80 32.20 13.5 0.75 0.0 1.17 0.0 6,766 

84.83 7.60 7.70 33.20 32.50 13.5 0.75 0.0 1.17 C.C 5.816 

5.33 7.65 7.60 33.10 32.40 13.5 0.80 0.0 1.17 0.0 

MrAN RE 8422.7 1FAi PR 18.01 NO. PE!n1NGS 27

11.17 7.40 7.65 34.30 33.50 9.5 0.60 0.0 0.93 0.0 6.677 

11.25 7.50 7.65 34.30 33.60 ç.5 0.60 0.0 0.93 0.0 7.630 

11.33 7.40 7.60 34.30 33.60 9.5 0.60 0.0 0.93 0.0 7.f’52 

11.t2 7.40 7.6C 34.3 33.60 9.5 0.60 0.0 0.93 0.0 7.652 

11.67 7.40 7.65 34.10 33.40 9.3 0.60 .0 0.92 0.0 7.695 

11.3 7.5C 7.65 34.10 33.40 9.3 0.60 0.0 0.92 0.0 7.670 

17.00 7.3C 7.50 34.10 33.40 7.8 0.60 0.0 0.85 0.0 8.3t 

44.05 7.40 7.6C 33.30 32.65 7.8 0.60 0,0 0.85 C.C 8.7’0 

57.83 7.30 7.SC 33.40 32.7 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.86 0.0 8.052 

60.08 7.30 7.50 33.40 32.70 7.5 0.60 0.0 0.81+ 0.0 

RUN A8—2 

TtE TN! TC TKI TKO DPK 

(FIR) (0 C) (a C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) 

rPT V 

(C.I-G) (MV) (MPS) 

CFI2 RF 

1.C/(!KN/(M)*2 C) 

11.00 7.5C 7.55 34.50 33.50 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.91 0.C 

11.08 7.40 7.70 34.40 33.50 9.5 0.60 0.0 o.° 0.0 5.0 

12.00 7.’*0 7.55 34.80 33.40 8.5 0.60 0.0 0.89 0.0 4.049 

13.00 7.30 7.4C 34.20 33.40 8.8 0,60 0.0 0.qO 0.C 

14.00 7.25 7.C 33.80 33.10 8.8 0.55 0.0 0.90 0.0 7.961 

15.08 7.3C 7.C 33.60 32.90 7.8 .55 0.0 0.85 0.C 

16.20 7.20 7.SC 33.50 32.80 7.8 0.60 0.0 0.85 0.0 8.2!4 

18.IC 7.3C 7,55 33.80 33.10 8.0 0.60 0.0 C.8 0.0 8.158 

19.05 7.40 7.55 33.70 33.00 8.0 0.60 0.0 0.86 0.0 

20.3C 7.40 7.6C 34.03 33.20 8.0 0.60 0.0 0.86 0.0 7.155 

33.57 7.3C 7.45 33.50 32.80 7.8 0.60 0.0 0.85 C.C 8.206 

35.20 7.00 7.25 33.60 7.9 0.60 0.0 0.85 0.0 

37.03 7.35 7.SC 33.60 33.00 7.8 0.60 0.0 0.5 0.0 9.606 

38.90 7.40 7.55 33.50 32.90 7.5 0.60 0.0 0.84 0.0 

42.OC 7.50 7.6C 33.40 32.80 7.5 0.60 0.0 0.94 0.0 9.635 

62.07 7.25 7.C 33.20 32.60 7.5 0.60 0.0 0.8 0.0 9.551 

66.47 7.20 7.’tC 32.60 32.00 7.5 0.60 0.0 0.84 0.0 

68.02 .2C 7.3C 33.00 32.40 1.5 0.60 0.0 0.8& c.c 

92.13 7.20 7.4C 32.q 32.30 7.3 060 0.0 0.82 0.C 9.707

TIME TI TO TKI TKC DPK EPW DPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (“v) (C.HG) (MV) IMPS) 1.C/(KW/(M)*2 C) 

34.82 7.C 33.20 32.60 7.3 0.60 0.0 O.R2 C.0 q.726 

S6.*2 7.0 7.60 33.20 32.60 7.3 0.60 0.0 0.82 C.C 9.736 

90.12 7.30 7.4C 33.7 .32.60 7.3 0.60 0.0 0.82 0.0 5.38 

RUN A8—2 

MEAN RE 6109.6 MEAN PR 18.61- NC. cF.DINGS 32

RUN Aq-3 

TIME ThI T0 TKI TKC DPK CPU CPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR.) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.FG) (MV) (PS) 

1fl,(W/(!)*2 C) 

13.42 7.70 8.CC 34.90 33.80 31.5 0.65 C.O 1.78 C.C 2.58 

l3.5C 7.65 7.cC 34.90 33.90 31.5 0.65 0.0 1.78 0.0 2.827 

13.67 7.6C 7.85 34.85 34.00 31.5 0.6 0.0 1.73 C.C 3.335 

13.75 7.60 7.65 34.80 33.90 32.0 0.65 0.0 1.79 (D.C 3.118 

13.92 7.60 7.65 34.83 33.90 31.g .0.65 0.0 1.78 0.0 3.130 

14.5C 7.60 7.80 34.60 33.80 31.5 0.65 0.0 1.78 (D.C 3.520 

15.25 7.55 7.80 34.5j 33.50 31.5 0.65 0.0 1.78 0.0 2.99 

15.3C 7.5C 7.8C 34.40 33.50 31.3 0.65 0.0 1.77 0.0 3.120 

16.00 7.50 7.80 34.30 33.50 30.8 0.65 0.0 1.76 0.0 3.53? 

17.05 7.60 7.75 34.20 33.5 31.0 0.65 0.0 1.76 0.0 4.010 

1.0C 7.65 7.85 34.00 33.20 29.5 0,70 0.0 1.72 (D.C 3.853 

19.00 1.75 7.çc 34.00 33.10 20.5 0.70 0.0 I.2 0.0 3.144 

33.25 7.80 8.C0 34.75 33.90 3t.5 .65 0.0 1.86 C.C 3.158 

33.75 7.70 7.SC 34.60 33.70 34.5 0.65 0.0 1.86 C.C 2.S76 

34.00 7.60 7.75 34.g 34.00 3.5 0.65 0.0 1.86 0.0 3.021 

3.83 7.50 7.70 34.60 33.70 34.5 0.65 0.0 1.86 0.0 2.C98 

36.00 7.4Q 7.60 34.00 33.30 34.5 0.60 0.0 1.86 0.0 3.904 

37.00 7.35 7.60 34.30 33.40 3.5 .6fl 0.0 1.86 0.0 2.S92 

38.00 7.30 7.60 33.80 33.00 345 0.60 0.0 1.86 C.C 3.3C6 

39.07 7.30 7.60 33.60 32.90 34.5 0.60 0.0 1.86 C.C 3.758 

40.10 7.30 7.50 33.50 32.80 34.5 0.60 0.0 1.86 0.0 

40.97 7.40 7.5C 34.13 33.20 3.5 0.60 0.0 1.86 C.C 2.964 

42.07 1.40 7.60 33.90 33.00 34.5 .60 0.0 1.86 0.0 2.938 

‘i3.03 7.45 7.60 33.80 33.00 34.5 0.60 0.0 1.86 0.0 3.2C6 

44.25 7.50- 7.70 34.00 33.23 30.0 0.65 0.) 1.73 (D.C 3.84 

57.55 7.30 7.50 33.50 32.80 30.0 0.60 0.9 1.73 C.C 4.018 

50.17 7.1(D 7.40 33.60 32.90 30.0 0.60 0.0 1.73 C.C 

61.00 7.45 7.60 33.60 32.90 30.0 0.60 0.0 1.73 (D.C 4.013 

62.88 7.45 7.65 33.50 32.80 30.0 0.60 0.’) 1.73 0.0 3.9C5

81.15 7.45 7.7C 33.40 32.70 30.0 0.60 .O 1.73 0.0 3,ç77 

84.07 7.40 7.SC 33.30 32.70 30.0 0.60 0.0 1.73 O.C 4.654 

86.93 7.30 7.C 33.CC 32.4j 30.0 0.65 0.0 1.73 0.0 4.614 

90.45 7.40 7.40 32.60 32.00 30.0 0.70 0.0 1.73 0.0 s.47 

92.00 7.20 7.4c 33.00 32.40 27.8 0.75 0.0 1.67 0.0 4.82 

106.12 7.3C 7.:C 32.90 32.30 27.8 o.70 0.0 1.67 0.0 4.76 

108.75 7.50 7.7C 33.20 32.50 27.F 0.70 0.0 1.67 0.0 

110.25 7.50 7.7C 33.20 32.50 27.8 0.75 0.0 1.67 C.C 4.C98 

114.25 1.35 7.50 33.10 32.50 27.8 0.75 0.0 1.67 0.0 

RUN A9-3 

TIME TWI TC TKI TKC OP1< CP OPT V CF/2 RF 

(FIR) (C Ci (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (NV) (CM.I-G) (1V) (MPS) 1.C/(KW7(M)*2 C) 

65.S8 7.50 7.7C 33.50 32.70 30.0 0.65 C.0 1.73 C.C 

6.02 7.60 7.6C 33.4 32.60 30.0 0.70 0.0 1.73 0.0 3.470 

MEAN R[ 12941.c ‘EAN PR 17,q2 No. REMDINGS 40

RUN AIC—’i 

TIME TWI TC TKI TKC DPK FDPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (C C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.hG) (MV) (MP5) 1.C/(Wi/(M)*2 C) 

10.67 7.OC 7.C 34.43 32.00 3.0 0.60 0.0 0.56 0.0 

10.75 1.SC 7.GC 34.60 33.40 3.0 0.60 0.0 0.56 0.0 7.394 

10.83 1.85 7.G 34.60 33.40 3.0 0.60 040 0.56 0.0 7.377 

10.92 7.95 7.5 34.60 33.20 2.8 0.60 0.0 0.54 C.C 6.554 

11.OC 7.85 7.95 34.60 33.30 2.5 0.60 0.0 0.51. C.C 7.376 

11.09 7.80 7.85 34.60 33.30 2.5 0.60 0.0 0.51 0.0 7.393 

11.17 7.80 7.P0 34.6C 33.4w 2.3 0.60 0.0 0.49 0.0 8.4C3 

11.33 7.7C 7.SC 34.70 33.30 2.3 0.60 0.0 0.4g C.0 7.216 

1l.5C 7.7C 7.5 34.70 33.35 2.0 0.60 0.0 0.7 0.0 7•8

RUN A1C—4 

TIME 1WI TWO TKI TKC DPK OPW OPT V CFI2 

(HR) (C C) (0 C) (3 C) (3 C) (‘V) (CM..HG) (MV) (MPS) 

RF 

1.0/(K’/(M)2 C) 

40.05 7.30 7.C 33.20 30.50 0.5 0.50 0.0 0.25 0.0 6.59 

60.9_ 7.25 1.4C 33 

.8L 3.63 0.5 0.50 0.0 0.25 0.0 

42.03 1.35 7.4C 33.63 30.90 0.5 0.50 0.0 0.25 0.0 

43.OC 7.40 7.40 33.63 31.10 0.5 0.55 0.0 0.25 C.C 

L4.22 7.40 7.50 33.33 30.90 0.5 0.60 0.0 0.25 D.C 6.465 

57.5C 7.40 7.40 33.33 33.40 0.5 0.50 0.0 0.75 C.C 6.359 

5.15 7.05 7.1C 33.33 3..50 0.5 0.50 0.0 0.25 0.0 

61.00 7.45 7.4C 33.3) 30.53 0.5 0.50 0.0 0.25 D.C 

62.83 7.4 7.50 33.33 33.40 0.5 0.55 0.0 0.25 0.0 6.346 

65.5 7.50 7.50 33.20 30.50 0.5 0.50 0.0 0.25 C.C 6.C3 

67.98 7.40 7.50 33.1) 30.40 0.5 0.60 0.0 0.25 0.0 

81.65 7.40 7. 

1tC 33.20 30.10 0.5 0.55 0.0 0.25 D.C 

84.00 7.30 7.140 33.10 30.50 0.5 0.55 0.0 0.25 C.0 7.096 

86.90 7.30 7.3C 32.80 29.70 0.5 0.60 0.0 0.25 0.0 5.R38 

90.42 7.30 7.5 32.50 0.5 0.60 0.0 0.25 0.0 5.065 

frEAN RE 2178.9 MEAN PP 18.7 NO. PE.orNrs 44

11.03 8.8C 9.8C 43.40 42.00 6.3 0.50 0.0 0.78 0.0 5.65Q 

11.75 8.7C 8.7C 45.2 44.30 7.4 0.50 0.0 0.85 0.0 8.689 

12.83 6.80 8.10 44.20 41.80 10.0 0.50 0.0 0.9 0.0 2.7C1 

14.OC 6.gC 7.9C 43.00 40.90 13.5 0.50 0.0 1.13 0.C 2.6 

15.17 6.60 8.CC 44.20 42.80 9.3 0.50 0.0 0.94 C.C 5.053 

16.35 6.50 7.80 44.30 42.30 9.3 0.50 0.0 0.94 0.0 

IR.02 6.30 7.5C 44.20 41.80 9.3 0.40 0.0 0.96 0.0 2.944 

20.83 6.35 7.4C 43.80 41.70 9.3 0.50 0.0 0.94 0.0 3.347 

34.7 6.30 7.45 43.40 41.20 9.5 0.60 0.0 0.95 C.0 3.118 

34.33 6.20 7,SC 43.30 41.20 9.5 0.60 0.0 0.95 C.C 3.265 

35.75 6.20 7.SC 43.40 41.20 9.5 0.60 0.0 O.g5 0.0 3.121. 

39,03 6.20 7.5C 43.00 41.00 9.3 0.60 0.0 0.94 0.C 3.452 

41.97 6.10 7.20 43.00 41.00 9.3 0.6 0.0 0.94 0.0 3.471 

14,75 6.10 7.3C 43.00 41.00 9.3 0.50 0.0 0.94 0.0 3.467 

45.03 6.10 7.2C 43.00 41.00 9.3 0.50 0.0 0.94 0.0 3.471 

57.25 6.20 7.4C 43.40 41.20 9.3 0,40 0.0 0.o4 0.0 3.166 

60.13 6.30 7.4C 43.40 41.40 9.3 0.40 0.0 0.94 0.0 3.486 

62.17 6.30 7.6C 43.40 41.20 9.3 0.40 0.0 0.94 C.C 3.153 

65.63 6.30 7.50 43.10 41.00 9.3 0.40 0.0 0.04 0.0 3.’87 

68.25 6.30 7.50 43.10 41.00 9.3 0.50 0.0 0.94 0.0 3.287 

81.75 6.4C 7.6C 43.20 41.00 9.3 0.36 0.0 Q.g4 0.0 3.132 

84.75 6.50 7.70 43.60 41.30 0.3 0.40 0.0 0.04 0.0 3.’i4 

8.5C 6.5C 7.7C 43.60 41.20 9.3 0.40 0.0 0.94 0.0 2.985 

94.30 6.50 7.8C 43.73 41.50 9.3 0.40 0.0 094 0.0 3.1.58 

RUN 81—5 

TIME TWI T0 TKI TKC DPK 0°T V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (C C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM,HG) (MV) (MPS) 

l.0/(J()*2 C) 

‘EAN RE 7534.7 EAi PR 16.61 NO. PFOINCS 24

RUN 82—6 

TIME TiI TC TKI TKC OPK OPT V CF/2 

(HR) (0 C) (0 C) (3 C) (0 C) (Mv) (CM.HG) (MV) (MPS) 1.cI(K1/çM)*2 C) 

11.35 .oC 8.CC 44.20 3.90 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 2.n44 

11.67 7.80 8.50 45.00 43.80 6.8 0.50 0.0 0.89 0.0 6.2c1. 

12.92 7.8C 8.CC 43.80 41.90 4.8 0.50 0.0 0.75 C.0 4.502 

14.08 6.90 7.C 43.10 41.50 6.5 0.50 0.0 0.87 0.0 433 

15.20 6.6C 7.8C 43.83 42.00 6.5 0.50 0.0 0.87 0.0 4.198 

16.35 6.50 7.60 44.40 42.50 6.5 0.50 0.0 0.87 C.C 4.c47 

18.20 6.40 7,30 43.90 42.00 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 4qq 

6 

21.12 6.40 7.30 44.60 41.80 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 3.31*2 

34.58 6.40 7.4c 43.20 41.43 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 O,C 

35.78 6.40 7.4C 43.20 41.43 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 5.079 

39.05 6.30 7.30 43.00 41.10 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 4•795 

41.98 6.20 7.IC 42.80 41.00 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 5,C4 

45.02 E.2C 7.10 42.90 41.00 4.3 0.50 0.0 fl.2 0.0 4.C4 

57.22 6.30 7.30 43.20 41.30 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0,C 4.819 

60.12 6.40 7.40 43.13 41.40 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 5.371 

62.28 6.20 7.5C 43.00 41.20 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 (,Q 5.061 

65.62 6.40 7.’C 43.30 41.20 4.3 0.53 0.0 0.72 0.0 5.054 

68.’i2 6.40 7.30 43.00 1.20 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.2 0.0 5.061 

81.75 6.50 7.50 43.00 41.30 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 5.31*3 

84.75 6.60 7.6C 43.40 41.40 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 

88.50 6.60 7.50 43.43 41.60 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 5.082 

S4.00 6.7C 7.6C 43.40 41.70 4.3 0.50 0.0 0.72 0.0 5.373 

[A N P E 605 1 • S F A H P 16.62 rIO. RECINGS 22

TINE ThI TWO TKI TKO 00K CPU OPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (C C) (0 C) (0 C) (‘3 C) (MV) (C’.HG) (MV) (MPS) 1.C/(K1/(M)**2 C) 

11.83 L3C 8.7C 46.6C 43.90 9.0 0.80 0.0 0.96 C.C 2.652 

13.00 7.00 8.10 44.40 42.00 5.5 0.80 0.0 0.75 0.0 3.’63 

14.17 6.7 7.SC 44.30 41.90 12.0 0.80 0.0 1.10 0.0 2.C8 

15.25 6.70 7.90 44.60 42.30 12.0 0.80 0.0 1.10 0.C 2.9 

16.40 6.50 7.70 45.00 42.70 12.0 0.80 0.0 1.10 C.C 2.6C 

18.22 6.40 7.50 44.70 42.30 8.5 0.80 0.0 0.93 0.0 3.029 

21.22 6.40 7.0 44.50 42.10 8.5 0.80 0.0 0.93 C.C 3.019 

34.47 6.40 7.40 44.OC 41.80 8.5 0.70 0.0 0.93 0.0 3.2’1 

34.67 6.30 7.50 44.00 41.80 8.5 0.80 0.0 0.93 0.0 3.261 

35.80 6.40 7.50 44.00 41.80 8.5 0.80 0.0 O.n3 0.0 3.257 

38.07 6.30 7.45 43.70 41.50 8.5 0.80 0.0 0.93 0.0 3.2/iO 

42.OC 6.20 7.2C 43.50 42.30 8.5 0.80 0.0 0.93 0.0 6.013 

6.20 7.3C 43.70 41.40 8.4 0.80 0.0 0,2 0.0 3.124 

57.2C 6.10 7.35 43.90 41.70 8.4 0.70 0.0 0.92 C.C 3.288 

50.10 6.40 7.5C 43.90 41.70 8.4 0,70 0.0 0.92 0.0 3.268 

62.42 6.40 7.60 43.90 41.60 8.4 0.70 0.0 0.92 0.0 3.118 

55.60 6.40 7.’iC 43.80 41.50 8.5 0.7) 0.1) 0.93 0.0 3.100 

68.50 6.35 7.5C ‘i4.10 41.50 1•5 0.80 0.0 0.3 o.C 2.751 

81.15 6.50 7.6C 43.90 41.70 8.5 0.80 0.0 0.q3 0.C 3.2) 

84.75 6.50 7.7C 44.10 41.80 8.5 0.O 0.0 o.3 C.0 3.1C6 

88.50 6.60 7.6C 44.10 41.80 8.5 0.R0 0.0 0.93 0.0 3.1C6 

94.00 6.60 T.7C 44.40 42.00 8.5 0.80 0.0 0.3 0.C 

RUN 83—7 

NEN RE 7697.3 MEAN PR 16.50 Nfl. PP.tDtN0S 22

TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC OPK CPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (0 C) (3 C) (0 C (3 C) (MV) (CM.HG) (MV) (MPS) l.0/(Kt1/(M)**2 C) 

RIJN P4—8 

13.25 E.9C 8.4C 43.30 41.50 12.8 o.0 0.0 1.11. 0.0 3.220 

14.22 6.6C 8.20 43.60 42.00 14.0 0.Q0 0.0 1.16 C.C 3.23 

15.27 6.60 8.2C 44.00 L2.5 0 14.0 0.Q0 0.0 1.16 0.0 3.9 

16.42 6.50 8.CC 44.50 42.50 14.0 1.00 0.0 1.16 0.0 2.97q 

18.22 6.30 7.7C 44.00 42.20 10.5 0,80 0.0 1.31 0.C 3,665 

21.33 6.40 7.50 43.80 42.00 10.5 0.90 0.0 1.01 0.0 3.652 

31.75 .40 7.70 43.30 41.70 10.5 0.80 0.0 1.01 C.C 4.08 

35.82 6.40 7.60 43.30 41.70 10.5 0.80 0.0 1.01. C.C 4.063 

39.38 6.20 7.60 43.00 ‘+1.50 10.5 0.80 0.0 1.01 0.0 4.220 

42.30 6.20 7.2C 42.90 41.30 1.0.5 0.90 0.0 1.01 C.C 

44.98 

4.057 

6.20 7.C 43.03 41.30 10.5 o.90 0.3 1.01 C.C 3.813 

57.1.8 6.10 7.70 43.30 41.70 10.5 0.80 0.0 1.01. o.c 4.075 

60.0 6.20 7.7C 43.3 41.70 10.5 0.80 0.3 1.01 0.0 4.070 

62.50 6.30 7.80 ‘+3.20 41.60 10.5 0.70 0.0 1.01 0.0 

65.58 6.30 7.6C 43.00 41.30 10.8 0.70 0.0 1.02 0,0 3.754 

6.5C 6.30 7.65 43.00 41.50 10.8 0.90 0.0 1.02 0.C 

81.75 6.40 1.80 43.20 41.50 10.8 0.70 0.0 1.02 0.0 3.756 

84.75 6.50 1.50 43.4 41.80 10.8 0.73 0.0 1.02 0.C 

P.5C 

4.0C 

6.50 7.8C ‘+3.40 41.60 10.8 0.80 0.0 1.02 C.C 3.556 

94.0c 6.50 7.9C 43.60 41.90 10.8 0.80 0.0 1.02 0.C 3.783 

iN 8’+34.c iFA’i PR 16.60 NO. RF1)INS 20

16.08 6.6C 8.2C 44.60 42.80 25.5 ‘0.70 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.260 

16.20 6.60 8.2C 44.70 43.00 25.5 0.70 0.0 1.64 0.C 2.411 

16.43 6.5C 8.20 44.50 42.80 25.5 0.73 0.0 1.64 C.C 2.118 

18.25 6.3C 7.80 44.10 42.30 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 C.C 2.263 

21.35 6.40 7.8C 43.90 42.10 25.5 0.70 0.0 1.64 0.C 2.’49 

34.8’ 6.30 7.80 43.50 41.80 25.5 0.eO 0.0 1.64 o.c 2.365 

35.83 6.30 7.5C 43.So 41.80 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.375 

36.C 6.30 7.8C 43.20 41.50 25.5 .60 cj.0 1.64 0.C 2.347 

42.02 6.20 7.50 43.00 41.30 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.340 

44.7 6.40 7.10 43.10 41.43 25.5 0.70 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.361 

84.75 6.60 R.CC 43.50 41.80 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.C 2.348 

88.50 6.6C 3.Q 43.50 41.70 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 2l0 

94.00 6.70 8.00 43.70 42.30 25.5 .6g 0.0 1.64 0.C 2.356 

RUN 86—9 

TIME TWI TC TK1 TKO OPK DPW OPT V CF/2 

(HR) (0 C) (J C) (0 C) (0 C) (‘V) (CM.HG) (MV) (MPS) 

PF 

1.0I(Kw/(M)*2 C) 

57.17 6.20 7.70 43.40 41.80 25.5 0.60 9.0 1.64 0.C 2.516 

60.C7 6.40 7.30 43.50 41.80 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 238 

65.57 6.40 7.3C 43.30 41.60 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.366 

63.87 6.40 7.70 43.30 41.70 25.5 0.70 0.0 1.64 0.0 

81.75 6.50 8.CC ‘+3.50 41.63 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.099 

MEAN RE 1J313.6 MEAN PR 16.56 NO. R[,M)INGS 1,9

RUN B7—1C 

TIME TWI TWC TKI TKO DPK OPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

(HP) (C C) (o C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (C.Hr;) (MV) (PS) l.C/(K’J/(M)**2 C) 

l6.3 .5C 7.2C 43.50 42.40 3.5 0.90 0.0 0.61 0.C 

16.47 6.5C 7.20 44.30 42.30 3.5 0.90 0.0 0.61 0.0 5.524 

15.28 6.3Q 6.cC 43.93 41.90 3.5 0.90 0.0 0.61 0.0 5.509 

21.38 6.4C 6.E5 43.60 41.80 2.5 1.00 0.0 0.52 0.0 7.186 

33.55 6.20 6.7C 43.20 41.40 2.5 0.90 0.0 0.52 0.0 

35.8 C.3C 6.3c 43.30 41.40 2.5 0.90 0.0 0.52 0.C 6.811 

39.10 6.20 6.D 43.03 41.10 2.5 0.90 0.0 0.51 0.C 

42.03 6.20 6.70 42.00 41.00 2.5 1.00 0.0 0.51 0.0 12,22 

44.93 6.20 6.7C 42.90 41.00 2.8 1.00 0.0 0.54 0.0 6.4C8 

57.15 6.20 6.8C 43.10 41.40 2,8 0.90 0.0 0.54 0.0 7.206 

58.67 6.30 6.0 43.10 41.30 2.8 0.80 0.0 0.54 0.0 6.778 

60.05 6.40 6.9C 43.20 41.40 2.8 0.80 0.0 0.54 0.0 6.785 

62.83 6.35 7.CC 43.20 41.20 2.8 0,83 3,0 Q.4 c.c 6.087 

65,55 6.40 6.C 43.00 41.10 2,6 Q,.o 0.0 0.52 0.0 ,567 

68.1? 6.40 5.E5 43.00 41.20 2.6 1.00 0.0 0.53 0.0 6.946 

81.75 6.5C 7.CC 43.10 41.20 2.3 0.90 0.0 0.49 C.C 6.c7’t 

84.75 6.50 7.10 43.40 41.50 2.3 0.°0 0.0 0.4° 0.0 7.01w 

88.5C 6.50 7.10 43.30 41.50 2.3 0.90 0.0 0.49 0.0 7.q7 

94.OC e.5C 7.10 43.50 41.60 2.3 0.90 0.0 0.49 0.0 7.024 

‘EAN RE 4306.4 1EAN PR 16.65 NO. REIflINGS

. 

13.92 6.7C 7.cC ‘t2.8C 41.30 19.5 1.10 0.0 1.31 0.c 3.284 

14.25 6.60 7.0 44.00 42.20 20.0 1.10 0.0 1.32 0.0 2.71 

15.42 6.6C 8,CC 44.50 42.80 20.0 1.13 0.0 1.32 0.C 2.P0 

16.48 6.50 7.70 44.50 42.S0 20.0 1.10 0.0 1.32 0.C 2.6 

18.32 6.30 7.40 44.10 42.4Q 14.3 1.00 0.0 1.13 0.0 3.488 

21.40 6.40 7.40 43.50 42.20 14.3 1.10 0.0 1.13 0.0 4.512 

33.68 6.10 7.35 43.50 41.50 14.3 1.00 0.0 1.13 0.0 2•q 

22 

35.8 6.30 7.SC 43,50 41.00 14.3 1.C 0.0 1.1.3 0.C 3.’2 

3g.12 6.20 7.40 43.30 41.60 14.3 1.00 0.0 1.1.3 0.0 3.426 

42.20 6.20 7.30 43.00 41.30 14.3 1.C0 0.0 1.13 0.0 3.405 

44.58 6.40 7.3C 43.10 41.40 14.3 1,00 0.0 1.13 0.0 3.404 

57.12 6.20 7.2C ‘i3.40 41.80 14.4 1.C0 0.0 1.1.4 C.C 3,’-46 

58.58 6.30 7.50 43.40 41.80 14.4 1.00 0.0 1.14 0.0 3.626 

60.05 6.40 7.4C 43.40 41.80 1.3 1.00 0.) 1.13 0.C 3.643 

65.53 6.30 7. IC 43.3 41.6C 14.3 1.00 0.0 1.13 0.C 3.435 

68.08 6.40 7.40 43.30 41.60 14.3 1.10 0.0 1.13 0.0 3.416 

81.75 6.5 7.SC 43.40 41.73 14.3 1.00 0.) 1.13 0.0 3.l5 

84.75 6.50 7.6C 43.50 41.50 14.3 1.00 0.0 1.13 0.C 2.895 

88.50 6.50 7.60 43.60 41.80 1.4.3 1.10 0.0 1.13 0.0 3.233 

94.00 6.60 i.7C 43.00 42.00 14.3 1.10 0.0 1.13 0.0 3.240 

RUN B8—ll 

TIME TWI TC TKI TKC DPK CPW OPT 

V 

CF/2 RF 

(HR) (0 C) (3 C) (0 C) to C) (MV) (CM1-G) (MV) (MPS) l.C/(/(M)*2 C) 

‘EAN RE 9499.6 EA> 

PR. 

16.58 NO. PE,DINCS 20

RUN B9—12 

T V’E ThI TWC TKI TKC OPK CPW CPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.HG) (MV) (MPS 1.0/(KI/fM)2 C) 

lf).63 é.5C 7.3C 44.30 42.50 4.5 0.80 0.0 0.69 C.C 

17.05 6.30 7.20 44.30 42.40 4.5 0.80 0.0 0.69 0.0 

18.33 6.30 7.1C 43.90 42.10 4.5 0.80 0.0 0.69 0.0 5.396 

21.42 6.40 7.tc 43.70 41.90 4.0 0.80 0.0 0.65 0.0 

33.75 6.10 6.95 43.20 41.50 4.0 0.70 0.0 0.65 0.0 597 

35.87 6.30 7.10 1t3.jQ 41.50 4.0 0.70 0.0 0.65 0.C 5.634 

39.13 6.30 7.3C 43.10 41.3 ‘.0 0.70 0.0 0.65 0.0 5.590 

‘i2.13 6.IC 6.90 ‘i2.80 41.10 3.8 0.70 0.0 0.63 0.0 6.123 

44.92 e.1C 6.9C 43.00 41.10 3.8 0.70 0.0 0.63 0.C 5.492 

57.10 6.20 7.CC ‘t3.2C 4i50 3.8 .60 0.0 0.63 0.0 6.167 

58.53 6.25 7.1C 43.10 41.40 3.8 0.60 0.0 0.63 0.0 8.139 

60.03 6.50 7.LtC 43.10 41.50 3.8 0.60 0.0 0.63 0.0 6.490 

63.00 6.40 1.25 43.20 ‘4.40 3.8 0.60 0.0 0.63 C.C 

65.52 6.3e 7.10 43.00 41.30 3.5 0.60 0.0 0.61 0.0 6.330 

67.92 6.30 7.1C 1*3.00 41.40 3.5 0.70 0.0 0.61 0.0 6.734 

81.75 6.50 7.30 43.10 41.40 3.5 0.60 0.0 0.61. 0.0 6.310 

8’t.75 6.50 7.3C 43.3c 41.60 3.5 0.60 0.0 0.61 0.0 6.31*1 

88.50 C.5C 7.3C 43.30 41.60 3.5 0.70 0.0 0.61 0.0 

94.00 6.60 7.C 43.40 41.80 .5 0.7) 0.0 0.61 0.C 

“EAN RE 5130.5 “EAN PR 16.62 NO. PEOINCS

42.15 6.4C 7.CC 42.80 41.00 7.3 1.00 0.0 0.83 0.0 4.3’l 

44.18 €.2C 7.CC 42.90 41.10 7.3 1.10 0.0 0.83 0.C 4.385 

6.40 7.1C 43.10 41.30 7.3 1.00 0.3 0.83 0.C 4.388 

67.78 6.40 7.10 43,CC 41.40 7.3 1.10 0.0 0.83 0.C 4.7 

1.75 6.60 7.0 43.00 41.30 7.3 1.00 0.0 0.83 0.C 4.4 

84.75 6.60 7.4C 43.40 41.50 7.3 1.00 0.0 0.83 0.0 4.1.53 

88.SC 6.60 7.C 43.40 41.50 73 1.10 0.0 0.83 0.0 4.153 

c..oc 6.8j 7.5C 43.60 41.70 7.3 1.10 0.0 0,83 0.C 4.156 

RU B1C-13 

TIVE TWI TWO flu TKC OPK CPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (C C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CN.HG) (MV) (MPS) 1.Cf(KN/P)*2 C) 

l.75 6.50 7.30 44.50 42.53 7.3 1.00 0.0 0.83 0.0 

1.C8 .4C 7.30 44.20 42.40 7.3 1.00 0.0 0.83 0.0 4.4 

IS.37 6.40 7.20 43.90 42.00 7.3 1.10 0.0 0.83 0.0 

21.43 .4C 7.80 43.80 41.30 7.3 1.10 0.0 0.83 0.C 3.16 

33.7 6.20 7.10 43.20 41.53 7.3 1.00 0.0 0.83 0.0 4.677 

3.88 6.40 7.2C 43.30 41.50 7.3 1.00 0.j 0.83 0.C 

3.t5 6.40 7.10 43.10 41.40 7.3 1.00 0.0 0.83 0,0 4.’,92 

1.92 6.20 7.CC 42.90 41.1.0 7.3 1.10 0.0 0.83 0.0 4.385 

5.C8 6.30 7.1C 43.20 41.50 7.3 1.00 0.0 0.83 0.0 4.670 

5.42 6.40 7.20 43.20 41.40 7.3 1.00 0.0 0.83 0.0 4,3q3 

60.02 6.40 7.3C 43.10 41.50 7.3 1.00 0.0 0.83 0.0 

p2.67 6.40 7.20 43.10 41.40 7,3 1.00 0.0 .83 0.0 4.’45 

.E 6 116. C IEAM PR 16.63 Mfl• PEfl1NCS 20

RUN C1—1t 

T1’E IWI TWO TKI TKC DPK CPW opT V CF/2 RF 

C H) C C C) (0 C) CO C) (0 c) (MV) (C4. HG) (MV) ( MPS) • M) **2 C) 

1.3.33 6.70 ;3.CC £34Q 38.80 14.3 0.60 0.0 1.16 C.C 3.234 

j&.6C 5.90 7.2C 38.00 35.80 14.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.0 2.Ici 

17.17 6.00 7.CC 39.80 37.43 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 3.610 

10.83 5.7C 6.80 39.90 37.50 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 2.15? 

33.OC 5.90 7.CC 38.90 37.2o 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 2.S73 

37.17 5.90 7.10 .39.80 37.40 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 3.6C9 

3°.5C 5.9C 7.20 38.80 37.40 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 O.C 3.6C4 

41.75 6.10 7.2C 38,80 37.40 14.5 .60 0.0 1.17 0.0 3.592 

43.75 5.80 6.80 39.80 37.40 l’.5 0.60 0.0 i’’-? 0.0 

56.83 5.80 7.CC 33.80 37.40 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 3.621 

59.91 E.OC 7.1C 38.80 37.40 14.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.0 3.980 

62.33 6.10 7.20 38.8C 37.40 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 3.992 

65.75 6.33 7.50 38.80 37.40 14.5 .60 0.0 1.17 0.0 3.564 

69.75 6.00 7.IC 38.8C 37.43 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.C 3.C4 

80.91 6.00 7.10 38.80 37.20 14.3 0.60 0.0 1.16 0.C 3.ll 

Rt.3C 6.10 7.10 38.80 37.4] 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.C 3.993 

26.75 e.2C 7.2C 38.30 37.20 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.C 3.129 

89.91 6.20 7.20 38.80 37.40 14.5 Q.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 3,597 

91.83 6.3C 7.30 33.90 37.30 14.8 0.63 0.0 1.18 C.C 3.102 

105.08 6.20 7.3C 39.00 37.60 14.3 0.60 0.0 1.16 0.C 3.632 

107.75 6.43 7.20 39.20 37.80 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 3.616 

110.67 6.40 7.50 39.13 37.60 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.C 3.45 

113.17 6.45 7.55 39.00 37.30 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 2.920 

120.33 6.40 7.70 33.80 37.L0 1.5 0•60 0.0 1.1.7 0.0 

13’.5C 6,70 7.75 39.00 37.6) 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 D.C 3.547 

152.75 6.60 1.8C 38.80 37.40 1.4.8 0.60 0.0 1.19 0.C 3.5CC 

155.OC 6.20 1.7C 38.80 37.20 14.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.0 3.079 

157.7 6.75 7.30 39.00 37.20 14.8 0.6) 0.0 1.19 D.C 2.716 

16’3.83 6.90 7.80 39.00 37.4) 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0

RUN C1—14 

TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK CPW DPT 

(HR) (C C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.HC) (MV) 

V 

(MPS) 

CF/2 RF 

1.0/(1)/(M)*2 C) 

162.91 6.60 7.70 39.00 37.50 14.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.C 3.266 

176.17 6.20 7.70 38.80 37.20 1L.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 3.105 

178.83 6.60 7.70 38.80 37.20 14.5 0.60 .O 1.17 0.0 3.084 

181.75 7.00 8.10 38.90 37.50 14.5 0.60 0.0 1.17 0.0 

185.OC 6.90 8.CC 39.00 37.60 14.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.0 3.42 

197.00 6.60 7.70 38.80 37.40 14.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.C 3.506 

200.08 6.70 7.85 38.80 37.50 14.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.0 3.766 

202.83 .3C 8.5 38.90 37.60 14.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.0 3.764 

205.93 7.10 8.20 38.90 37.60 14.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.0 3.731 

209.00 7.05 3.IC 39.00 37.60 14.8 0.60 0.3 1.18 0.C 3.’78 

211.00 6.8C (.8C 38.8) 37.40 14.8 3.60 0.0 1.19 0.C 3.489 

224.08 6.95 8.10 38.30 37.40 14.8 0.6iJ 0.0 1.19 0.0 3.’64 

227.5C 7.10 8.55 39.00 37.60 15.0 0.60 0.0 1.19 0.0 3.’21 

230.OC 7.35 8.SC 33.80 37.40 15.0 0.60 0.3 1.19 0.0 3.3c0 

233.5C 7.10 •3.3C 39.oc 37.60 1.8 0.60 0.0 1.18 0.0 3.’64 

‘EAN RE 88B9.2 1A PR 17.51 Nfl. PflINCS 1t4

PUN C2—15 

TIME T’iI T0 TK1 TKC DPK 1DP4 OPT V 

(HR) (0 C) (0 C) (3 C) (3 C) (MV) (CM.HG) (MV) (S) 

CF12 RF 

l.0/(k/(M)*’2 C) 

13.00 9.00 l0.C 43.30 39.00 4.3 0.70 0.0 0.71. C.C 6.CC’ 

13.41 6.CC 7.i,C 43.20 39.00 5.5 0.70 0.0 0.81 0.0 6.31,1 

1t.58 6.00 6.60 37.30 35.50 5.5 0.60 0.0 C.80 0.0 

17.17 6.00 6.80 38.70 37.50 5.5 0.70 0.3 0.80 0.0 6.11,2 

1.19 5.90 D.6C 33.70 37.50 5.5 0.70 0.0 0.80 0.0 6.171 

33.08 6.00 6.80 33.50 37.50 5.5 0.70 0.0 0.80 0.0 7.350 

37.17 6.C0 7.6C 3

RUN C2—15 

TIME TiI TWO TK! TKC DPK CP DPT V CFI2 RF 

(HP) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (7EV) (C.HG) (‘V) (s) 

l.0/(K/()*2 C) 

160.8.3 6.80 7.6C 38.SJ 37.70 5.3 0.70 0.0 0.79 0.C f.7C3 

163.00 6.60 7.1C 38.80 37.60 5.3 0.70 0.0 0.79 0.0 6.175 

176.] 6.70 7.40 33.80 37.60 5.3 0.70 o.o 0.C 6.1.65 

173.91 6.6C 7.4C 38.80 37.50 5.0 0.70 0.0 0.77 0.0 5.5322 

181.83 7.CC 7.8C 38,80 37.70 5.0 .70 0.0 0.77 0.0 6.312 

1?5.0C 7.00 7.7C 38.90 37.70 5.0 0.70 0.0 0.77 0.0 

137.08 6.70 7.1C 38.80 37.60 5.0 0.70 0.0 0.77 0.0 6.3Cfj 

200.17 7.65 7.5c 33.80 37.60 5.0 0.70 0.0 0.0 

202.83 6.40 3.20 38.90 37.70 5.0 0.éO 0.0 0.77 0.0 6.3 

2C5.01 6.30 7.CC 33.80 37.60 5.0 0.70 0.0 0.77 0.0 6.387 

2C9.OC 7.10 7.C 38.90 37.73 5.0 0.70. 0.0 0.77 C.0 6.233 

211.00 6.30 7.60 33.90 37.60 .0 0.70 0.0 0.77 0.0 5.Ci 

224.1 7.00 7.80 38.60 37.50 4.8 0.70 0.0 0.0 6.36 

227.SC 7.5C 8.30 39.00 37.70 5.0 0.60 0.0 0.77 0.0 5.P7 

230.03 7.’tC 3.20 33.80 37.60 5.0 0.70 0.0 0.77 0.0 

2’3.5 7.10 7.C 38.8.) 37.10 5.0 0.70 0,0 0.77 c.c 6.90 

LAN RE 5050. 1 MEAN PR 1.1.50 Ni’. FCI(S 45

}U•” C-16 

TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK OPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

( H ) ( 0 C ) ( 0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM. G) (Mv ) ( MPS ) 1 • C/ ( KN/( ) **7 C 

13.41 6.40 7.CC 41.60 39.90 2.3 0.80 0.0 0.48 0.0 7.727 

14.67 6.00 6.50 39.10 36.70 2.3 0.80 0.0 0.48 0.0 5.137 

17.25 6.00 6.6C 43.iO 37.53 2.3 0.80 0.0 0.48 0.0 

20.CC 5.90 6.4C 40.10 37.40 2.2 0.90 0.0 0.48 c.c 4.741 

33.17 6.00 6.60 39.93 37.00 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 0.0 4.566 

37.25 6.20 6.70 39.90 37.20 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 0.0 4,8q5 

30.50 6.20 6.7C 40.00 37.20 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 C.C 4.727 

41.83 5.50 6.6C 40.10 37.20 2.0 0.90 0.0 0.45 0.0 4.628 

43.83 5.50 6.50 40.00 37.10 2.0 0,90 0.0 0.45 0.0 4.622 

57.30 5.90 6.5C 39.90 37.10 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 C.C 

60.00 6.00 6.50 40.00 37.20 2.0 0.70 0.0 0.45 0.0 4.756 

63.00 6.10 6.8C 43.C0 37.30 2.0 0.80 0,0 0.65 C.C 4.909 

65.91 6.20 6.8C 43.1w 37.20 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 C.C 4.563 

63.91 6.00 6.60 43.10 37.10 2.0 0.90 0.0 0.45 0.0 

1.0O 6.1 6.7C 43.10 36.83 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.5 C..0 

34.OC 6.10 6.8C 40.10 36.90 2. 0.80 0.0 0.45 0.C 4.124 

86.83 6.50 6.70 43.10 37.00 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 C.0 4.242 

90.00 6.20 6.80 37.00 2.0 0.81) 0.0 0.45 C.C 4.39? 

92.00 6.30 6.8C 43.10 37.00 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 C.0 4.250 

105.17 6.30 6.C 40.20 31.30 2.0 0.80 0.0 3,45 C,C 4.5E1 

107.83 6.40 ?.1C 40.40 37.53 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 0.0 ,565 

110.75 6.35 7.CC 43.33 37.30 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 0.0 4.405 

113.25 6.5C 7.10 43.20 37.20 2.0 0.80 0.0 C.0 4.376 

1?.50 6.70 7.30 43.10 37flQ 2.0 o.on 0.0 0.45 C.C 4,1)1) 

136.52 6.80 1.3C 4.3.20 37.20 2.0 0.90 0.0 0.45 D.C 4.341 

1?.83 6.60 7.20 39.90 3A.60 2.0 0.30 0.0 0.45 0.0 3.ff15 

155.0.9 6.60 T.3C 40.10 36.70 2.0 0.80 0.0 j.’.S 0.0 3.810 

157.83 6.7C 7.3C 40.10 37.0) 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 0.0 4.190 

V1 6.80 7.4C 40.20 31.20 2.0 o.90 0.0 0.45 0.0 4.334

RUN C3—lé 

TIME TI TiC TKI TKO OPK CPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

(Hp,) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.I-lfl) (1v) (MPS) l.0/(K,i/(M)t*2 C) 

163.00 6.8C 7.2C 1+0.20 37.10 2.0 0.90 0.0 0.15 0.0 4.201 

175.25 6.65 v.25 40.00 36.90 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 0.0 4.85 

178.91 6.65 7.25 43.30 36.90 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 0.0 

181.91 7.00 7.5C 40.10 37.20 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 0.0 4.456 

185.00 6.90 i.5c ‘+0.20 37.10 2.0 0.80 0.0 0.45 C.C 4.l5 

137.08 6.70 7.2C 43.10 37.00 2.0 0.90 0.0 0.45 0.0 4.196 

200.25 6.75 7.3C 43.03 37.00 1.8 0.80 0.0 O.’+2 0.0 4.613 

202.91 7.4C 8.CC 40.10 37.20 1.5 0.80 0.0 0.39 0.0 5.fl5 

206.CC 7.15 7.8C 1,3.10 37.00 1.8 0.80 0.0 0.42 0.0 4.407 

209.08 7.05 7.65 ‘t3.23 37.10 1.8 0.80 0.0 0.42 0.C 

211.08 e.8C 7.’+C 40.jO 37.00 1.5 0.90 0.0 0.39 0.0 4.811 

224.17 7.00 7.5C 39.00 36.80 1.5 0.90 0.0 0.3g 0.0 6.623 

227.58 7.20 8.10 ‘+3.20 37.20 1.5 0.80 0.0 0.39 0.0 4.9C6 

0 0.0 0.42 0.0 4.514 

230.25 7.40 8.C0 40.30 37.00 1.8 QP 

233.67 1.10 7.65 1+0.20 37.20 1.8 0.80 0.0 0.42 C.C 4.588 

‘AEAN RE 3’+1.5 MEA PR 17.42 NO. REACINOS 44

TIME flit TC TKI TKO DPK DPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (0 C) (0 C) (3 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.H() (“iV) (MPS) 1.0/(kI’(M)**2 C) 

13.41 e.2C 7.SC 43.20 39.00 1.0.8 0.70 0.0 1.02 0.C 4.CS1. 

14.75 6.00 7.10 33.50 37.30 11.0 0.60 0.0 1.03 0.0 4.754 

17.33 6.60 7.20 38.9’) 37.70 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 4.C3 

20.08 5.90 6.cC 38.30 37.60 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 4.164 

33.17 6.OC 7.2C 33.80 37.30 11.0 0.70 0.0 1.03 0.0 3.13 

37.33 5.9C 7.2C 33.83 37.40 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 

39.5C 6.00 7.3C 33.90 37.50 11.3 0.70 0.3 1.04 4.1)52 

41.91 6.OC 7.20 33.7Q 37.40 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 4.32 

43.91 5.80 7.C0 33.30 37.40 1.1.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 4.C3 

57.00 5.7C 7.CC 33.30 37.40 11.3 0.10 0.0 1.04 0.C 

60.08 5.80 7.IC 39.00 37.60 11.3 0.60 0.0 1.04 0.0 

63.08 6.00 7.2C 39.03 37.60 11.0 0.70 0.0 1.03 0.0 4.1.14 

65.91 6.1.0 7.30 39.OC 37.50 11.0 0.7C 0.0 1.03 0.C 3.822 

68.91 6.00 7.20 33.90 37.50 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 4.058 

31.08 6.00 7.2C 38.90 37.2) 11.3 0.70 ‘3.3 1.04 C.0 3.328 

84.03 6.00 7.3C 39.30 37.40 11.5 0.70 0.0 1.05 0.0 3.5C8 

86.83 é.1C 7.30 33.30 37.40 11.5 0.60 C.0 1.5 0.0 3.CCt 

90.00 6.10 7.2C 33.93 37.40 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 C.0 3776 

92.00 6.30 7.30 30.00 37.50 11.3 o.7o 0.0 1.04 0.0 379 

105.25 6.20 7.0 33.03 37.60 1.1.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 

1C.91 6.30 7.2C 39.20 37.80 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.C 4.073 

110.8 6.30 7.50 39.00 37.70 11.3 0.70 0.3 1.04 0.0 

113.33 6.45 7.60 39.00 37.60 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.C 

129.50 6.50 7.7C 33.90 37.5Q 11.o 0.70 C.) 1.03 0.0 

1.36.67 6.60 7.80 33.90 37.60 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 

152.91 6.60 ?.C 33c 37.20 11.5 0.60 0.0 1.05 0.0 3.”i2 

155.33 6.50 7.80 38.90 37•30 1.1.3 0.60 .0 1.04 0.0 

157.91 6.60 7.85 39.30 37.50 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 3.7I 

1.6C.91 6.70 t.cs 39.10 37.6o 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 C.C 3.’lI’ 

RUN C4—17

13.08 6.50 7.70 38.0 37.40 1.1.5 0.70 0.0 1.05 0.0 3.683 

176.32 ,55 7.80 33.90 37.40 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 3.713 

17.0C 6.60 7.8C 30.00 37.50 11.3 0.70 0.0 .04 0.0 3.721 

181.91 6.90 8.10 39.10 37.70 11.5 0,70 0.0 1-.0 0.C 3.23 

185.08 6.90 .c0 39.00 37.50 11.5 0.70 0.0 1.05 0.0 3.qiq 

1 

224.33 7.00 8.15 38.60 37.20 11.5 0.70 0.0 1.05 C.C 3,c57 

227.58 7.50 8.55 30.10 37.70 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 3•3c8 

230.41 7.20 3.40 38.50 37.60 11.5 0.70 .O 1.05 0.0 5.2 

23.67 7.00 8.1C 39.00 37.70 11.5 0.70 0,0 !.05 C.C 4.212 

I 

RUN C1_17 

TIME TWI TC TKI TKO DPK CPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.HG) (1V) (MPS) 

l.C/(KIl()**2 C) 

17.17 6.60 7.90 33.90 31.50 11.5 0.70 0.0 1.05 0.0 3.Q33 

20.25 6.65 7.8C 39.00 37.60 11.5 0.70 3.0 i.5 C.C 

202.91 7•1Q 8.60 39.10 37.70 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.0 3,O 

206.00 7.20 8.45 39.00 37.60 11.3 0.70 0.0 1.04 0.C 3.913 

209.08 6.90 8.00 39.00 37.60 11.5 0.70 0.0 1.05 C.C 

211.17 6.75 7.50 38.90 37.60 11.5 0.70 0.0 1.05 0.0 4.28 

‘JEAN RE 7899.S 1EA PR 17.50 NC. RE1fl1.NGS 44

UN C5-18 

TIME TWI TfD TKI TKO DPK CPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

(FIR) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.HG) (‘4V) (MPS) 1..0/(KW/(M)*2 C) 

13.5C 6.CC 7.20 30.90 39.00 7.3 o.So 0.0 0.87 0.0 7.81.5 

14.75 5.90 7.10 38.70 37.70 8.3 0.50 0.0 093 0.0 6.393 

17.41 5.80 7.00 33.70 37.70 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 6.512 

20.08 5.6C 6.8G 33.80 37.50 8.3 0.50 0.0 3.93 0.C 4.958 

33.25 5.90 7.10 38.60 37.20 7.8 0.50 0.0 O.’0 0.0 4.571 

37.33 5.80 6.9C 38.70 37.40 8.0 .5O 0.0 0.91 00 4.c96 

39.67 5.90 7.IC 30.7C 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.972 

42.OC 5.90 7.10 38.80 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.flI 0.0 4.24 

44.OC 5.70 6.80 38.80 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.’60 

57.C8 .7c 6.90 38.70 37t 

1J 8.0 0.50 0.0 3.91 0.C .CC4 

60.08 5.80 7.00 38.90 37.50 0.50 0.0 0.91. 0.0 4.652 

63.08 5.80 7.10 38.00 37.50 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.C 4.645 

66.17 5.90 7.IC 38.80 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.624 

69.00 5.80 7.CC 33.80 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.1 0.0 4.639 

81.17 7.10 38.80 37.10 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 3.792 

84.17 5.90 7.20 33.90 37.30 8.0 0.40 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.040 

86.91 5.90 7.20 38.80 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 C.l 0.0 4.616 

90.08 6.10 7.1C 38.90 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.C 4.3C8 

92.08 6.00 7.20 38.90 37.50 8.0 O.5o 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.622 

1.o5.25 6.10 7.3C 39.00 37.60 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.621 

107.91 6.20 7•40 39.10 37.80 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.98? 

110.8 6.20 7.4C 39.00 37.60 8.3 0.50 3.0 0.91. 0.0 4.606 

113.32 6.30 7.5c 39.00 37.50 8.0 0.70 0.0 fl.1 0.C 4.279 

129.58 .50 7.65 38.80 37.’.O 7.8 0.So 0.0 0.90 0.0 4.612 

136.75 .50 7.70 38.80 37.40 8.0 0,51) 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.536 

153.OC 6.40 7.7C 33.7C 37.10 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 3.953 

155.41 .1tC .7C 38.80 37.20 P.O 0.50 0.0 o.°i 0.0 3.96” 

157.91 6.4C 7.70 38.90 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.°1 0.0 4.247 

161..OC 6.6C 1.SC 3).0D 3!.50 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 “.288

TIME TWI TC TKI TKC DPK CPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

(PR) (0 ci (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.HG) (1V) (MPS) 1.0/(K.W/(M)*2 C) 

I3.17 ..4C 7.60 38.90 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.254 

176.33 6.40 7.70 38.80 37.30 7.8 0.50 0.0 0.90 0.0 4.302 

170.QC .6.55 7.80 33.90 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.230 

12.0C 6.70 8.CC 30.03 37.50 8.0 0.50 0.3 D.91 0.C 4.218 

185.17 6.7C 7.5 39.00 37.50 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.721 

137.25 6.45 7.60 38.90 37.40 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91. 0.C 4.250 

200.33 6.60 7.cS 33.90 37.40 7.8 0.50 0,0 0.90 C.C 4.283 

203.00 7.60 8.5 37.60 8.0 0.50 0.0 0.91 0.0 4.420 

7C6.OC 7.00 8.30 39.0.) 37.50 7.8 0.40 0.0 0.90 0.0 4.244 

209.17 6.70 1.SC 3:.39Q 3T.40 7.8 0.50 0.0 0.90 0.0 4.280 

211.17 6.60 7.80 38.90 37.50 7.8 0.50 0.0 0.°0 0.0 4.607 

22’.41 6.90 8.15 38.60 37.10 7.3 0.40 0.0 0.90 0.0 4.211 

227.67 7.30 8.60 3.0c 37.60 7.8 0.40 0.0 0.90 O.C 

230.41 7.05 3.20 33.70 37.40 7.8 0.40 0.0 0.90 0.0 

233.75 6.70 8.CC 39.03 36.50 7.8 0.50 0.0 0.90 0.0 2.533 

RL C5—18 

?E 6895.7 PR 17.52 NO. P.FCTNCS 44

14.25 7.IC 10.2C 39.10 38.00 8.8 0.60 0.0 0.95 0.C 5.29 

14.83 5.99 7.C3 38.90 37.50 .0 0.60 0.0 0.96 0.0 4.392 

17.50 5.90 7.C0 38.90 37.70 8.8 0.60 0.0 0.95 0.0 5.211 

20.17 5.80 6.80 38.80 37.50 8.R 0.60 0.0 .95 0.0 4.

163.17 6.50 7.C 38.OG 37.’0 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.96 o.c 

176.’iI 6.55 7.55 39.00 37.50 8. 0.60 0.0 0.95 0.0 4.04 

179.08 6.70 7.7C 39.00 37.50 9.0 0.60 0.0 .97 0.C “.008 

182.C8 6.9C 7.8C 39.1C 37.70 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.97 0.C 4.2c2 

185.17 6.80 7.&C 39.00 37.60 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.97 0.0 4.286 

187.25 6.55 7.50 38.90 37.50 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.96 0.0 4.312 

200.33 6.80 7.7C 37.50 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.97 0.C 4.001 

203.00 7.25 8.3C 39.10 37.30 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.0 4.566 

2C6.08 7.10 8.2C 39.10 37.60 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.97 0.C 3.961 

209.25 6.80 7.80 39.00 37.50 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.97 0.0 3.995 

211.25 6.70 7.75 39.00 37.60 

0Q 0.60 0.0 0.97 0.0 4.27 

224.5C 7.00 8.C5 3-’3.3C 31.30 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.96 0.C 3.943 

227.67 7.50 8.50 39.10 37.70 9.0 0.6) 0.0 .97 0.0 4.2C2 

230.50 7.20 8.20 33.90 37.50 .0 0.60 0.0 O.6 C.C 4.219 

233.75 6.90 7.E5 39.00 37.60 9.0 0.60 0.0 0.97 0.0 4.276 

RUN C7-19 

TP’E TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK CPW DPT V CF/2 RF 

(HP) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 ) (MV) (CM.HG) (MV) (MPs) 1.0f(KW/(M)**2 C) 

‘EAN RE 7254. C tEAN PR 4/-f 

17.49 Nfl. REfrIGS

RUNJ 

C8-2C 

T[’E 

TWE 

T0 TKI 

(Hg) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) 

TKC DPK CPW OPT V 

(MV) 

(MV) 

(CM.HC) 

CF/2 RF 

(PS) l.0/(VlI(M)2 C) 

l’t.41 7.00 7.80 37.70 36.90 3.8 0.70 o.o O..6i. C.C 

15.08 5.90 6,50 38.10 37.50 3.8 0.70 0.0 0.61 0.0 

17.50 6.90 6.50 33.80 37.50 4.0 0.80 0.0 0.63 0.0 7.164 

20.25 5.90 6.C 38.60 37.30 4.0 0.90 0.0 0.63 0.C 7.251 

33.33 6.00 6.50 38.50 37.40 3.8 0.80 0.0 0.61 0.0 

37.50 5.90 6.SC 33.70 37.50 4.0 0.80 0.0 0.63 C.C 7.76 

39.75 6.10 6.6C 38.60 37.50 ‘-.0 0.80 0.0 0.63 0.C 8.39 

42.08 5.90 6.40 38.60 37.40 4.0 0.80 0.0 0.63 0.0 

4&,j7 5.80 6.30 38.60 37.50 4.0 0.90 0.0 0.63 0.C 8.620 

57.17 5.80 6,30 33.60 37.40 4.0 0.80 0.0 0.63 0.0 

60.25 5.90 6.50 38.80 37.50 4.0 0.80 0.0 0.63 0.0 7.2O 

63.17 6.00 6.60 33.83 37.60 4.0 0.80 0.0 0.63 0.C 7.873 

66.25 6.00 6.70 38.70 37.50 4.0 Q.8 0.0 0.63 0.0 7.839 

69.08 6.OC 6.50 33.70 37.40 4.0 0.90 9.0 0.63 0.C 7.2 

t 

81.25 6.00 6.60 33.70 37.30 3.8 0.90 0.0 0.61 0.0 6.911 

84.25 6.00 6.60 38.80 31.40 3.8 0.80 0.0 0.61 0.0 6.930 

87.OC 6.00 6.70 38.80 37.40 3.8 0.80 0.0 0.61 0.0 6.920 

0.17 6.10 6.60 38.70 37.70 4.0 0.80 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.433 

Q2.17 6.10 6.7C 38.80 37.50 3.8 0,90 0.0 0.61 0.0 7.5l 

105.33 6,2C 6.8C 38.90 37.60 3.8 0.93 0.0 0.61. 0.0 7./48 

108.00 6.30 7.C0 39.00 37.70 3.8 0.80 0.0 .61 0.C 7.434 

111.00 6.30 6.8C 38.90 37.50 3.8 0.90 0.0 0.61 0.0 6.895 

113.41 6.4C T.CC 38.70 37.50 3.8 0.90 0.0 0.61 0.0 7.984 

12’.67 6.60 7.20 38.70 37.40 3.8 

- 

0.90 0.0 0.61 0.0 7.212 

136.82 6.60 7.20 38.70 37.40 3.8 0.90 0.0 0.61. 0.0 7.212 

153.08 6.60- 7.7C 38.60 37.20 3.8 0.70 0.0 0.61 0.0 6.7C7 

155.50 6.50 7.10 38.10 37.30 3.8 0.70 0.0 0.61 0.0 

152.00 6.50 7.10 33.83 37.40 3.8 0.8) 3.0 3.61 0.0 6.822 

L6L.08 6.70 7.20 33.80 37.50 3.8 0.80 3.0 0.61 C.C 7.310

163.25 6.50 7.1C 38.70 37.30 3.8 0.90 0.0 0.61 0.0 6.9c2 

176.41 é.6C 7.1.5 38.70 37.4 3.9 0.80 0.0 fl.A1. 0.0 7.318 

1.79.08 6.60 7.25 38.70 37.40 3.8 0.80 0.0 .6l 0.0 7.307 

182.1.7 6.OC 7.50 38.90 37.50 3.5 0.70 0.0 0.59 0.0 6.970 

185.25 6.80 7.43 38.90 37.40 3.5 0.80 0.0 0.5° 0.0 6.517 

187.33 6.6C 7.10 38.60 37.30 3.5 0.90 3.0 0.59 C.C 7,537 

200.41 6.80 7.4C 38.70 37.40 3.5 0.90 0.0 0.5 0.0 7.498 

203.00 7.25 7.85 38.90 37.50 3.5 0.80 0.0 .59 0.0 6.891 

206.08 7.20 7.75 38.90 37.50 3.5 0.80 9.0 0.59 0.0 6.9C8 

209.25 6.70 7.3C 38.70 37.20 3.5 0.90 0.0 0.59 0.0 6.C0 

211.33 6.70 7.30 38.90 37.53 3.5 0.00 0.0 0.59 0.0 v.015 

224.50 7.10 7.F 38.60 37.30 3.5 0.83 0.0 0.59 0.0 7.410 

227.75 7.30 7.90 38.90 37.50 3.5 0.90 0.0 0.59 0.0 6.80 

230.5C 7.2c 1.10 38.60 37.40 3.5 0.80 0.0 0.59 0.0 ‘3.01.0 

233.83 6.00 7.4C 38.80 37.50 3.5 0.90 0.0 0.59 0.0 7.5C8 

RUN C8-20 

TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK cPw opr V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (C’.iG) (MV) (MPS) 1.0i(

TIVE M)*2 C) 

TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK opw CPT V CF/2 RF 

(Hp) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.HG) (MV) (MPS) 1.C/{K/( cL’: C 10—21 

15.17 6.CC 7.2C 30.00 37.70 15.3 O.7C 0.0 1.15 0.C 3.968 

17.58 6.00 7.20 33.90 37.FO 1.5.3 0.70 0.0 1.15 0.0 

20.33 5.90 7.1.0 38.33 37.70 15.3 0.80 0.0 1.15 0.0 4.690 

33.41. 6.20 7.4C 39.80 37.70 1.5.0 0.80 0.0 1.14 0.C 4.6€0 

37.50 5.10 7.20 33.90 37.70 15.0 .70 0.0 1.14 0.0 4.384 

39.83 6.20 7.50 39.00 37.80 15.0 0.80 0.0 1.1.4 0-C 4.301. 

42.08 6.00 7.1C 33.93 37.70 15.3 0.60 0.0 1.15 0.C 

4-.17 5.90 6.90 39.80 37.70 150 0.80 0.0 1.14 0.0 4.740 

5.25 5.90 7.10 39.00 37.80 15.0 0.70 0.0 1.14 0.0 

60.25 6.00 7.20 39.00 37.90 15.0 0.70 0.0 1.14 C.C 4.736 

3.33 6.10 7.20 39.00 37.80 15.0 0.70 0.0 1.14 0.0 4.329 

66.25 6.10 7.3C 39.03 37.80 15.0 0.70 0.0 1.14 0.C 4.32? 

‘p.17 6.10 7.10 33.90 37.73 15.0 0.80 0.0 1.14 0.0 4.324 

1.25 a.2C 7.30 39.00 37.80 15.0 0.80 0.0 1.14 0.0 

24.25 6.10 7.3C 39.00 37.80 15.0 0.80 0.0 1.14 C.C 4.322 

37,33 6.20 7.3C 38.90 37.30 15.3 0.70 0.0 1.15 0.C 4.666 

90.17 6.20 7.3C 39.00 37.80 15.0 0.80 0.0 1.14 0.0 4.31.6 

‘2.25 e.20 7.40 30.00 37.80 15.3 0.30 0.0 1.15 0.0 4377 

105.41 6.4C 7.60 30.00 37.90 15.3 0.83 0.0 1.15 0.0 4.643 

103.00 6.5C ?.6C 30.20 33.00 15.3 0.70 0.0 1.15 0.C 4.268 

111.00 6.40 7.60 39.00 31.00 15.0 - 0.00 0.0 1.1.4 0.0 4.77 

13.33 6.60 7.65 38.90 37.80 15.3 0.80 0.0 1.15 0.0 4.611 

12.75 6.80 7.85 39.00 37.80 15.0 0.80 0.0 0.0 4.237 

L3.-1 6.70 39.00 37.90 15.3 0.30 0.0 1.15 0.0 4.8 

53.17 6.80 7.90 38.80 3r.7Q 15.3 0.70 0.0 1.15 0.0 

15.53 6.80 7.30 38.90 37.80 15.3 0.70 0.0 1.15 0.0 4.535 

53.03 6.90 7.90 30.00 37.90 1.5.3 0.70 0.0 1.15 0.0 

11.17 6.80 7.90 39.00 37.90 1.5.3 Q.80 0.0 1.15 0.0 

163.33 6.70 7.7C 38.00 37.70 15.3 0.30 0.0 1.15 C.C

RUN C1C—21 

TIME ThI TWO TKJ TKO DPK 0P’i CPT V CF/2 RF 

(IIR) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (0 C) (MV) (CM.)-jG) (MV) (MPS) 1.0f(K/(M)**2 C) 

176.5C .7C 7.qC 39.00 37.80 15.0 0.70 0.0 1.14 0.C 4.240 

179.17 6.90 8.10 39.00 37.90 15.0 0.70 0.0 1.14 0.0 4.602 

182.17 7.00 8.20 39.20 38.00 15.0 0.80 0.0 1.14 0.0 3.875 

18.25 6.80 8.CC 39.30 37.90 15.0 0.80 0.0 1.14 C.C 4.617 

187.41 6.70 7.70 38.90 37.70 15.0 0.80 0.0 1.14 0.0 4.242 

200.50 6.90 8.C5 39.30 37.93 15.0 0.70 0.0 1.1-4 C.c 4.606 

203.08 7.40 8.60 39.10 38.00 15.0 0.70 0.0 1.14 0.C 

206.17 7.40 8.55 30.20 38.00 15.0 0.70 0.0 1.14 °.0 4,174 

200.33 7.80 8.00 39.03 37.80 15.3 0.80 0.0 1.15 G.C 4.1-28 

211-.3 .9G 7.80 39.00 37.90 15.0 0.80 0.0 1.14 C.C 4.618 

224.5€ 7.3C 8.40 38.80 37.10 15.0 0.80 0.0 1.14 0.0 4.824 

227.75 7.40 8.55 38.00 15.0 0.70 0.0 1.14 0.0 4.°92 

230.50 7.30 8.40 38.90 37.80 15.0 0.70 o.0 1.14 C.C 4.231 

233.3 7.OC 3.10 39.00 36.90 15.3 0.80 0.0 1.15 0.0 2.35 

ME A N RE .3 73 7 • E ‘ F A N P Q 17.47 Nfl. PEM)TNGS 113

Tt’iE TWI TC TKI TKO OPK CPW DPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (0 C) (0 C) 3 C) (3 C) (MV) (CM.H) (1V) (MPS) l.0I(K’/()2 C) 

RUN D1C—22 

11.25 15.50 1.2C 43.90 43.1.0 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.71 D.C 9.040 

11.5C 12.20 13.C0 42.40 40.60 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 0.0 tt.227 

12.00 12.10 12.SC 39.60 38.00 4.8 1.00 0.0 0.69 0.0 

12.5C 12.00 12.C 33.10 36.80 4.5 1.00 0.0 0.67 0.0 5.412 

13.17 12.1c 12.7C 36.10 35.00 4.8 1.00 0.0 0.68 D.C 5.787 

14.OC 12.10 12.60 35.20 34.20 4.8 1.00 0.0 0.68 0.0 6.1.64 

15.OC 12.30 12.80 35.10 34.05 4.8 1.00 0.0 0.68 0.C 5.788 

16.00 12.20 12.7c 34.90 33.90 4.8 1.00 0.0 0.68 0.C 6C60 

17.OC 12.50 13.C0 34.30 33.90 4.8 1.o 0.0 0.68 0.0 

18.00 12.60 13.C5 35.00 34.00 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 0.0 5.848 

19.00 12.55 13.C5 35.13 34.20 4.8 1.00 0.0 0.68 D.C 

33.15 12.70 13.30 37.70 36.50 5.0 1.00 0.0 Q.7 0.0 

34.33 12.7C 13.3c 37.90 36.73 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 D.C 5.410 

35.41. 12.7C 13.3C 37.90 36.60 5.0 1.0 0.0 0.70 0.0 

37.17 12.50 13.20 33.00 36.80 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 D.C 5.464 

3.0C 12.80 13.4C 38.10 36.90 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 0.0 5.428 

37.87 12.85 13.50 38.63 37.30 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 C.C 

60,00 12.55 13.15 37.20 35.00 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 0.C 5.C0 

60.25 12.50 13.10 37.jO 36.00 5.o 1.10 0.0 0.70 C.0 5•7Q3 

65.25 12.50 13.10 37.40 36.20 5.0 1.10 0.0 0.70 D.C 5.3’? 

81.17 12.50 L2.5 34.10 L.8 1.00 0.0 0.68 0.0 6.737 

P4.3 11.75 12.25 35.40 34.40 ,8 1.00 0.0 0.68 0.0 6.311. 

87.25 11.TC 12.30 36.35 35.25 5.0 1.00 0.3 0.70 D.C 5.811 

89.75 11.70. 12.25 36.53 35.40 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 

1.50 12.00 12.55 36.63 35.50 5.0 1.10 0.0 0.70 D.C 

105.41 11.70 12.20 35.53 34.70 1.00 0.0 0.68 0.0 

108.25 11.65 12.15 34.95 34.05 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 0.0 4,775 

110.92 11.80 12.30 33.70 34.75 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 0.0 6.5 

113.25 11.80 12.3C 35.D5 35.05 5.0 1.00 0.) 0.70 0.0

RUN D1C—22 

TIME TWI TC TKI TKC OPK CPW OPT V CF/2 RF 

(HR) (C C) (3 C) (0 C) (3 C) (4v) (CM.HG) (1V) (MPS) l.O/(/(M)2 C) 

114.58 12.00 12.C 36.10 35.05 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 0.0 5.S70 

135.17 11.20 11.8C 36.83 35.50 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 0.0 

139.17 11.50 12.IC 37.40 36.10 5.0 1.00 0.0 0.70 0.0 5.137 

141.75 11.50 12.C0 37.30 36.10 5.0 1.10 0.) 0.70 0.0 

143.50 11.45 12.CC 31.10 .35.00 5.0 1.10 0.0 0.70 C.C 5.531 

1s3.75 11.45 12.C0 37.10 35.90 5.0 1.10 0.0 0.70 0.0 5.531 

MEAN RE 5128.7 4EAN PR 17.91 NO. PEtflINGS 35

— A23 — 

APPENDIX 5 OALT2RATTUNS 0? 0RiICE 

; JTE13 PJE iJE1IS 

US:n) IN Ti Dfl-QSiTI0N 

ur)Iis APPAPAWS 

A5.1 Orifice keters 

The orifice meters, used in the deposition studies apparatus, had 

standard d and d/2 tappings and a diameter half that of the pipe. 

The 

0.5 inca pipe usea han i.d. 13.64 mm and o.d. 15 nun. 

The orifice meters were calibrated by measuring the time taken to 

fill a given volume. 

Using the appropriate density vaiues, the flow— 

rates in terms of kg/s were obtained. 

The solution orifice meter was calibrated by using pure kerosene. 

The temperatures of the cooling water and kerosene were kept constant 

during the calibrations. 

Table .5.1 gives the results for the water orifice and Table A5.2 

for the solution orifice. 

Using the equation: 

W = C.\/zh (A5.1) 

and the data in Tables A5.1 and 5.2, the discharge coefficients were 

calculated. W is the flowrate in kg/s, C. the discharge coefficient 

and 

h the differential head in ci-g across the orifice meters. 

The average values of the nischarge coefficients for eerimental 

solution and water orifices were 0.0365 and 0.0401, respectively. 

)

against a standard thermometer, was fastened to the thermistor. The 

—0 to 50 x 0.1°C mercury in glass thermometer, previously tested 

controllers - 

tanks were calibrated at the maximum sensitivity of the temperature 

The thermistors placod in the experimental solution and cooling water 

A52 Thermistors’ 

calibration values are plotted in figure k5.1. 

water and experimental solution circulation systems, respectively. The 

Tables A5.3 and show the calibration values for the cooling 

were recorded as the calibration vaiues. 

mercury in glass thermometer at that point and the controller setting, 

reached where the light stopped Zmshing. The temperature shown by the 

:as on. 3y gradually decreasing the controller setting, a point ‘as 

-an. Th:s turne ;ae 1 neater on ana a lgnt :asaed, inccatzng i 

the temperature controller WaS set above the actual tempera;ure in the 

ture fell below the required value. In order to calibrate the thermistor, 

In practice, the 1kW controfled heater was turned on if the tempera 

for both the circulation systems. 

recorded as the heating occurred. The same calibration method was used 

system now gradually increased its temperature. Calibration values were 

2kW heater and the circulation pump were turned on. The circulation 

- A21 -

T—- TEI\iFERATUFE (°C) 

—I’ 

Ui 

—s 

NJ C) 

.Z— 

i 

C) C) CD C) ç C) 

0) -ci 

i 

C-c) 

C) C) C) 

ii 

C) 

;j (1 

C) 

C) 

Cl’) 

h 

x o 

C) 

1• — 

C-: n 

:1 ;,j 

C) 

1 

III 

(1) 

(e 

(i•) (1) 

—i 

i: 

rI - 

.

— A22 — 

Table A5.1 

Calibration of the water 

orifice rletcr 

xh W Cd 

(cm Hg) (kg/s) (kg/s cm Hg) 

0.5 0.032 0.0453 

1.3 0.048 0.0421 

2.4 0.063 0.0407 

4.7 0.087 00401 

7.2 0.106 0.0395 

9.0 0.116 0.0387 

11.0 0.131 0.0390 

13.2 0.141 0.0388 

17.3 0.164 0.0394 

19.8 0.176 0.0396 

j 

21.7 0.180 L 0.0385 

27.3 0.205 0.0394 

34.5 0.232 0.0395 

43.8 0.267 0.0403 

Ave:a;e C. = o.o401

d 

Average C 

Table A5.2 

0.0452 

0.0255 

0.0395 

0.0367 

0.0369 

0.0568 

0.0378 

0.0365 

0.0361 

0.0377 

0.0364 

0.0374 

0.0356 

0.0373 

0.0354 

0.0353 

0.0354 

0.0359 

C.0352 

0.0351 

0.0351 

0.0372 

o.o54 

o.o68 

xh w Cd 

.8 

43.1 

0.9 

2.0 

2.6 

32.5 

12.1 

23.1 

28.1 

3.3 

7.5 

1.6 

5.9 

14.4 

15.7 

20.9 

13.0 

18.6 

0.5 

9.9 

0.2 

8.5 

0.0193 

0.0242 

0.0465 

0.0595 

0.1157 

0.0279 

0.0826 

0.1265 

0.1350 

0.1353 

0.1472 

0.1557 

0. 0oo 

0.0jo 

0.0519 

0.0988 

0.2699 

0.2531 

0.1653 

0.1687 

0.1975 

0.2077 

0.2382 

orifice meter 

o.o88 

— A23 — 

= 0.0365 

- 1 

Calibration of the solution 

1 (cm Hg) (kg/s) (k/s cm Hg)

( C) setting 

Terorature Controller 

ther:istor 

. 

55.4 

60.5 

59.6 

53.1 

• 

52.0 

49,3 

50.0 

32.5 

35.4 

36.2 

37.5 

43.5 

47.6 

2.5 

41.1 

LrCQ 

23.0 

23.0 

29.4 

34.8 

.-‘-. Q 

15.3 

14.7 

13.1 

14.1 

20.1 

22.1 

12.0 

12.5 

13.6 

16.5 

18.4 

11.0 

10.2 

10.5 

9,7 

- A24 - 

10.102 

10. 25 

9.97-i 

3 

10.503 

10.1%D 

10,151 

10.0L,4 

9.325 

9.876 

97L5 

• 9.592 

8.773 

9.166 

8.742 

8.842 

8.995 

9.323 

9.545 

9.D7 

9,IDL:. 

8.2&÷ 

7. o42 

7.172 

7.460 

5.937 

7.917 

8.119 

8.313 

02 

5895 

5,629 

5.855 

.304 

5 .505 

5.426 

5,546 

5.620 

5.685 

6.047 

6.133 

6.235 

COOli2i ‘;‘cr 

Table Calibration of the

11.1 6.517 

10.5 6.418 

10.1 6.346 

9.6 6.236 

(°C) settiz 

Teanerature Controller 

temistor 

ecriertal solution 

Table f5,4 Calibration of th 

11.0 : 6.523 

35.3 8.993 

34.7 9.092 

40,0 9.407 

47.5 9.772 

70.0 13.402 

18.3 7.595 

29.2 j 8.699 

50.0 8.753 

37.6 9.268 

42.5 9.539 

44.4 9631 

51.9 9.95+ 

63.o 10.359 

32.2 8.955 

27.7 8.553 

25.6 8.175 

53.9 9.999 

64.0 10270 

65.4 10.507 

621 10.235 

45•5 

9.531 

35.3 9.121 

36.2 9.185 

22.1 8,044 

41,1 9.i5D 

20.0 7.795 

53.4 10.185 

., 

IL). OJ 

58.1 13.125 

48.5 9.80? 

49.3 9.833 

55.2 10.049 

146 7.07+ 

14.1 7.350 

12.4 6.736 

13.0 6.864 

13.6 6.949 

12.0 6.675 

11.4 6.568 

15.7 7.240 

— A25 —

— A26 — 

APPENDIX 6 

EXPEPINENTAL RESULTS OF THE 

DEPOSITION STUDIES 

Table A6.1 

Concentrations and temperatures used in 

the deoosition studies 

Wax 

- Wax 

: melting 

Coud Bulk 

n concenration poant e.,emrerature 

(%) (°c) (°c) 

• 

, 

/54 8.5 15 23 

D2 51/54 10.0 20 25 

D5 51/54 11.5 22 27 

D4 57/60 2.5 20 25 

D5 57/60 3.5 23 28 

. 

i 

57/60 5.5 23 28 

I 

I

— A27 — 

Tib1e A6.2 

Pun Dl 

.irn 

Amount deposited (nig) 

Dry 

Wet 

5 16 143 

10 22 200 

15 35 164 

20 36 150 

20 60 186 

25 40 119 

30 2 172 

30 70 197 

40 52 152 

50 58 174 

60 67 172 

70 73 133 

8o 88 199 

90 71 161 

90 48 154 

lCD 76 145 

106 27 102 

110 67 137 

120 47 144 

120 39 121

— A28 — 

Table A6.3 

Th.n D2 

Time 

(mm.) 

fmount deposiied (mg) 

Dry 

Wet 

2 8 170 

5 31 128 

10 

: 

43 124 

F. 

5 o2 100 

20 95 168 

30: 116 186 

40 123 170 

40 157 376 

50 126 302 

55 139 228 

60 142 214 

65 163 224 

70 162 359 

80 161 356 

50 188 269 

95 192 250 

100 190 228 

110 174 248 

120 176 233

-A29- 

Table A6.4 Pun 1)3 

‘ Time 

(mm.) 

Amount deposited (mg) 

Dry 

Wet 

5 48 238 

7 81 432 

I 15 132 256 

20 105 455 

20 153 282 

25 120 425 

30 149 530 

30 98 260 

35 109 277 

35 68 338 

40 171 440 

45 136 354 

H 

50 163 458 

55 100 427 

60 155 

70 119 294 

70 192 305 

80 154 556 

85 135 319 

90 172 441 

100 152 429 

110 178 514

-. A30 — 

Table A65 

Iun D4 

Time 

(mm.) 

mount deposited (mg) 

Dry 

Wet 

5 0 53 

7 13 46 

10 12 69 

15 18 48 

20 17 93 

25 30 57 

30 18 62 

40 24 63 

45 41 70 

50 31 79 

60 36 120 

70 51 86 

80 60 io 

ICC 59 90 

120 68 115

Time 

— A51 — 

Table A6.5 

Run D5 


(mm.) 

Dry 

Wet 

I 

5 44 90 

:: 

110 

15 78 121 

15 95 136 

20 10 142 

25 86 134 

30 98 134 

. 

‘tO hi 

I, 

1’+o 

50 109 148 

60 117 157 

75 108 148 

8o 114 142 

90 123 158 

120 117 146

anoieter 

Flowrate 

— A32 — 

Table i6.7 

Run D6 

Experimental time 15 mm. 


Ccz:g) 

(ks/s) 

Dry 

Wet 

2 0.0516 105 176 

4 0.0730 1 86 I 159 

6 0.0894 90 141 

8 0.1032 64 131 

10 0.1154 78 121 

12 0.1264 I 79 117 

14 0.1366 52 87 

16 0.1460 64 99 

18 0.1549 57 95 

20 0.1632 48 93 

22 0.712 50

— A33 — 

APPENDIX 7 EOUNDARY LAYEE TrIZOBY USED 

IN THE CALCULATION OF 

TEIIPEflATUPE PROFILES IN 

‘UNBULE pTuT JyJ 

7.1 asc iiouaions 

n turbulent flow it is convenient to describe the transfer of 

roientum and heat by: 

-r = 

— 

p u’ v’ ..... (A7.1.1) 

q — k + p h’ v ..... (A7.1.2) 

where r and q are the momentum flux and heat flux, respectively, in these 

equations p, 

and k are density, viscosity and therrral conductivity and 

H’ the fluctuating enthaipy. Mean values are denoted with a bar and 

flucuating values with a prite. 

If u is the real velocity, then we 

have: 

U + U’ 

and similarly for all other properties in turbulent flow. 

iile u is the 

velocity in the x 

(axial) direction, u’ and v” are the velocity fluctua 

tions in the x and y (radial) directions respective.y. 

Eoth u’ v’ and h’ v are unknown quantities which are usually 

uressed as: 

/ I 

U V = — — 

u 

dy 

-I ‘ 

fl V = — 

i ay 

c and E. are the eddy diffusivities of momentum ard heat respectively. 

In thermodynamics dh = Cp dT, resulting in the following equations:

L 

U 

e;rression: 

/ 

be used. 

diffusivities’ are required. Various methods and assumptions have been 

To solve equations A7.1.3 and A7.1.4 eç3ressions for the eddy 

q = — (c+pCpeh) 

U ay 

dT 

T (p + fI( ) 

du 

— A3LF — 

= ressions :or dy D:fusvi 

where n is an experimental constant. 

employed. In the present work the analogy developed by Deissier Will 

hypothesis, where: 

and K is a universal exerimental constant. 

the wall; close to the wall. 

where Cp is the heat capacity. 

Deissler divided the flow in a passage into two regions: away from 

Ior he region close to the wall Deissier chose a semi—empirical 

‘or the region away from the wall Deissler used Karmans similarity 

= n u y 1 - exp 

U 

‘‘2 

ça u /cy ) 

= K2 

2- /n_uy’ 

\V /j 

/2- \?

— ;55 

— 

1.7.3 Dimensionless Expressions 

it is convenient to introduce the following diensionless constants: 

+ U 

U — 

+ = .....(A7.3.2) 

V W 

.1. = 

I i ri f’-. T 

— .i W 

u* 

I 

u = C TW /pwY 

;‘hore w rez’ers to values at y = o, i.e. at the wall, u is the shearing 

stress velocity and v 

the kineratic viscosity. 

Eçuaiors A7.1.3, h7.1.4, A7.2.i and A7.2.2 can now be expressed 

in diensioniess forz as follows: 

•fqW 

p 4 u 

Vw:Iw/Pw) 

/Pi 

dy’ 

+ 

(du / y 

EU : .....(A7.3.7) 

— .2÷ .÷2 

(ciu /c.y ) 

2 ÷ + / 2 ++\ 

EU = n u y — exp —n u y 

.....(A7.3.8) 

W

— A36 — 

A74 

Velocity Distribution if I’luid Properties are Constant 

Doissler used velocity distribution data for flow without heat 

transfer to evaluate the constants K and n. 

Assuming T 

= Tw and constant physical properties, a substitution 

for cu/rw in equation A73.5 gives: 

(1) Away from wall 

+ 

+ y + 

u = in —- - u1 

.....(A7.4.i) 

where y is the lowest 

of y for which the equation applies and u 

is the value o u at y1. From experimental data Deissier found K = 0.3 

u 

— 

(2) Close to wall 

y ÷ 

dy 

+ 

(4 

2 + + 2 + + 

l+n u y 1-exp(—n u y) 

J 

From experimental data Deissler found n = 0.124. At small y (< 5) the 

equation reduces to 

+ + 

u = y .....(A7.4.3 

Equations A7.4.1 and A7.4.3 are the same as in the Universal 

Velocity Profile. 

Deissler found his data to Lit very well with these equations if 

ttaay from the wall” was considered when y26, at which point u = 12.82. 

A75 

ueratur Distribution if Fluid ProDorties are Constant 

Assuming q = q,,, and = 1 in the dimensionless form of the heat 

flux equation A7.3.6, results in the following equation: 

A 

dT’ 

l=ç.+ 

__) 

sucsti;ution for the dimensionless eddy diffusivity gives:

— = u — u 

= in — + 

± + + 

or 


yl 

= + T I 

given as: 

viscosity as calculated close to the wail. The temperature is similarly 

Now the velocity u is different from 12.82 since it is affected by the 

I yl 

U; = — Lfl = U 

+ 

÷ 1 

+ 1_. y + 


similarity hyothesis A7.3.7., we obtain: 

viscosity does not enter the calculations directly, and use the Karman 

If for the region away from the wall we assume ,u

= 

y 

y 

+ 

by iteration. 

dy’ 

+ 

(2) Close to wail 

1or the region close to the wall we substitute for given 

- A38 - 

For a given viscosityi, equation A7.6.4 can be solved for u+ at a given 

quation 7.6.5 can be solved with iteratior. 

by equation A7.3.8, and obtain: 

The dinsionless temperature is similarly given as: 

J 

0 

L /1 

I 2÷+ /2/Aw+ +‘\ 

o L ,iJ 

+n u y 1-expi-n /wu y 

2 + ÷ / 2 +

I 

A8.21 Data 

2 Subroutines 

usng iteration and numerical integration. 

ASi introduction 

SU:TS 

ture ecuations given in section A7.6. The equations were solved by 

I 

iPPENDIX 8 TE_PECGIY_PFIIZ 

accuracy. The smooth ;ube correlation applies for glass and copper 

and the rough tube correlation for commercial pipes. 

A8.2.2 ‘riction ac;or 

D&tion 8.2.2.2 was solved by iteration. 

f = 

+ 3oi2’ 

Re 

+ 5% 

...... (A8.2.2.1) 

= 3.2 log + 1.2 ÷ ‘iO% ...... (A8.2.2.2) 

(b) Rough tube 

0.)2 — 

(a) Smooth tube 

factor were derived from XcAdams: 

Subroutine ? calculated the friction factor for the 

reaa tne temperatures, tne Reynoas numer ana t.ie ViSCO6it 

Subroutine DATA read all input used y the program. It 

The program PFILE was developed to solve the velocity and tempera— 

correlation constants apna and beta. It also read tae frzcticn 

two eztemes encountered in turbulent flow and also gave the ercent 

conditions given by DAT., The correlations used for the friction 

factor indicator that was 0 for smooth tubes and I for rou tubes. 

These correlations were chosen because they represented the 

AND ITS CALCJLATND

—A40— 

A8.2.5 

Calculation of Physical Proertics 

Subroutine P1OPS 

calculated the physical properties of the 

experimental solution of paraffin wax in kerosene. 

These properties 

were evaluated at both tne oulk and wal’ temperatures and given 

in both British ng1neer1ng and S.. Units. 

The properties calculated were: 

neat capacity, theraa 

conductivity, densIty, viscosity and kinematic viscosity. 

The 

equations and correlations used are given in .ppendix 1. 

:8.P.L 

Calculated Characteristics of the Systc 

Subroutine JiX was used to evaluate the various character 

istics of the fouling studies experimental system. 

These were: 

average bulk velocity, heat flux, overall heat transfer coefficient 

and resistance, shear stress at wall and shearing velocity. .s 

before, these quantities were calculated using two units. 

Calculation of Binnsioniess Velocity 

Subroutine UP3’ calculated the dimensionless velocity 

at a given dimensionless distance y and viscosity. 

Three 

+ 

ezc)resslons for u 

were use: 

+ 

(a) y 5 

+ + fI,J — 

U ..... 

(b) 5 o 

÷ 

÷ V 

u = .n + UI 

..... (7.o.2)

— ALf1 — 

Equations L.7.4.3 and A7.6.2 were easily evaluated but 

couation A7.b.4 nau to be solved by iteration and numerical 

illtegraton. 

Simpson’ a rule was used for the integration where 

each interval was tacen in 10 steps. )her. was greater than 5 

and less or equal to 26, the first approximation for u was that 

of the previous distance y+_ 

The iteration was considered 

completed when u changed by less than 0.001. 

The subroutine was tested by evaluating u at isothermal 

cOnc:ions. 

That is, the viscosity was cept constant in ;ne 

radial direction. 

The results are shown in Table .o.2.4 and plotted 

in fijre A8.2.4. At = 26 the subroutine gave u = 12.82 which 

is exactly what it should be according to Deissler. figure 

.o.2.4 snows tne nversa Velocity Pro:iie. 

It was coaparea 

wtn tne pro:lie given oy Deisser aa founa to concie. 

.‘.82.6 Calculation of Di:nsioniess Temperature 

Subroutine T?R0F calculated the dimensionless temperature 

T+ using the equations 

+ 

(a) y ‘ 2o 

— dy 

— 1 2+÷r 2 ++ 

÷nuy L1-exp(-n uy)J 

j 

..... (7.6.5) 

(b) y > 26 

= ]n + ..... (A7.5.3) 

yl 

Equation A7.6.3 was easily evaluated but equation A7,65 

had to be integrated nu;erically using Simpson’s.rule. The sa. 

mchod w.s used s for the evaluation of the dimensionless velocity, 

except no iteration was required.

— A42 — 

To evaluate equation f7.6.5 both dimensionless velocity 

and distance were given, also the viscosity and Prandtl number. 

A83 

ain Program 

The various subroutines of the program PFLE were controlled by 

the main program. It called the subroutines DATA, ‘, ?ROPS and UX 

that read the input data and printed out the particulars for each run. 

The main program was an iterative one whose purpose was to obtain, 

via the subroutines UPROF and TPROF, 

the velocity and temperature profiles 

or distributions in the heat exchanger tubes used in the fouling studies. 

For a given dimensionless distance y+ the dimensionless velocity u+ 

and temperature T were found. 

Knowing T+ the true temperature could. be 

deermine and hence the-viscosity. 

This viscosity was used to calcuiate 

+ + + - 

a new u ana T at the same y . ‘nen the caiculatec. viscosity ootainec. 

by this iterative procedure changed by less than 0.000001, the iteration 

was cansidered completed. 

when u+ and T+ had been determined for a given y the distance 

from the tube wall y and the velocity and temperature T for that 

distance were determined from the following equations as given in the 

previous Appendix: 

+ u (. 

u = —v 

..... 

u 

= 

(T —T:)Cp TW 

The main program printed out both the dimensionless and true distance, 

‘;elocity and temperature. 

The physical properties corresponc.ing to the 

evaluated temperature were also printed.

— A1i•3 — 

Lt Prorran Use 

The input data for PFILE was punched in two cards. On the first the 

terperatures were punched as follows: 

Colur.:s 

1.-lO 

i 

= Solution iniet terrperature 

11—20 IXO Solution outlet teiperature 

21—30 T’Ji = Water inlet temerature 

31—40 TV.0 = Water outlet temperature 

4—50 T,’ = all temperature 

On the record card the rest of the data was punched as follows: 

Colus 

1—10 Reno1ds number 

20 ‘Mction actor indicator 

21-30 lpha 

31-40 Beta 

There was no linit to how many sets of data could be calculated. 

t 

the back of the data cards two cards with 0.0 punchc in columns 1—3 

had to be placed to signify the end of the job.

30 

- A44 — 

85 Cornouter Calculations 

Computer calculations were made 

for the following runs: 

Run Re Tw (°C) 

F36 13922 22 23 24’ 

F30 

20868i7I19.523 

F31 8699 17 19.5 — 

F32 11741 17 19.5 23 

F2 20819 8 10 16 

Fli 25451 12 15 — 

F26 27123 15 17 19 

31-5 7635 30 32 34 

B 6— 9 13311 30 32 34 

310—13 6716 ‘ 

32 34 

C 1—14 8890 30 32 34 

C 5—16 6888 30 32 34 

c 8—20 4635 30 32 ,31+ 

1 

3ecause the computer printouts of these calculations came to 185 pa;es 

they were not included here, but plotted on figures in Section 6. 

Run 

C-20 at Tw = 32°C, is however, shown as an example calculation and 

printout.

DIM 

/\3.2./>. THE iJNI/E?j\I. \ELC)CIIY 0FlI.ti (;o1iu Iiii) C,i\1_C1JL/\TL0 0”( E 

‘:{[ 

USIfIG TIlE IXi ?ElON GIVEN PY I)EISSLE (f3). 11[E 3ROKEN LINE S1IQV/S THE 

I)HiISlIJNLESS ‘JEL0I.1P( :‘orl1.E iUN C —20 

1000 

24i--- 

22’- 

1. 

‘I ‘ 

() 

() 

I 

ii 

> 

16 

14 

(I.) 

If) 

hi 

-j 

C) 

.1 

I i’ 

10 

If) 

fl 

i-i 

TI 

> 

I, 

I j — 

0 1 10 100 

1- 

--— 

y- 

ENSIoNT_r5;s DISIA”JCE

2 2.00 27 12.93 74 I 15.73 

1 1.00 26 12.82 72 15.65 

y U y U U 

+ + + ÷ + + 

usii’ the e:orezions 4vcn by 

Deissler(5 

t. ii.l tubi flow. Cclcubted 

3 3.00 28 13.03 76 15.80 

oimenionles diJincc 

Table A8.2.4 Dirncnion1ess velocity at .he 

10 8.41 40 14.02 90 j 16.27 

13 9.71 46 14.41 95 16.45 

14 io.C5 48 14.53 98 16.51 

15 10.38 50 14.64 100 16.56 

17 ‘0.36 5+ 1+.85 300 ‘9.62 

20 11.69 60 15.15 600 21.54 

22 12.11 67 15.33 8co 22.34 

23 12.30 65 15.41 900 22.57 

25 12.66 70 15.57 

2’+ 12.48 68 15.49 1000 22.96 

16 10.68 52 14.75 200 18.49 

12 9.32 44 14.28 94 16.39 

11 8.89 42 14.16 92 16.53 

21 11.90 62 15.24 700 21.97 

18 11.22 56 14.95 400 20.42 

19 11.46 58 15.05 500 21.04 

5 5.00 30 13.22 80 ! 15.95 

7 6.60 4 15.57 84 16.08 

4 4.00 29 13.13 78 15.87 

6 5.87 32 13.40 82 16.01 

8 7.27 36 13.73 86 16.15 

9 / 7.88 38 13.88 88 15.21 

— A1i5 —

C 

DF1ENSIOH VIS(2.) 

REAL NUWSI 

INTEGER SR 

CflM4CN TKI,TK0,TWI,TW0,TW,R,SR,ALPI1A,ITA,ZZ,CP,EN,V1S[3,CPWSI,VI 

C 

C 

C 

C 

C 

C 

IT 

5 CALL DATA 

CALL FF 

CALL PROPS 

CALL FLUX 

UP =0.0 

UT=00 

‘VP =0.0 

TP=0.0 

T ‘3 AR = TW 

vrsu )=V1SWSI 

11=33 

10 AA=ALPHAALDCl0(TR+2730)+5Td 

B=1O .C*AA 

CC=l0 .0*B 

DD=CC—0. ‘;53 

SG=0.7c6Z—00007Z9*T’3AR 

DiSISG*0 .9c904*10000 

VIS( )=DNSI*0.0O10.0O1*DD 

TC=(8 .59—0.0045*TRAR)*0.01 

r C I = T C 0 • 00173 

CP=O 

0’tO33+0 .00162*TRAR 

CPSI=CP’4.l85 

PR=CPSIVIS (2) ITCS I 

EE=ABS(vIS(1)—vIS(Z)) 

VIS (1 )=VIS (2) 

IF(EE.LT.0.000001) GOTO 40 

1JP-UP —U 

TP=TP—T

C 

C 

C 

C 

GOTO 60 

0 UtP=UP’USTAR 

Y=’P-(NUw51/USTAR):c 1000000.0 

IF(1I.LT,38) GOTO O 

iRLTE (6, 100) 

100 i-0RAH1Hj/f/f 10X,2X,H VP,6X2HUP,6X,ZHTP,7X,1HY, /X,1HU,6X,1HT,7 

1XttVTS,9X,2HfC,8X 

7.HCP,6X,2HPR/) 

1IQ 

20 TF(Y’Q.0.0) GOb 30 

RtTh: (6,110) YP,LJP,TP,Y,U13AR,TBAR,VIS(2),CSI,CPSI, PR 

110 FJi

C 

C 

SUt3ROUTINE DATA 

INTEGER SR 

C 

CUiM0N TicI,TcO,TWI,THO,TW,RE,SR,ALHA,BETA 

READ(5,10) TKI,TK0 ,TWI ,TWL3,TW, RE ,SR,ALPI-IA,13 ETA 

10 FORRiT(5F10.0/F10,I10,2F10.6) 

IF(TKI.O.D.O) STOP 

WRI E (6, 0 ) 

&t3 FXMAt(lH1f//!/10X,31H INPUT CATA ANO FRICTION FACTOR/I) 

WRITE (6,20) TK:,TKO,TWI,TwO,TW 

20 F{1RIAT(IHO 9X,7H TKI = ,F6c2,2< 

,F6.a,2X,HTw = ,F6.2) 

WRITE(6,3o) RE,SR, ALPHA,BETA 

96HTKO ,F62,2X,6HTWI 

30 URiATUI0,10X,5hRE ,F1O.2,2X,5HSR =,I2.,X,8HALPHA = ,F106,!X, 

1LT — cir ‘ 

-I F’. — 1’Jg - I 

C 

I—I 

RETURN 

ND

C 

C 

C. 

SUPROUTINE FF 

L11:NS1C’N F(2) 

INTEGER SR 

C04EN Zi,Z2,Z3,Z4,75,RE,SR,Z8,Z9,Z10,Z11,Z12,Z13,Z 14,Z1 ,Z16,Z17, 

iZid ,Ll),CF 

IF(SR.E).H GflTO 10 

C 

C 

GOTO 40 

10 (1)=0.01 

20 I-(a)13L2*ALOCl0((RE)/(F(i) 

IF((c(F(1)—F(2));E)*o.’5).Lrao,oo1) GiTO 30 

F(1)-F(a) 

GOTO 20 

30 CF=F(2) 

40 RiT-E(6,100) CF 

100 roRMAT(1uo,1oX,2H:p,ax,r1o6) 

RETU.U’J 

E Ni)

LI) 

I Li 

. 

0 

0 

X 

.. 

(1•) 

U.. 

UI ‘—4 U.. 

> 0 

- 0 

1—4 

_ 

U 00 0 0 0 U 

“(I) .- 

- a’ — 0 -4 • C> 0 0’ • In .. . rn M C) — 45 — a. ‘5— •‘ 

7 WOLf) 7 41oft. L)L) L9WJUJ _i>> 

7 3: < +‘)C.. -..DL) Z00 

0J ‘C— ‘0 

4- CXC.C) C4’.} 

7 4- >- — - 4/’ V 7 B 1 

-..ç >< 

D < c 

frj . .. 7 

C U7 •U C) •InI—4) .JCOL)I!(/) !j C) % Z ‘ “ 

“CD 3: 

.— 

LI) rJ F H * 

‘ 

—4 0 CD 4— 3: 7 — - — H >( H 

H I’Jt’J*L H C...f’) 00’- 

D J) . C- D 0 4 C 0 C’ * IL C’ ‘.1) -.. > U 0 4— Q)< C) C’ CD 

U —i0 .1— 1”OllIn o. . °IC>-4 —---.‘-—C) 

‘ J 0 0 .:- — 4 LU ‘: ci ci 

3: 4-4 LO ‘J ‘*W ***L’U!U 71’>I •--Z.- 

c -s ‘CD 00 •r— C’ *4.9 -s4— -44) 44 4* 

.4 N Q.-”C) .— %.LLI..’< OL))< L4> 

‘0 s 0 —. N C r..l — 4’) 7 I’ 

‘57 * — C’ •a-4’a + ‘.tO U)7L.C’ 

j’ Cfl0 N N “ — 1-41 4--4-3::..:tj 

a’ U 

— 

Li) C) 1— r— 0 r— — w 7 -s. 7 z 

‘5 

> C 

— 7 s H c —4 — 

ro 

—. C.+ I..) >- 

C... rJ 

45’ 4- L/)CY . U > 

< 

i—i — o C 

I—I 7 IL. 

j%.. > D C 

( 

LU — x * 

—‘ Li) IJ 

CD LI CD 

CD 4 

.4 a—I I’ 

— 

D —.4 

5/13

..RIT2(6,%0) VLSR,VISBS1 

50 EORAT(1F1O,1oX,I’FIPULK VISCOSITY,’X,FlO.6. 

(F10c6,IX,811(KC/S 1)) 

1X,1C1I(LB,HR FT),4X, 

C 

C PHYSTCAL C 

PRm:RTIFS EVALUATED AT IALL TEMPERATURE 

C 

C 

C 

CPWO .033+0 .00 162 :TW 

C PWS=CPW4 185 

rCw=(6 

YCWSITCWc0 

80013 

SGid-0. 1962 —O.C0O729-TW 

fl[NW=5 cw: 0 .99904 62 • 3 

DEWS tSCW*0999O1O0OO 

AA=ALt’HA.\LOG10 (TW+3 .0 )‘B1TA 

BBr1O .0*AA 

CC-10 .0**BB 

CDCC—0.953 

VI SWDENWSI0 0QI;cDD2 t.2 

‘/ISWSIDENJSI’0. CO1’DDO. 001 

NUW=VI W/DENW 

1HJ S I -VI SWS I IDE MWS I

C 

C 

WRt 1E(6,’O) 

60 FQR’AT(1HLf//f/10X,5H PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LVALUATED AT WALL TE1PE 

1RATURE TW//) 

WnITE(&,0) CP:’!,CPWSt 

70 rouA1(1Ho,1cx,13HIEAT CAACITY,X,F10671X,10II(8iU/L8 F),4X?F106 

1,1X,H(KJ/KG C)) 

wRIiE(>,80) tW,fCwsI 

80 FuR:AT(110,1ox,2oHTHERcAL CCiDUCTIUETY,2X,F106,1X,l3H(3TU/HR FT F 

1) ,-X,F-106,1X,8IT(KW/t C)) 

WRITE(6,90) OEN,0ENWSI 

ç3 :1JR AT(1 O,1OX,?DFNSITY,ZX 

1KC/(t43) ) 

7FI( 6,lX,121t(itf(FT)cc3 ),4X, F1O6, laH( 

WRITE (27100) VISW,VISWSI 

100 DT(1HO,10X,17HVISCOSITY AT WALL,X,Fl0.6,1X,1011(L/HR FT),4X,F 

110.6,1X,EH(KG/S 1)) 

WUTE(6,110) NUW,NUWSI 

110 rOIUiAT(lH0,I0X,ZlHKINEAT1C VISCOSITY AT WALL,X,F106,lX,11H((FT) 

12/S) ,X,F108,1X 10H( ( i’’2/S) ) 

E TURN

C 

C 

C 

C 

C 

C 

SUROUTIE FLUX 

REAL L,Lt4T 

CUMUN ncr ,TKU,1 WI ,TWJ ,TW ,,Z7 ,Z8 ,Z9 ,Z10 ,C P, DEN, VI SF3, LI, Zi 5, ZI. 6 

l,()WSi,IAUWSI,USTAR,CI-,DENS!,DENWSI 

DATA L,D/30,0516/ 

UF1 SE C=UFdLK /3600.0 

uEC=UiTS.ZC0.3048 

A1-2’:uu/57so 

=U[3ULKt)ENA 

Qi CP’( iKI YCU .:1 .8 

hTA=3 1L;:-D*L/12 .0 

!W=)/HTA 

CWSI-Qi0003154 

TULTi

te 

4Z’Xt’9’911’XZ’ 3DNVISISE)1 13iSNVVi. JV9H 11V)13A0 HEE’XOt’OHt)iVfUOJ 05 

((T—)**(D zn(w)/141)11c1’901J’X4’(t—)n(d Zn(J4) )IHIAJ.U)Ht 

15141W! (09’9)4.LIW4 

(t**(W)/NH9’Xt’9ON’X?’lVM IV SS)iiS bVBllS Ht!’XOt’OHT)SVhUO: 09 

)1ViSfl (OL’9)911VM 

(S/WHE’Xt’9’Otd’Xi’AI13O13A 553)1St SNIbV3HS Hcz’xot’o:nLLyno; OL 

NVfli3I

- V 

C 

C 

.URPUrINE UPROF 

DLMNSIQN FYP( 11), VIS ( :) 

CO;Mf]Nzi,Z2,Z3,ZL,Z5,Z6,Z?,Z8,Z’,ZiO,Zi1,Z12,i13,Z14,VISWSI ,Z16,Z 

i17,Z1P,L19,l?0,Zt,Z22,UP,YP,Z5,V,Z1,UT,U 

PEAL N,K 

INTc;: YA’T,YC,YD 

C 

K=0.36 

YP1=6O 

IF(YPGT50) GLiTO 6 

C 

C 

C 

ur=v 

GOTO E0 

6 1F(YPLL.Y:l.) GOTU 10 

IF(YPLEC)c27.0) UP1=UP 

UP(10/K)’LOG(VP/YP1)+UP1 

G(tTO 33 

1) ‘tA=IPIX(YP):c10+1 

y-- ( j j:’ (YP ) +1) I0+l 

YE=0 

1’i- P0 20 YC—YA,YB 

YPFLOAT(YC--1)/1O,0 

‘t’ P ‘(P—I. • 0 

D +1 

AA—2(V1SWSI/VIS(2))*UflYP 

-B1.C—2XP(AA) 

C 

2C CUNTINUE 

0 

C V F N C • 0 

r 30 1=2,10,2 

:VVEN+F:yp(I) 

0 CONTINUE

C 

C 

C 

C 

C 

)fl:O .0 

DO ‘O 1=3,9,2 

DD:]LD+FYP( I) 

‘-Q CONTiNUE 

H1 ,C/1O.0 

U=(H/3.O )(FYP( 1) )) 

uS=UP +tj 

UFMS(US—UT) 

IF(UF.LT.OOO1) GOTO &3 

UTU S 

GiTcj 1’t- 

8 UP=UP+U 

50 REtURN 

L. LJ

C 

C 

C 

SJtcLiJTINE TPC1F 

C 

LIfr:NSILN FT( ii) ,VISL) 

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INPUT DATA AND FRICTION FACTOR 

TKI 38.72 TKO = 37.43 TWI = 6.44 TWO 7.01 TW = 32.00 

RE = 4635.00 SR = 0 ALPHA —3.140000 BETA 7.460000 

FF 0.009723 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EVALUATED AT BULK TEMPERATURE AS GIVEN BY (TKI+TKO)/2 

HEAT CAPACITY 0.465481 (BTU/L13 F) 1.948040 (KJ/KG C) 

THERMAL CONDUCTIVETY 0.085187 (BTU/HR FT F) 0.000147 (KW/M C) 

DENSITY 47. 828049 (LB/(FT)**3) 767.705322(KG/(M)**3) 

BULK VISCOSITY 3.217826 (L13/HR FT) 0.001330 (KG/S M)

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT WALL 0.074072 ((FT)*2/S) 0.C0000191 ((M)**2/S) 

OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT 23.806244 (BTIJ/HR (FT)**2 F) 0,.l35172(KW/(M)*2 C) 

OVERALL HEATTRANSFER RESISTANCE 0.O42O0 (BTU/HR (FT)2 F)(—1) 7397987(K/(M) 

2 C)(—I) 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EVALUATED AT WALL TEMPERATURE TW 

hEAT CAPACITY 0.455640 (BTU/LB F) 1.906853 (KJ/KG C) 

THERMAL CONDUCTIVETY 0.085460 (BTU/HR FT F) 0.000148 (KW/M C) 

DENSITY 48. 103699 (LB/(FT)**3) 772.129883(KG/(M)4*3) 

VISCOSITY AT WALL 3.563143 (LB/HR FT) 0.001472 (KG/S M) 

CALCULATED CHARACTERISTICS 

BULK VELOCITY 2.014460 (FT/SEC) 0.614007(M/SEC) 

HEAT FLUX 1343.37695 (BTU/HR (FT)**2) 4.Z37011(KW/U)**2) 

SHEAR STRESS AT WALL 1.407072 N/(M)**2 

SHEARING STRESS VELOCITY 0.C42689 H/S

YP UP TP Y U T VIS rc CP PR 

1.00 1.00 18.66 44.7 0.04 33.26 0.001441 0.000148 1.9154 18.68 

2.00 2400 36.56 89.3 0.09 34.46 0.301412 0.000148 1.9236 18.39 

3.00 3.00 51.99 134.0 0.13 35.50 0.001387 0.000148 1.9306 18.15 

4.00 4.00 63.09 178.7 0.17 36.25 0.001370 0.000148 1.9357 17.98 

5.00 5.00 70.05 223.3 0.21 36.72 0.001360 0.000147 1.9389 17.88 

6.00 5.89 74.78 268.0 0.25 37.04 p.001353 0.000147 1.9410 17.80 

7.00 6.68 77.77 312.7 0.29 37.24 0.001348 0.000147 1.9424 17.76 

3.00 7.38 79.80 357.4 0.32 37.38 0.001345 0.000147 1.9433 17.73 

9.00 8.00 81.26 402.0 0.34 37.48 0.001343 0.000147 1.9440 17.71 

10.00 8.54 82.37 446.7 0.36 37.55 0.001341 0.000147 1.9445 17.69 

11.00 9.02 83.25 491.4 0.39 37.61 0.001340 0.000147 1.9449 17.68 

12.00 9.45 83.98 536.0 0.40 37.66 0.001339 0.000147 1.9452 17.67 

13.00 9.84 84.60 530.7 0.42 37.70 0.001338 0.000147 1.9455 17.66 

14.00 10.20 85.13 625.4 0.44 37.74 0.001337 0.000147 1.9458 17.65 

15.00 10.52 85.59 670.0 0.45 37.77 0.001336 0.000141 1.9460 17.64 

16.00 10.82 86.01 714.7 0.46 37.80 0.001336 0.000147 1.9462 17.64 

17.00 11.10 86.33 759.4 0.47 37.82 0.001335 0.000147 1.9463 17.63 

18.00 11.36 86.73 804.1 0.48 37.85 0.001335 0.000147 1.9465 17.63 

19.00 11.60 87.04 848.7 0.50 37.87 0.001334 0000147 1.9466 17.62. 

20.00 11.83 87.33 893.4 0.51. 37.89 0.001334 0.000147 1.9468 17.62 

21.00 12.05 87.60 938.1 0.51 37.90 0.001333 0.000147 1.9469 17.61 

22.00 12.25 87.85 982.7 0.52 37.92. 0.001333 0.000147 1.9470 17.61 

23.00 12.44 88.08 1027.4 0.53 37.94 0.001333 0.000147 1.9471 17.61 

24.00 12.63 88.30 1072.1 0.54 37495 0.001332 0.000147 1.9472 17.60 

25.00 12.80 88.51 1116.7 0.55 37.97 0.001332 0.000147 1.9473 17.60 

26.00 12.97 88.71 1161.4 0.55 37.98 0.001332 0.000147 1.9474 17.60 

27.00 13.08 68.81 1206.1 0.56 37.99 0.001332 0.000147 1.9474 17.60 

28.00 13.18 88.91 1250.8 0.56 37.99 0.001331 0.000147 1.9475 17.59 

€9.00 13.27 89.01 1295.4 0.57 38.00 0.001331 0.000147 1.9475 17.59 

30.00 13.37 89.11 1340.1 0.57 38.01 3.001331 0.000147 1.9476 17.59 

31.00 13.46 89.20 1384.8 0.57 38.01 0.001331 0.000147 1.9476 17.59 

32.00 13.55 89.29 1429.4 0.58 38.02 0.001331 0.000147 1.9417 17.59 

33.00 13.63 89.37 1474.1 0.58 38.02 0.001331 0.000147 1.9477 17.59 

34.00 13.72 89.45 1518.8 0.50 38.03 0.001331 0.000147 1.9477 17.59 

35,00 13,80 89.53 1563.4 0.59 38.04 0.001331 0.000147 1.9478 17.58 

36.00 13.87 89.61 1608.1 0.59 38,04 0.001330 3.000147 1.9478 17.58 

37.00 13.95 89.69 1652.8 0,60 38.05 0.001330 0.000147 1.9478 17.58

YP UP TP Y U T VIS TC CR PR 

39.00 14.10 89.84 1742.1 0.60 38.06 0.001330 0.000147 1.9479 17.58 

40.00 14.17 89.91 1786.8 0.60 38.06 0.001330 0.000147 1.9479 17.58 

41.00 14.24 89.97 1831.5 0.61 38.07 0.001330 0.000147 1.9480 17.58 

42.00 14.30 90.04 1876.1 0.61 38.07 0.001330 0.000147 1.9480 17.58 

43.00 14.37 90.11 1920.8 0.61 38.07 0.001330 0.000147 1.9480 17.58 

44.00 14.43 90.17 1965.5 0.62 38.08 0.001330 0.000141 1.9481 17.58 

45.00 14.49 90.23 2010.1 0.62 38.08 0.001330 0.000147 1.9481 17.57 

46.00 14.56 90.29 2054.8 0.62 38.09 0.001329 0.000147 1.9481 17.5? 

47.00 14.62 90.35 2099.5 0.62 38.09 0.001329 0.000147 1.9481 17.57 

48.00 14.67 90.41 2144.2 0.63 38.09 0.001329 0.000147 1.9482 17.57 

49.00 14.73 90.47 2188.8 0.63 38.10 0.001329 0.000147 1.9482 17.57 

50.00 14.79 90.53 2233.5 0.63 38.10 0.001329 0.000147 1.9482 17.57 

51.00 14.84 90.58 2278.2 0.63 38.11 0.001329 0.000147 1.9483 17.5? 

52.00 14.90 90.63 2322.8 0.64 38.11 0.001329 0.000147 1.9483 17.57 

53.00 14.95 90.69 2367.5 0.64 38.11 0.001329 0.000147 1.9483 17.57 

54.00 15.00 90.74 241.2 0.64 38.12 0.001329 0.000147 1.9483 17.57 

55.00 15.05 90.79 2456.8 0.64 38.12 0.001329 0.000147 1.9483 17.57 

56.00 15.10 90.84 2501.5 0.64 38.12 0.001329 0.000147 1.9484 17.57 

57.00 15.15 90.89 2546.2 0.65. 38.13 0.001329 0.000147 1.9484 17.57 

58.00 15.20 90.94 2590.9 0.65 38.13 0.001328 0.000147 1.9484 17.56 

59.00 15.25 90.99 2635.5 0.65 38.13 0.001328 0.000147 1.9484 17.56 

60.00 15.29 91.03 2680.2 0.65 38.14 0.001328 0.000147 1.9485 17.56 

61.00 15.34 91.08 2724.9 0.65 38.14 0.001328 0.000147 1.9485 17.56 

62.00 15.38 91.12 2769.5 0.66 38.14 0.001328 0.000147 1.9485 17.56 

63.00 15.43 91.17 2814.2 0.66 38.15 0.001328 0.000147 1.9485 17.56 

64.00 15.47 91.21 2858.9 0.66 38.15 0.001328 0.000147 1.9485 17.56 

65.00 15.52 91.25 2903.5 0.66 38.15 0.001328 0.000147 1.9486 17.56 

66.00 15.56 91.30 2048.2 0.66 38.15 0.001328 0.000147 1.9486 17.56 

67.00 15.60 91.34 2992.9 0.67 38.16 0.001328 0.000147 1.9486 17.56 

68.00 15.64 91.38 3037.5 0.67 38.16 0.001328 0.000147 1.9486 17.56 

69.00 15.68 91.42 3382.2 0.67 38.16 0.001328 0.000141 3.9486 17.56 

70.00 15.72 91.46 3126.9 0.67 38.17 0.001328 0.000147 1.9487 17.56 

71.00 15.76 91.50 3171.6 0.67 33.11 0.001328 0.000147 1.9487 17.56 

72.00 15.80 91.54 3216.2 0.67 38.17 0.001328 0.000147 1.9487 17.56 

73.00 15.84 91.58 3260.9 0.68 38.17 0.001328 0.000147 1.9487 17.55 

74.00 15.88 91.61 3305.6 0.68 38.18 0.)01327 0.000147 1.9487 17.55 

75.G0 15.91 91.65 3350.2 0.68 38.18 0.001327 0.030147 1,9497 17.55 

7 . ( ( 1 LZ Cl 1 Cl ‘ - Cl, Cl , r ‘ -‘ C’ Cl S ) C’ 1 C’ “ C’ C. I I 7 1 Cl I C’ (1 1 1 C C

VP UP TP Y U T VIS TC CP PR 

77.00 15.99 91.72 3439.6 0.68 38.18 0.001327 0.000147 1.9488 17.55 

78.00 16.02 91.76 3484.2 0.68 38.19 0.001327 0.000147 1.9488 17.55 

79.00 16.06 91.80 3528.9 0.69 38.19 0.001327 0.000147 1.9488 17.,5 

80.00 16.09 91.83 3573.6 0.69 38.19 0.001327 0.000147 1.9488 17.55 

81.00 16.13 91.87 3618.3 0.69 38.19 0.001327 0.000147 1.9488 17.55 

82.00 16.16 91.90 3662.9 0.69 38.20 0.001327 0.000147 1.9489 17.55 

83.00 16.20 91.93 3707.6 0.69 38.20 0.301327 0.000147 1.949 17.55 

84.00 16.23 91.97 3752.3 0.69 38.20 0.001327 0.000147 1.9489 17.55 

85.00 16.26 92.00 3796.9 0.69 38.20 0.001327 0.000147 1.9489 17.55 

86.00 16.29 92.03 3841.6 0.70 38.20 0.001327 0.000147 1.9489 17.55 

87.00 16.33 92.06 3886.3 0.70 38.21 0.001327 0.000147 1.9489 17.55 

88.00 16.36 92.10 3930.9 0.70 38.21 0.001327 0.000147 1.9489 17.55 

39.00 16.39 92.13 3915.6 0.70 38.21 0.001327 0.000147 1.9490 17.55 

90.00 16.42 92.16 4020.3 0.70 38.21. 0.001327 0.000147 1.9490 17.55 

91.00 16.45 92.19 4065.0 0.70 38.21 0.001327 0.000147 1.9490 11.55 

92.00 16.48 92.22 4109.6 0.70 38.22 0.001327 0000147 1.9490 17.55 

93.00 16.51 92.25 4154.3 o.7o 38.22 0.001327 0.000147 1.9490 17.55 

94.00 16.54 92.28 4199.0 0.71. 38.22 0.001327 0.000141 1.9490 17.54 

95.00 16.57 92.31 4243.6 0.71 38.22 0.001326 0.000147 1.9493 17.54 

96.00 16.60 92.34 4288.3 0,71 38.22 0.001326 0.000147 1.9491 17.54 

97.00 16.63 92.37 4333.0 0.71 38.23 0.001326 0.000147 1.9491 17.54 

98.00 16.66 92.39 4377.6 0.71 38.23 0.001326 0.000147 1.9491 17.54 

99.00 16.68 92.42 4422.3 0.71 38.23 0.001326 0.000147 1.9491 17.54 

100.00 16.71 92.45 4467.0 0.71 38.23 0.001326 0.000141 1.9491 17.54 

200.00 18.64 94.33 8934.0 0.80 38.36 0.001323 0.000147 1.9530 17.51 

300.00 19.76 95.50 13400.9 0.84 38.44 0.001322 0.000147 1.9535 17.50 

400.00 20.56 96.30 17867.9 0.88 38.49 0.001321 0.000147 1.9509 17.49 

500.00 21.18 96.92 22334.9 0.90 38.53 0.001320 0.000147 1.9511 17.48 

633.00 21.69 97.43 26801.9 0.93 38.57 0.301319 0.000147 1.9514 17.47 

700.00 22.12 97.86 31268.9 0.94 38.60 0.001318 0.000147 1.9515 17.46 

800.00 22.49 98.23 35735.9 0.96 3862 0.001318 0.000147 1,9517 17.46 

900.30 22.82 98.55 40202.9 0.07 38.64 0.001317 0.000147 1.9519 17.45 

1003.00 23.11 98.85 44669.8 0.99 38.66 0.001317 0.0001.47 1.9522 17.45

paraffin wax deposition and fouling

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