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Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules

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<strong>Organic</strong><br />

(Macro)<strong>Molecules</strong><br />

Carbon Compounds


What makes up a living cell?


Carbon Review<br />

Forms 4 covalent bonds<br />

C’s may connect in straight lines<br />

• C-C-C-C-<br />

5 or more C’s may form rings<br />

N,O, and other atoms add variety


Kinds of Macromolecules<br />

Carbohydrates<br />

Lipids (fats)<br />

Proteins<br />

Nucleic Acids


Carbohydrates<br />

Are sugars or “saccharides”<br />

3 types:<br />

• Monosaccharides<br />

• Disaccharides<br />

• Polysaccharides


Carbohydrates<br />

As the name indicates:<br />

Carbon<br />

Hydrate = water<br />

C x H y O z


Examples of Carbohydrates<br />

Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6<br />

Fructose: C 6 H 12 O 6<br />

---------------------------------------------------------------------<br />

(isomers = compounds with the same<br />

molecular formula, but diff.<br />

structural formulas)


Glucose v. Fructose


(CH 2 O) n<br />

1:2:1 ratio in all carbs


Monosaccharides<br />

Single sugar molecule (simplest)<br />

One ring<br />

Examples:<br />

• Glucose<br />

• Fructose<br />

• Galactose


Disaccharides<br />

2 sugar molecules linked together<br />

2 rings<br />

Examples:<br />

• Sucrose (table sugar)<br />

• Lactose<br />

• Maltose


Dehydration Synthesis<br />

The process that links two sugar<br />

molecules by removing H 2 O<br />

Glucose + fructose<br />

sucrose


Disaccharides


Polysaccharides<br />

A series of connected monosaccharides<br />

Many rings


Polysacc. Examples<br />

A) Starch = 1000 +<br />

glucose molecules<br />

• Used in plants for<br />

energy storage<br />

• Not branched<br />

• Alpha glucose units<br />

tend to coil


More Polysacc. Examples<br />

B) Cellulose<br />

• Major ingredient in wood<br />

• Used in plants for structure and support<br />

• Aids passage of food through digestive<br />

system<br />

• Not branched


Cellulose


Notice the Polymer!<br />

Starch<br />

Cellulose


More Polysacc. Examples<br />

C) Glycogen<br />

• Used in animals for energy storage<br />

• Branched


Uses of Carbohydrates<br />

ENERGY!!!!!<br />

Your body essentially “burns” sugars and<br />

starches for energy:<br />

C x H y O z + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + ENERGY


Typical Carbohydrates<br />

Simple: Sugars<br />

Complex: Bread & pasta<br />

Athletes are often recommended to eat<br />

spaghetti or other pasta before games<br />

because it gives extended energy- not just<br />

the quick fix of sugar!


Lipids<br />

Made of C, H, and O<br />

(but less O than a carb)<br />

Building block: 1 glycerol<br />

backbone + 3 fatty acids


A Fat (Lipid) Molecule


Fats are formed by Condensation<br />

(Dehydration Synthesis)<br />

Triglyceride


Fats<br />

Fats store energy for us long term (also<br />

impt. for insulation/protection of internal<br />

organs)<br />

Carbohydrates are very soluble in water<br />

and break down easily in the body; fast<br />

energy<br />

Fats are insoluble in water and last a very<br />

long time; stored energy


Compare<br />

Glucose<br />

Fat


Fats have a lot of bonds<br />

A typical fat molecule might be something<br />

like C 48 H 104 O 6<br />

All those bonds contain a lot of energy<br />

Some are bigger, some smaller


Saturation?<br />

Some fats are considered “saturated” and<br />

others are considered “unsaturated”<br />

Saturated means only single bonds<br />

Unsaturated means double bonds<br />

Polyunsaturated means multiple double<br />

bonds


Lipids


Effects of Saturation<br />

Close packing<br />

Solid<br />

Far packing<br />

Liquid


Health effects<br />

Saturated fats are more closely packed<br />

and unreactive. Thus they build up faster<br />

in our bodies and cause heart disease.<br />

Unsaturated fats are more loosely packed<br />

and more reactive. Thus, our bodies can<br />

process them faster and they don’t build<br />

up in our arteries, etc.


Comparing Fats<br />

Unhealthy<br />

Healthy


Proteins<br />

Made of C, H, O, N, S<br />

Building block: amino acids


Proteins<br />

Make up enzymes<br />

Structure (muscles, hair, etc.)<br />

Maintenance and repair


20 Natural Amino Acids


Proteins


Essential vs. Non-Essential<br />

Of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids,<br />

our bodies will naturally produce 12!<br />

These are called Non-Essential<br />

Where do the other 8 come from?<br />

Extra 8 must come from our food sources!<br />

These are called Essential


Which are Essential?


Proteins are condensation<br />

(dehy. synthesis) Polymers


What’s a polymer?<br />

A large macromolecule made up of<br />

smaller repeating subunits<br />

Monosaccharides = building blocks of carb<br />

polymers<br />

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = building blocks<br />

for lipid polymers<br />

Amino acids = building blocks of protein<br />

polymers


Proteins are created at the<br />

Ribosomes


Proteins—Primary Structure<br />

Link amino acids together to form a<br />

polypeptide (bond between a.a. called a<br />

peptide bond)


Proteins—Secondary Structure


Proteins—Secondary Structure


Proteins—Tertiary Structure


Proteins—Quaternary Structure


Four Levels of Protein Structure


A Complete Protein


Examples of Proteins<br />

Collagen – make up cartilage, tendons,<br />

skin, and bone<br />

Keratin = makes up hair, feathers, horns


Enzymes are Proteins


Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA<br />

Made of C,H,O,N, and P<br />

Building Blocks: nucleotides


What is a nucleotide?<br />

A 5 carbon sugar<br />

A phosphate group<br />

A nitrogen base


Two types of sugars<br />

What is the difference between these two?


5 types of nitrogen bases


Nucleotides Put Together


Facts on DNA<br />

DNA-2 chains<br />

Sugar = deoxyribose<br />

Located in nucleus<br />

Stores genetic info—unique order of<br />

nucleotides for each living organism<br />

Nucleotide order determines amino acid<br />

order


DNA shape = Double Helix


CG & TA Match Up


Twist the ladder!


What about RNA?<br />

Single stranded<br />

Sugar = ribose<br />

Located in nucleus and in cytoplasm<br />

(where it helps build proteins)


How is DNA related to RNA?<br />

DNA serves as<br />

template (mold for)<br />

RNA!<br />

Double helix splits<br />

open and proceeds to<br />

construct a strand of<br />

messenger RNA


RNA builds the proteins


What are these examples of?

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