Appendix 7.1 Preliminary Site Investigation Report - Peel
Appendix 7.1 Preliminary Site Investigation Report - Peel
Appendix 7.1 Preliminary Site Investigation Report - Peel
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SOUTH CLYDE ENERGY CENTRE,<br />
BOGMOOR ROAD, GLASGOW<br />
PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT<br />
Date: 24/05/2012<br />
Prepared for:<br />
Prepared By:<br />
TerraConsult Ltd.<br />
Bold Business Centre<br />
Bold Lane, Sutton<br />
St. Helens, Merseyside<br />
WA9 4TX<br />
Telephone: 01925 291111<br />
Facsimile: 01925 291191
South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
DOCUMENT INFORMATION AND CONTROL SHEET<br />
Document Status and Approval Schedule<br />
<strong>Report</strong> No.<br />
Title<br />
1369/01 Issue 2 SOUTH CLYDE ENERGY CENTRE,<br />
BOGMOOR ROAD, GLASGOW<br />
PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT<br />
Issue History<br />
Issue Status Date Prepared By Signature Date<br />
1 Draft for Client Approval 31/03/11<br />
P. M. Littlewood P. M. Littlewood 30/03/11<br />
Checked By:<br />
C. S. Eccles C. S. Eccles 31/03/11<br />
2 Draft for Client Approval 24/05/12 Prepared by:<br />
N. Frost<br />
CGeol FGS CSci<br />
Checked and Authorised<br />
by:<br />
C.S Eccles<br />
CGeol FGS CSci Env<br />
RoGEP<br />
N Frost 24/05/12<br />
C S Eccles<br />
24/05/12<br />
DISCLAIMER<br />
This consultancy contract was completed by TerraConsult Ltd on the basis of a defined programme and scope of works and terms<br />
and conditions agreed with the client. This report was compiled with all reasonable skill, and care, bearing in mind the project<br />
objectives, the agreed scope of works, the prevailing site conditions, the budget, the degree of manpower and resources allocated to<br />
the project as agreed.<br />
TerraConsult Ltd cannot accept responsibility to any parties whatsoever, following the issue of this report, for any matters arising<br />
which may be considered outwith the agreed scope of works.<br />
This report is issued solely to the client and TerraConsult cannot accept any responsibility to any third parties to whom this report<br />
may be circulated, in part or in full, and any such parties rely on the contents at their own risk.<br />
May2012 <strong>Report</strong> No 1369/01<br />
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South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
PROPOSED ENERGY FROM WASTE FACILITY<br />
BOGMOOR ROAD GLASGOW<br />
PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT<br />
CONTENTS<br />
Page<br />
1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 7<br />
1.1 Background Information ................................................................................................................................... 7<br />
1.2 Previous <strong>Report</strong>s and <strong>Investigation</strong>s................................................................................................................. 7<br />
1.3 Development Proposals and Planning Status ................................................................................................... 8<br />
1.4 Objectives of the Phase I <strong>Investigation</strong> ............................................................................................................. 8<br />
2 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION ....................................................................... 9<br />
2.1 <strong>Site</strong> Location ....................................................................................................................................................... 9<br />
2.2 Land Adjacent to the <strong>Site</strong> ................................................................................................................................ 10<br />
2.3 <strong>Site</strong> Description ................................................................................................................................................. 11<br />
2.4 <strong>Site</strong> Ownership .................................................................................................................................................. 13<br />
2.5 History ............................................................................................................................................................... 13<br />
2.6 Services .............................................................................................................................................................. 18<br />
3 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ................................................................................... 18<br />
3.1 Data Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 18<br />
3.2 Geology .............................................................................................................................................................. 23<br />
3.3 Mining and Quarrying ..................................................................................................................................... 24<br />
3.4 Landfill and Other Waste Activities ............................................................................................................... 24<br />
3.5 Hydrology, Flooding and Drainage ................................................................................................................. 25<br />
3.6 Hydrogeology .................................................................................................................................................... 26<br />
3.7 Planning and Other Constraints ..................................................................................................................... 26<br />
3.8 Health and Safety Issues .................................................................................................................................. 27<br />
4 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS/REPORTS ............................................................... 27<br />
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4.1 General .............................................................................................................................................................. 27<br />
4.2 Johnson Poole & Bloomer, 2005 ...................................................................................................................... 27<br />
4.3 Murdoch Mackenzie (Foundations) Limited, April 1971 ............................................................................. 28<br />
4.4 Fugro, April 1980 ............................................................................................................................................. 28<br />
5 HAZARD ASSESSMENT & PRELIMINARY (TIER 1) CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL<br />
28<br />
5.1 Hazards Identified with the Proposed Development ..................................................................................... 28<br />
5.2 Potential Sources of Contamination ............................................................................................................... 29<br />
5.3 Potential Receptors of Contamination and Pathways ................................................................................... 31<br />
5.4 Pollutant Linkages ............................................................................................................................................ 33<br />
5.5 Conceptual <strong>Site</strong> Model ..................................................................................................................................... 34<br />
5.6 <strong>Preliminary</strong> contamination hazard assessment ............................................................................................. 34<br />
5.7 Geotechnical Hazards Associated with the Development ............................................................................. 39<br />
5.8 Environmental Assessment .............................................................................................................................. 40<br />
5.9 Remediation Implementation and Verification ............................................................................................. 40<br />
6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 41<br />
7 PROPOSED INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY ..................................................... 41<br />
<strong>7.1</strong> Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 41<br />
7.2 <strong>Investigation</strong> Strategy ...................................................................................................................................... 42<br />
7.4 Chemical Testing Strategy ............................................................................................................................... 43<br />
7.5 Monitoring Strategy ......................................................................................................................................... 45<br />
7.6 Geotechnical Testing Strategy ......................................................................................................................... 45<br />
REFERENCES<br />
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South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
DRAWINGS<br />
1369/1/001 <strong>Site</strong> Plan and Photograph Locations<br />
1369/1/002 Proposed <strong>Site</strong> Plan and Proposed Exploratory Hole Locations<br />
Client Drawing:<br />
11003_SK15 Bogmoor Road <strong>Site</strong> Plan<br />
APPENDICES<br />
<strong>Appendix</strong> A<br />
<strong>Appendix</strong> B<br />
<strong>Appendix</strong> C<br />
<strong>Appendix</strong> D<br />
<strong>Appendix</strong> E<br />
<strong>Appendix</strong> F<br />
<strong>Appendix</strong> G<br />
<strong>Appendix</strong> H<br />
Service Constraints and <strong>Report</strong> Limitations<br />
Environmental Risk Assessment Methodology and Terminology<br />
<strong>Site</strong> Photographs<br />
Groundsure <strong>Report</strong> (including historic maps) – ON ENCLOSED CD<br />
Historic Aerial Photography – ON ENCLOSED CD<br />
Previous <strong>Site</strong> <strong>Investigation</strong> <strong>Report</strong>s – ON ENCLOSED CD:<br />
British Geological Survey (BGS) Logs<br />
Current Guidance for Ground Gas Risk Assessment<br />
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South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
SOUTH CLYDE ENERGY CENTRE,<br />
BOGMOOR ROAD, GLASGOW<br />
PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT<br />
1 INTRODUCTION<br />
1.1 Background Information<br />
1.1.1 TerraConsult Limited was commissioned by <strong>Peel</strong> Environmental Limited to carry out a<br />
preliminary site investigation for an area of land off Bogmoor Road, Shieldhall in<br />
Glasgow for the proposed South Clyde Energy Centre (SCEC) development. A planning<br />
application to be submitted by planning consultant AXIS is supported by this document.<br />
1.1.2 This site currently comprises an aggregate recycling and concrete plant operated by<br />
Tarmac Limited.<br />
1.1.3 The purpose of the report is to provide preliminary information on conditions at the site<br />
using published environmental information in association with previous reports<br />
undertaken both on and adjacent to the site. This report has been devised to generally<br />
comply with the relevant principles and requirements of a wide range of guidance<br />
including BS5930:1999 as amended 2007: “Code of practice for site investigations”,<br />
BS10175: 2001 “<strong>Investigation</strong> of Potentially Contaminated <strong>Site</strong>s - Code of Practice” and<br />
the DEFRA/Environment Agency <strong>Report</strong> CLR11 “Model Procedures for the<br />
Management of Land Contamination”. This report is a preliminary stage of investigation,<br />
and as such it is possible that further work may be recommended based on the findings.<br />
1.1.4 TerraConsult’s service constraints and report limitations are presented in <strong>Appendix</strong> A and<br />
a description of environmental risk assessment methodology and terminology is<br />
presented in <strong>Appendix</strong> B.<br />
1.2 Previous <strong>Report</strong>s and <strong>Investigation</strong>s<br />
1.2.1 One previous report has been made available for review. In 2005, Johnson Poole &<br />
Bloomer conducted a desk based study in the form of a Land Quality Appraisal for Clyde<br />
Ports Limited, the findings of the report are summarised in Section 4.2.<br />
1.2.2 There have been several site investigation reports conducted on adjacent sites within the<br />
area, the most notably for the building of Phase II of the Renfrew Motorway (now part of<br />
the M8) in 1971. In 1980, a site investigation was undertaken on the Hillington Industrial<br />
Estate. Copies of borehole logs pertaining to the site were obtained by TerraConsult from<br />
the British Geological Survey and are presented in <strong>Appendix</strong> H.<br />
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1.3 Development Proposals and Planning Status<br />
1.3.1 The proposed SCEC development would comprise:<br />
earthworks to modify the site levels to provide a level platform for the<br />
development, including the removal of existing structures;<br />
the removal from site or the treatment of any contaminated material<br />
encountered;<br />
the development of an integrated waste recovery facility comprising a Recyclables<br />
Recovery Facility (RRF) and Energy Recovery Facility (ERF) with a total<br />
throughput of circa 250,000 tonnes per annum (tpa) of waste material;<br />
a new visitor / education centre;<br />
associated new infrastructure including: weighbridges, access roads, drainage<br />
systems and service provision; and<br />
landscaped mitigation areas.<br />
1.3.2 The findings and conclusions of the risk assessments have been set out and<br />
recommendations given for the proposed end use of waste processing in industrial units.<br />
If there is a subsequent change in the proposed land the risk assessments and conclusions<br />
should be reviewed to determine whether they are still applicable for the new end use.<br />
1.4 Objectives of the Phase I <strong>Investigation</strong><br />
1.4.1 The main objectives of the investigation are to:<br />
undertake a desk study of available information to include a review of existing<br />
reports (if any) and history of the site;<br />
carry out a site walkover;<br />
develop a preliminary conceptual site model by collating all available<br />
information on the site;<br />
identify any additional data required to appropriately characterise the site to<br />
enable a full appraisal of potential risks to be undertaken.<br />
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2 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION<br />
2.1 <strong>Site</strong> Location<br />
2.1.1 The site is located in the Shieldhall area of Glasgow between Govan to the east and<br />
Hillington Industrial Estate to the west. The site is positioned immediately to the south<br />
west of the M8 Motorway and is accessed via Junction 26 which serves the A8 Renfrew<br />
Road which leads directly to Bogmoor Road. Bogmoor Road bounds the site to the<br />
southeast, the southern limb of the site is bordered by properties on Bogmoor Road to the<br />
east and a railway line to the west. The railway line occupies the entirety of the west<br />
boundary. The M8 motorway embankment runs along the eastern perimeter of the site<br />
and the northern edge of the site opens out to an area of dense foliage. The approximate<br />
National Grid Reference for the site is NS 527 656. The elevation of the site varies from<br />
around 6 mOD in the north to between 8 and 9 mOD across the remainder of the site. The<br />
site location is shown in Figure 1:<br />
BOGMOOR ROAD<br />
SITE<br />
Figure 1: <strong>Site</strong> Location Plan<br />
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2.2 Land Adjacent to the <strong>Site</strong><br />
2.2.1 TerraConsult undertook a site walkover on 25 th January 2011, and the following site<br />
description is based on observations made during the walkover. Reference should be<br />
made to Drawing Ref: 1369/1/001 and photographs within <strong>Appendix</strong> C. This section does<br />
not attempt to describe all of the photographs in <strong>Appendix</strong> C, However, the photographs<br />
along with the site plan provide a comprehensive record of the site at the time of the<br />
walkover.<br />
2.2.2 The address details of the currently operational aggregate recycling and concrete plant is<br />
shown on Photograph A which is of the signs at the entrance to the site on Bogmoor<br />
Road. For the purposes of this report, the site has been divided into two distinct areas<br />
which shall be referred to as Main <strong>Site</strong> Area (current Tarmac occupied site,<br />
photograph A) and the Railway Siding Area (land outside of the Tarmac site).<br />
North<br />
2.2.3 To the north the boundary is undefined and opens out onto an area of rough land and<br />
dense vegetation occupied by semi-mature trees and vegetation. This area is<br />
approximately 2 m lower in elevation compared to the developed part of the site, several<br />
pools of standing water were observed. In the north east corner of the area a wide<br />
motorway underpass is present which leads to the King George V Dock which occupies a<br />
man-made inlet on the south bank of the River Clyde (300 m away at its closest point).<br />
West<br />
2.2.4 A railway line defines the entire western boundary and runs from the north west to the<br />
south west corners of the site. On the opposite side of the railway line there are industrial<br />
developments and infrastructure relating to the Hillington Industrial Estate which extend<br />
over 1 km away from the site.<br />
South<br />
2.2.5 The site is bounded to the south east by Bogmoor Road. On the south side of Bogmoor<br />
Road several industrial units occupied predominantly by timber merchants are present, a<br />
construction yard and M.O.T. testing centre are also situated on Bogmoor Road. The<br />
south west limb of the site extends parallel to the railway and outside of the southernmost<br />
point lies further scrubland relating to the railway siding. Further to the south lies<br />
Cardonald Park, an area of light industrial and commercial premises approximately<br />
250 m from site. The nearest residential area to the site is in Hillington approximately<br />
600 m from the site at its closest point.<br />
East<br />
2.2.6 The east of the site is spanned by the M8 Motorway which lies at the top of a steep<br />
embankment occupied by a screen of mature spruce. The industrial area of Shieldhall<br />
occupies the area between the motorway and the River Clyde, numerous warehouses,<br />
depots and a factory are present predominantly associated with timber manufacture and<br />
merchants, mostly located on Bogmoor Road and Renfrew Road to the north. Southern<br />
General Hospital is situated 500 m to the east.<br />
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2.3 <strong>Site</strong> Description<br />
General site description –Main <strong>Site</strong> Area (current Tarmac occupied site)<br />
2.3.1 The area currently occupied by Tarmac is currently used as an aggregate recycling<br />
facility and concrete plant. It is believed that the site has been used for this purpose for<br />
the past three years. A frequent flow of traffic in the form of heavy goods vehicles visit<br />
the site and several items of mobile heavy plant are present in the form of 360 o<br />
excavators and loading shovels. The area used by Tarmac is roughly rectangular with the<br />
longest edge striking northwest to southeast and measures approximately 180 m by 100 m<br />
(1.8 ha).<br />
2.3.2 The entrance to the site is directly from Bogmoor Road via a lockable heavy duty steel<br />
gate and enters the site in the south east corner. A small compound comprising<br />
temporary accommodation cabins, welfare facilities and car park are present immediately<br />
to the south upon entering the site and a weighbridge and wheel wash facility are located<br />
20 m to the west of the entrance (photograph B). These areas are served by an asphalt<br />
road and concrete surface and bound by corrugated steel barriers.<br />
2.3.3 A concrete plant is situated in the southern central part of the site and comprises cement<br />
and water storage tanks as part of the infrastructure (photograph D). A storage building<br />
is present in the southern corner of the site. A bunded diesel fuel tank is located adjacent<br />
to the building, several drums and canisters were also observed behind the building<br />
(photograph E).<br />
2.3.4 The majority of the site surface comprises crushed and compacted hardcore of roadstone,<br />
brick, concrete and lumps of tarmac (photograph J). An area of soft clayey material<br />
along the north west perimeter was observed likely to have been a site for ponded surface<br />
water (photograph I). An area of rough ground with soft landscaping was also present in<br />
the middle of the eastern boundary.<br />
2.3.5 Numerous stockpiles of aggregate occupy large areas of the site consisting of roadstone,<br />
asphalt, gravel, sand and mixed hardcore (photograph G). Blending and sorting activities<br />
take place onsite and designated bays for sorted sand and gravel materials are present in<br />
the west of the site.<br />
2.3.6 Overall, the area of the site is relatively flat, with no discernable gradient visible across<br />
the main area. Topographic levels show this part of the site to vary from around 8 mOD<br />
in the west of the site to around 9 mOD in the east of the site. The Main <strong>Site</strong> Area is<br />
approximately 1 – 1.5 m higher than the Railway Siding Area (7 m OD) in the north<br />
west; indicated by a sharp drop in the land immediately outside of the perimeter fence<br />
(photograph Q). Moving to the south, the difference in gradient is less defined as the two<br />
areas level out to the same elevation. It is observed that the Main <strong>Site</strong> Area has been<br />
raised by a cover of made ground up to 1 m in thickness in the north of the site, which<br />
reduces towards the south and Bogmoor Road.<br />
2.3.7 The main development area is bound to the north, west and east by a 2.5 m high steel<br />
palisade fence that separates the Main <strong>Site</strong> Area from the Railway Siding Area<br />
(photograph Q). The southern perimeter is defined by a wooden panel fence<br />
approximately 5 m high that backs onto Bogmoor Road.<br />
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2.3.8 No vegetation was observed within the Main <strong>Site</strong> Area.<br />
2.3.9 Two drains with raised concrete chamber and biscuits were observed in the northern<br />
corner and middle of the site (photographs H and J). Adjacent to the south east perimeter,<br />
two drain covers were encountered at ground level.<br />
General site description – Railway Siding Area (land outside of the Tarmac <strong>Site</strong>)<br />
2.3.10 The Railway Siding Area is separated entirely from the Main <strong>Site</strong> Area by a steel palisade<br />
fence. Access is gained via an entrance at the southernmost point of Bogmoor Road<br />
(photograph T). The site is secured by two panels of temporary fencing padlocked<br />
together. It is believed the site is used by railway operators to conduct lineside works.<br />
2.3.11 This area is approximately horseshoe shaped; with the arc located in the north west and<br />
the limbs occupying the eastern and western boundaries of the overall site. The Area<br />
encompasses the internal Main <strong>Site</strong> Area to the north, east and west. The western limb<br />
extends beyond the Main <strong>Site</strong> Area to the south for approximately 140 m. This southern<br />
limit is undefined to the south; however a low lying brick wall separates the site from the<br />
land belonging to the properties to the east on Bogmoor Road.<br />
2.3.12 The western boundary is defined by the railway that runs parallel to the site from the<br />
northwest to the southeast. The M8 motorway spans the entire eastern edge and runs<br />
parallel in a similar direction to the railway. The northern perimeter is undefined and<br />
terminates within the area of dense semi-mature trees and vegetation, roughly adjacent to<br />
the motorway underpass to the north east.<br />
2.3.13 No existing structures are present on the site. However, there is an area of degraded<br />
concrete hard standing towards the southern part of the site near to the entrance from<br />
Bogmoor Road (photograph N).<br />
2.3.14 The main site surface is predominantly ballast along the western railway and adjacent<br />
land, rough grass with weed species such as thistles and brambles are also present<br />
(photograph O). To the north long grasses and semi-mature trees densely populate the<br />
area beyond the perimeter fence. Along the eastern boundary, the motorway<br />
embankment is planted with semi-mature to mature spruce trees.<br />
2.3.15 In the northern extent of the site, areas of soft ground and ponded water were encountered<br />
amongst the dense trees and vegetation (photograph S).<br />
2.3.16 This part of the site is relatively flat, with a slight difference in gradient, 8 m OD in the<br />
south sloping to 7 m OD in the north. The southern part of the site is analogous with the<br />
Main <strong>Site</strong> Area, however a discernable difference in level of between 1 to 1.5 m is<br />
present in the north between this area and the Main <strong>Site</strong> Area.<br />
2.3.17 This part of the site is disused, in the southwest limb there is evidence of uncontrolled<br />
waste disposal and small mounds of material adjacent to the railway (photograph N).<br />
Scrap metal, wood, tyres and plastics indicate evidence of fly-tipping (photograph K). A<br />
large amount of broken glass, cans and other waste types are located in the northern area<br />
of the site adjacent to the underpass (photograph P).<br />
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2.4 <strong>Site</strong> Ownership<br />
The existing site is within the ownership of Clyde Ports Limited although Tarmac<br />
Limited presently lease part of the site and operate the aggregate recycling facility under<br />
a waste management contract.<br />
2.5 History<br />
2.5.1 The following information has been gathered which details relevant land use changes for<br />
the site and its surroundings. The maps used are previous editions of the County Series<br />
and Ordnance Survey dating back to 1858. These maps are presented on CD ROM in<br />
PDF format in <strong>Appendix</strong> D.<br />
2.5.2 Also referenced in this section are various historical aerial photographs obtained from<br />
The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland<br />
(RCAHMS) which are presented in <strong>Appendix</strong> E, also on the enclosed CD. Only<br />
significant changes have been detailed below as there have been numerous minor changes<br />
to the area surrounding the site.<br />
Date Onsite Features Offsite Features<br />
1858 County<br />
Series Plan<br />
1:2,500<br />
1895 1:2,500<br />
Map<br />
1895-1896<br />
1:10,560<br />
County Series<br />
Plan<br />
1911 1:10,560<br />
County Series<br />
Plan<br />
1913 1:2,500<br />
County Series<br />
Plan<br />
1924 1:10,560<br />
County Series<br />
Plan<br />
The site is occupied by agricultural land. The site is<br />
bisected by 2 no. linear features thought to be<br />
fences, hedges or drains divide the site into 3 no<br />
areas.<br />
No other features are present.<br />
A railway labelled Renfrew Branch stemming from<br />
the Glasgow & Paisley Joint Railway to the south<br />
now defines the western site boundary and runs<br />
parallel to the County Burgh Boundary.<br />
An arrow denoting the flow of water to the north<br />
east is marked 60 m to the east. This indicates the<br />
linear features running across the site are field<br />
drains.<br />
A County of Burgh Boundary runs parallel to the entire<br />
western boundary striking north west to south east<br />
approximately 10m from the site.<br />
A disused railway running south west to north east passes the<br />
site 50 m to the south at its closest.<br />
The site is surrounded on all sides by agricultural land up to<br />
500 m from the perimeter. Hillington Wood is located 300 m<br />
to the north west.<br />
Shieldhall Co-operative Works are sited 500 m to the east and<br />
are served by the disused railway.<br />
Govan Combination Parochial Buildings including a hospital,<br />
poorhouse and asylum are lolcated 600 m to the east.<br />
Cardonald Brick Works, associated clay pit and 2 no. Old<br />
Shafts are located approximately 600 m to the south. A<br />
railway striking west to east is located adjacent to the<br />
brickworks.<br />
The River Clyde is located approximately 1km to the north<br />
east at its closest.<br />
The disused railway is now labelled as the Shieldhall Branch<br />
and serves the industrial works to the north east. The Renfrew<br />
and Shieldhall Branches split at Cardonald Junction 120 m to<br />
the south. An unspecified mound/heap is indicated 100 south<br />
east of site.<br />
Industrial developments to the north east have expanded to<br />
now include Shieldhall Wharf and Shieldhall Outfall Works<br />
on the bank of the Clyde, a Timber Depot and several<br />
sawmills; the closest being Sheildhall Saw Mills 200 m to the<br />
north east.<br />
A Sand Pit is marked 600 m to the north east. An unspecified<br />
heap is noted 100m to the south east adjacent to Cardonald<br />
North Junction.<br />
A drain is indicated 50m from the northern site boundary<br />
running south west to north east (previously thought to be a<br />
field boundary). Cardonald Brickworks and clay pit is no<br />
longer marked 600m to the south, 1 no. old shaft remains on<br />
the map.<br />
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Date Onsite Features Offsite Features<br />
1934 1:10,560<br />
County Series<br />
Plan<br />
1934 1:2,500<br />
County Series<br />
Plan<br />
1938 1:10,560<br />
County Series<br />
Plan<br />
1938-1939<br />
1:10,560<br />
County Series<br />
Plan<br />
1948-1949<br />
1:2,500<br />
National Grid<br />
Plan<br />
1948-1949<br />
1:1,250<br />
National Grid<br />
Plan<br />
1950-1953<br />
1:1,250<br />
National Grid<br />
1956 1:10,560<br />
Provisional<br />
Map<br />
A series of railway tracks have been lain across the<br />
site running from the north east corner to the end of<br />
the south west limb of the site. In the south west<br />
corner, there are approximately 6 no. tracks<br />
entering the site, as the tracks traverse the site to the<br />
north they split into around 15 no. tracks, indicating<br />
possible siding areas for storage.<br />
The northern extent of the railway is indicated to be<br />
raised on an embankment as it leaves the site and<br />
continues to the north.<br />
The plans indicate the railway sidings are<br />
associated with King George V Dock.<br />
No significant changes.<br />
A Travelling Crane is marked in the central part of<br />
the site. The track runs parallel to the existing<br />
railway lines (north-south) before spurring into 3<br />
no. tracks to the north east.<br />
The Travelling Crane services the Bogmoor Road<br />
Storage Yard (Clyde Navigation Trust) 50m to the<br />
east of site.<br />
A Sewage Tank is marked at the southern extent of<br />
Bogmoor Road immediately adjacent to the eastern<br />
limb of the site.<br />
Partial coverage of site: only southern limb mapped<br />
in 1950-53. No changes.<br />
1956: Two drains are marked as running parallel<br />
with the railway tracks enclosing them on the west<br />
and east side. It appears that the railway tracks<br />
themselves are sited on top of an embankment and<br />
the drains are located at the west and east toes of<br />
the bank. Flow is indicated to the north towards the<br />
River Clyde.<br />
Bogmoor Road is now present adjacent to the south east site<br />
boundary running from the north east and terminating<br />
adjacent to the south west limb of the site at an industrial<br />
development marked as Dock Saw Mills. Dock Saw Mills<br />
borders the south west limb of the site to the east.<br />
Shieldhall Saw Mills has expanded to the south along<br />
Bogmoor Road opposite the south east part of the site. At<br />
least 2 no. tanks and several chimneys are indicated on the<br />
premises, the closest tank is 70 m from site.<br />
King George V Dock has been constructed on the bank of the<br />
River Clyde and extends inland some 700 m, the closest point<br />
is 300 m from the northern corner of the site.<br />
Renfrew Road (becoming Shieldhall Road to the south)<br />
strikes north west to south east parallel to the eastern site<br />
boundary. The road is located on an embankment and passes<br />
above Bogmoor Road to the south and the railway to the<br />
north via overpasses.<br />
150 m to the north east, a plot for allotment gardens is<br />
indicated.<br />
Govan Combination Parochial Buildings are now known as<br />
Southern General Hospital.<br />
The Old Shaft 600m to the south are no longer marked.<br />
A large development comprising large warehouse/factory like<br />
structures 500m to the west of site, labelled as Scottish<br />
Industrial Estate. Renamed as Hillington Industrial Estate by<br />
1939.<br />
A small unspecified heap is marked 100m to the north of site<br />
adjacent to the railway on the opposite side of Renfrew Road.<br />
A large rectangular building and several smaller structures are<br />
present along a new track/road leading north from Bogmoor<br />
Road 40-50m from site. The development is labelled as<br />
Bogmoor Road Storage Yard (Clyde Navigation Trust).<br />
The industrial development between Dock Saw Mills and<br />
Shieldhall Saw Mills is indicated as Clydesdale Works (Oil<br />
Storage); a Joinery Works is located on the same plot of land.<br />
A Transit Shed and associated multiple railway lines and<br />
spurs are present 110m to the west of site. The tracks in the<br />
siding are roughly parallel to those found on site.<br />
A Refuse Heap is indicated 150m to the east of site on the<br />
other side of Shieldhall Road.<br />
Rough Pastures are shown at North Cardonald Junction is<br />
100m to the south. A further rough pasture area is 180m west<br />
adjacent to the new Transit Shed and railway siding.<br />
The Hillington Industrial Estate has expanded to the east.<br />
Deanside Transit Depot (Clyde Navigation Trust) lies 150m<br />
to the west of site comprising 4 large rectangular warehouse<br />
structures.<br />
A series of drains are shown running parallel to the railway<br />
lines at Deanside Transit Depot, the direction of flow is<br />
indicated towards the north (River Clyde).<br />
A small heap is noted 150m to the north east in the area<br />
previously noted as possessing heaps and worked features.<br />
Areas of Rough Pasture are indicated 100m and 140m away<br />
to the north west and north respectively. Issues are marked on<br />
the rough pasture to the north. The unspecified heap 100m to<br />
the south east is now marked as rough pasture.<br />
May2012 <strong>Report</strong> No 1369/01<br />
Issue 2 Page 14 of 47
South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
Date Onsite Features Offsite Features<br />
Shieldhall Outfall Works are now known as Sewage<br />
Purification Sludge Disposal Works.<br />
1956: A drain is marked as running parallel with the<br />
Burgh/County Boundary and single gauge railway track that<br />
denote the western site boundary. Flow is indicated to the<br />
north towards the River Clyde.<br />
1959-1964<br />
1:1,250<br />
National Grid<br />
Map<br />
1964 1:2,500<br />
National Grid<br />
Map<br />
1969 1:2,500<br />
National Grid<br />
Map<br />
1966-1969<br />
1:10,560<br />
Provisional<br />
Map<br />
1967-1970<br />
1:1,250<br />
National Grid<br />
The travelling crane and associated tracks are no<br />
longer present.<br />
Two small buildings are present in the southern<br />
most limb of the site adjacent to the railway.<br />
No significant changes.<br />
1967-1970: Partial coverage of site. No significant<br />
changes.<br />
The site of the Refuse Heap is no longer present and is<br />
replaced by a series of tracks with a works to the premises<br />
immediately to the north. – later Steel Works.<br />
Small scale mapping available only. No other significant<br />
changes noted.<br />
The series of railway sidings and 1 no. warehouse (closest to<br />
the site) 150m to the west have been removed. The land is<br />
marked as Dismantled Railway; the area is now marked as<br />
Clydeport Warehouses. 3 no. large warehouse buildings<br />
remain and are served by 2 no. railway lines.<br />
The Dock Saw Mills located immediately to the east of the<br />
southern limb is now indicated as a Scrap Metal Yard.<br />
The former unspecified heap/rough pasture 100m to the south<br />
east is shown as Scrub.<br />
1973-1976<br />
1:10,000<br />
National Grid<br />
Map<br />
No significant changes.<br />
The sewage tank adjacent to the southern limb at the end of<br />
Bogmoor Road is no longer marked.<br />
The tanks on the Sawmill properties to the east of site are no<br />
longer marked.<br />
1985-1990<br />
1:1,250<br />
National Grid<br />
Map<br />
1987 1:10,000<br />
National Grid<br />
Map<br />
1989-1992<br />
1:1,250<br />
National Grid<br />
Map<br />
1993-1995<br />
1:1,250<br />
National Grid<br />
Map<br />
The number of tracks in the railway siding has<br />
diminished to only 2-3.<br />
The small buildings are no longer present on the<br />
site.<br />
The railway line denoting the western boundary<br />
remains.<br />
There are no railway lines on the site.<br />
1 no. drain previously located to the east of the<br />
railway siding is still present and strikes south to<br />
north.<br />
The Bogmoor Road Storage Depot is no longer marked<br />
adjacent to the site.<br />
The M8 Motorway now passes the edge of the eastern site<br />
boundary striking north west to south east. The eastern<br />
boundary now forms part of the slope for the M8 motorway.<br />
The motorway has been formed on top of an embankment and<br />
passes over Bogmoor Road, access to the area is via subways<br />
and underpasses. A cutting housing the railway tracks is noted<br />
beneath Renfrew Road and the M8 running from the site to<br />
King George V Dock.<br />
The Burgh Constituency boundary has been moved from the<br />
western site boundary and now runs parallel along the M8<br />
motorway.<br />
2 no. large warehouses have been constructed on the<br />
previously disused railway land to the west of site. The 2<br />
buildings are 40m from the west site boundary on the<br />
opposite side of the railway track.<br />
Johnstone Avenue runs between the new warehouse<br />
development and the railway.<br />
2002 1:10,000 The only feature marked on the site is the drain No significant changes.<br />
Raster Map mentioned previously.<br />
Table 1: Summary of Examined Ordnance Survey Mapping & Historical Aerial Photographs<br />
May2012 <strong>Report</strong> No 1369/01<br />
Issue 2 Page 15 of 47
South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
Date Onsite Features Offsite Features<br />
2010 1:10:000<br />
National Grid<br />
2010 1:2,500<br />
MasterMap<br />
Trees and scrub are indicated along the west, north<br />
and eastern site boundaries; the southern limb is<br />
also occupied by scrubland.<br />
The central portion of the site is outlined from the<br />
surrounding scrubland and appears to have been<br />
developed in some form.<br />
The sewage works on the River Clyde to the north east are no<br />
longer marked.<br />
2 no. buildings are present in the central portion; a<br />
weighbridge in the eastern corner adjacent to a<br />
Bogmoor Road entrance, and a building in the<br />
western corner.<br />
Table 2: Summary of Examined Ordnance Survey Mapping & Historical Aerial Photographs<br />
2.5.3 In order to clarify the information in Table 1, Figures 2 to 4 below shows the extent of<br />
development at the site and surrounding area.<br />
KING GEORGE V<br />
DOCK<br />
HEAP &<br />
UNSPECIFIED<br />
WORKINGS<br />
SITE<br />
SHIELDHALL<br />
SAW MILLS<br />
REFUSE HEAP<br />
Figure 2: Aerial Photograph from 1941<br />
2.5.4 Figure 2, taken in October 1941 shows the site occupied by a tract of railway lines (up to<br />
15 in number) with several trains and carriages stationed at the site. The site acted as a<br />
marshalling yard for the King George V Dock to the north. Activities at the site would<br />
have included the loading and unloading of imported materials such as coal and iron ore<br />
using the travelling crane (installed soon after 1941). Wagons and engines would have<br />
been shunted and organised to form complete trains using the multiple sidings available.<br />
Unused carriages and engines stored and maintained at the Bogmoor Road Storage Yard,<br />
constructed soon after the photograph was taken.<br />
May2012 <strong>Report</strong> No 1369/01<br />
Issue 2 Page 16 of 47
South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
2.5.5 The Shieldhall Saw Mills are located adjacent to the King George V Dock and a number<br />
of premises sited on Bogmoor Road close to the site. The numerous timber works located<br />
in the Shieldhall area had their own railway and marshalling area in the form of the<br />
Shieldhall Goods and Mineral Station. It is unclear although thought likely that the<br />
sawmills located in Shieldhall would have used the Bogmoor Road Storage Yard and<br />
marshalling facilities located at the site.<br />
2.5.6 A piece of land marked as a Refuse Heap on the historic maps is depicted as an area<br />
consisting of worked and slightly raised ground in Figure 2. The heap is thought to have<br />
been deposited sometime after 1939 and is marked on historic maps until at least 1956.<br />
Figure 3, an aerial photograph from 1954 shows the refuse heap as a large mound. A<br />
series of tracks adjacent to a steel works is later depicted on the site of the refuse heap<br />
around 1966.<br />
BOGMOOR ROAD<br />
STORAGE YARD<br />
SITE<br />
REFUSE HEAP<br />
Figure 3: Aerial Photograph from 1954<br />
2.5.7 Figure 3 shows the land bordering the site to the west as developed; this is the Bogmoor<br />
Road Storage Yard. A track leading from Bogmoor Road services the site and a series of<br />
tracks for a travelling crane can be seen running north east to south west adjacent to the<br />
railway tracks on the site. It is thought the travelling crane was removed sometime during<br />
the 1960’s and the entire Bogmoor Road Storage Depot demolished by 1977, when the<br />
M8 Motorway intersection that passes the site opened to traffic.<br />
May2012 <strong>Report</strong> No 1369/01<br />
Issue 2 Page 17 of 47
South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
KING GEORGE V<br />
DOCK<br />
SITE<br />
M8<br />
Figure 4: Aerial Photograph from 1988<br />
2.5.8 By the late 1980’s, the railway marshalling station on the site, and the adjacent Bogmoor<br />
Road Storage Yard have been demolished as illustrated in Figure 4, taken in June 1988.<br />
The M8 Motorway denotes the eastern site boundary on the site of the former Bogmoor<br />
Road Storage Yard, opened in October 1977.<br />
2.6 Services<br />
2.6.1 A services search has not been undertaken as part of this work, although a Scottish Water<br />
Wastewater Plan has been made available by AXIS. A surface water pipe runs along the<br />
eastern site boundary from the south east to the north east corner. An unknown water<br />
course is shown to intersect the western site boundary before striking north across the site<br />
and merge with the surface water pipe. This is substantiated by the presence of raised<br />
manhole chambers at the time of the site walkover (photographs H & J) and information<br />
gathered from the historic mapping at the site. A full services search would however be<br />
recommended before a full intrusive site investigation be undertaken on any part of the<br />
site.<br />
3 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING<br />
3.1 Data Summary<br />
May2012 <strong>Report</strong> No 1369/01<br />
Issue 2 Page 18 of 47
Regional Geology<br />
Hydrogeology<br />
Hydrology<br />
South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
3.1.1 A summary of the environmental background information (geology, hydrology,<br />
hydrogeology, database information etc.) and regulator consultation information has been<br />
tabulated and presented below. The source information for this table is presented on a CD<br />
ROM in PDF format in <strong>Appendix</strong> D or is referred in Table 2 below. The table below<br />
represents the base data used to formulate the conceptual ground model.<br />
Data Source<br />
1:50,000 BGS Sheet Glasgow<br />
S030E Solid & Drift.<br />
BGS Borehole Data Pack<br />
BH_116704_2<br />
GroundSure <strong>Report</strong>s HMD-147-<br />
1113433 & HMD-147-1113434<br />
Data Summary<br />
The area of the site is indicated as being underlain by River Terrace<br />
Deposits consisting of sand & gravel with clay & silt content and locally<br />
with lenses of silt, clay or peat. From borehole logs obtained near to the<br />
site, the thickness of superficial deposits is in the order of 15 to 26 m.<br />
Underlying the drift deposits are bedrock deposits relating to the<br />
Limestone Coal Formation which is part of the Clackmannan Group of<br />
Carboniferous Age. The strata consists of cyclic limestone, mudstone<br />
and sandstone units with interbedded coal seams.<br />
SEPA Website 21.03.11<br />
1:625,000 Hydrogeological Map<br />
of Scotland<br />
Made Ground is not recorded at the site however from the historical<br />
information and observations made during the walkover it is believed<br />
that artificial deposits are present at surface across the majority of the<br />
site.<br />
The River Terrace Deposits are classified as aquifers of medium to high<br />
permeability – aquifers of high vulnerability.<br />
The bedrock is designated as a highly productive but not extensive<br />
aquifer in which flow is dominated by fissures, fractures or other<br />
discontinuities. A search for groundwater abstractions and potable water<br />
sources within the area was not undertaken as part of this report.<br />
SEPA Website 21.03.11<br />
RBMP Interactive Map<br />
http://gis.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/<br />
GroundSure <strong>Report</strong> HMD-147-<br />
1113434<br />
SEPA Website 21.03.11<br />
http://gis.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/<br />
The water body at the site is called the Paisley and Rutherglen bedrock<br />
and localised sand and gravel aquifers (code: 150220).<br />
The aquifer is classified as having an overall status of poor (including<br />
groundwater chemistry) with a confidence rating of high, last reviewed<br />
in 2008.<br />
The site is within a Drinking Water Protection Zone.<br />
The nearest water resource receptor is a drain running parallel with the<br />
western boundary/railway line approximately 10m away from site.<br />
The main water resource receptor is the inlet of King George V Dock<br />
300m to the north of site. The Dock is in continuity with the River<br />
Clyde.<br />
The Inner Clyde Estuary (code: 200510) is a Special Protection Area<br />
and is classed as a Heavily Modified Water Body (HMWB). The water<br />
has a moderate ecological potential however overall ecology is bad. The<br />
overall chemistry for the river is at a pass level, last reviewed in 2008.<br />
May2012 <strong>Report</strong> No 1369/01<br />
Issue 2 Page 19 of 47
Mining & Quarrying<br />
Geohazards<br />
(Envirocheck)<br />
Other Radiation<br />
South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
SEPA Website 21.03.11<br />
Indicative River & Coastal<br />
Flood Map<br />
http://go.mappoint.net/sepa/<br />
The site is not in an area at risk from flooding.<br />
King George V Dock 300m to the north is designated as being at risk of<br />
flooding from both rivers and the sea.<br />
Is site within an area where past<br />
underground mining has taken<br />
place?<br />
Is site within an area for which a<br />
licence for present or future<br />
extraction exists?<br />
Are shafts / adits recorded on<br />
site?<br />
Is site within geographical<br />
boundary of former opencast or<br />
quarry workings?<br />
Coal mining areas are identified within 1000m of the site however not<br />
on the site itself.<br />
Non coal mining activities are thought to be rare and infrequent in<br />
occurrence within 1000m of the site.<br />
No.<br />
No.<br />
2 no. unspecified shafts are located 600m to the south of site adjacent to<br />
the former Cardonald Brickworks. The shafts are indicated as Old Shafts<br />
in 1895 and no longer appear on historic maps after 1924.<br />
No.<br />
Historic surface ground workings and unspecified heaps are noted<br />
around 100m to the north of site between 1938 – 1987<br />
Compressible<br />
ground<br />
Negligible<br />
A site of opencast workings is located 600m to the south of site at the<br />
former Cardonald Brickworks for the extraction of clay and shale<br />
material. The pit and brickworks no longer appear on historic maps after<br />
1911.<br />
Ground Null- Negligible Landslip Very Low<br />
Dissolution<br />
Running<br />
Sand<br />
Very Low Swelling Clay Negligible Collapsible<br />
Soils<br />
Null- Negligible<br />
Radon Potential<br />
Radon in Dwellings in Scotland:<br />
2008 Review and Atlas<br />
HPA-RPD-051<br />
No radon protection measures required at this location. 0-1% of<br />
buildings surveyed are at or above the action level.<br />
Historic land use (see below)<br />
No reasonable grounds for believing land to be radioactively<br />
contaminated (in accordance with 2005 extension of Part IIA of The<br />
Environment Protection Act 1990).<br />
May2012 <strong>Report</strong> No 1369/01<br />
Issue 2 Page 20 of 47
Environmental Database Information<br />
Fuel<br />
Stations<br />
Ecology<br />
South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
Historic site uses.<br />
GroundSure <strong>Report</strong>s HMD-147-<br />
1113433 & HMD-147-1113434<br />
Industrial Processes.<br />
GroundSure <strong>Report</strong>s HMD-147-<br />
1113433 & HMD-147-1113434<br />
Full reference should be made to the report, however a brief summary<br />
follows. The site has had a history of industry since the 1930’s when it<br />
was developed as a railway marshalling yard for King George V Dock.<br />
The site became disused in the late 1980’s with the removal of all<br />
railway tracks. The site has been operated by Tarmac Limited as an<br />
aggregate recycling and concrete plant since circa. 2007.<br />
There are two industrial land uses on the site itself; a recycling centre<br />
operated by Tarmac Limited for aggregates and concrete batching, 1 no.<br />
electrical sub-station),<br />
Between 20 and 30 industrial land uses are recorded within 250m of the<br />
site. Notably on Bogmoor Road in the form of 2 no. Saw Mills (100-<br />
190m), a scrap yard (27m) and a vehicle repair MOT centre 28m).<br />
Several warehouses to the west on Hillington Industrial Estate closest<br />
82m). A concrete depot for storage of ggbs (ground granulated blast<br />
furnace slag) and dockland facilities are at King George V Dock 230m<br />
away.<br />
GroundSure <strong>Report</strong>s HMD-147-<br />
1113433 & HMD-147-1113434<br />
3 no. sites within 500m of the site have PPC permits for waste emissions<br />
including 3M for coating, printing, textile treatment and solvent<br />
emissions located 113m south west. Shieldhall Sawmills for timber<br />
processing 200m north east and Princes Soft Drinks for the treatment of<br />
animal and vegetable matter, 400m north east.<br />
The Groundsure report identifies a historic landfill site 297m to the<br />
south west based on 1969 historic mapping data. Due to the small scale<br />
map it is not possible to verify the existence or size of the waste site,<br />
although it does not appear on 1966-1969 large scale mapping of the<br />
area.<br />
An operational waste transfer licence for Govan Transfer Station to take<br />
putrescible waste (household, commercial and industrial) at a site 145m<br />
north east on Bogmoor Road.<br />
100m from site, an end of life vehicle storage and treatment centre is on<br />
Bogmoor Road.<br />
Petrol / Fuel Stations<br />
A former asbestos waste site was located 377m to the west.<br />
There are no recorded fuel stations within 500 m of the site.<br />
GroundSure <strong>Report</strong>s HMD-147-<br />
1113433 & HMD-147-1113434<br />
Scottish Natural Heritage<br />
Website 21/03/2011<br />
http://www.snh.gov.uk/<br />
TerraConsult Walkover<br />
(Section 2.3)<br />
There are no areas of outstanding natural beauty (AONB), <strong>Site</strong>s of<br />
Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), Special Protection Areas,<br />
Conservation Areas, National Nature Reserves, National Parks, or<br />
RAMSAR (wetlands), Local Nature Reserves or environmentally<br />
sensitive areas within 500 m of the site.<br />
No invasive species were noted during the site walkover however a<br />
comprehensive survey was not part of TerraConsult’s remit and invasive<br />
species may be present elsewhere on site.<br />
May2012 <strong>Report</strong> No 1369/01<br />
Issue 2 Page 21 of 47
Archaeological &<br />
Building Heritage<br />
Regulator<br />
Contact<br />
South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
Historic Scotland Website<br />
21.03.11<br />
No sites of archaeological interest were identified on the site itself. One<br />
site were identified within 1 km of the site:<br />
GroundSure <strong>Report</strong>s HMD-147-<br />
1113433 & HMD-147-1113434<br />
<strong>Site</strong> of Earthwork c. 1 km to the north of site.<br />
Glasgow City Council<br />
(February – March 2011)<br />
SEPA<br />
Contact with the Council to request any information they hold on the<br />
site and its surroundings. The Council do not hold any information on<br />
the site itself, or have any information regarding known contamination<br />
to have occurred on site.<br />
Contact not made at this stage.<br />
Table 3: Data Summary of Environmental Setting & Regulator Contact<br />
May2012 <strong>Report</strong> No 1369/01<br />
Issue 2 Page 22 of 47
South Clyde Energy Centre, Bogmoor Road, Glasgow<br />
1369/01<br />
3.2 Geology<br />
3.2.1 As indicated on Table 2 above, the BGS 1:50,000 Solid and Drift Sheets S030E for<br />
Glasgow indicates that the site is underlain by superficial River Terrace Deposits,<br />
comprising sand with significant clay and silt content and locally with lenses of silt, clay<br />
or peat. Information gathered from historic data and observations made during the site<br />
visit indicate that the majority (if not all) of the site has a covering of artificial ground at<br />
the surface overlying the drift deposits. The area of the site operated by Tarmac Limited<br />
shows evidence that it has been raised by approximately 1 to 2m from an initial ground<br />
level (photograph Q).<br />
3.2.2 Logs obtained from boreholes drilled along the western perimeter (NS56NW SE 2487: D<br />
& E) of the site indicate a layer of made ground 1 to 2.35 m in thickness. The material<br />
comprised a band of topsoil with black ash fill above silty clayey sand with inclusions of<br />
brick, organic and earthy material. Holes drilled along the north and east perimeter<br />
(NS56NW SE 665: 95 &103) of the site for the Renfrew Motorway did not encounter any<br />
artificial deposits and advanced through peat and clayey silty sand from the surface. The<br />
BGS borehole logs are presented in <strong>Appendix</strong> G.<br />
3.2.3 The superficial deposits to the east and north of the site extended to depths of 26 to 28m<br />
(-19 to -20.4 mOD), before terminating in sandstone bedrock. Similarly the boreholes<br />
along the western boundary encountered sandstone bedrock between 15 and 23 m<br />
(-6.5 to -14.7 mOD). There are presumed to be irregularities on the rockhead surface.<br />
The drift deposits were frequently described as very loose (granular) and soft (cohesive)<br />
in the borehole and cone penetration test (CPT) logs.<br />
3.2.4 Underlying the superficial deposits are bedrock deposits relating to the Limestone Coal<br />
Formation which is part of the Clackmannan Group of Carboniferous Age. The stratum<br />
consists of cyclic limestone, mudstone and sandstone units with interbedded coal seams.<br />
Adjacent to the site, a grey sandstone was encountered. In one borehole towards the north<br />
west, the sandstone was penetrated to reveal a shaley clay with bands of black<br />
carbonaceous mudstone.<br />
3.2.5 A borehole log dating from 1855 (NS56NW/298), located 50 m to the south east of site<br />
indicates a thin coal seam around 25 m below ground level. Figure 5 below shows the<br />
bedrock geology with a number of inferred coal and ironstone seams believed to outcrop<br />
to the south, the closest being around 200 m from the southern extent of the site. From the<br />
geological information gathered for the site, the Kilsyth Coking Seam is one of the<br />
outcropping coal seams. The strata present at the site dip to the south east. The nearest<br />
fault to the site is an inferred normal fault approximately 450 m to the north east.<br />
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FAULT<br />
SITE<br />
KILSYTH<br />
COKING SEAM<br />
COAL &<br />
IRONSTONE SEAMS<br />
© Crown Copyright and/or database right 2011. All rights reserved.<br />
Licence number 100037272<br />
Figure 5: Bedrock Geology at the <strong>Site</strong><br />
3.3 Mining and Quarrying<br />
3.3.1 The Groundsure <strong>Report</strong> (see <strong>Appendix</strong> D) indicated that there are coal and non-coal<br />
mining areas within 1 km of the site boundary. As shown in Figure 5, there are believed<br />
to be coal and ironstone seams outcropping to the south of site and there is evidence to<br />
suggest that shafts were sunk approximately 600 m away as detailed in Tables 1 and 2.<br />
There is no evidence to suggest that seams were worked any closer to the site. The shafts<br />
were last mapped in 1924 and subsequently built on in the 1930’s as part of Hillington.<br />
3.3.2 As documented in previous sections, an opencast clay/shale pit for the Cardonald<br />
Brickworks was located next to the unspecified shafts; the pit and brickworks are<br />
suspected as being infilled and demolished before 1911, after which they are no longer<br />
mapped.<br />
3.4 Landfill and Other Waste Activities<br />
3.4.1 Several unspecified historic surface ground workings and unspecified heaps are recorded<br />
north of site between 1938 and 1987. It is considered that these workings and materials<br />
were dynamic in nature and associated with the construction of the King George V Dock,<br />
Bogmoor Road Storage Yard and later, the M8 motorway.<br />
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3.4.2 A refuse heap was recorded around 1948, 150 m to the east of site and is shown on<br />
Figures 2 and 3 as well as historic mapping sheets. The heap is not mapped later than<br />
1964 and is not included within the Landfill and Other Waste <strong>Site</strong>s search as part of the<br />
GroundSure <strong>Report</strong>. A further unspecified heap 100 m to the south east mapped in 1911<br />
later indicated as rough pasture and scrub is also not recorded in the GroundSure <strong>Report</strong>.<br />
3.4.3 Current and former landfill, waste transfer and waste processing activities in the vicinity<br />
of the site are unlikely to pose a risk to the development.<br />
3.4.4 It is observed that areas of the site have been subject to uncontrolled waste disposal,<br />
particularly in the Railway Siding Area. Mounds of artificial ground and fly-tipped<br />
material are present in significant quantities (photographs K & N).<br />
3.5 Hydrology, Flooding and Drainage<br />
3.5.1 The closest watercourse to the site is the River Clyde located approximately 300 m to the<br />
north at its closest point in the man-made inlet of King George V Dock. Data from SEPA<br />
from 2008 indicates that the Inner Clyde Estuary is a Special Protection Area with<br />
ecology rated as bad and overall chemistry as at a pass level.<br />
3.5.2 The nearest water resource receptor is the drain situated immediately west of the railway<br />
line that spans the entire western site boundary (approximately 10m from the site). The<br />
drain is considered to flow from south to north ultimately discharging into the River<br />
Clyde. On current maps the drain is observed as terminating half-way along the western<br />
boundary adjacent to Johnstone Avenue; however historical maps indicate the drain runs<br />
continuously along the boundary along the railway track. It is unclear as to the current<br />
status of the drain and whether sections are culverted towards the north.<br />
3.5.3 It is understood that an assessment will be undertaken to determine the potential options<br />
for the management of surface water run–off from the site.<br />
3.5.4 Information obtained from the SEPA website and ‘Indicative River and Coastal Flood<br />
Plain Map’ gives factual information on the status of the site with regards to flooding.<br />
The site itself does not lie in an area at risk of flooding, although King George V Dock,<br />
300m to the north is recorded as at risk of flooding from rivers and the sea.<br />
3.5.5 Areas of ponded surface water and soft ground were encountered in several regions of the<br />
site; notably in the north of the Railway Siding Area. Within the main site area, surface<br />
water was observed in the middle of the west and middle of the eastern boundaries.<br />
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3.6 Hydrogeology<br />
3.6.1 The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) have classified different types of<br />
aquifer from which groundwater can be extracted. The aquifer designations reflect the<br />
importance of aquifers in terms of groundwater as a resource (drinking water supply) but<br />
also their role in supporting surface water flows and wetland ecosystems. The aquifer<br />
designation data is based on geological mapping provided by the British Geological<br />
Survey.<br />
3.6.2 The maps are split into two different types of aquifer designation:<br />
Superficial (Drift) – permeable unconsolidated (loose) deposits.<br />
Bedrock – solid permeable formations e.g. sandstone, chalk, limestone.<br />
3.6.3 As detailed in Table 2 above, with reference to the SEPA website, the superficial River<br />
Terrace Deposits are classified as an aquifer of generally medium to high permeability of<br />
high vulnerability.<br />
3.6.4 The bedrock is designated as a highly productive but not extensive aquifer in which flow<br />
is dominated by fissures, fractures or other discontinuities. The water body at the site is<br />
called the Paisley and Rutherglen bedrock and localised sand and gravel aquifers. The<br />
aquifer is classified as poor from a report in 2008 by SEPA.<br />
3.6.5 The site is within a Drinking Water Protection Zone.<br />
3.6.6 The previous investigations undertaken adjacent to the site have generally found<br />
groundwater to be shallow between 1.3m and 1.9m below ground level (6.0 and 6.6m<br />
OD). Groundwater has been encountered both perched within the Made Ground and also<br />
within the River Terrace Deposits. Note that the groundwater levels noted from the<br />
previous investigations have been measured in April 1971 and April 1980, and are<br />
therefore not necessarily indicative of equilibrium water level and do not take account of<br />
seasonal variation. Based on these ground water levels however, an approximate estimate<br />
of groundwater flow direction within the superficial deposits has been made with a<br />
direction of flow from south to north. This is likely to be a fair assumption as this<br />
correlates with the overall flow direction of the drains present in the area, both historic<br />
and current. Further assessment would however be required to confirm and quantify this<br />
in terms of a hydraulic gradient.<br />
3.7 Planning and Other Constraints<br />
3.<strong>7.1</strong> Permission will need to be sought from Tarmac Limited to enter their operational site to<br />
undertake intrusive works. Access to the northern and southern extremities of the site<br />
may be limited to plant and vehicles due to the railway track, overgrown vegetation and<br />
existing perimeter fences and walls. The location of large stockpiles of aggregate may<br />
also restrict the locating of intrusive investigation positions.<br />
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3.8 Health and Safety Issues<br />
3.8.1 It is expected that full Health & Safety Plans including method statements/risk<br />
assessments will be produced before the commencement of any site investigation or<br />
environmental monitoring undertaken at the site; taking into account any site specific<br />
safety requirements of Tarmac Limited as they occupy part of the site. <strong>Site</strong> workers will<br />
need to undergo a health and safety induction from Tarmac and TerraConsult Limited.<br />
Potential health and safety issues may include (but are not limited to): vehicle<br />
movements, current aggregate stockpiling/transporting activities, services, potential<br />
ground contamination, storage of materials, noise and risk of Leptospirosis.<br />
4 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS/REPORTS<br />
4.1 General<br />
4.1.1 A Land Quality Appraisal completed in 2005 by Johnson Poole & Bloomer is the only<br />
report made available for review. No intrusive site investigations are known to have been<br />
undertaken on the site, however a number of previous investigations / reports have been<br />
undertaken on adjacent land in the past (as listed in Section 1.2). Immediately to the north<br />
and east of the site an investigation for the building of Phase II of the Renfrew Motorway<br />
(now part of the M8) in 1971 and in 1980, to the west and south of site, a site<br />
investigation was undertaken on the nearby Hillington Industrial Estate. Copies of<br />
borehole logs pertaining to the reports were obtained by TerraConsult from the British<br />
Geological Survey and are presented in <strong>Appendix</strong> G.<br />
4.1.2 The previous reports, each briefly discussed below are useful in defining the current<br />
Conceptual <strong>Site</strong> Model (see Section 5). Collation of the information contained within<br />
these reports will enable any gaps in information to be identified and the scope for further<br />
site investigation defined (see Section 7).<br />
4.2 Johnson Poole & Bloomer, 2005<br />
4.2.1 In 2005, Johnson Poole & Bloomer (JPB) were commissioned by ClydePort Properties<br />
Limited to conduct a Land Quality Appraisal for the site, the southern limb that extends<br />
to the south of Bogmoor Road was not included within the area of investigation. The<br />
report sought information from numerous sources including The Coal Authority, British<br />
Geological Survey, Landmark Envirocheck, SEPA as well as in-house information held<br />
on the area.<br />
4.2.2 At the time of the assessment, the site was disused and densely populated with<br />
vegetation. From a walkover of the site, evidence of fly-tipped materials and waste was<br />
recorded. This included asbestos cement debris, oil filters, drums and gas canisters.<br />
4.2.3 It is considered that the materials would have either been buried or removed in 2007<br />
when Tarmac Limited came to occupy the site.<br />
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4.2.4 The JPB <strong>Site</strong> Evaluation and Risk Assessment Model was used to characterise the site in<br />
terms of prioritised risk based on the source-pathway-receptor model. The site was<br />
classified as Category 3 and 4 whereby the environmental risk is low to medium. Notably<br />
impacts on water resources are considered to be medium. Gas emissions are also<br />
highlighted as a concern due to the presence of made ground.<br />
4.3 Murdoch Mackenzie (Foundations) Limited, April 1971<br />
4.3.1 This extensive intrusive investigation comprised hundreds of boreholes to provide<br />
information for the construction of the Renfrew Motorway Stage II part of the M8. Two<br />
borehole logs were obtained from the report, located 6m and 13m away from the site<br />
boundary respectively. The holes were advanced to depths of 27m and 32m below ground<br />
level (bgl) through substantial superficial deposits before terminating in sandstone<br />
bedrock. Groundwater was encountered at a shallow depth between 1.6 and 1.5 m bgl.<br />
The drift deposits generally consisted of loose silty clayey sands and soft sandy clayey<br />
silts with traces of peat. A band of firm boulder clay of around 1m in thickness overlay<br />
the sandstone bedrock.<br />
4.4 Fugro, April 1980<br />
4.4.1 An investigation on the eastern edge of Hillington Industrial Estate, likely to have been<br />
for further industrial development in the area produced 2 no. borehole logs and 1 no. CPT<br />
log close to the site. The hole were located between 30m and 40m from site and advanced<br />
to depths of up to 25m. The 2 no. boreholes indicate a layer of made ground 1 –2.4 m in<br />
thickness. The material comprised a band of topsoil with black ash fill above silty clayey<br />
sand with inclusions of brick, organic and earthy material. The superficial deposits are<br />
analogous with those to the north and east of the site; comprising loose silty sands and<br />
soft to firm silty sandy clays. Holes encountered similar sandstone bedrock as that found<br />
to the north of the site. Groundwater also encountered at a shallow depth between 1.9 and<br />
1.3 m bgl.<br />
5 HAZARD ASSESSMENT & PRELIMINARY (TIER 1) CONCEPTUAL SITE<br />
MODEL<br />
5.1 Hazards Identified with the Proposed Development<br />
5.1.1 The hazard identification is based on the assumptions presented below:<br />
Earthworks will be conducted to modify the site levels to provide a level platform<br />
for the development, including the removal of existing structures;<br />
this area will be a ‘Commercial / Industrial’ development in terms of the<br />
assessment criteria and will include office buildings as well as EfW thermal<br />
treatment / Gasification Plant / MRF recycling infrastructure;<br />
construction of a gasification plant (thermal treatment / energy from waste);<br />
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the main development area will be hard surfaced however there may be some<br />
landscaped areas around the site’s edge;<br />
drinking water will be from mains supply.<br />
5.2 Potential Sources of Contamination<br />
5.2.1 A Conceptual <strong>Site</strong> Model (CSM) has been constructed in written and tabular form. The<br />
CSM may be used to represent the environmental system and the physical, chemical and<br />
biological processes involved in the transportation of source related contaminants to<br />
environmental receptors.<br />
5.2.2 A summary of potential contaminants of concern and possible pollutant linkages have<br />
been identified and are indicated below, and a CSM presented in the following sections.<br />
This represents our current understanding of the site and as such, may be updated<br />
following further tiers of assessment. It is not considered that there is sufficient site<br />
investigation data to produce an accurate cross section of the site at this stage. Further site<br />
investigation will enable a more refined CSM.<br />
5.2.3 The site has had a history of industrial land use; a marshalling yard was located on the<br />
site in the 1930’s. Up to 15 no. railway lines crossed the site and other features (travelling<br />
crane) associated with loadings and unloading of goods to and from King George V Dock<br />
existed at the site up until around 1987. The King George V Dock processed mineral<br />
cargoes of coal, iron ore and timber, however other materials are likely to have passed<br />
through the dock and site. Historical mapping evidence suggests that at least some of the<br />
railway siding was located on an embankment for drainage purposes, suggesting that fill<br />
material may have been used to raise the level of the site. In around 2007, part of the site<br />
has been occupied by Tarmac Limited and operated as an aggregate recycling facility<br />
with concrete batching plant. An electricity sub-station is present on site.<br />
5.2.4 There have been many industrial land uses in the vicinity of the site. These include<br />
Bogmoor Road Storage Yard at which numerous unspecified ground workings and heaps<br />
have been recorded, the yard was directly connected to the site and was demolished at<br />
about the same time as the marshalling yard to make way for the M8 motorway.<br />
5.2.5 Various timber works including Dock Sawmills, Shieldhall Sawmills and Clydesdale<br />
Works (comprising unspecified tanks and chimneys until 1970’s) are located on Bogmoor<br />
Road. A sewage tank was housed adjacent to the site boundary up until 1970’s. In the<br />
wider area there have also been cabinet works, sewage works, shipbuilders and further<br />
timber works associated with King George V Dock and Shieldhall Wharf.<br />
5.2.6 Currently, timber works are still present on Bogmoor Road; an M O T testing centre and<br />
scrap metal yard are located adjacent to the southern limb of the site. A concrete storage<br />
depot for ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs) is at King George V Dock.<br />
5.2.7 <strong>Site</strong> investigations have been undertaken adjacent to the site and these show that made<br />
ground deposits are locally present up to 2.4 m comprising ash, brick and organic<br />
materials. Extensive natural drift deposits were found to consist of soft sandy silty clays<br />
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and loose clayey silty sands to depths of around 25m. The underlying solid geology was<br />
encountered and generally comprised of sandstone. From the site walkover at the site,<br />
extensive made ground deposits between 1-2m in thickness had been deposited at the site<br />
in the area of the current Tarmac works.<br />
5.2.8 No information is available on potential contaminants found during the adjacent<br />
investigations apart from the observations of artificial ground described above.<br />
5.2.9 The current operational site is generally flat in level, however there it appears that the<br />
disused Railway Siding Area is in the order of 1-2m lower than the Main <strong>Site</strong> Area. As<br />
discussed in previous sections, there is evidence of fly tipped materials in various areas of<br />
the Railway Siding as well as mounds of artificial ground adjacent to the existing railway<br />
track along the western boundary.<br />
Summary of Potential Contaminants<br />
5.2.10 As well as the limited available summaries of contaminants detected in soil and<br />
groundwater samples, there have been a variety of historic potentially contaminative land<br />
uses, both on and off site, which could be potential sources of contaminants. Therefore a<br />
variety of the Department of Environment Industry Profiles have been reviewed to assess<br />
the range of potential contaminants:<br />
On site<br />
Railway land<br />
Imported Made Ground of unknown origin<br />
Off site<br />
Timber Treatment Works<br />
Timber Products Manufacturing Works<br />
Dockyards and Docklands<br />
5.2.11 Contaminants identified to be of potential concern at the site have been broadly identified<br />
based on the historical land uses. Many of the potential contaminants are common to<br />
numerous land uses. A summary of the potential contaminants are:<br />
Metals and metalloids / metal compounds / ferrous residues / chromium (VI);<br />
Hydrocarbon contaminants including BTEX compounds, PAHs, phenolics, fuel<br />
oils, lubricating oils, and other aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons;<br />
Organic solvents (white spirit / kerosene / ketones / glycols);<br />
Asbestos Containing Materials (ACMs);<br />
Inorganic contaminants including acids, alkalis, sulphates;<br />
Preservatives: copper-chromium-arsenic (CCA) solutions / boron;<br />
Chlorinated aliphatic compounds used for thinning paints and degreasing;<br />
Ground gases (CH 4 , CO 2 and H 2 S) associated with historic waste disposal, and<br />
potentially the natural ground beneath. Ground gas that may have originated on<br />
the site itself or from the offsite sources (adjacent surface workings and heaps)<br />
discussed above.<br />
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5.3 Potential Receptors of Contamination and Pathways<br />
5.3.1 Based on the data previously discussed, the following potential receptors to<br />
contamination have been identified as shown in Table 3 below:<br />
Sensitive Receptors<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C<br />
D<br />
E<br />
F<br />
Humans using the site during construction phase.<br />
Humans using the site post construction.<br />
Water resources – Surface Waters (rivers, streams and ponds/lakes).<br />
Water Resources – Groundwater (Drift and Bedrock Aquifers).<br />
Local flora and fauna during and post demolition and construction.<br />
Property (including building structure and services).<br />
Table 4: Potential Receptors<br />
5.3.2 The preliminary assessment of risks undertaken for the development considers potential<br />
risks to receptors A to F in Table 3 above. The receptors A to F incorporate each of the<br />
receptors normally required by the Local Authority to be considered in their planning<br />
conditions relating to land contamination;<br />
Human Health (A & B)<br />
Property (including buildings, crops, livestock, pets, woodland, service lines) (E & F)<br />
Adjoining land (D & F)<br />
Groundwater and surface water (C & D)<br />
Ecological systems (E)<br />
Buildings and structures (F)<br />
5.3.3 It should be noted that there are no archaeological sites or ancient monuments considered<br />
to be within the zone of influence of the site. They are therefore not considered in the risk<br />
assessment (see Table 2 for details).<br />
5.3.4 The closest of each of the above receptor categories to the site are considered to be;<br />
Onsite<br />
<strong>Site</strong> users (onsite)<br />
Buildings (onsite)<br />
Flora and fauna (onsite)<br />
River Terrace Deposits aquifer (onsite)<br />
Offsite<br />
Drain (10 m west)<br />
River Clyde (300 m north)<br />
Bogmoor Road industrial premises (10-20 m east)<br />
Residential<br />
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– Hardgate Drive (300m east)<br />
– Chirnside Road (600m south)<br />
Identification of Pathways<br />
Pathways to Human Health<br />
5.3.5 There are various routes by which a potential contaminant may reach a receptor. For<br />
example, in areas where contaminated material is exposed, dermal contact with the<br />
material, inhalation or ingestion of dust may occur.<br />
5.3.6 Currently the majority of the site is not covered in hard standing and it is anticipated that<br />
large scale earthworks will be required to modify ground levels and remove any<br />
contaminated materials if encountered or identified at an earlier stage. This could<br />
therefore yield pathways from dermal contact with soil and groundwater. Inhalation or<br />
ingestion of dust and water may also occur during the construction and development<br />
phase at the site.<br />
5.3.7 Post construction, the surface of the main development area will largely be covered with<br />
hard standing. This is significant in that a number of potential pathways are mitigated<br />
such as direct contact and dust inhalation/ingestion. These potential pathways however<br />
must still be considered during the initial construction phases.<br />
5.3.8 In the absence of a buffer (hard standing), the leaching of contaminants from the made<br />
ground into the groundwater is a potential pathway for pollutants to impact upon<br />
groundwater. The creation of the new development and associated hard standing will<br />
greatly reduce the leaching of contaminants due to limited infiltration.<br />
5.3.9 Gas and vapour entry into buildings is considered to be a significant pathway for the<br />
proposed development due to the possibility of advection and diffusion into buildings,<br />
which may occur regardless of the presence of hard standing across the site.<br />
5.3.10 In the main development area the risk of short term exposure for ground workers and<br />
other construction workers is high. Areas of soft landscaping are proposed within the<br />
development and therefore a long term direct contact pathway is applicable. As there are<br />
buildings proposed the indoor air pathways will be applicable post construction.<br />
Pathways to Waters Resources<br />
5.3.11 The underlying River Terrace Deposits may be affected by vertical leaching of<br />
contaminants from within the fill material at the site and from off-site sources.<br />
Groundwater levels at the site are anticipated to be high in the region of 1-2m below<br />
ground level. The absence of hard standing on the site also increases the risk from<br />
leaching of the Made Ground. Further investigation would be required to support this<br />
assumption (i.e. comparisons of concentration within the superficial groundwater and<br />
groundwater within the bedrock. Lateral migration of potentially contaminated<br />
groundwater offsite (either via permeable made ground or the underlying aquifer) must<br />
also be considered.<br />
5.3.12 Surface run off from contaminated areas into surface watercourses must also be<br />
considered. However, again due to lack of a hard standing site surface, this will be<br />
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uncontrolled prior to and during the groundworks phase when this must be carefully<br />
managed. Post construction, hard standing will occupy the majority of the site and surface<br />
run-off will be limited and controlled through drains and receptors. There are not<br />
considered to be any viable overland migration pathways for surface run off to reach any<br />
controlled waters receptors.<br />
5.3.13 Other potential pathways that are possibly less significant to the site but still require<br />
consideration are; potential phytotoxic effects on sensitive landscaping plants; chemical<br />
attack on foundations and services and permeation of contaminants through domestic<br />
water pipes.<br />
5.3.14 The possible pollutant linkages are discussed below. It should be noted not all may be<br />
formed between all sources and receptors.<br />
5.4 Pollutant Linkages<br />
5.4.1 For each (potential) contamination source there are potential pollutant linkages with all<br />
receptors. However, in the context of this site, not all of the pollutant linkages are<br />
plausible. The likelihood of the various pathways linking the sources to the receptors is<br />
presented in Table 5:<br />
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A - Humans using the site<br />
pre-development<br />
completion<br />
B - Humans using on the<br />
site post construction<br />
C – Surface Water<br />
D - Groundwater<br />
E - Flora & fauna<br />
F - Building & Services<br />
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Receptor<br />
Source/<br />
Contaminated<br />
Medium<br />
Pathway<br />
Ingestion P P X X P X<br />
Dermal Contact/Direct Contact P P X X P P<br />
Soil/Made Ground<br />
Inhalation P P X X P X<br />
Infrastructure/Drainage P P P P U P<br />
Groundwater P P P P U P<br />
Surface water P P P P U P<br />
Ingestion P U X X U X<br />
Inhalation P U X X U X<br />
Groundwater<br />
Dermal Contact P U X X U X<br />
Groundwater U U P P U P<br />
Surface Water U U P P U P<br />
Gas (CH4 CO2 H 2 S) Migration S S X X U S<br />
Key to harmfulness of source:<br />
S = Significant Pathway P = Possible Pathway U = Unlikely Pathway X =Not Applicable<br />
Table 5: Matrix of Potential Pathways<br />
5.5 Conceptual <strong>Site</strong> Model<br />
5.5.1 The information presented above represents the preliminary conceptual ground model<br />
that may need to be revised based on information obtained as part of the next stage of<br />
ground investigation. A number of sensitive receptors and potential pathways and sources<br />
(in association with a list of likely contaminants) have been identified.<br />
5.5.2 The ground model and proposed end use for the site should be considered broadly<br />
representative of the standard commercial/industrial land-use as defined in SR3 “Updated<br />
Technical Model to the CLEA Model” (SC050021/SR3, 2009) for the purpose of this<br />
report. Further assessment following a Phase 2 investigation would consider the Public<br />
Open Space land use in more detail and specific assessment criteria would be derived for<br />
this purpose at Phase 2. These uncertainties within the model require consideration when<br />
undertaking the current assessment.<br />
5.6 <strong>Preliminary</strong> contamination hazard assessment<br />
5.6.1 The preliminary hazard assessment is based on current available guidance published by a<br />
number of sources and is summarised in <strong>Appendix</strong> B. A preliminary conceptual site<br />
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model for this site has been established using the desk study information and has been<br />
used as a basis for the preliminary hazard assessment.<br />
5.6.2 The preliminary hazard assessment is a qualitative assessment of the risks posed by each<br />
viable pollution link identified. The hazard assessment leads to a recommended<br />
subsequent activity that could be:<br />
Action Required (AR) in the short term to break existing source-pathwayreceptor<br />
(SPR) link;<br />
<strong>Site</strong> <strong>Investigation</strong> Required (SIR) with objectives for risk estimation, or<br />
No Action Required (NAR) at this stage.<br />
5.6.3 The hazard assessment is summarised in Table 5.<br />
Hazard Identification<br />
Link Source Pathway Receptor Probability Consequence<br />
1 Contaminated<br />
soil/groundwater<br />
Ingestion (via soil dust)<br />
and inhalation (via soil<br />
dust and vapours),<br />
ingestion through dirty<br />
hands, dermal contact<br />
with soil/water.<br />
A- Humans<br />
using the site<br />
during<br />
construction.<br />
Hazard Assessment<br />
Risk<br />
Hazard Assessment<br />
Likely Medium Moderate SIR(the full extent or<br />
magnitude of<br />
contaminated made<br />
ground is unknown<br />
therefore additional<br />
data needs to be<br />
acquired before an<br />
assessment can be<br />
made).<br />
2 Contaminated<br />
soil/groundwater<br />
Ingestion (via soil dust)<br />
and inhalation (via soil<br />
dust and vapours),<br />
ingestion through dirty<br />
hands, dermal contact<br />
with soil/water.<br />
B-Humans<br />
using the site<br />
after<br />
development<br />
completion.<br />
Low<br />
Likelihood<br />
Medium Low -<br />
Moderate<br />
SIR(the full extent or<br />
magnitude of<br />
contaminated made<br />
ground is unknown<br />
therefore additional<br />
data needs to be<br />
acquired before an<br />
assessment can be<br />
made).<br />
3 Contaminated<br />
soil/groundwater<br />
Via service pipes<br />
B- Humans<br />
using the site<br />
after<br />
construction.<br />
F- Building<br />
structures<br />
Likely Medium Moderate SIR(the full extent or<br />
magnitude of<br />
contaminated made<br />
ground is unknown<br />
therefore additional<br />
data needs to be<br />
acquired before an<br />
assessment can be<br />
made).<br />
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Hazard Identification<br />
Hazard Assessment<br />
Link Source Pathway Receptor Probability Consequence<br />
Risk<br />
Hazard Assessment<br />
4 Contaminated<br />
soil/groundwater<br />
Downward migration<br />
D- Superficial<br />
groundwater<br />
Likely Medium Moderate SIR(the full extent or<br />
magnitude of<br />
contaminated made<br />
ground is unknown<br />
therefore additional<br />
data needs to be<br />
acquired before an<br />
assessment can be<br />
made).<br />
5 Contaminated<br />
soil/groundwater<br />
Downward migration<br />
D - Bedrock<br />
aquifer/water<br />
supply<br />
Low<br />
Likelihod<br />
Medium Low -<br />
Moderate<br />
SIR –<strong>Site</strong><br />
investigation may<br />
lower the likelihood to<br />
‘Unlikely’ therefore<br />
lowering overall risk<br />
to Low or Very Low.<br />
6 Gas – methane,<br />
carbon dioxide &<br />
radon<br />
Inhalation, explosion, A & B-<br />
Humans usig<br />
the site during<br />
construction<br />
and after<br />
development<br />
completion.<br />
Likely Severe High SIR – Gas monitoring<br />
wells and monitoring<br />
wells for methane,<br />
carbon dioxide and<br />
hydrogen sulphide.<br />
7 Contaminated<br />
soil/waste/<br />
groundwater<br />
Ingestion, inhalation,<br />
dermal/direct contact<br />
E- Ecology<br />
(Flora/Fauna)<br />
Unlikely Medium Low NAR – measures<br />
protective of human<br />
health and controlled<br />
waters should be<br />
sufficient to also<br />
mitigate against<br />
ecological receptors.<br />
8 Contaminated<br />
groundwater<br />
Water<br />
Resources/Surface water<br />
E- Ecology<br />
(Flora/Fauna)<br />
Unlikely Medium Low NAR – measures<br />
protective of human<br />
health and controlled<br />
waters should be<br />
sufficient to also<br />
mitigate against<br />
ecological receptors.<br />
9 Contaminated<br />
soil/groundwater<br />
Direct contact.<br />
F- Building<br />
structures.<br />
Likely Low -<br />
Medium<br />
Table 6: <strong>Preliminary</strong> Hazard Assessment<br />
Low -<br />
Moderate<br />
SIR – SI will be<br />
undertaken<br />
5.6.4 From Table 5 a range of risk ranking from low to high was established. Risks requiring<br />
quantification and consideration prior to development are related to;<br />
Human health risks from contaminated ground;<br />
Controlled water risks from contaminated ground;<br />
Risks from ground gas.<br />
5.6.5 Based on the situation whereby no environmental dataset is available for the site, the<br />
following comments can be made on each of the above listed potential risks. Extensive<br />
intrusive investigation will help characterise and quantify this information.<br />
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Potential Human Health Risks<br />
5.6.6 Information gathered during the desk study has not found any site investigation reports on<br />
work undertaken on the site and therefore no data is available on the composition, extent<br />
and nature of the ground at the site. Some information is available on adjacent sites but<br />
this does not include chemical testing data.<br />
5.6.7 It is considered, based on the lack of available data that an assessment of potential risks to<br />
human health in this area cannot be made without conducting extensive intrusive<br />
investigations.<br />
5.6.8 With reference to Drawing 1369/1/002, there are exploratory locations required in<br />
specific areas of the site to gain coverage of the main features of the proposed<br />
development as well as to investigate and determine the remainder of the site (landscaped<br />
mitigation areas). These will complete the coverage of the site and enable a full<br />
assessment of the site to be made.<br />
5.6.9 Currently only a small area of the site is covered in hard standing, meaning that exposure<br />
to contaminants present at the site is largely unrestricted. Without appropriate mitigation<br />
measures in place, disturbance of potentially contaminated ground (during the earthworks<br />
and construction phase) could result in human receptors being exposed to contaminated<br />
soils and waters through dermal contact, ingestion and inhalation of soil, dust or vapours.<br />
These impacts are considered to be of medium magnitude as they present potentially<br />
acute and chronic risks to human health. The likelihood of these impacts occurring are<br />
classified as likely, therefore giving an overall moderate significance.<br />
5.6.10 It is proposed that majority of the development area will be covered in hard standing.<br />
This would prevent exposure to any non-volatile underlying contaminants post<br />
construction when the site is operational. The presence of volatile contaminants however<br />
need to be further assessed, particularly beneath areas of proposed buildings.<br />
5.6.11 In order to enable a full assessment of potential risks of elevated concentrations in the<br />
Made Ground, extensive and thorough sampling and analysis would need to be<br />
undertaken, with emphasis on shallow samples (i.e. within 5m of the ground surface),<br />
particularly in areas most likely to be excavated and subject to earthworks, piling and<br />
construction. Results would need to be screened against criteria representative of workers<br />
coming into close contact with contaminants, these criteria will need to be agreed in<br />
advance with the local authority.<br />
Potential Risks to Water Resources<br />
5.6.12 Due to the absence of hard standing across large areas of the site, the potential for<br />
groundwater to be contaminated by the downward seepage of contaminants leaching from<br />
the artificial deposits at the site is considered as a likely risk with a moderate to high<br />
consequence. The considerable granular superficial deposits of River Terrace Deposits<br />
(up to 25m) and high water table infer that a significant drift aquifer is present at the site.<br />
The proposed development comprises a hard standing covering across the majority of the<br />
site, except in landscape mitigation areas which will greatly reduce the leaching of made<br />
ground contaminants into the groundwater.<br />
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5.6.13 Before a full appraisal of the potential risks to water resources both on and off-site is<br />
possible, further groundwater data needs to be obtained from samples of groundwater<br />
from a range of depths within the superficial aquifer. Further to this, to aid a quantitative<br />
assessment, various aquifer parameters also need to be obtained such as thickness,<br />
permeability, porosity, bulk density, hydraulic gradient). At this stage, pending further<br />
site investigation data, it is considered that the potential impacts to controlled waters<br />
receptors are of a medium magnitude and are likely, therefore giving an overall moderate<br />
to high significance.<br />
5.6.14 Consideration needs to be given to construction methods and how they may affect the<br />
environment. For example, piling or other penetrative ground improvement methods<br />
undertaken on contaminated ground, have the potential to create a vertical pollutant<br />
pathway allowing contaminants to enter the gravel aquifer. The potential impacts to<br />
controlled waters receptors as a result of penetrative ground improvement methods are<br />
considered to be of medium magnitude and low likelihood, giving an overall low to<br />
moderate significance.<br />
5.6.15 The water resources risk assessment would need to take into account the design of any<br />
proposed drainage scheme to ensure that this would not cause the mobilisation of any<br />
contaminants. Further assessment of risks to controlled waters would also take into<br />
account the much reduced leaching potential of any contaminants within the made ground<br />
owing to the reduced infiltration caused by the impermeable surface of the development.<br />
As there are also large areas of historic and current industrial land use offsite, the<br />
potential for these sources to be affecting groundwater beneath the site also needs to be<br />
considered.<br />
Potential Risks from Ground Gas<br />
5.6.16 Due to the absence of any gas monitoring data there are significant uncertainties relating<br />
to potential gas generation and migration pathways on the site. The main potential<br />
sources for consideration are the fill materials on the site itself and the historic refuse<br />
heap and surface ground workings/unspecified heaps located east and adjacent to the site<br />
to the north respectively.<br />
5.6.17 Peat deposits were encountered during adjacent ground investigations and it is assumed<br />
that peat is present beneath the site. Peat is a potential source of ground gases through the<br />
anaerobic degradation of organic material.<br />
5.6.18 Due to the elapsed time since the infilling of these areas, gas production is not thought to<br />
be particularly high, however due to the proximity to proposed buildings and the extent of<br />
the filled areas, a full assessment of ground gas conditions on the site is required. Overall,<br />
it is considered that the site represents a ‘Moderate’ gas generation potential. With<br />
regards to a preliminary significance assessment for the potential risks from ground gas<br />
there is considered to be a potentially severe magnitude with a probability classification<br />
of likely, resulting in an overall high potential significance. Further investigation is<br />
required to fully characterise ground gas conditions, however it is thought that the high<br />
significance ranking will reduce once further data is available.<br />
5.6.19 The proposed hard standing across most of the development area may create a barrier to<br />
the slow migration of ground gas to atmosphere, whereby gas collects beneath a slab as it<br />
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is unable to escape due to the impermeable nature of the surface. This may also increase<br />
the lateral migration of gas with gas then escaping into buildings from cracks in the slab<br />
or along service entries. Building air exchange rates in the facility buildings may be high<br />
enough to cause a high level of dilution and dispersion of any gas entering these<br />
buildings. The main building of concern therefore being the proposed Offices, Admin<br />
and Utility Blocks. These uncertainties will be the main focus of the proposed further site<br />
investigation detailed in Section 7. As there are also areas of infilled land offsite, the<br />
potential for these sources to be affecting the site’s ground gas regime also needs to be<br />
considered however due to the age of the sites, the rate of ground gas production from<br />
this area will now be relatively low.<br />
Summary<br />
5.6.20 At this stage, it is not possible to screen out any of the above risks from further<br />
assessment as there is no information to do so. The site investigation objectives described<br />
above should represent part of a detailed main stage investigation that should include<br />
overall characterisation of the ground in association with obtaining and analysing the<br />
information described above.<br />
5.7 Geotechnical Hazards Associated with the Development<br />
5.<strong>7.1</strong> In addition to the environmental hazards, there are also geotechnical hazards associated<br />
with the stability of the ground (including load bearing capacity, slope stability and<br />
effects of gravel extraction and subsequent filling). Local Authorities follow Planning<br />
Policy Guidance 14 (PPG14) which requires that “the developer should… make a<br />
thorough investigation and assessment of the ground to ensure that it is stable or that any<br />
actual or potential instability can be overcome by appropriate remedial, preventative or<br />
precautionary measures.” A full assessment of geotechnical hazards is not part of<br />
TerraConsult’s remit for the site.<br />
5.7.2 The main factors with regards to foundations are detailed as the presence of fill materials<br />
and the shallow groundwater conditions. It is considered that the fill materials and<br />
underlying superficial deposits of loose clayey silty sand / soft clay and silt indicate that a<br />
low bearing capacity is present and compressible materials. The current use of the site as<br />
a recycling facility will have preloaded the ground to some extent due to the various<br />
stockpiles but the near surface materials will have a variable compressibility.<br />
5.7.3 The proposed development is likely to have a variety of loads ranging from relatively<br />
light (landscaped mitigation areas) to high (boiler hall). Detailed site investigations are<br />
required to determine the best technically suitable and economic solution to the<br />
foundations.<br />
5.7.4 If any deep excavations are required (e.g. for deep manholes or to lower the base of<br />
structures such as for waste bunkers) groundwater will be encountered at a depth of<br />
between 1 to 2m below ground level. It is envisaged that excavations are required below<br />
the water table in the River Terrace Deposits and that groundwater exclusion and<br />
dewatering techniques will be required to exclude groundwater.<br />
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5.7.5 Should piling be required as part of the development, Environment Agency guidelines<br />
should be followed as outlined in Environment Agency 2001, Piling and Penetrative<br />
Ground Improvement Methods on Land Affected by Contamination.<br />
5.7.6 The investigation proposed in Section 7 also provides recommendations for the<br />
geotechnical site investigation requirements.<br />
5.8 Environmental Assessment<br />
5.8.1 A preliminary risk assessment has been made based on the source-pathway-receptor<br />
model as defined in Part IIA of the Environment Protection Act, 1990, and in accordance<br />
with BS 10175: 2001 “<strong>Investigation</strong> of Potentially Contaminated <strong>Site</strong>s – Code of<br />
Practice”.<br />
5.8.2 The assessment undertaken has indicated that the environmental risks are generally low<br />
to moderate. However, higher risks have been identified that require site investigation<br />
data is required before a definitive appraisal of potential risks to identified receptors can<br />
be made. There are potential risks arising from residual contaminants on the site<br />
associated with its previous and present use.<br />
5.9 Remediation Implementation and Verification<br />
5.9.1 Depending on the findings of the proposed site investigation, there may be a requirement<br />
for the specification of remediation to protect identified receptors. This will be in the<br />
form of a Remediation Implementation and Verification Plan which will need to be<br />
agreed with the local authority/SEPA.<br />
5.9.2 Following remediation (if any is required), a Remediation Verification <strong>Report</strong> will need<br />
to be produced and agreed with the local authority/SEPA to enable the discharge of<br />
Planning conditions relating to land contamination. All stages of the remediation works<br />
should be verified independently by suitably qualified and experienced personnel.<br />
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6 CONCLUSION<br />
6.1 A Phase 1 preliminary risk assessment has been made based on the source-pathwayreceptor<br />
model as defined in Part IIA of the Environment Protection Act, 1990, and in<br />
accordance with BS 10175: 2001 “<strong>Investigation</strong> of Potentially Contaminated <strong>Site</strong>s – Code<br />
of Practice”. This desk study has not had the benefit of being able to utilise information<br />
from previous site investigations carried out on the site. Limited data in the form of<br />
borehole logs has been obtained from investigations adjacent to the site.<br />
6.2 There are potential sources of contamination associated with the site’s potentially<br />
contaminative historic uses (namely as a railway marshalling yard and recently as an<br />
aggregate recycling facility). No previous intrusive investigations have been conducted at<br />
the site. As a result of this, a site investigation is required in order to fully characterise<br />
the potential sources and the pathways between the sources and identified receptors. It is<br />
considered likely that high concentrations of contaminants exist on the site.<br />
6.3 Potential impacts associated with ground gas have been highlighted as there is currently<br />
no information on which to base an assessment. It has been conservatively assumed that<br />
impacts associated with ground gas may be of potential high significance without<br />
mitigation measures. Based on gas monitoring appropriate mitigation measures will be<br />
incorporated into the development with a resulting very low residual risk from ground<br />
gas.<br />
6.4 In order to derive the required environmental and geotechnical information, proposals for<br />
a site investigation are provided in Section 7 below. Following this investigation, the<br />
Conceptual <strong>Site</strong> Model will be refined creating a greater understanding of potential risks.<br />
Should any remedial measures be required, the findings of the investigation should be<br />
sufficient to enable the appropriate specification of remediation, allowing the production<br />
of a Remediation Implementation and Verification <strong>Report</strong> for the local authority’s<br />
approval.<br />
6.5 The presence of asbestos could be present in the ground at the site due to the demolition<br />
of adjacent structures (Bogmoor Road Storage Yard) and the spreading or fly-tipping of<br />
artificial materials at the site.<br />
7 PROPOSED INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY<br />
<strong>7.1</strong> Objectives<br />
<strong>7.1</strong>.1 In summary, the following further information needs to be obtained in order to develop a<br />
more comprehensive conceptual ground model, on which further risk assessment will be<br />
based;<br />
Ground gas conditions for the whole site, in particular beneath proposed buildings<br />
on the main development site and around the site’s perimeter to determine potential<br />
risks to offsite receptors and the potential for offsite sources to be affecting the site.<br />
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Contaminant concentrations of Made Ground in order to update the conceptual<br />
ground model which will be used to make an assessment of potential risk to human<br />
health and water resources.<br />
Groundwater concentrations of groundwater within the underlying Made Ground<br />
and River Terrace Deposits. In order to update the conceptual ground model which<br />
will be used to make an assessment of potential risk to identified water resources<br />
both onsite and offsite.<br />
Aquifer properties of the underlying River Terrace Deposits aquifer to aid in the<br />
assessment of risk to water resources.<br />
Geotechnical properties of areas where there are buildings and infrastructure<br />
proposed.<br />
<strong>7.1</strong>.2 The site investigation and testing will also provide information for categorisation of<br />
materials for waste disposal purposes and to provide an Environmental Baseline for the<br />
Environmental Permit application.<br />
7.2 <strong>Investigation</strong> Strategy<br />
7.2.1 The gaps in required data are described as follows;<br />
Lack of ground gas data to make an appropriate assessment of risks;<br />
Lack of groundwater / water resources chemical data to make an assessment of<br />
risks;<br />
Lack of soils chemical data to make an assessment of risks;<br />
Lack of geotechnical data to make an appropriate assessment of design<br />
requirements.<br />
7.2.2 Broadly, the overall objective of the investigation is to reduce uncertainty in the<br />
Conceptual <strong>Site</strong> Model, to enable the required assessments. The proposed site<br />
investigation has been designed with reference to; CLR 4 Sampling Strategies; Secondary<br />
Model Procedure for the Development of Appropriate Soil Sampling Strategies for Land<br />
Contamination (R&D Technical <strong>Report</strong> P5-066/TR); BS 10175 Code of Practice for the<br />
<strong>Investigation</strong> of Contaminated Land and CIRIA C665 Assessing risks posed by<br />
hazardous ground gases to buildings.<br />
7.2.3 A summary of the site investigation proposals are outlined below. The investigation will<br />
consist of;<br />
8 No boreholes to approximately 15 – 25m depth to prove the base of the River<br />
Terrace Deposits/top of bedrock.<br />
See Drawing Ref 1369/1/0023 for proposed borehole locations. using 200 mm and 150<br />
mm diameter casing and tools. These will be up to 15 m deep to prove the depth of the<br />
superficial deposits. These will be to obtain geotechnical data on the main<br />
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development site and to obtain gas and groundwater data. Soil samples will also be<br />
retrieved for chemical and geotechnical testing.<br />
10 No. In-situ CPT test locations.<br />
See Drawing Ref 1369/1/002 for proposed CPT test locations.<br />
10 No trial pits/trenches to confirm the depth and nature of the Made Ground.<br />
See Drawing Ref 1369/1/002 for proposed trial pit locations. To obtain near surface<br />
contamination data and to examine the mounds of artificial material.<br />
10 No dynamic (window) sample holes to confirm the depth and nature of the<br />
Made Ground and shallow superficial deposits.<br />
See Drawing Ref 1369/1/003 for proposed window sample locations. Anticipated to be<br />
up to 4 – 5m depth. These will be to obtain gas and groundwater data. Soil samples<br />
will also be retrieved for chemical testing;<br />
15 No In-situ CBR test locations.<br />
See Drawing Ref 1369/1/003 for proposed CBR test locations.<br />
Soils Testing.<br />
20 No total contaminant tests of Made Ground and superficial (see below testing<br />
schedule)<br />
Up to 6 No leachate preparations from the historic waste (should there be no<br />
groundwater within the wells into the waste - see below testing schedule)<br />
3 No Groundwater Monitoring Visits<br />
(Up to 12 No. samples first visit, anticipated quantities and testing suites to be reduced<br />
for visits 2 and 3 depending on results). See testing schedule.<br />
7.2.4 The suites of analysis for the chemical testing are summarised in Table 8. Leachable<br />
contaminants from the made ground samples will only be tested for if the wells installed<br />
into the waste do not bear any water. There will be samples tested for total contaminants<br />
from the boreholes, one from shallow materials (above groundwater) and one from<br />
deeper soils (below groundwater), this will enable an assessment to be made on the<br />
likelihood of further leaching from the Made Ground. There will be three rounds of<br />
groundwater monitoring. It is considered that the suites of analysis to be undertaken on<br />
the second and third sampling round may be reduced depending on the results for the first<br />
round.<br />
7.4 Chemical Testing Strategy<br />
7.4.1 As detailed earlier, the purpose of the proposed exploratory holes is for obtaining data on<br />
geotechnical properties, chemical properties (of soil and groundwater) and ground gas<br />
conditions. In order to obtain chemical data for the proposed development, a significant<br />
amount of sampling and chemical testing is required.<br />
7.4.2 The reason for undertaking additional chemical testing is for human health risk<br />
assessment and hydrogeological risk assessment.<br />
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7.4.3 It is not envisaged that chemical testing will be required at each of the locations sampled<br />
as some of these locations are primarily for geotechnical purposes. Soils testing will<br />
however be carried out at any of the geotechnical locations where there is any visual or<br />
olfactory evidence of contamination, as well as at the locations close to potential sources<br />
or receptors.<br />
7.4.4 Leachate analysis of selected Made Ground samples will also be undertaken for waste<br />
classification purposes and this data will also be included within the dataset for the<br />
groundwater risk assessment. Table 7 below summarises the proposed chemical testing<br />
suites.<br />
Index Tests<br />
Determinand<br />
Soil<br />
Suite 1<br />
Soil<br />
Suite 2<br />
Landfill<br />
WAC Suite<br />
Leachate<br />
Suite<br />
Groundwater<br />
Suite<br />
pH (L) <br />
Electrical Conductivity - - (L) <br />
Total Dissolved Solids - - (L) <br />
Metals<br />
As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, Zn – All totals (L) <br />
Cr VI - - -<br />
Ba, Sb, Mo - - (L) - -<br />
Boron - - (L) - <br />
Inorganics<br />
Asbestos* - - - -<br />
Ammonium - - (L) <br />
Cyanide - Total - - <br />
Chloride - (L) <br />
Fluoride - - (L) - <br />
Nitrate - - (L) - -<br />
Sulphate (2:1 extract) (L) -<br />
Sulphate (total) - - - <br />
Organics<br />
Phenols - Total (monohydric) (L) <br />
Phenolics - Speciated - - - - *<br />
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) - - - -<br />
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) - (L) <br />
PAH (Speciated USEPA 16 & WAC 17) (S) <br />
TPH C 8 to C 36 (TPH CWG Split)* - - - <br />
Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, Xylenes (BTEX); - (S) - <br />
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s)* - * - - <br />
Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)* - * (S) - *<br />
Organo Chlorine Pesticides - - - - *<br />
<br />
= determinand included in suite; (L) = leachate tested; (S) = Soil sample tested<br />
‘*’ = Selected samples only, typically 4 to 6 samples in total<br />
Asbestos analysis will be carried out on any material which are suspected of containing asbestos<br />
Table 7: Suites of analysis for soil and water samples<br />
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7.5 Monitoring Strategy<br />
7.5.1 In accordance with CIRIA C665, it is considered that the development site would be<br />
classed as a low sensitivity development with a moderate gas generation potential. Based<br />
on this, six gas monitoring visits over three months would normally be recommended<br />
according to the guidance to determine the need for gas protection measures.<br />
7.5.2 Gas monitoring will involve the measurement of flow, relative pressure, methane, carbon<br />
dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide using a GA2000 gas analyser.<br />
Barometric pressure will also be recorded. In addition, volatile organic compounds<br />
(VOC) measurements will be undertaken at the initial monitoring visit for all installations<br />
using a Photo Ionisation Detector (PID) and groundwater levels will be measured.<br />
7.5.3 It is also recommended that to support a controlled waters risk assessment, that three<br />
separate groundwater sampling rounds are undertaken. The initial list of analysis will be<br />
comprehensive, including the determinants listed in Table 8 above. The subsequent<br />
analysis will be reduced depending on the findings of the initial monitoring round.<br />
7.6 Geotechnical Testing Strategy<br />
7.6.1 Geotechnical testing strategy will include on site tests such as SPTs, 10 No CPT<br />
soundings and CBR measurements together with laboratory testing for index properties,<br />
strength and compressibility parameters. Permeability, porosity and bulk density data will<br />
also be required for the purpose of a water resources risk assessment.<br />
7.6.2 Geotechnical laboratory testing will be carried out for the purpose of classification and to<br />
provide parameters for foundation design, design of external hard standing, determination<br />
of potential settlements as a consequence of changing site levels and determination of site<br />
class with regard to sulphate resistant concrete.<br />
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REFERENCES<br />
BS 1377 : 1990 : Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. Published in nine parts. British Standards Institution.<br />
BS 5930 : 1999 : Code of practice for site investigation. Including amendment No 1 of 2007. British Standards Institution.<br />
BS 8485 : 2007 : Code of Practice for the characterization and remediation from ground gas in affected developments<br />
BS 10175 : 2001: <strong>Investigation</strong> of potentially contaminated sites – Code of Practice. British Standards Institution<br />
BS EN ISO 14688-1 : 2002 : Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of soil – Part 1:<br />
Identification and description. British Standards Institution.<br />
BS EN ISO 14688-2 : 2004 : Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of soil – Part 2: Principles<br />
for a classification. British Standards Institution.<br />
CIRIA : 2007 : C665: Assessing Risks Posed by Hazardous Ground Gases for Buildings. Authors Wilson, S, S Oliver, H Mallet, H<br />
Hutchings & G Card. Construction Industry Research & Information Association, London.<br />
CIRIA C682 : 2009 : The VOCs Handbook – Investigating, assessing and managing risks from inhalation of Volatile Organic<br />
Compounds (VOCs) at land affected by contamination.<br />
CL:AIRE : 2008 : The Definition of Waste: Development Industry Code of Practice<br />
Department of the Environment & Welsh Office : 1990 : Planning Policy Guidance: Development on Unstable Land, PPG14.<br />
Department of the Environment Industry Profile : 1995 : Timber Products Manufacturing Works<br />
Department of the Environment Industry Profile : 1995 : Timber Treatment Works<br />
Department of the Environment Industry Profile : 1995 : Railway Land<br />
Department of the Environment, Transport & the Regions : 2006 : Land DEFRA Circular 01/2006 Environmental Protection Act<br />
1990: Part IIA Contaminated (this replaces DETR Circular 02/2000).<br />
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Environment Agency : 2004: Contaminated Land <strong>Report</strong> 11<br />
(CLR11): Model Procedures for the Management of Land Contamination. Sept 2004<br />
Environment Agency : 2001 : Piling and Penetrative Ground Improvement Methods on Land Affected by Contamination: Guidance<br />
on Pollution Prevention. NC/99/73.<br />
Environment Agency : 2002 : Solid Residues from Municipal Waste Incinerators in England and Wales. A <strong>Report</strong> on an<br />
<strong>Investigation</strong> by the Environment Agency, May 2002.<br />
Environment Agency : 2003 : LFTGN01 Hydrogeological Risk Assessments for Landfills and the Derivation of Groundwater<br />
Control and Trigger Levels.<br />
Environment Agency : 2004 : LFTGN-03. Guidance On The Management Of Landfill Gas.<br />
Environment Agency : 2005 : The UK Approach for Evaluating Human Health Risks from Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soils. P5-<br />
080/TR3, February 2005.<br />
Environment Agency, 2005. Review of Building Parameters for Development of a Soil Vapour Intrusion Model, <strong>Report</strong> P5-<br />
079/PR.<br />
Environment Agency : 2006 : Remedial Targets Methodology – Hydrogeological Risk Assessment for Land Contamination. Carey,<br />
M.A, P.A. Marsland, & J.W.N. Smith.<br />
Environment Agency : 2008 :Compilation of Data for Priority Organic Pollutants for Derivation of Soil Guideline Values Science<br />
report SC050021/SR7<br />
Environment Agency : 2009: Updated Technical Background to the CLEA model Science <strong>Report</strong> SC050021/SR3<br />
Environment Agency : 2009: Human Health Toxicological Assessment of Contaminants in Soil SC050021/SR2<br />
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Environment Agency : 2009: A review of Bodyweight and Height Data Used within the Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment<br />
model (CLEA) SC050021/Technical Review 1<br />
Environment Agency : 2010: Guiding Principles for Land Contamination. GPLC1, March 2010<br />
Environment Agency : 2010: FAQs, Technical Information, Detailed Advice and References. GPLC2, March 2010<br />
Environment Agency : 2010: <strong>Report</strong>ing Checklists. GPLC3, March 2010<br />
LQM/CIEH : 2009 Nathaniel CP, McCaffrey C, Ashmore MH, Cheng YY, Gillett A, Ogden R & Scott D : 2009 . The LQM/CIEH<br />
Generic Assessment Criteria for Human Health Risk Assessment (2 nd edition). Land Quality Press, Nottingham.<br />
MAFF : 1998 :<br />
NHBC : 2004 :<br />
NHBC : 2007 :<br />
Code of Good Agricultural Practice for the Protection of Soils<br />
Engineering guidance on Validation of Imported Topsoil and Retailed/Re-use of Topsoil. NHBC.<br />
NHBC Standards, including Part 4 - Standards For Foundations and Part 5 - Substructure and ground floors<br />
NHBC & RSK Group : 2007: Guidance on the Evaluation of Development Proposals on <strong>Site</strong>s where Methane and Carbon Dioxide<br />
are Present. <strong>Report</strong> No 10627-R01 (04). Authors Boyle, R. & P. Witherington, National House Building<br />
Council.<br />
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister : 2004 : Planning Policy Statement 23: Planning and Pollution Control, PPS23.<br />
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DRAWINGS<br />
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APPENDIX A<br />
Service Constraints and <strong>Report</strong> Limitations<br />
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Service Constraints and <strong>Report</strong> Limitations<br />
This report and the site investigation (together comprise the "Services") were compiled and carried out by<br />
TerraConsult Limited (TCL) for PEEL (UK) (the "client") in accordance with the terms of a contract between<br />
TCL and the "client." The Services were performed by TCL with the skill and care ordinarily exercised by a<br />
reasonable environmental consultant at the time the Services were performed. Further, and in particular, the<br />
Services were performed by TCL taking into account the limits of the scope of works required by the client, the<br />
time scale involved and the resources, including financial and manpower resources, agreed between TCL and<br />
the client.<br />
Other than that expressly contained in the above paragraph, TCL provides no other representation or warranty<br />
whether express or implied, is made in relation to the Services. Unless otherwise agreed this report has been<br />
prepared exclusively for the use and reliance of the client in accordance with generally accepted consulting<br />
practices and for the intended purposes as stated in the agreement under which this work was completed. This<br />
report may not be relied upon, or transferred to, by any other party without the written agreement of a Director<br />
of TCL. If a third party relies on this report, it does so wholly at its own and sole risk and TCL disclaims any<br />
liability to such parties.<br />
It is TCL's understanding that this report is to be used for the purpose described in the introduction to the report.<br />
That purpose was a significant factor in determining the scope and level of the Services. Should the purpose for<br />
which the report is used, or the proposed use of the site change, this report may no longer be valid and any<br />
further use of, or reliance upon the report in those circumstances by the client without TCL 's review and advice<br />
shall be at the client's sole and own risk.<br />
The information contained in this report is protected by disclosure under Part 3 of the Environmental<br />
Information Regulations 2004 pursuant to the provisions of Regulation 12(5) without the consent in writing of a<br />
Director of TerraConsult Limited.<br />
The report was written May 2012 and should be read in light of any subsequent changes in legislation, statutory<br />
requirements and industry practices. Ground conditions can also change over time and further investigations or<br />
assessment should be made if there is any significant delay in acting on the findings of this report. The passage<br />
of time may result in changes in site conditions, regulatory or other legal provisions, technology or economic<br />
conditions which could render the report inaccurate or unreliable. The information and conclusions contained in<br />
this report should not be relied upon in the future without the written advice of TCL. In the absence of such<br />
written advice of TCL, reliance on the report in the future shall be at the client's own and sole risk. Should TCL<br />
be requested to review the report in the future, TCL shall be entitled to additional payment at the then existing<br />
rate or such other terms as may be agreed between TCL and the client.<br />
The observations and conclusions described in this report are based solely upon the Services that were provided<br />
pursuant to the agreement between the client and TCL. TCL has not performed any observations,<br />
investigations, studies or testing not specifically set out or mentioned within this report. TCL is not liable for<br />
the existence of any condition, the discovery of which would require performance of services not otherwise<br />
contained in the Services. For the avoidance of doubt, unless otherwise expressly referred to in the introduction<br />
to this report, TCL did not seek to evaluate the presence on or off the site of asbestos, electromagnetic fields,<br />
lead paint, radon gas or other radioactive or hazardous materials.<br />
The Services are based upon TCL's observations of existing physical conditions at the site gained from a<br />
walkover survey of the site together with TCL's interpretation of information including documentation, obtained<br />
from third parties and from the client on the history and usage of the site. The findings and recommendations<br />
contained in this report are based in part upon information provided by third parties, and whilst TerraConsult<br />
Ltd have no reason to doubt the accuracy and that it has been provided in full from those it was requested from,<br />
the items relied on have not been verified. No responsibility can be accepted for errors within third party items<br />
presented in this report. Further TCL was not authorised and did not attempt to independently verify the<br />
accuracy or completeness of information, documentation or materials received from the client or third parties,<br />
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including laboratories and information services, during the performance of the Services. TCL is not liable for<br />
any inaccurate information or conclusions, the discovery of which inaccuracies required the doing of any act<br />
including the gathering of any information which was not reasonably available to TCL and including the doing<br />
of any independent investigation of the information provided to TCL save as otherwise provided in the terms of<br />
the contract between the client and TCL.<br />
Any site drawing(s) provided in this report is (are) not meant to be an accurate base plan, but is (are) used to<br />
present the general relative locations of features on, and surrounding, the site.<br />
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APPENDIX B<br />
Environmental Risk Assessment<br />
Methodology & Terminology<br />
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Legislation Overview<br />
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT<br />
METHODOLOGY & TERMINOLOGY<br />
This report includes hazard identification and environmental risk assessment in line with the risk-based methods<br />
referred to in relevant UK legislation and guidance. Government environmental policy is based upon a “suitable<br />
for use approach,” which is relevant to both the current use of land and also to any proposed future use. When<br />
considering the current use of land, Part IIA of the Environment Protection Act 1990 (EPA 1990) provides the<br />
regulatory regime, which was introduced by Section 57 of the Environment Act 1995, which came into force in<br />
England on 1 April 2000. The main objective of introducing the Part IIA regime is to provide an improved<br />
system for the identification and remediation of land where contamination is causing unacceptable risks to<br />
human health or the wider environment given the current use and circumstances of the land.<br />
Part IIA provides a statutory definition of contaminated land under Section 78A(2) as:<br />
“any land which appears to the Local Authority in whose area it is situated to be in such a<br />
condition, by reason of substances in, on, or under the land, that:<br />
(a)<br />
or<br />
(b)<br />
Significant harm is being caused or there is a significant possibility of such harm being<br />
caused;<br />
Pollution of controlled waters is being, or is likely to be, caused.”<br />
In order to assist in establishing if there is a “significant possibility of significant harm” there must be a<br />
“pollutant linkage” for potential harm to exist. That means there must be a source(s) of contamination,<br />
sensitive receptors present and a connection or pathway between the two. This combination of source-pathwayreceptor<br />
is termed a “pollutant linkage or SPR linkage.”<br />
Part IIA of The Environmental Protection Act 1990 is supported by a substantial quantity of guidance and other<br />
Regulations, especially DEFRA Circular 01/2006 Contaminated Land (this replaces DETR Circular 02/2000).<br />
Part IIA defines the duties of Local Authorities in dealing with it. Part IIA places contaminated land<br />
responsibility as a part of planning and redevelopment process rather than Local Authority direct action except<br />
in situations of very high pollution risk. In the planning process guidance is provided by Planning Policy<br />
Statement 23 (PPS23), which requires that a site which has been developed shall not be capable of being<br />
determined “contaminated land” under Part IIA. In practice, Planning Authorities require sites being developed<br />
to have a lower level of risk post development than the higher level of risk that is required in order to determine<br />
a site as being contaminated in accordance with Part IIA. This is to ensure that there is a suitable zone of safety<br />
below the level for Part IIA determination and prevent recently developed sites becoming reclassified as<br />
contaminated land if there are future legislative or technical changes (e.g. a substance is subsequently found to<br />
be more toxic than previously assessed this increases its hazard)..<br />
The criteria for assessing levels of pollutants and hence determining whether a site represents a hazard are based<br />
on a range of techniques, models and guidance. Within this context it is relevant to note that Government<br />
objectives are:<br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
(c)<br />
to identify and remove unacceptable risks to human health and the environment;<br />
to seek to bring damaged land back into beneficial use;<br />
to seek to ensure that the cost burdens faced by individuals, companies and society as a whole<br />
are proportionate, manageable and economically sustainable.<br />
These three objectives underlie the "suitable for use" approach to remediation of contaminated land. The<br />
"suitable for use" approach focuses on the risks caused by land contamination. The approach recognises that the<br />
risks presented by any given level of contamination will vary greatly according to the use of the land and a wide<br />
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range of other factors, such as the underlying geology of the site. Risks therefore should be assessed on a siteby-site<br />
basis.<br />
The "suitable for use" approach then consists of three elements:<br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
(c)<br />
ensuring that land is suitable for its current use - in other words, identifying any land where<br />
contamination is causing unacceptable risks to human health and the environment, assessed on<br />
the basis of the current use and circumstances of the land, and returning such land to a condition<br />
where such risks no longer arise ("remediating" the land); the contaminated land regime<br />
provides the regulatory mechanisms to achieve this;<br />
ensuring that land is made suitable for any new use, as planning permission is given for that<br />
new use - in other words, assessing the potential risks from contamination, on the basis of the<br />
proposed future use and circumstances, before official permission is given for the development<br />
and, where necessary to avoid unacceptable risks to human health and the environment,<br />
remediating the land before the new use commences; this is the role of the town and country<br />
planning and building control regimes; and<br />
limiting requirements for remediation to the work necessary to prevent unacceptable risks to<br />
human health or the environment in relation to the current use or future use of the land for<br />
which planning permission is being sought - in other words, recognising that the risks from<br />
contaminated land can be satisfactory assessed only in the context of specific uses of the land<br />
(whether current or proposed), and that any attempt to guess what might be needed at some time<br />
in the future for other uses is likely to result either in premature work (thereby running the risk<br />
of distorting social, economic and environmental priorities) or in unnecessary work (thereby<br />
wasting resources).<br />
The mere presence of pollutants does not therefore necessarily warrant action, and consideration must be given<br />
to the scale of risk involved for the use that the site has, and will have in the future.<br />
Risk Assessment<br />
Current practice recommends that the determination of potential liabilities that could arise from land<br />
contamination be carried out using the process of risk assessment, whereby “risk” is defined as:<br />
“(a)<br />
(b)<br />
The probability, or frequency, or occurrence of a defined hazard; and<br />
The magnitude (including the seriousness) of the consequences.”<br />
The UK’s approach to the assessment of environmental risk is set out in by the Department of the Environment<br />
(1995) publication “A Guide to Risk Assessment and Risk Management for Environmental Protection.” This<br />
established an iterative, systematic staged process which comprises:<br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
(c)<br />
(d)<br />
(e)<br />
Hazard identification;<br />
Hazard assessment;<br />
Risk estimation;<br />
Risk evaluation;<br />
Risk assessment;<br />
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At each stage during the development process the above steps are repeated as more detailed information<br />
becomes available for the site.<br />
For an environmental risk to be present, all three of the following elements must be present:<br />
Source: hazardous substance that has the potential to cause adverse impacts;<br />
Receptor: target that may be affected by contamination: examples include human<br />
occupants/users of site, water resources (rivers or groundwater), or structures;<br />
Pathway: a viable route whereby a hazardous substance may come into contact with<br />
the receptor.<br />
The absence of one or more of each component (source, pathway, receptor) would prevent a pollutant linkage<br />
being established and there would be no significant environmental risk.<br />
The identification of potential pollutant linkages is based on a Conceptual Model of the site, which is subject to<br />
continual refinement as additional data becomes available. As part of a Phase I <strong>Investigation</strong> (Desk Study and<br />
site walk over) a <strong>Preliminary</strong> Conceptual <strong>Site</strong> Model (PCSM) is formed. Based on the PCSM, potential<br />
pollutant linkages can be assessed. If the PCSM and hazard assessment indicate that a pollution linkage is not<br />
of significance then no further assessment or action is required due to this linkage. For each significant and<br />
possible linkage a risk assessment is carried out. The linkages which potentially pose significant risks may<br />
require a variety of responses ranging from immediate remedial action or risk management or, more commonly,<br />
further investigation and risk assessment. This next stage is termed a Phase II Main <strong>Site</strong> <strong>Investigation</strong> and<br />
should provide additional data to allow refinement of the Conceptual <strong>Site</strong> Model and assess the level of risk<br />
from each pollutant linkage.<br />
Definition of Risk Assessment Terminology<br />
The criteria used for risk assessment are broadly based on those presented in Section 6.3 of the CIRIA <strong>Report</strong><br />
‘Contaminated Land Risk Assessment: A Guide to Good Practice’ (CIRIA <strong>Report</strong> C552). The Severity of the<br />
risk is classified according to the criteria in Table B.1 below:<br />
Severe<br />
Medium<br />
Mild<br />
Minor<br />
Acute risks to human health<br />
Catastrophic damage to buildings/property (e.g. by explosion)<br />
Major pollution of controlled waters (watercourses or groundwater)<br />
Chronic (long-term) risk to human health<br />
Pollution of sensitive controlled waters (surface waters or aquifers)<br />
Significant effects on sensitive ecosystems or species<br />
Pollution of non-sensitive waters<br />
Significant damage to buildings or structures<br />
Requirement for protective equipment during site works to mitigate health effects<br />
Damage to non-sensitive ecosystems or species<br />
Minor damage to buildings or structures<br />
Table B.1 Severity/Consequence of Risk<br />
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The probability of the risk occurring is classified according to criteria given in Table B.2 below:<br />
High likelihood<br />
Likely<br />
Low<br />
likelihood<br />
Unlikely<br />
Pollutant linkage may be present, and risk is almost certain to occur in the long term, or there is<br />
evidence of harm to the receptor<br />
Pollutant linkage may be present, and it is probable that the risk will occur over the<br />
long term.<br />
Pollutant linkage may be present and there is a possibility of the risk occurring,<br />
although there is no certainty that it will do so.<br />
Pollutant linkage may be present but the circumstances under which harm would<br />
occur are improbable.<br />
Table B.2: Probability of Risk Occurring<br />
An overall evaluation of the level of risk is gained from a comparison of the severity and probability, as shown<br />
in Table B.3 below:<br />
Probabili<br />
ty<br />
High<br />
likeliho<br />
od<br />
Severity<br />
Severe Medium Mild Minor<br />
Very High<br />
High Risk<br />
Moderate<br />
Risk<br />
Risk<br />
Likely High Risk Moderate<br />
Risk<br />
Low<br />
Moderate<br />
Moderate/<br />
likeliho Risk<br />
Low Risk<br />
od<br />
Moderate/<br />
Low Risk<br />
Low Risk<br />
Moderate/<br />
Low Risk<br />
Low Risk<br />
Very Low<br />
Risk<br />
Unlikel<br />
y<br />
Moderate/<br />
Low Risk<br />
Low Risk<br />
Very Low<br />
Risk<br />
Very Low<br />
Risk<br />
Table B.3: Comparison of Severity and Probability<br />
The various risk rankings provide guidance for recommended actions, whether this is:<br />
AR - Action Required, Remediation or mitigation or site investigation works required<br />
SIR - <strong>Site</strong> <strong>Investigation</strong> Required, further assessment is required.<br />
NAR - No Action Required:<br />
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A description of the evaluated risk is as follows:<br />
Evaluated Risk<br />
Very High Risk<br />
High Risk<br />
Moderate Risk<br />
Low Risk<br />
Very Low Risk<br />
Recommended Actions<br />
AR: There is a high probability that severe harm could arise to a designated<br />
receptor from an identified hazard, OR, there is evidence that severe harm to a<br />
designated receptor is currently happening. This risk, if realised, is likely to result<br />
in a substantial liability. Urgent investigation (if not undertaken already) and<br />
remediation are likely to be required.<br />
AR: Harm is likely to arise to a designated receptor from an identified hazard.<br />
Realisation of the risk is likely to present a substantial liability. Urgent<br />
investigation (if not undertaken already) is required and remedial works may be<br />
necessary in the short term and are likely over the long term.<br />
SI: It is possible that harm could arise to a designated receptor from an identified<br />
hazard. However, it is relatively unlikely that any such harm would be severe, or if<br />
any harm were to occur it is more likely that the harm would be relatively mild.<br />
<strong>Investigation</strong> (if not already undertaken) is normally required to clarify the risk and<br />
to determine the potential liability. Some remedial works may be required in the<br />
longer term.<br />
NAR: It is possible that harm could arise to a designated receptor from an<br />
identified hazard, but there is a low likelihood of this hazard occurring and if<br />
realised, harm would at worst normally be mild.<br />
NAR: There is a low possibility that harm could arise to a receptor. In the event of<br />
such harm being realised, it is not likely to be severe.<br />
Table B.4 – Description of the Classified Risks and Likely Action Required<br />
Management of Contaminated Land<br />
When risk assessment of the site has been completed and this indicates that remedial works are required, the<br />
main guidance in managing this process is set out in the DEFRA/EA publication CLR11 (2004) “Model<br />
Procedures for the Management of Land Contamination.” The stages of managing remediation are as follows:<br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
(c)<br />
Options Appraisal and develop Remediation Strategy;<br />
Develop Implementation Plan and Verification Plan;<br />
Remediation, Verification and Monitoring.<br />
The Remediation Strategy sets out the remediation targets, identifies technically feasible remedial solutions and<br />
presents an evaluation of the options so that these can be assessed enabling that the most suitable solution is<br />
adopted. An outline of the proposed remedial method should be presented. Agreement should be sought of the<br />
appropriate statutory bodies for the Remediation Strategy before proceeding to the next stage.<br />
The Implementation Plan is a detailed method statement setting out how the remediation is to be carried out<br />
including stating how the site will be managed, welfare procedures, health and safety considerations together<br />
with practical measures such as details of temporary works, programme of works, waste management licences<br />
and regulatory consents required. Agreement should again be sought of the appropriate statutory bodies for this<br />
Plan.<br />
The Verification Plan sets out the requirements for gathering data to demonstrate that the remediation has met<br />
the required remediation objectives and criteria. The Verification Plan presents the requirements for a wide<br />
range of issues including the level of supervision, sampling and testing regimes for treated materials, waste and<br />
imported materials, required monitoring works during and post remediation, how compliance with all licenses<br />
and consents will be checked etc. Agreement should again be sought of the appropriate statutory bodies for the<br />
Verification Plan. On completion of the remediation a Verification <strong>Report</strong> should be produced to provide a<br />
complete record of all remediation activities on site and the data collected as required in the Verification Plan.<br />
The Verification <strong>Report</strong> should demonstrate that the remediation has met the remedial targets to show that the<br />
site is suitable for the proposed use.<br />
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APPENDIX C<br />
<strong>Site</strong> Photographs<br />
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Photograph A: Current Tarmac Operated Aggregates Recycling Entrance to the <strong>Site</strong><br />
Photograph B: View Looking South at Wheel Wash and sump of water. Tarmac Hard Standing in Foreground,<br />
Weighbridge in Background<br />
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Photograph C: View Looking South West at Temporary Offices and Car Park. Storage Garage in Background<br />
Photograph D: View Looing North at Concrete Plant with Water Tanks and Cement Silo<br />
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Photograph E: View looking South at Bunded Diesel Tank for <strong>Site</strong> Plant Refuelling<br />
Photograph F: View Looking North at Centre of the <strong>Site</strong>, aggregate stockpiles and heavy plant in operation<br />
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Photograph G: View Looking South along Perimeter Fence, large rubble stockpiles containing tarmac, roadstone, brick,<br />
concrete and mixed rubble present<br />
Photograph H: View Looking North West along Perimeter Fence, stockpile in background, raised manhole cover and<br />
chamber in foreground.<br />
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Photograph I: View Looking South East at Centre of <strong>Site</strong>, Stockpiles to left, Sorted Aggregates to the right, Concrete Plant<br />
in Background, area of soft ground and ponded water in right of picture<br />
Photograph J: View Looking South at Centre of <strong>Site</strong>, Stockpiles in view, Raised Manhole Chamber in Middle of Picture.<br />
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Photograph K: View Looking North East at Fly Tipped Materials, entrance to the Railway Siding from Bogmoor Road in<br />
Background<br />
Photograph L: View Looking South along Railway Track, Undefined <strong>Site</strong> Boundary in Background, Service Duct lain on left<br />
of Railway Track<br />
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Photograph M: View Looking North along Railway/Service Duct, Mound of Made Ground and thick vegetation on right<br />
hand side<br />
Photograph N: View Looking South at Mounds of Made Ground, derelict concrete hard standing in foreground<br />
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Photograph O: View Looking North along Railway Track, semi-mature trees and Tarmac perimeter fence to right of<br />
picture<br />
Photograph P: View Looking North East at M8 embankment and retaining wall, sparse trees and vegetation present.<br />
Graffiti, litter and fly tipped waste present in underpass<br />
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Photograph Q: View Looking South East along Eastern site boundary at Tarmac Perimeter fence, motorway screen trees<br />
on left. Note change in gradient 1-2 m from two areas<br />
Photograph R: View Looking East at M8 underpass, dense trees and vegetation to left, Tarmac site to right<br />
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Photograph S: View Looking North at Dense trees and vegetation, sparse litter and fly-tipped material present. Very soft<br />
ground and ponded surface water encountered<br />
Photograph T: View Looking North East along Bogmoor Road, Railway Siding entrance in middle of picture, sparse litter<br />
present<br />
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APPENDICES INCLUDED ON<br />
ENCLOSED CD<br />
APPENDIX D<br />
(Groundsure <strong>Report</strong> & Historic Plans)<br />
APPENDIX E<br />
(Historic Aerial Photographs)<br />
APPENDIX F<br />
(Previous <strong>Report</strong>s)<br />
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APPENDIX G<br />
British Geological Survey Borehole Logs<br />
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APPENDIX H<br />
Current Guidance for Ground Gas Risk Assessment<br />
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Current Guidance for Ground Gas Risk Assessment<br />
Origin of Ground and Landfill Gases<br />
When carrying out a ground gas risk assessment, the origin or source of the gases is important as potential risks<br />
will vary depending on the source. This <strong>Appendix</strong> relates to the risk of the two main ground gases of concern:<br />
methane and carbon dioxide, and does not apply to other ground gases (e.g. radon or vapours from hydrocarbon<br />
spills). Methane and carbon dioxide are major constituents of landfill gas but can also occur from a variety of<br />
anthropogenic and natural sources, as summarised in Table G1 below:<br />
Gas Source Comments<br />
Landfill Gas Anaerobic decomposition of degradable waste within<br />
landfill sites. Typically 60% methane and 40% carbon<br />
dioxide during methanogenic phase.<br />
Composition varies over time,<br />
particularly in early stages.<br />
Contains a range of minor<br />
constituents (particularly carbon<br />
Landfill<br />
Associated<br />
Gases<br />
- Anaerobic degradation of leachate external to the site;<br />
- Degassing of dissolved gases in groundwater;<br />
- Evolution of gases following interaction between leachate<br />
and groundwater<br />
monoxide and hydrogen sulphide).<br />
Can result in secondary (external)<br />
production of methane or carbon<br />
dioxide.<br />
Made Ground Anaerobic degradation of organic components Very variable depending on source<br />
Sewer Gas,<br />
Cess Pits<br />
Anaerobic degradation of organic components of sewage<br />
producing methane and carbon dioxide.<br />
Often characterised by hydrogen<br />
sulphide odour.<br />
Mains Gas Leakage from underground pipework or storage tanks.<br />
Mainly methane but often contains higher alkanes.<br />
Other<br />
Anthropogenic<br />
Sources<br />
Alluvium /<br />
Marsh / Peat<br />
Gas<br />
Geogenic Gas<br />
Mine Gases<br />
Natural<br />
Shallow<br />
Ground Gas<br />
- Degradation of leaked or spilled hydrocarbons or other<br />
industrial chemicals;<br />
- Anaerobic degradation of organic contaminants in<br />
groundwaters (e.g. silage liquor);<br />
- Reactions between monitoring well construction<br />
components and environment;<br />
- Burial grounds/cemeteries.<br />
Anaerobic microbial degradation of organic material<br />
(usually waterlogged vegetation / peat). Often associated<br />
with the presence of alluvial deposits or dredgings.<br />
Natural seepages of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon gases<br />
derived from geologic sources such as coal seams and deep<br />
oil / gas source formations. Can be present in solution in<br />
groundwaters.<br />
Various types. Most common is “fire damp” with high<br />
methane, produced by the desorption of gas trapped in coal.<br />
“Black damp” (Stythe gas) with high carbon dioxide and<br />
denser than air. “White damp” is high in carbon monoxide.<br />
Various types<br />
- high carbon dioxide formed by subsurface aerobic activity<br />
leading to depleted oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide;<br />
- chemical degradation of rocks (e.g. carbonates) producing<br />
carbon dioxide;<br />
- carbon dioxide production in root zone of soils by plants.<br />
Table G1. Potential Sources of Ground Gases<br />
An odouriser is added to permit<br />
detection of leaks. Typically 90%<br />
CH 4 , but 1 to 27% C 2 -C 4 alkanes,<br />
May also contain other trace gases<br />
e.g. CO, helium and CO 2 (from<br />
degradation of CH 4 in the ground).<br />
Hydrocarbon spillages often have<br />
an ‘oily’ odour. Fuel spillages<br />
common – Petrol or Diesel and can<br />
contain a wide range of VOC’s.<br />
Can degrade to produce methane /<br />
carbon dioxide.<br />
Methane most common but can<br />
contain carbon dioxide and higher<br />
alkanes.<br />
Methane most common. Can<br />
contain higher alkanes, carbon<br />
dioxide and carbon monoxide.<br />
Often low in oxygen.<br />
Gases can be emitted from ground<br />
under falling barometric pressure<br />
conditions.<br />
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This <strong>Appendix</strong> concentrates on the assessment of risk from methane and carbon dioxide. This <strong>Appendix</strong> does<br />
not provide guidance for the assessment of risk when other gases are present due to ‘Other Sources’ from the<br />
above table (particularly organic compounds such as BTEX and VOC’s or for the risk from radon or hydrogen<br />
sulphide).<br />
To determine the origin of the gas a range of factors must be considered together, including;<br />
1. Proximity of likely sources;<br />
2. Ground conditions (geology, hydrogeology, anthropogenic pathways etc);<br />
3. Properties of gases present including:<br />
- Chemical composition;<br />
- Physical properties;<br />
- Ratios of components e.g. methane : carbon dioxide.<br />
4. Timeframe of activities such as infilling periods, capping works, installation of gas control<br />
systems etc.<br />
Identification of the originating source may be problematic given that there may be more than one source<br />
present and trace gas analysis may be required. Identification of the sources of the gases encountered during<br />
monitoring is usually carried out through a process of eliminating the most unlikely potential sources (given the<br />
site setting) and selecting those which are the more likely candidates.<br />
Hazards Associated with Presence of Ground Gases<br />
Methane gas is combustible and potentially explosive. When the concentration of methane in air is between the<br />
limits of 5.0%v/v and 15.0%v/v an explosive mixture is formed. The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) of methane<br />
is 5.0%v/v, which is equivalent to 100% LEL. The 15.0%v/v limit is known as the Upper Explosive Limit<br />
(UEL), but concentrations above this level cannot be assumed to represent safe concentrations. Further, the<br />
LEL and UEL will vary (up and down) depending upon the proportion of other gases (including oxygen).<br />
However, the fact that methane is a colourless, odourless gas means that there is no simple indicator of the<br />
presence of the gas until such a time as explosive limits are reached and an incident occurs. Methane is lighter<br />
than air and has a low toxicity. However, at high concentrations it can result in asphyxiation due to oxygen<br />
displacement.<br />
Carbon dioxide is a colourless, odourless gas, which, although non-flammable, is both toxic and an asphyxiant.<br />
As carbon dioxide is denser than air, it will collect in low points and depressions. The UK Health & Safety<br />
Executive (HSE) has published information relating to concentrations of carbon dioxide that humans may be<br />
exposed to, which uses concentrations contained in the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations<br />
2002 (as amended). These are the Long Term Occupational Exposure Limit (LTOEL, 8 hour period) and the<br />
Short Term Occupational Exposure Limit (STOEL, 15 minute period), which are 0.5% and 1.5% carbon<br />
dioxide, respectively.<br />
Parameters Influencing the Rate of Ground Gas Production<br />
Figure G2 is taken from EA guidance document LFTGN 03 illustrates typical ground gas generation curves<br />
from biodegradable materials:<br />
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Figure G2. Idealised Representation of Landfill Gas Generation.<br />
The production of methane and carbon dioxide at a landfill site may be expected to be considerable and<br />
ongoing. Concentrations of methane will eventually decrease, followed by concentrations of carbon dioxide,<br />
but the duration and rate of gas production can vary markedly between sites. Five distinct phases of gas<br />
production occur during the process which are, in order of event (as marked on Figure G2), as follows:<br />
1. An aerobic phase involving oxygen depletion and temperature increase through aerobic<br />
respiration;<br />
2. The establishment of anaerobic conditions and the evolution of carbon dioxide and hydrogen<br />
through acidogenic activity;<br />
3. Commencement of methanogenic activity; the establishment of populations of methanogenic<br />
bacteria;<br />
4. A phase of stable methanogenic activity, which may go on for many tens of years;<br />
5. A phase of decreasing methanogenic activity, representing depletion of the organic material<br />
and a return to aerobic conditions.<br />
The time scale for the return to the normal ground gas concentrations will be highly variable, depending upon<br />
the types and quantities of materials present. In addition, the optimum parameters influencing the rate of<br />
decomposition and ground gas production within the ground at a site are as follows:<br />
High water content with adequate rainfall and water infiltration to provide moisture content<br />
between approximately 20 to 26%;<br />
Conditions that either are or are very close to anaerobic;<br />
High proportion of biodegradable materials;<br />
A pH between 6.5 and 8.5, ideally verging slightly on the acidic between pH 6 to 7;<br />
Temperature between 25°C and 55°C;<br />
The ratio of the biochemical and chemical oxygen demands (BOD:COD);<br />
High permeability;<br />
Small particle size, as finer subsurface materials possess a greater surface area to provide a<br />
growing ‘face’ for the micro-organisms but high fines levels reduces permeability and<br />
reduces decomposition rate.<br />
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For this reason, it is vital that sources of methane and carbon dioxide are identified prior to the commencement<br />
of any work on a construction site, and that the ground gas regime is characterised at the worst temporal<br />
conditions a site may experience. From this, a risk assessment is carried out to identify the risk at the site from<br />
ground gases so that suitable protection measures can be designed and incorporated into a development to<br />
prevent a dangerous build-up of gas occurring.<br />
Factors Influencing the Migration and Behaviour of Ground Gases<br />
There are many factors that influence the migration of ground gases which can effect the risk from a gassing<br />
source:<br />
driving force – pressure differential along a pathway, diffusion and dissolved in solution;<br />
meteorological conditions – short term and seasonal conditions including atmospheric pressure<br />
changes (e.g. rapidly falling pressure causes gas to expand increasing emission rates), rainfall,<br />
frozen ground and thawing, temperature;<br />
geological and groundwater conditions – these can have the over riding influence on the<br />
direction/pathways and quantity of migrating gas;<br />
anthropogenic influences – man-made pathways include mine shafts, service runs/drains,<br />
foundation piles, underground voids/pits/basements, foundation/building design/construction<br />
Guidance Documents<br />
Currently in the UK, there are no statutory threshold limits for hazardous gases in the ground as site specific<br />
variables mean that standard threshold values cannot be applied. The published guidance relating to<br />
development of sites where methane and carbon dioxide are present has been produced in response to building<br />
projects on or close to landfill sites, as both gases are principal constituents of landfill gas. Much of the historic<br />
guidance that has been produced on gas risk assessment focused on landfill sites and as a result there has<br />
previously been a lack of clarity when relating the process to gas conditions on non-landfill sites.<br />
Statutory guidance regarding methane in the ground has previously taken a limiting concentration of 1.0 % by<br />
volume methane (equal to 20% of the lower explosive limit of methane in air) above which necessary actions<br />
will be appropriate. For carbon dioxide the limiting recommended trigger was 1.5 % by volume (the Long Term<br />
Exposure Limit for carbon dioxide). Above these concentrations the Building Regulations Approved Document<br />
C (1992) stated that consideration should be given to whether actions may be appropriate, whilst more specific<br />
solutions would be likely to be necessary at concentrations greater than 5% by volume of carbon dioxide<br />
(Building Regulations Approved Document C, 1992). However, the latest fully revised version of Approved<br />
Document C (DoE, 2004) no longer endorses this approach and instead requires the use of a risk-based approach<br />
in interpreting the findings of a gas monitoring survey. Further, the latest EA documentation on landfill gas<br />
(LFTGN 03, 2004) continues to sanction the use of a risk-based approach through a structured approach to the<br />
assessment of ground gases and links with the risk assessment process outlined within CLR 11 for soil<br />
contaminants.<br />
With the above in mind, recent guidance has been produced in 2006 and 2007 with the aim of providing up to<br />
date advice in relation to residential and commercial development. The guidance does not address issues<br />
associated with gas derived from landfills, for this refer to “Guidance on the Management of Landfill Gas”<br />
(Environment Agency 2004) for an overview.<br />
Recent guidance relevant to gas assessments for residential and commercial development includes;<br />
Wilson et al. (CIRIA C665, December 2007) “Assessing Risks Posed by Hazardous Ground Gases<br />
for Buildings.”<br />
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This document provides up to date advice on all aspects of ground gas risk assessment such as<br />
investigation, monitoring programmes, data collection and interpretation. The guidance presents<br />
separate methodologies for the characterisation of:<br />
- All development types except low rise housing with gardens and for Low Rise Buildings<br />
without a 150mm void (Situation A) (Table 8.5 CIRIA C665)<br />
and;<br />
- Low rise housing with gardens with a 150mm ventilated sub-floor void (Situation B) (Table 8.7<br />
CIRIA C665)<br />
(See below for further explanation of the methods of characterisation)<br />
Boyle and Witherington (NHBC / RSK Group, <strong>Report</strong> 10627-R01(04) January 2007) “Guidance<br />
on the Evaluation of Development Proposals on <strong>Site</strong>s where Methane and Carbon Dioxide are<br />
Present.”<br />
This document presents the “Traffic Lights System” detailed below and is relevant only for low rise<br />
properties (e.g. bungalows and town houses) that have a ventilated sub-floor void (i.e. Situation B as<br />
described in CIRIA C665).<br />
Wilson and Card (CIEH, expected 2011) “Ground Gas Handbook for Designers and Regulators”<br />
This document is expected to provide practical guidance on ground gas assessments and the design and<br />
evaluation of protection measures.<br />
British Standard (BS 8485, December 2007) “Code of Practice for the Characterization and<br />
Remediation from Ground Gas in Affected Developments”<br />
This document provides an overview of gas characterisation and assessment. The Standard is intended<br />
to be used by designers of gas protection measures and regulators involved in the assessment of design<br />
solutions. The Standard provides a framework in line with CLR11 allowing designers to judge the<br />
adequacy of ground gas and related site investigation data. The document provides an approach to<br />
determine appropriate ground gas parameters that can be used to identify a range of possible<br />
construction solutions mitigating against the presence of ground gas on a development site.<br />
Each of these documents continues to highlight the importance of, and give further guidance towards, carrying<br />
out a tiered risk-based decision-making process in accord with government policy on dealing with<br />
contamination from historic or natural sources and highlight the importance of the Conceptual Model in site<br />
characterisation. These documents also stress the importance that the assessor should be confident that the<br />
ground gas monitoring results are representative of the likely worse case ground gas regime on a site and that<br />
the data collected from the site is sufficient. With this in mind, CIRIA C665 sets out ideal monitoring periods as<br />
below.<br />
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Idealised Frequency and Period of Monitoring (after Table 5.5a and 5.5b, CIRIA C665)<br />
Low<br />
(Commercial)<br />
Moderate<br />
(Flats)<br />
High<br />
(Residential<br />
with Gardens)<br />
Generation Potential of Source<br />
Very Low Low Moderate High Very High<br />
4/1 6/2 6/3 12/6 12/12<br />
6/2 6/3 9/6 12/12 24/24<br />
6/3 9/6 12/6 24/12 24/24<br />
Notes<br />
1. First number is the number of readings and the second is the minimum period in months (e.g. 6/2 – six sets of readings over two months).<br />
2. At least two sets of readings must be at low (preferably under 1,000 mb) and falling pressure.<br />
3. High sensitivity end use on high or very high hazard site will not normally be acceptable unless the source is treated to reduce gassing<br />
potential.<br />
Before the latest guidance, good practice for site characterisation had been based upon the method proposed by<br />
Wilson and Card (1999). CIRIA C665 (2007) effectively supersedes Wilson and Card (1999) and includes a<br />
modified version of the Wilson and Card method (Tables 8.5, 8.6 and Box 8.1). Gas concentrations and flow<br />
rates for either methane and/or carbon dioxide measured at a site to ‘Characteristic Situations.’ Appropriate<br />
protection measures are selected from Table 8.6 (if using modified Wilson & Card method) and from Box 8.4<br />
from CIRIA C665 (if using the NHBC traffic lights method). Throughout the risk assessment process, strong<br />
regard must be given to the nature of the gassing source, the flow rates and the estimated surface emissions.<br />
Note that certain protection measures are stated in CIRIA <strong>Report</strong> 149 that are now considered wholly<br />
inappropriate to certain developments and consequently should not be used without modification. Throughout<br />
the process, it is important to remember that these tables are not intended to be used as a definitive design tool<br />
and have been prepared to show the typical scope of measures for gas control.<br />
Both the NHBC (2007) and CIRIA (2007) guidance documents and BS 8485 (2007) propose that both ground<br />
gas concentrations and flow rates are used to calculate the limiting gas well gas volume flow rates for methane<br />
and carbon dioxide, based on the ground gas conditions monitored for during the worse-case temporal<br />
conditions. This limiting gas well volume flow rate is termed the Gas Screening Value (GSV, note that this was<br />
termed borehole gas volume flow), and is calculated as follows:<br />
GSV (l/hr) = [gas well gas concentration (%v/v)] x [gas well flow rate (l/hr)]<br />
100<br />
These GSVs are then compared to generic ‘Traffic Lights’ contained within the NHBC guidance, which present<br />
typical maximum gas concentrations and limiting GSV’s, for ‘Situation B Development’ (Low rise housing<br />
with gardens).<br />
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Table 8.7<br />
NHBC Traffic light system for 150 mm void<br />
Box 8.4 of CIRIA C665 Gas protection measures for low-rise housing development based upon<br />
allocated NHBC Traffic light (Boyle and Witherington, 2007)<br />
Traffic Light<br />
Classification<br />
Green<br />
Amber 1<br />
Amber 2<br />
Red<br />
Protection measures required<br />
Negligible gas regime identified and gas protection measures are not considered necessary.<br />
Low to intermediate gas regime identified, which requires low-level gas protection measures, comprising a<br />
membrane and ventilated sub-floor void to create a permeability contrast to limit the ingress of gas into<br />
buildings.<br />
Gas protection measures should be as prescribed in BRE <strong>Report</strong> 414.<br />
Ventilation of the sub-floor void should facilitate a minimum of one complete volume change per 24 hours.<br />
Intermediate to high gas regime identified, which requires high-level gas protection measures, comprising a<br />
membrane and ventilated sub-floor void to create a permeability contrast to prevent the ingress of gas into<br />
buildings.<br />
Gas protection measures should be as prescribed in BRE <strong>Report</strong> 414.<br />
Membranes should always be fitted by a specialist Contractor.<br />
As with Amber 1, ventilation of the sub-floor void should facilitate a minimum of one complete volume<br />
change per 24 hours.<br />
Certification that these passive protection measures have been installed correctly should be provided.<br />
High gas regime identified. It is considered that standard residential housing would not normally be acceptable<br />
without a further Gas Risk Assessment and/or possible remedial mitigation measures to reduce and/or remove<br />
the source of gas.<br />
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For a ‘Situation A Development’ (All development except low rise housing with gardens), the GSV value is<br />
used to derive the appropriate Characteristic Situation from Table 8.5 of CIRIA C665 (below):<br />
Table 8.5 from CIRIA C665 Modified Wilson and Card Classification<br />
Characteristic<br />
Situation<br />
(CIRIA R149)<br />
Comparable<br />
Partners in<br />
Technology gas<br />
Regime<br />
(see Box 8.2)<br />
Risk<br />
Classification<br />
Gas<br />
Screening<br />
Value<br />
(CH 4 or<br />
CO 2 ) (l/hr) 1<br />
1 A Very low risk
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BS8485:2007 Table 2 Required gas protection by characteristic gas situation and type of building<br />
Characteristic<br />
Gas Situation,<br />
CS<br />
NHBC<br />
traffic<br />
light<br />
Non-managed<br />
property e.g.<br />
private housing<br />
Required gas protection<br />
Public<br />
building (a)<br />
Commercial<br />
buildings<br />
Industrial<br />
buildings (b)<br />
1 Green 0 0 0 0<br />
2 Amber 1 3 3 2 1 (c)<br />
3 Amber 2 4 3 2 2<br />
4 Red 6 (d) 5(d) 4 3<br />
5 6(e) 5 4<br />
6 7 6<br />
NOTE Traffic light indications are taken from NHBC <strong>Report</strong> no.:10627-RO1 (04) and are mainly applicable<br />
to low-rise residential housing 1 . These are for comparative purposes but the boundaries between the traffic<br />
light indications and CS values do not coincide.<br />
a) Public buildings include, for example, managed apartments, schools and hospitals.<br />
b) Industrial buildings are generally open and well ventilated. However, areas such as office pods<br />
might require a separate assessment and may be classified as commercial buildings and require a<br />
different scope of gas protection to the main building.<br />
c) Maximum methane concentration 20% otherwise consider and increase to CS3,<br />
d) Residential building on higher traffic light/CS sites is not recommended unless the type of<br />
construction or site circumstances allow additional levels of protection to be incorporated, e.g. highperformance<br />
ventilation or pathway intervention measures, and an associated sustainable system of<br />
management of maintenance of the gas control system, e.g. in institutional and/or fully serviced<br />
contractual situations.<br />
e) Consideration of issues such as ease of evacuation and how false alarms will be handled are needed<br />
when completing the design specification of any gas protection scheme.<br />
1 The NHBC guidance and CIRIA C665 guidance refers to low rise housing (which is up to three storeys<br />
without lifts) that is constructed with a 150mm ventilated sub-floor void.<br />
For a site which is impacted by migratory gases from an off-source, the development may be protected by<br />
imposing pathway intervention methods, which if successfully validated, could also remove the need for further<br />
analysis. It is essential that the gas regime in these circumstances has been fully characterised and that the only<br />
source impacting the site is located off site and that the pathway is clearly defined and its interception equally<br />
proven before construction commences. Pathway intervention methods may include vertical membrane<br />
installations, venting trenches, rows of stone columns, activated trenches and various proprietary systems.<br />
These systems are particularly relevant to domestic housing where there is limited scope for foundation type<br />
solutions.<br />
Having selected the appropriate gas protection for the building from Table 2, an element, or combination of<br />
elements should be chosen from Table 3a, Table 3b, Table 3c and Table 3d, and combined to achieve the<br />
required gas protection. A combination of elements should be chosen where high gas protection is required,<br />
unless professional judgement and risk assessment show otherwise. The scores are not proportionate and are<br />
not to be taken as an indication of relative quantitative performance. This method relies upon the method<br />
developed in CIRIA C665 and is intended to be consistent with the CIRIA approach while developing the<br />
principle. As such, minor inconsistencies in result might be observed between the two methods.<br />
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BS8485:2007 Table 3 Solution Scores<br />
PROTECTION ELEMENT/SYSTEM SCORE COMMENTS<br />
a) Venting/dilution (See Annex A BS8485)<br />
Passive sub floor ventilation (venting<br />
layer can be a clear void or formed<br />
Very good<br />
performance<br />
using gravel, geocomposites,<br />
polystyrene void formers, etc.) A<br />
Subfloor ventilation with active abstraction/pressurization<br />
(venting layer can be a clear void or formed using gravel,<br />
geocomposites, polystyrene void formers, etc.) A<br />
2.5 Ventilation performance in accordance<br />
with Annex A (BS8485)<br />
Good performance 1 If passive ventilation is poor this is<br />
generally unacceptable and some form<br />
of active system will be required.<br />
2.5 There have to be robust management<br />
systems in place to ensure the<br />
continued maintenance of any<br />
ventilation system. Active ventilation<br />
can always be designed to meet good<br />
performance.<br />
Ventilated car park (basement or undercroft) 4 Mechanically assisted systems come in<br />
two forms: extraction and positive<br />
pressurization.<br />
b) Barriers<br />
Floor slabs<br />
Block and beam floor slab 0 It is good practice to install ventilation<br />
Reinforced concrete ground bearing slab 0.5<br />
Reinforced concrete ground bearing foundation raft with limited 1.5<br />
service penetrations that are cast into slab<br />
Reinforced concrete cast in situ suspended floor slab with 1.5<br />
minimal service penetrations and water bars around all slab<br />
penetrations and at joints<br />
Fully tanked basement 2<br />
c) Membranes<br />
Taped and sealed membrane to reasonable levels of<br />
workmanship/in line with current good practice with validation<br />
B,C<br />
Proprietary gas resistant membrane to reasonable levels of<br />
workmanship /in line with good practice under independent<br />
inspection (CQA) B,C<br />
Proprietary gas resistant membrane installed to reasonable levels<br />
of workmanship/in line with current good practice under CQA<br />
with integrity testing and independent validation<br />
in all foundation systems to effect<br />
pressure relief as a minimum.<br />
Breaches in floor slabs such as joints<br />
have to be effectively sealed against<br />
gas ingress in order to maintain these<br />
performances.<br />
0.5 The performance of membranes is<br />
heavily dependent on the quality of<br />
1<br />
2<br />
design of the installation, resistance to<br />
damage after installation, and the<br />
integrity of joints.<br />
d) Monitoring and detection (not applicable to non-managed property, or in isolation)<br />
Intermittent monitoring using hand held equipment 0.5 Where fitted, permanent monitoring<br />
Permanent monitoring and alarm Installed in the 2 systems ought to be installed in the<br />
system A<br />
underfloor<br />
venting/dilution system<br />
Installed in the building 1<br />
underfloor venting/dilution system in<br />
the first instance but can also be<br />
provided within the occupied space as<br />
a fail safe.<br />
e) Pathway Intervention<br />
Pathway intervention - This can consist of site protection<br />
measures for off-site or on-site sources<br />
(see Annex A, BS8485)<br />
NOTE In practice the choice of materials might well rely on factors such as construction method and the risk of damage<br />
after installation. It is important to ensure that the chosen combination gives an appropriate level of protection<br />
A) It is possible to test ventilation systems by installing monitoring probes for post installation validation.<br />
B) If a 1 200g DPM material is to function as a gas barrier it should be installed according to BRE 212 /BRE 414<br />
being taped and sealed to all penetrations<br />
C) Polymeric Materials> 1200 g (proportional to thickness) but their physical properties mean that they are more<br />
robust and resistant to damage.<br />
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To summarise the main stages in the risk assessment process set out in CIRIA C665 and followed by<br />
TerraConsult are as follows:<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
Define<br />
Conceptual<br />
<strong>Site</strong> Model<br />
Risk Model and<br />
Qualitative<br />
Assessment<br />
Identify<br />
Pollution<br />
Linkages<br />
Characterise<br />
the site<br />
See Chapter<br />
3 of C665<br />
See Tables<br />
8.1, 8.2 and<br />
8.3 and 8.4<br />
of C665<br />
If no linkages<br />
identified, further<br />
assessment may<br />
not be required.<br />
Gas monitoring<br />
required if further<br />
assessment is<br />
needed<br />
Type<br />
of<br />
Development<br />
4A<br />
4B<br />
Flowchart showing the general<br />
Risk Assessment process, as<br />
defined in CIRIA C665<br />
“Assessing Risks posed by<br />
Hazardous Ground Gases to<br />
Buildings”<br />
Each stage is numbered and corresponds to<br />
the relevant Risk Assessment stage in the<br />
document.<br />
Reference should be made to Section 8 of<br />
the document which goes into further detail<br />
on the Risk Assessment processes defined<br />
here.<br />
All other Development<br />
High Rise Housing<br />
Housing with ground bearing<br />
slabs / rafts<br />
Schools, Commercial,<br />
Warehousing, Industrial<br />
CIRIA C665<br />
Situation A<br />
Approach based<br />
on revised Wilson<br />
& Card (1999)<br />
Low Rise Housing<br />
With Garden<br />
Suspended Floor<br />
Slab<br />
Ventilated under<br />
floor void<br />
CIRIA C665<br />
Situation B<br />
(NHBC Approach)<br />
Reference should also be made to NHBC /<br />
RSK Group <strong>Report</strong> No. 10627-R01(04)<br />
“Guidance on Evaluation of Development<br />
Proposals on <strong>Site</strong>s where Methane and<br />
Carbon Dioxide are present”<br />
5&6<br />
Detailed Design of<br />
Protective<br />
Measures<br />
Box 8.4 of C665 for NHBC<br />
approach Table 8.6 of C659 for<br />
Revised Wilson & Card<br />
Approach<br />
7<br />
Quantitative<br />
Assessment<br />
Not required in most cases.<br />
Undertaken when a numerical<br />
estimate of risk is required<br />
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