Concepts in Materials Science I - Physics
Concepts in Materials Science I - Physics
Concepts in Materials Science I - Physics
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<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 0
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Why Bother?<br />
Almost any technology f<strong>in</strong>ally boils down to hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
appropriate materials<br />
Eg. Space, Nuclear Power, Electronics, Medic<strong>in</strong>e etc..<br />
<strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> is the broad area that deals with<br />
design, synthesis, characterization and process<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
materials<br />
And, most importantly, its INTERESTING!<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 1
Aim of The Course<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Understand basic science beh<strong>in</strong>d material properties<br />
Quantum and Statistical Mechanics<br />
Strong emphasis on applications to materials<br />
...<br />
Design, make and test materials!<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 2
Raw <strong>Materials</strong> and Products<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Periodic Table – Our “Raw Material”.<br />
Material : Atoms arranged <strong>in</strong> a particular way to<br />
achieve desired properties<br />
Material science can otherwise be called as<br />
“Atom-Arrangement <strong>Science</strong>”!!<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 3
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Material Properties and Atom Arrangement<br />
Material Properties (Rough Classification)<br />
Electrical Properties<br />
Magnetic Properties<br />
Mechanical Properties<br />
Thermal Properties<br />
Optical Properties<br />
The central question of <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong>:<br />
Which atoms?<br />
And, how should they be arranged to obta<strong>in</strong> desired<br />
properties?<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 4
Extend<strong>in</strong>g the Boundaries....<br />
Elastic Stiffness vs. Density<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Ashby<br />
<strong>Materials</strong> Question: Design a material with Elastic<br />
Stiffness of 10000GPa<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 5
Extend<strong>in</strong>g the Boundaries....<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Thermal Expansion vs. Thermal Conductivity<br />
Ashby<br />
<strong>Materials</strong> Question: Design a material with Thermal<br />
Conductivity greater than 10000 W/mK<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 6
More <strong>Materials</strong> Questions...<br />
Transparent Ferromagnet<br />
Ferromagnetic and Ferroelectric Material<br />
(Multiferroics!)<br />
Biofriendly <strong>Materials</strong><br />
Self Clean<strong>in</strong>g Adhesives<br />
...<br />
What is your question?<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 7
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Why Quantum Mech.? And Stat. Mech.?<br />
Thats what Nature does!<br />
Most(All) material properties can be traced to<br />
electrons<br />
Much of 20 th century technology exploits quantum<br />
mechanics<br />
...<br />
To know when to be astonished with a purpose <strong>in</strong><br />
view!<br />
And, because accident favours the prepared m<strong>in</strong>d!<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 8
The Grand Scheme!<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Material: Atoms <strong>in</strong> a particular configuration<br />
Properties: Which atoms? What configuration?<br />
The Scheme of <strong>Materials</strong> Design<br />
Quantum Mechanics<br />
How does energy depend<br />
on configuration?<br />
Statistical Mechanics<br />
Nanomechanics<br />
What configuration gives<br />
desired properties?<br />
"Favoured" configuration<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 9
So, Where are we now?<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Eigler et al.<br />
Individual atoms can be manipulated<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 10
So, Where are we now?<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Ravishankar and Carter<br />
Clumps of atoms can be manipulated<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 11
So, Where are we now?<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Sahana and Shivashankar<br />
Nanowires can be grown!<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 12
Well, How did all this start?<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
India has a rich tradition <strong>in</strong> materials – Chandra Pillar<br />
First department of “<strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong>” –<br />
Northwestern University, Ill<strong>in</strong>ois, USA, 1957<br />
Early Encouragement:<br />
“I consider it harmful when younger physicists<br />
become accustomed to order-of-magnitude physics.<br />
The residual resistivity is a dirt effect,<br />
and one shouldn’t wallow <strong>in</strong> dirt!” – Pauli 1933<br />
“The physics department at Columbia University<br />
will never occupy itself with the physics of dirt” –<br />
Rabi 1940<br />
MRC started <strong>in</strong> 1977<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 13
Aim of The Course<br />
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
Understand basic science beh<strong>in</strong>d material properties<br />
Quantum and Statistical Mechanics<br />
Strong emphasis on applications to materials<br />
...<br />
Design, make and test materials with a prepared m<strong>in</strong>d!<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 14
<strong>Concepts</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>Science</strong> I<br />
And a thought for the day...and years...<br />
Happy Atom Arrangement! (HAA...)<br />
VBS/MRC Why Bother? – 15
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