Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biosphere - WBGU

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Focus on global forest ecosystems G 1.3 251 between the amount caught and the recruitment rate the following year. By contrast, in the case of forests the growth is calculable and the consequences of unsustainable management are immediately evident. Having said that the shorter life cycles of the most important fish caught also make it possible for relatively quick regeneration. Therefore, forward-looking strategies of risk minimization with higher uncertainties are particularly important here (WBGU, 2000a). The Overexploitation Syndrome in the form of overfishing is also characterized by the fact that for a limited time there is the possibility of maintaining the capacities following overuse of a sub-region by shifting to another sub-region. The fishing fleets push out into ever-new fishing grounds and catch new species, mostly those that were not interesting until the ‘superior’ species had been overfished. In the case of overfishing, geographic areas can be determined that are potentially prone to the Overexploitation Syndrome. This disposition is determined both by biogeographical factors and the socio-economic structures described above.With regard to the former, ecosystem factors include oxygen and nutrient content in the waters allowing high plankton production in the layer of water close to the surface. In that way, particularly the coastal and shelf regions as well as marginal seas can become vulnerable. In relation to the far larger habitats of the open seas these areas represent a small subsystem, but they account for approx 90 per cent of fish production. As a result of socio-economic factors areas that lie outside the 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone are more likely to be affected since the direct influence of governments is much smaller. That also applies to the coastal waters of states that are not in a position to monitor their fishing rights effectively. Annihilation and threat to individual species The trade in individual animal and plant species has on a regional level led to considerable intervention in ecosystems, which is the reason why today approx 5,000 animal species and 25,000 plant species are protected by the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Section D 3.4). (International) trade is often a reaction to very specific needs associated with culture, lifestyle or tradition. For instance, in Southeast Asia one can observe a severe loss of valuable animal species such as tiger and rhinoceros for the production of traditional remedies, particularly Chinese remedies. In more recent times the use of medicinal plants for pharmaceuticals commonly used in Europe has also endangered certain species. The desire for luxury goods continues to be a motive for trade in ivory, reptile skins or the furs of rare predators. For other species such as whales, hunting is lucrative simply because of the rich diversity of uses for the booty. Common to all cases is the short-term use disregarding necessary regeneration periods so typical of the Overexploitation Syndrome, which in many cases has led to the eradication of species, and indeed still does today. G 1.3 Focus on global forest ecosystems Cognizant of the diverse manifestations of the Overexploitation Syndrome, forest ecosystems will be subject to a syndrome analysis below in the following sections. G 1.3.1 The forests of the Earth: Stocks and threats Development of forest stocks Global forest areas have in the course of history become ever more subject to humankind’s influence. When agrarian cultivation was introduced around 10,000 years ago an estimated 6.2 thousand million hectares were covered by forest worldwide (Burschel, 1995; WRI, 1997). The current area covered by forest is given at around 3.45 thousand million hectares, of which half is tropical forest (1.76 thousand million hectares) and the other half boreal (0.93 thousand million hectares) and temperate forests (0.75 thousand million hectares; FAO, 1997b). This corresponds to a decline from 40 per cent to 27 per cent of the ice-free land surface over the last 10,000 years and documents the continuation of the process of deforestation. The global distribution of the present-day and historical forest resources is given in Fig. G 1.3-1. Current forest area changes Between 1980 and 1995 global forest cover declined by 180 million hectares (Fig. G 1.3-2). Above all in developing countries around 200 million hectares of forest was destroyed, primarily for agricultural use – a development which many industrialized countries went through in the early stages of their development (Brüggemeier, 1998). In that same period, however, a growth of the surface area of forest cover as a result of afforestation and set-aside agricultural land was recorded (FAO, 1997b).
252 G Biosphere-anthroposphere linkages: The Overexploitation Syndrome Current primary forests Primary forest losses during the last 3,000 years Figure G 1.3-1 Distribution of primary forest and forest types. Source: Cassel-Gintz et al, 1999 Change in forest area (1990–1995) [% year -1 ] -10% – -6% -6% – -3% -3% – 0% >0% No data Figure G 1.3-2 Annual rate of forest cover change between 1990 and 1995. Source: Cassel-Gintz et al, 1999
Page 1 and 2:
World in Transition German Advisory
Page 3 and 4:
Members of the German Advisory Coun
Page 5 and 6:
German Advisory Council on Global C
Page 7 and 8:
VI Dr Helmut Kraus (University of B
Page 9 and 10:
VIII G 4 G 5 H H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5
Page 11 and 12:
X D 1.3.1.3 D 1.3.1.4 D 1.3.1.5 D 1
Page 13 and 14:
XII E 3.3.1.1 E 3.3.1.2 E 3.3.2 E 3
Page 15 and 16:
XIV F 4.3 F 5 F 5.1 F 5.1.1 F 5.1.2
Page 17 and 18:
XVI J I 2.4 I 2.5 I 2.5.1 I 2.5.2 I
Page 19 and 20:
XVIII L K 2.4.12 K 2.4.13 K 2.4.14
Page 21 and 22:
XX Box E 3.9-2 Box E 3.9-3 Box E 3.
Page 23 and 24:
Figures Figure C 1.2-1 Figure C 1.3
Page 25 and 26:
Acronyms ACFM AGDW AIA AIDS ATBI´s
Page 27 and 28:
XXVI NIH NPP OECD ÖPUL PCR PEFC PI
Page 30 and 31:
Summary for Policymakers A 3 Overco
Page 32 and 33:
Summary for Policymakers A 5 vation
Page 34:
Introduction: Humanity reconstructs
Page 37 and 38:
10 B Introduction Box B-1 Biosphere
Page 39 and 40:
12 B Introduction Box B-2 Sustainab
Page 42 and 43:
The biosphere-centred network of in
Page 44 and 45:
Trends of global change in the bios
Page 46 and 47:
Impact loops in the biosphere-centr
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Impact loops as core elements of sy
Page 56:
Genetic diversity and species diver
Page 59 and 60:
32 D The use of genetic and species
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
D 3 Focal issues D 3.1 Trade in end
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 116 and 117:
Natural and cultivated landscapes E
Page 118 and 119:
From natural to cultivated landscap
Page 120 and 121:
Development of landscapes under hum
Page 122 and 123:
Development of the cultivated lands
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Amazonia: Revolution in a fragile e
Page 130 and 131:
Amazonia: Revolution in a fragile e
Page 132 and 133:
Introduction of the Nile perch into
Page 134 and 135:
The Indonesian shallow sea E 2.4 10
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Perception and evaluation E 3.1 113
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Spatial and temporal separation of
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 125 E 3.
Page 154 and 155:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 127 tion
Page 156 and 157:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 129 Box
Page 158 and 159:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 131 cons
Page 160 and 161:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 133 Figu
Page 162 and 163:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 135 from
Page 164 and 165:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 137 Habi
Page 166 and 167:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 139 1. O
Page 168 and 169:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 141 vati
Page 170 and 171:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 143 used
Page 172 and 173:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 145 Tabl
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 153 Chan
Page 182 and 183:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 155 rene
Page 184 and 185:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 157 vati
Page 186 and 187:
Sustainable land use E 3.3 159 comb
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Sustainable food production from aq
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Conserving natural and cultural her
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Introduction of alien species E 3.6
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Tourism as an instrument E 3.7 185
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
The role of sustainable urban devel
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Integrating conservation and use at
Page 226 and 227:
Integrating conservation and use at
Page 228 and 229: Integrating conservation and use at
Page 234: The biosphere in the Earth System F
Page 237 and 238: 210 F The biosphere in the Earth Sy
Page 243 and 244: F 2 The global climate between fore
Page 251 and 252: F 3 The biosphere in global transit
Page 265 and 266: F 5 Critical elements of the biosph
Page 274: Biosphere-anthroposphere linkages:
Page 277: 250 G Biosphere-anthroposphere link
Page 281 and 282: G2 The mechanism of the Overexploit
Page 283 and 284: 256 G Biosphere-anthroposphere link
Page 289 and 290: G 3 Disposition of forest ecosystem
Page 297 and 298: G5 Political implications of the sy
Page 300: Valuing the biosphere: An ethical a
Page 303 and 304: 276 H Valuing the biosphere: An eth
Page 311 and 312: H 5 Economic valuation of biosphere
Page 321 and 322: H 6 The ethics of conducting negoti
Page 328 and 329:
A guard rail strategy for biosphere
Page 330 and 331:
Third biological imperative: mainta
Page 332 and 333:
Fourth biological imperative: prese
Page 334 and 335:
Conclusion: an explicit guard rail
Page 336 and 337:
Tasks and issues I 2.1 309 • Pres
Page 338 and 339:
Tasks and issues I 2.1 311 basis of
Page 340 and 341:
Approaches under international law
Page 342 and 343:
Approaches under international law
Page 344 and 345:
Approaches for positive regulations
Page 346 and 347:
Approaches for positive regulations
Page 348 and 349:
Motivational approaches I 2.4 321 t
Page 350 and 351:
Motivational approaches I 2.4 323 c
Page 352 and 353:
Environmental education and environ
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Focuses of implementation I 3.2 335
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
The role of the Biodiversity Conven
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Agreements and arrangements under t
Page 380 and 381:
Incentive instruments, funds and in
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384:
Page 388 and 389:
Research strategy for the biosphere
Page 390 and 391:
Preserving the integrity of bioregi
Page 392 and 393:
Maintaining biopotential for the fu
Page 394 and 395:
Preserving the global natural herit
Page 396 and 397:
Preserving the regulatory functions
Page 398 and 399:
Monitoring and remote sensing J 2.3
Page 400 and 401:
Biological-ecological basic researc
Page 402:
Socio-economic basic research J 3.2
Page 406 and 407:
The foundations of a strategy for a
Page 408 and 409:
Focal areas of implementation K 2 K
Page 410 and 411:
Governments and government institut
Page 412 and 413:
Governments and government institut
Page 414 and 415:
International institutions K 2.4 38
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420:
A worldwide system of protected are
Page 424 and 425:
References L 397 Abramovitz, J N (1
Page 426 and 427:
References L 399 Berlyne, E D (1974
Page 428 and 429:
References L 401 Campfire Associati
Page 430 and 431:
References L 403 Promoting the Cons
Page 432 and 433:
References L 405 fied Organisms. UB
Page 434 and 435:
References L 407 Gollin, M A (1993)
Page 436 and 437:
References L 409 Herzog-Schröder,
Page 438 and 439:
References L 411 Kaufmann, L S (199
Page 440 and 441:
References L 413 Leader-Williams, N
Page 442 and 443:
References L 415 Sustaining Society
Page 444 and 445:
References L 417 of forest recreati
Page 446 and 447:
References L 419 Pott, R (1993) Far
Page 448 and 449:
References L 421 pp109-140. Scharpf
Page 450 and 451:
References L 423 schutz und die Wid
Page 452 and 453:
References L 425 des Naturschutzes
Page 454 and 455:
References L 427 Wold, C (1998) ‘
Page 456:
Glossary M
Page 459 and 460:
432 M Glossary the ecosystems in a
Page 461 and 462:
434 M Glossary terized by its high
Page 464:
The German Advisory Council on Glob
Page 467 and 468:
440 N The German Advisory Council o
Page 470 and 471:
Index O 443 A Aalborg Charter 194-1
Page 472 and 473:
Index O 445 Especially as Waterfowl
Page 474 and 475:
Index O 447 habitats 52, 81, 154, 1
Page 476 and 477:
Index O 449 phytotherapy; see also
Page 478:
Index O 451 United Nations Conferen
show all

Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biosphere - WBGU

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?