Burma: Census of India 1901 Vol. I - Khamkoo

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' ' - 0-4 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. 122. Of the old Kuki languages the only one that concerns us in Burma is ^yaw, the vernacular of 215 persons in the Arakan Old Kuki languages. Hill Tracts on the 1st March 1-901. Very little is known about Kyaw, but there seems to be no question as to its being an old Kuki form. The original old Kuki tribes are said to have lived originally in the Lushai Hills, and to have been expelled from them by the Thados. 1 23. Further south the Southern Chin tongues begin. Nothing about the first ^ ve °^ tnese Southern Chin 1
— REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. *3 said to bear a strong resemblance to the as yet unclassified Kadu of the Upper Chindwin and Katha districts, which is held to have a Kachin origin. If this relationship had been fully established, the Sak language would, as suggested by Mr. Houghton, have to be withdrawn from the Chin, and, together with Kadu, placed in the Kachin group of languages. Sir George Scott, however, , hesitates to give unreserved adhesion to this theory, throws out a suggestion that the first Kadus were captives from the Arakan side, and thinks it best for the present to treat Kadu as a hybrid speech. So far as I can ascertain, Professor Forchhammer, who dealt in a note of 1882 with the Sak language, comparing it with the Kami, the Mro and the Chin, seems never to have held any other view than that Sak was Chin in structure and, as Mr. Houghton admits himself that the Sak vocabulary on which his theory was based is incomplete, the matter may be said • still to rest in doubt. Kadu has been placed provisionally in the Burma group of languages and will probably remain in that category, for whatever it originally was, it is now Burmanized almost out of recognition. Pending further enquiry, I have left Thet in the Kuki Chin group. Daingnet, which has hitherto been looked upon as a Chin form, is spoken in that portion of the Akyab district which adjoins Chittagong. Some specimens of the language which have been sent me by Mr. Saunders, Deputy Commissioner of Akyab, show that it must be excluded from the Indo-Chinese family altogether. It seems to be nothing more nor less than a corrupt form of Bengali. It claimed 3,105 speakers on the 1st March 1901. Through the whole length of the Arakan Yomas, from Northern Arakan down to the confines of Bassein, as well as here and there to the East of the Irrawaddy, are found hill tribes who are known as Chins. These I have in the Chapter on caste, tribe and race designated the Southern Chins, in contradistinction to the Northern Chins, administered from Falam, and the Central Chins of the Pakokku and Northern Arakan Hills. Dr. Grierson calls their speech Khyang or Sho, neither of which terms appears to me altogether suitable. The expression " Southern Chin," though geographically unexceptionable, has, for the purposes of a linguistic classification, the disadvantage of giving to a single form the title already accorded to the collection of languages of which it is a member. The tongue appears to be known locally to the missionaries who labour in this field as Saingbaung. Perhaps, however, the best name to give to the speech of these southern communities is Yoma Chin, and for want of a better I will make use of it here. Mr. Houghton is our main authority concerning this Yoma Chin form. His monograph, which Mr. Eales has embodied in his 1891 report, appeared about the same time as his Essqy on the language of the Southern Chins and its affinities, which comprises a grammar, a collection of sentences and vocabularies or the dialect. Since then he has contributed to the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, an article illustrating the differences between the Minbu and the Sandoway forms, that is to say, between the speech of the eastern and western slopes respectively of the Yomas. These differences are, when all things are considered, not very marked, and show that the dialect is, from its most northern to its most southern limit, fajrly homogeneous. The variety spoken in Bassein and Henzada is said to have suffered phonetically from the intercourse its speakers have had with the dwellers in the plains, and is not as pure as the Minbu and Sandoway forms. The Siamese-Chinese Sub-family. 125. Whatever may be said of the other languages of the Province, those of the Siamese-Chinese sub-family are indubitably polytonic. Of them all, that which displays the very striking characteristics of the tonal system to the most marked degree is Chinese, with which, as an exotic, we have here very little concern. Chinese was the language ordinarily spoken by 47,444 persons in Burma at the time of the Census. The corresponding figure in 1891 was 31,079. Chinese has not been included in the Provincial language scheme, but the following note on the dialects spoken in Burma kindly furnished me by Mr. Taw Sein Ko may be of interest : '' The Chinese immigrants in Burma speak different dialects. Those who come from Yunnan speak Yunnanese, which is a dialectic variety of Western Mandarin whose headquarters are at Chengtu, the capital of SsQch'wan. The Southern Mandarin is spoken in its purest form at Nanking, while Pekingese constitutes the Northern Mandarin. * * * Chinamen from Yunnan and Ssfich wan, whose ' dialects are intelligible to each other, are
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY JOHN M.
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The original of this book is in the
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CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901 VOLUME X//.)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. Th
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CONTENTS. HI- Para. The Chin langua
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i i i ' I I i LOWER BURMA SHOWING S
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The REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA.
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CENSUS 1901. TOTAL AND URBAN POPULA
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— APPENDIX A. Extracts from the R
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— . APPENDICES. v {e) The final t
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' APPENDICES. Y 11 The checking of
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— APPENDICES. XI not the slightes
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APPENDICES. :*Y {k) The following f
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APPENDICES. XIX (a) Preparation of
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— APPENDICES. XXI ***** From the
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APPENDICES. Scxv arranged that all
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* APPENDICES. XXIX (b) House-number
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APPENDICES. xh (I) Emigration and i
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A fPENDICfeS. hn the best places to
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— APPENDICES. lxvii States reache
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APPENDICES lxix the town completed.
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— APPENDICES. Ixxi 3. The actual
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APPENDICES. lxxiii I found the popu
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APPENDICES. lXXV From E. O. Fowler,
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— APPENDICES. Ixxvii The statemen
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APPENDICES. Appendix A—continued.
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APPENDICES. lxxxi Appendix A.—con
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APPENDICES. Ixxxiil Appendix C. Exp
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Burma: Census of India 1901 Vol. I - Khamkoo

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