Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

C
Empirical Analyses
5 “The Rise and Fall” of Elite-Challenging Political Participation?
Trends and Cross-Country Differences in Elite-Challenging
Activities 70
5.1 Cross-Country Differences in Levels and Forms of Elite-
Challenging Activities 70
5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Activities 81
6 Common Patterns of Complement or Displacement? Elite-
Challenging Activities and Other Forms of Political Activism 89
6.1 Voting 91
6.2 Conventional Participation 95
6.3 Civic Activism 98
7 Down and Down We Go? Social Capital and Elite-Challenging
Activities 107
7.1 The Structural Component: Voluntary Associations and
Informal Networks 109
7.2 The Motivational or Cultural Component: Social Trust 121
7.3 Networks or Trust: Which Component of Social Capital
Generates Elite-Challenging Activities? 126
8 Individual Characteristics or Context Factors: What Matters for
Elite-Challenging Participation? 135
8.1 Elite-Challenging Participation and Individual-Level
Resources and Motivation: The Question of Inequality 136
8.2 Elite-Challenging Activities and Context Factors 143
8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Determines Elite Challenging
Activities? 155
9 Elite-Challenging Activities and Democracy 167
9.1 The Societal Level: Elite-Challenging Activities and
Democracy 167
9.1.1 Measures of Democracy 168
9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity 173
9.2 The Individual Level: Elite-Challenging Activities and
Democratic Orientations 178