SUSTAINABLE CITIES: PARADIGM OF INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ...

SUSTAINABLE CITIES:
PARADIGM OF INTEGRATED
COASTAL ZONE
MANAGEMENT
FOR COASTAL CITIES
Raditya Jati
INDONESIA
Presented for:
Southeast Asian-German Summer School on Urbanization Cambodia, October
18-31
st 2007,
Theme: Urban Driving Forces

Presentation
• Overview
• Why is the coastal area important?
• Issues and Problems in Coastal Cities
• Urban driving forces in Coastal Cities
• Sustainable coastal cities and Ecological
Principles
• Paradigm of Integrated Coastal Zone
Management
• Challenges in the future

Overview
• The coastal zone is the area where the ocean
meet the land, interrelated by the terrestrial
activities and the hydrodynamic process of the
sea.
• The most commonly perceive high risks
environmental problem in the coastal area is
environmental destruction caused by
anthropogenic and natural impacts.
• These affect not only the natural resources and
biodiversity, but almost the whole coastal
system that interact physic, biotic, socio-
economic, and culture.

• The fast growing developing of the coastal cities
in Indonesia since the decentralization and
autonomy are force by the economic activities
and the need of the regional economic income;
which sometimes neglected the environmental
constraints.
• The economic development is most of the major
pressure for environmental destruction in the
coastal zone; if the balance between
environment aspect and economical aspect are
unequal, which should be base on the concept
of sustainable city.
• The sustainable city development concepts need
ideas, paradigms, and actions that can be
implement in coastal planning and coastal
management.

Why is the coastal area important?
• An estimated 50 to 70% of the estimated 5.3
billion people alive today live in coastal zones
[Edgren,, (Kay and Alder, 1999)].
• Today, the world’s s population in coastal areas is
equal to the entire global population in the
1950s [Beukenkamp[
Beukenkamp, Gunther, , (Kay and Alder,
1999)].
• In 30 years more people will live in the world’s
coastal zones than are alive today [NOAA, (Kay
and Alder, 1999)].
• Up to 75% of the world population could be
living within 60 km of the shoreline by 2020
[Edgren,, (Kay and Alder, 1999)]

• In the World, people are migrating to the cities
and coastal area. In the year of 2000, first time
in history, , more than 50% of the population are
living in the cities and 50% of population are
living in the coast. (Timerman, 1997).
• The following cities are on a sea coast. . A rough
guideline for addition of the city:
– A port city - it should be able to handle international
vessels.
– Population (including immediately adjacent suburbs)
above 100,000.
– Should not be greater than 20 km away from the
ocean

• Almost 2/3 from the world population in
Indonesia are living in the coastal area
that are concentrated in several cities and
located in the delta area (Waterman,
2003).
• Population increase of 1.6 % in the year
of 2000
• About 157 million from 256 million are
living in Java and Bali, and most of them
are living in the coastal area (BPS, 2001).
• It is estimated that 60% people in
Indonesia are living in the coastal area

Issues and Problems in Coastal
Cities
1. The cities and megapolitan in the world are
experiencing distrubtion of the ecosystem and
enviromental degradation in the coastal area.
Cities like Hong Kong and Tokyo, with its big
harbour in the coast are degrading due of
dredging, sedimentation, contamination, and
polution
2. The population explotion in the coastal area
tendencies are high. The prediction show that
the population in the coastal cities are
increasing and most of the people will live in
the cities that located in the coastal area

3. The cities in the coastal area are threaten by
the ecological dimension.These cities are using
the surplus of their welfare to preserve the
environment. Some cases show that these
cities are using the natural resources from
their hinterland, that will cause environmental
degradation. The worst situation will cause
urbanization to the coastal cities and will cause
the destruction of the environment in the
hinterland.
4. The worst environmental condition will also
effect to the decreasing of their welfare, , which
also give impact on the price on environmental
management, more of transportation, and less
of city tax to improve the quality of the
environent

5. The global climate change inderectly gave
impact to the ecosystems of the coastal cities,
that will cause potenstial impact that are case
by the sea level rise:
• Flooding risk are increasing and decreasing of drainage
• Water salinity and water supply
• Sea level rise will cause on the infrastructures near the
shore
• Beach erosion
6. Disaster in the coastal area that are cause by
natural disaster such as tsunami, earthquake,
storm, and high tide.
7. Destruction of the coral reefs that are cause by
bombing and overfishing, linland
deforestration, algablooms, mangroves due to
the land use change, nutrient increasement,
and sedimentation, these are cause by natural
and human involvement on development.

Image Megapolitan yang terletak di wilayah pesisir di dunia menunjukkan
kecenderungan untuk semakin meningkat jumlah dan kepadatan penduduknya.
sumber: Natural Resources Conservation Service. World Soil Resources Map
Index. Global Population Density--1994.

Urban driving forces in Coastal Cities
• Investment on properties
• Industries
• Tourism
• Development
• Government
• Economic

A
B
C
D
Gambar 4. Foto Airborne dari beberapa wilayah pesisir yang berkembang karena faktor ekonomi
dapat berdampak pada kerusakan lingkungan. Foto A di Semarang terdapat bangunan infrastruktur
menjorok ke arah laut yang dapat berdampak pada perubahan hidrodinamika dan morfodinamika
pesisir; Foto B kawasan industri Krakatau Steel membangun di kawasan pesisir yang dapat
menimbulkan resiko kerusakan lingkungan; Foto C merupakan kawasan Kepulauan Seribu yang
sudah padat karena aktivitas pariwisata; Foto D merupakan usaka reklamasi pantai di Kota
Semarang. (Foto-foto oleh Arief Effendi)

“what attract business in
properties in the coastal area
are the beautiful landscape
with the combination of
modern living. The problems
are the coastal ecosystem are
not well preserved an and
these locations are potential of
modal investments but also
potential of natural hazard…”

“The property in the coastal area are always similar
with the exclusiveness and expensiveness. The
development of the properties are very promising,
It is a pity that the policy had not regulated yet. With
out any regulation their will be many conflicts among
the actors in he coastal area”

“the coastal area are always similar with resort,
hotel, and tourism that had developed the
tourism industries sector. The tourism sectors
will increase quickly but most of the public
access will decrease”

Sustainable coastal cities and
Ecological Principles
• Sustainable city principles: [(Research
Triangle Institute, 1996), Budihardjo,
2005] Five E yaitu Environment (Ecology),
Economy (Employement), Equity,
Engagement, dan Energy.
• In Indonesia there additional 2 E which
are Ethic of Development and Ethic of the
City (Budihardjo, 2005).

The natural resources sustainable management
need a integrated approach in iterative process
on suing the natural resources, energy, and
waste with mechanism of:
• Minimize the consumption of natural resources,
especially the non-renewable natural resources
and extend the renewable resources;
• Minimize the waste production by reuse or
recycling;
• Minimize the air polution for land, water, and air
• Increase the green space for the city

ECONOMY
Economic indicators
GDP
Savings
Production
Performance
Indicators
Sectoral
indicators
Efficiency
Indicators
ENVIRONMENT
Environmental indicators
Pressures
State
Impact
Performance
Indicators
Social indicators
Income
Health
Income inequality
Performance Indicators
SOCIETY
Sustainable Spatial planning is a integrative concept among sectors that are
related to one another. The main of the concept is to reach the EFICIENCY of
using the available natura resources. To develop the indicators of sustainable
planning need an integration of economic, environemntal, and social
mechanism that is shown in the model of sustainable indicators. (KLH, 2001).

Paradigm of Integrated Coastal
Zone Management
• The integrated coastal zone management is
define by a dynamic and continuous process
with the all decision making on sustainable,
development and preservation of the natural
resources of the coast and the sea
(GEF/UNDP/IMO, 1996 dalam Dahuri, 2003).
• Some goals on ICZM according to Cicin-Sain dan
Knecht, 1998, are: : 1) to reach the goals of the
sustainable development of the coastal and
ocean; ; 2) to minimize natural hazard that
endanger the coastal area and the living
inhabitants; and 3) to maintain the ecological
process, carrying capacity systems, and
diversities of the coast and ocean.

The ICZM for the future need to be (Kay,(
1999):
• First, the principles of the sustainable
development from the planners and the policy
maker are challenges to transfer on
management level
• Second, planning and management of the
coastal area are very related
• Third, planning and management that refer to
the commitment from the other stakeholders are
important, emerging management model such
as community based, collaborative and co-
management. These are to anticipate the
conflict among the interest of stakeholders.

• Fourth, the coastal management have to be the
responsibility of all actors, the responsibility consist of
international effort until local level, with all stakeholders
including the people, private sectors, industries,
avocation group, and the government. Partnership need
to be implemented for sustainable beneficiaries of all
stakeholders.
• Fifth, the successful of coastal management are based
on the local knowledge, related to the natural resources
and management
• Sixth, several method of planning need to be develop
innovatively for the environmental problems
• Seventh, strategic planning and coastal management
can be collected with the stakeholders, according to the
policies, with different scales that have orientation of
integration.
• Eight, to evaluate and monitor the program and policy to
indicate the successful of the management.

INTERACTION OF IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN THE COASTAL
ECOSYSTEM (DKP, 2002)

Driving Forces
•Fisik: erosi, sedimentasi,
intrusi air laut,
•Biotik: hilangnya mangroves
dan penggundulan hutan di
hulu
•Sosbud: pertambahan
penduduk, aktifitas manusia,
perubahan lahan,
pemukiman, pekerjaan
Survei &
Pengamatan
Langsung
Pressures
• abrasi dan akresi pantai;
• dampak antropogenik
• perubahan lahan/ konversi;
• sedimentasi yang tinggi di muara
sungai;
• banjir luapan dari sungai;
• sampah dan sanitasi;
• berbagai stakeholder
PCRA
State
•erosi pantai
•hilangnya hutan mangroves
•kerusakan lingkungan
•navigasi terganggu
•kebersihan
•banjir
•konflik kepentingan
Response
•Kebijakan
•Program
•Model Penanganan
•Guidance
•Rekomendasi
Impact
Dampak dari berbagai
permasalahan
kerusakan lingkungan
adalah kesejahteraan,
produktifitas,
kenyamanan,
keamanan, perubahan
fungsi lingkungan

DRIVING FORCE
DAN PRESSURE
STATE
IMPACT
RESPONSES
Alam
•Musim
Barat dan
Musim
Timur
•Abrasi
•Akresi
Manusia
•Pertumbu
han
Populasi
•Perubahan
penggunaan lahan
•Kompetisi
penggunaan lahan
•Pembangunan
struktur di laut
yang tidak merata
•Kebutuhan
sesaat
•Kebutuhan
ekonomi
•Penambangan
•Pariwisata
•Pemukiman
•Kerusaka
n pantai
akibat
abrasi
•Kerusakan pantai
akibat
penambangan
•Sedimentasi di
muara sungai
•Intrusi air laut
•Kerusakan hutan
bakau
•Kerusakan biota
laut
•Limbah/sampah
pertanian
•Limbah/sampah
pariwisata
•Lahan timbul
•Overfishing
•Kondisi air bersih
yang kurang
•Pendapatan
menurun
•Konflik sosial
•Kualitas
air bersih
yang
masih
kurang
•Beberapa lokasi
dapat tergerus
abrasi
•Mundurnya garis
pantai
•Gumuk pasir
yang sudah
menghilang
•Pohon kelapa
yang tumbang
•Hilangnya 20ha
lahan tambak
•Kegiatan navigasi
kapal yang
terganggu
•Aktifitas ekonomi
terhambat
•Perebutan lahan
timbul
•Hutan mangrove
rusak
•Habitat ikan
rusak
•Air meluap dan
banjir
•Hilangnnya
beberapa tanah
•Lahan garapan
berkurang
•Kurang
perlindungan
•Kebersihan
lingkungan tidak
terjaga
Solusi Fisik
•Pembangunan
pemecah gelombang
•Pembangunan jeties
•Teknologi pengolahan air
limbah
Solusi Biotik
•Penghijauan:
pencegah abrasi,
perbaikan habitat,
penyaringan air
limbah, penahan erosi
di muara dan sungai,
tambak
Solusi Sosial
•Koordinasi
•Kolaborasi
•Penegakkan hukum LH
•Pemberdayaan
•Dana
•Pembimbingan
•Program yang jelas
•Partisipasi aktif
•Pengarahan teknis
•Melibatkan masyarakat dalam
perencanaan dan pengelolaan

Challenges in the future
• The development of the sustainable coastal city
need of thought, paradigm and activities that
are implemented in the planning and
management of the coastal area.
• The future strategy for planning and
management for sustainable coastal city are
base on the sustainable city planning that
require in the dimension of environmental,
economic, social, cultural, physical, biotic, and
politic.
• Several consideration on planning the
sustainable coastal city are also to design the
healthy cities.

• The management model of the ecosystem
for coastal cities are in multi-sector
approach with good coordination,
cooperation, and coordination
• Some of the model and instruments are
Green Agenda, Environmental
Management Strategy, Environmental
Action Plan, and ICZM model

Several concept are:
• First, Metrofitting concept of using the
vacant land for several of topics such as
waste management, optimize the
infrastructure
• Second, , Green Infrastructure is
zonification of the green are in the city
and the water of the city that involve to
planning for preserving the area that
vulnerable for strategic issues in the
future.

• Third, , Ecological Footprint to calculate the cost
and other resources for environmental service in
the coastal city.
• Keempat, , Towards Green Financing, include the
concept of cost and benefit of the city from
environmental aspect such as environmental
audit, internal conservations, consensus of the
local government to obtain sanction for the actor
that polluted the environment, networking within
all stakeholders.

Terima kasih
THANK YOU