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<strong>Organic</strong><br />
(Macro)<strong>Molecules</strong><br />
Carbon Compounds
What makes up a living cell?
Carbon Review<br />
Forms 4 covalent bonds<br />
C’s may connect in straight lines<br />
• C-C-C-C-<br />
5 or more C’s may form rings<br />
N,O, and other atoms add variety
Kinds of Macromolecules<br />
Carbohydrates<br />
Lipids (fats)<br />
Proteins<br />
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates<br />
Are sugars or “saccharides”<br />
3 types:<br />
• Monosaccharides<br />
• Disaccharides<br />
• Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates<br />
As the name indicates:<br />
Carbon<br />
Hydrate = water<br />
C x H y O z
Examples of Carbohydrates<br />
Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6<br />
Fructose: C 6 H 12 O 6<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
(isomers = compounds with the same<br />
molecular formula, but diff.<br />
structural formulas)
Glucose v. Fructose
(CH 2 O) n<br />
1:2:1 ratio in all carbs
Monosaccharides<br />
Single sugar molecule (simplest)<br />
One ring<br />
Examples:<br />
• Glucose<br />
• Fructose<br />
• Galactose
Disaccharides<br />
2 sugar molecules linked together<br />
2 rings<br />
Examples:<br />
• Sucrose (table sugar)<br />
• Lactose<br />
• Maltose
Dehydration Synthesis<br />
The process that links two sugar<br />
molecules by removing H 2 O<br />
Glucose + fructose<br />
sucrose
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides<br />
A series of connected monosaccharides<br />
Many rings
Polysacc. Examples<br />
A) Starch = 1000 +<br />
glucose molecules<br />
• Used in plants for<br />
energy storage<br />
• Not branched<br />
• Alpha glucose units<br />
tend to coil
More Polysacc. Examples<br />
B) Cellulose<br />
• Major ingredient in wood<br />
• Used in plants for structure and support<br />
• Aids passage of food through digestive<br />
system<br />
• Not branched
Cellulose
Notice the Polymer!<br />
Starch<br />
Cellulose
More Polysacc. Examples<br />
C) Glycogen<br />
• Used in animals for energy storage<br />
• Branched
Uses of Carbohydrates<br />
ENERGY!!!!!<br />
Your body essentially “burns” sugars and<br />
starches for energy:<br />
C x H y O z + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + ENERGY
Typical Carbohydrates<br />
Simple: Sugars<br />
Complex: Bread & pasta<br />
Athletes are often recommended to eat<br />
spaghetti or other pasta before games<br />
because it gives extended energy- not just<br />
the quick fix of sugar!
Lipids<br />
Made of C, H, and O<br />
(but less O than a carb)<br />
Building block: 1 glycerol<br />
backbone + 3 fatty acids
A Fat (Lipid) Molecule
Fats are formed by Condensation<br />
(Dehydration Synthesis)<br />
Triglyceride
Fats<br />
Fats store energy for us long term (also<br />
impt. for insulation/protection of internal<br />
organs)<br />
Carbohydrates are very soluble in water<br />
and break down easily in the body; fast<br />
energy<br />
Fats are insoluble in water and last a very<br />
long time; stored energy
Compare<br />
Glucose<br />
Fat
Fats have a lot of bonds<br />
A typical fat molecule might be something<br />
like C 48 H 104 O 6<br />
All those bonds contain a lot of energy<br />
Some are bigger, some smaller
Saturation?<br />
Some fats are considered “saturated” and<br />
others are considered “unsaturated”<br />
Saturated means only single bonds<br />
Unsaturated means double bonds<br />
Polyunsaturated means multiple double<br />
bonds
Lipids
Effects of Saturation<br />
Close packing<br />
Solid<br />
Far packing<br />
Liquid
Health effects<br />
Saturated fats are more closely packed<br />
and unreactive. Thus they build up faster<br />
in our bodies and cause heart disease.<br />
Unsaturated fats are more loosely packed<br />
and more reactive. Thus, our bodies can<br />
process them faster and they don’t build<br />
up in our arteries, etc.
Comparing Fats<br />
Unhealthy<br />
Healthy
Proteins<br />
Made of C, H, O, N, S<br />
Building block: amino acids
Proteins<br />
Make up enzymes<br />
Structure (muscles, hair, etc.)<br />
Maintenance and repair
20 Natural Amino Acids
Proteins
Essential vs. Non-Essential<br />
Of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids,<br />
our bodies will naturally produce 12!<br />
These are called Non-Essential<br />
Where do the other 8 come from?<br />
Extra 8 must come from our food sources!<br />
These are called Essential
Which are Essential?
Proteins are condensation<br />
(dehy. synthesis) Polymers
What’s a polymer?<br />
A large macromolecule made up of<br />
smaller repeating subunits<br />
Monosaccharides = building blocks of carb<br />
polymers<br />
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = building blocks<br />
for lipid polymers<br />
Amino acids = building blocks of protein<br />
polymers
Proteins are created at the<br />
Ribosomes
Proteins—Primary Structure<br />
Link amino acids together to form a<br />
polypeptide (bond between a.a. called a<br />
peptide bond)
Proteins—Secondary Structure
Proteins—Secondary Structure
Proteins—Tertiary Structure
Proteins—Quaternary Structure
Four Levels of Protein Structure
A Complete Protein
Examples of Proteins<br />
Collagen – make up cartilage, tendons,<br />
skin, and bone<br />
Keratin = makes up hair, feathers, horns
Enzymes are Proteins
Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA<br />
Made of C,H,O,N, and P<br />
Building Blocks: nucleotides
What is a nucleotide?<br />
A 5 carbon sugar<br />
A phosphate group<br />
A nitrogen base
Two types of sugars<br />
What is the difference between these two?
5 types of nitrogen bases
Nucleotides Put Together
Facts on DNA<br />
DNA-2 chains<br />
Sugar = deoxyribose<br />
Located in nucleus<br />
Stores genetic info—unique order of<br />
nucleotides for each living organism<br />
Nucleotide order determines amino acid<br />
order
DNA shape = Double Helix
CG & TA Match Up
Twist the ladder!
What about RNA?<br />
Single stranded<br />
Sugar = ribose<br />
Located in nucleus and in cytoplasm<br />
(where it helps build proteins)
How is DNA related to RNA?<br />
DNA serves as<br />
template (mold for)<br />
RNA!<br />
Double helix splits<br />
open and proceeds to<br />
construct a strand of<br />
messenger RNA
RNA builds the proteins
What are these examples of?