Elements of appendicular skeleton: f li b Elements of appendicular ...

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Historical constraints on adaptation • Ex: Giant panda’s thumb: – Pandas related to bears and raccoons (Carnivora). – Bears /raccoons are the most omnivorous carnivores. • Use front paws to manipulate food. – Giant panda are more dexterous than bears and raccoons. • Diet restricted to bamboo. • Strip leaves between flexible “thumb” and other digits. – Problems: • Primates have opposable thumbs, not carnivores. • 5 (not 4) remaining digits.
Constraints on adaptation • Panda’s thumb: – Enlarged carpal bone: • Bears: s<strong>li</strong>ghtly enlarged radial sesamoid bone. • Carnivores: two 1 st -digit abductor muscles. • In bears, one muscle attaches instead to radial sesamoid. • Abductor and adductor muscles are modified 1 st -digit abductors. – Panda’s thumb is modification <strong>of</strong> carpal structures.
Page 1 and 2: Elements of appendicular skeleton:
Page 3: Limbs and associated muscles are de
Page 6 and 7: Pectoral girdle Modifications of th
Page 8: Medial view Lateral view
Page 11 and 12: Pentadactyl forelimb structure: Hal
Page 13: Convergent evolution of external fo
Page 19 and 20: “Muscular sling” of mammals
Page 21: Mammals Anterior Posterior
Page 25 and 26: • Acanthostega : - One of first a
Page 28 and 29: Human pelvis
Page 31 and 32: Knee Wrist Elbow Ankle
Page 33: Cephalochordate condition Fin-fold
Page 36: Models of limb evolution
Page 40 and 41: Basal model Axial model
Page 42 and 43: inductive sequence
Page 46 and 47: Context of evolution of tetrapod li
Page 48 and 49: Some heterotopic elements Penis bac
Page 50 and 51: Synarthroses
Page 52: (forming meniscus layers) Diarthros
Page 55: Trends in the skeletal system • I

Elements of appendicular skeleton: f li b Elements of appendicular ...

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