Researching-the-Urban-Dilemma-Baseline-study

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List of Figures Figure 1: Spatial distribution of “violence” events in selected African countries Figure 2: Framing the impacts of urban violence Figure 3: Comparing selected national and city homicide rates (per 100,000) Figure 4a: Urban population growth (thousands): 1950-2050 Figure 4b: Percentage of populations living in urban areas: 1950-2050 Figure 5: Targeting urban violence prevention and reduction interventions ii
Preface In 2007, the world became a predominantly urban society. Across the world, an estimated three quarters of economic production takes place in cities. Urbanization brings with it possibilities of improved access to jobs, goods and services for poor people in developing countries and beyond as globalization trends connect cities world-wide. However, urbanization has also brought new challenges in terms of conflict, violence and urban governance – and citizen security in particular. The World Bank’s landmark 2011 World Development Report highlighted the significance of violence as a development problem. Its work noted how violence is changing, becoming less structured around notions of civil war and conflict, and more focused around criminal violence, terrorism and civil unrest. The impacts of violence on human development are significant and varied. As Stergios Skaperdas has documented, they include direct costs such as death and injury, destruction to public infrastructure, personal property and assets, as well as indirect costs like psychological trauma, population displacement, the disruption of social services, reduced economic growth, brain drain and increased spending on law enforcement. What is clear is that violence has emerged as one of the central development challenges of our time. Virtually all fragile states have experienced repeated episodes of violence, and the large majority of the world’s poorest people live in states affected by violence – over 1.5 billion people. As the 2011 World Development Report has underscored, the close relationship between violence and poverty is reflected in this stark fact: no low-income fragile or conflict-affected state has yet to achieve a single Millennium Development Goal. Today’s cities are centres of multi-layered violence. Criminal and organized violence, associated with the drug trade in some countries have become entwined with national politics. Gangs and militias have come to substitute for public authority, offering some protection to communities, but often at great cost. Social violence, including violence within the household, is also a significant problem, particularly for vulnerable youth and women living in these environments. In response to these challenges, Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID) have launched Safe and Inclusive Cities. This collaborative research initiative is aimed at generating an evidence base on the connections between urban violence, inequalities and poverty and on identifying the most effective strategies for addressing these challenges. The present study marks the first step in this endeavour, and has served to inform the design and scope of the Safe and Inclusive Cities research initiative. iii
Page 1 and 2: Researching the Urban Dilemma: Urba
Page 3: Table of Contents Preface .........
Page 7 and 8: About the Author Dr. Robert Muggah
Page 9 and 10: national over municipal statistical
Page 11 and 12: adaptation - what is referred to he
Page 13 and 14: Introduction The world´s populatio
Page 15 and 16: differentiated impacts of urban vio
Page 17 and 18: ToR were subsequently refined by th
Page 19 and 20: Section 1 Research and Methods The
Page 21 and 22: Social scientists preoccupied with
Page 23 and 24: includes the Armed Conflict Locatio
Page 25 and 26: Section 2 Concepts and Theories The
Page 27 and 28: urban dilemma, it is hardly surpris
Page 29 and 30: Far from the dystopian wastelands o
Page 31 and 32: technologies and the regulation of
Page 33 and 34: (2011: 11) describe (urban) violenc
Page 35 and 36: iii. Defining the urban poor Develo
Page 37 and 38: nutrition, the proportion of househ
Page 39 and 40: Section 3 Measuring the Impacts The
Page 41 and 42: stigmatization, fear and evasion -
Page 43 and 44: lifetime. 163 The extent to which w
Page 45 and 46: cities to escape various forms of i
Page 47 and 48: groups. Third, these outcomes are i
Page 49 and 50: likelihood of crime and violence. A
Page 51 and 52: As noted in earlier sections, a num
Page 53 and 54: The causes of this unprecedented ur
Page 55 and 56:
Urdal (2010) and Urdal (2011) find
Page 57 and 58:
iii. Urban poverty and inequality A
Page 59 and 60:
y intimate partners if their own mo
Page 61 and 62:
society was, is, and how it should
Page 63 and 64:
Section 5 Resilience and Resistance
Page 65 and 66:
Section 6 What Works and Why As thi
Page 67 and 68:
initiatives across the Americas and
Page 69 and 70:
planning, parent-child relations, y
Page 71 and 72:
consolidate social belonging, and c
Page 73 and 74:
anticipation of major global events
Page 75 and 76:
power and control are addressed, is
Page 77 and 78:
vi. Urban governance for security A
Page 79 and 80:
Concluding Reflections The world is
Page 81 and 82:
Cities are political, social and ec
Page 83 and 84:
Much greater attention should be de
Page 85 and 86:
Annex 2 Moving From Theory to Pract
Page 87 and 88:
Annex 3 List of Key Informants Urba
Page 89 and 90:
Urban Age The Urban Age research ne
Page 91 and 92:
South African City Development Stra
Page 93 and 94:
Annex 5 Bibliography Abello Colak,
Page 95 and 96:
Beall, J. and Fox, S. (2009). Citie
Page 97 and 98:
Chesnais, J. (1982). Histoires de l
Page 99 and 100:
Doll, L., Bonzo, S., Sleet, D., Mer
Page 101 and 102:
Geddes, P. (1915). Cities in Evolut
Page 103 and 104:
Hume, M. (2009). “Researching the
Page 105 and 106:
Krug E., Dahlberg L., Mercy J., Zwi
Page 107 and 108:
McCall, P. and Nieuwbeerta, P. (200
Page 109 and 110:
Muggah, R. and Samanayake, M. (2004
Page 111 and 112:
Rapley, J. (2006). “The New Middl
Page 113 and 114:
Simmel, G. (1950 [1903]). “The Me
Page 115 and 116:
UN-Habitat (2011b). Building Urban
Page 117 and 118:
Winton, A. (2004). “Urban Violenc
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