Section Inputs Project Scope Country Philippines ... - RarePlanet

Section
Project Scope
Country
Province
Municipality
Barangays
Site Description
Philippines
Negros Oriental
Ayungon
Inputs
* Iniban * Anibong
* Awa-an * Calagcalag
* Tampocon I * Tiguib
* Tampocon II
Ayungon is one of the 20 municipalities of Negros Oriental. It is located along the
coast of Tañon Strait and is 82 kilometers north of Dumaguete City, the provincial
capital. It is bounded on the north by Tayasan, on the south by Bindoy, southwest
by Mabinay, the west by Kabankalan (Negros Ociidental) and at the east by
Tañon Strait. The coastline is around 16 kilometers and the municipal waters
cover an area of approximately 240 km 2 .
Ayungon lies in the central part of Negros Oriental, along the coastal road from
Dumaguete to Bacolod. The set of the Municipality was a previous swampland,
converted later into fishponds and residential areas. Toward the western part of
the Municipality are rugged mountains of volcanic terrain, characterized by
ridges, gullies, constricted valleys and plateaus. These are covered by secondary
growth forests, cocoland and agricultural crops such as rice, corn and sugarcanes.
Ayungon has a total land area of 28, 163 hectares. Twenty-four barangays
comprises the munivipality namely: Anibong, Awa-an, Amdus, Atabay, Banban,
Calagcalag, Candana-ay, Carol-an, Gomentoc, Inacban, Iniban, Jabdalamanon,
Kilaban, Lamigan, Maaslum, Mabato, Manogtong, Nabhang, Tambo, Tibyawan,
Tiguin, Tampocon I, Tampocon II and Poblacion.
Climate
The Municipality of Ayungon belongs to the 3 rd type of climate and that the
frequency of the occurrence of tropical cyclones is low at 7%, indicating that the
Municipality enjoys a generally fair weather throughout the year.
There are two monsoon winds affecting the municipality: Habagat (June–
September) and Amihan (November–March). Amihan is characterized by strong,
big waves and wind while Habagat brings frequent rainfall and typhoons.
The temperature ranges in Ayungon are slight, whereas temperature averages are
high. The latitudinal position of Ayungon is largely responsible for tropical
temperate conditions. Even during the warmest part of the year, evenings are
pleasantly cool. Average monthly temperature from January to December is
26.67°C.

Biodiversity Features
Biodiversity
Area
Municipal land: 28, 163 hectares
Municipal waters: 240 km 2
Coral Reef Area: 99.68 hectares
Seagrass area: 11.5 hectares
Mangrove Area: 74.64 hectares
Biodiversity
Background
Source: CLUP, 2005-2015
Coral reef
The mean live hard coral in Ayungon
Negros Oriental was 65.22% in 2007, a
20.59% change in the mean live coral
cover of 44.63% last CY 2002
assessment data. Based in the
Manthachitra Index Scale, the reef of
Ayungon had high mortality, very good
development, in good condition and
very low succession of algae and other
animals which falls to Conservation
Class Value No. 3 (Alonzo,N., Ranay,
N., Famor,G.& Niones, G., 2007).
Corals are important because they provide food and shelter to different kind of species.
Not only are they important to the creatures of the sea but also, they help prevent the
shoreline form eroding.
Seagrass
The seagrass was measured to have an area of 11.5 hectares. There was no known
study of classifying the seagrass in the municipality. Seagrasses are a source of food for
the green sea turtles that are also living in the area. It also serves as nursery to different
kinds of fish species.
Mangrove Ecosystem
The Municipality has a total of 74.64
hectares of mangroves. The species of
mangrove found in the municipality are
Sonneratia alba (Pagatpat), Avicennia
marina (Miapi), Rhizophora mucronata
(Bakhaw) and Nipa fruticans (Nipa).
Mangrove planting is done every year by
the members of the POs assisted by
BFAR. Mangroves are important because
they help protect the coast against erosion
and serves as a nursery for different kinds of organisms including fish and shellfish. It
also serves as shelter for the birds.

Protected Area Information
MPA overview
Name: Habitat Type: Area(has):
*Iniban Marine Sanctuary Coral reef 27.86
*Awa-an Marine Sanctuary Coral reef 15.54
Tampocon II Marine Sanctuary Seagrass bed 2.00
Tampocon I Marine Sanctuary Seagrass bed & coral reef 17.00
Anibong Marine Snctuary Seagrass bed & coral reef 7.137
Calagcalag Marine Sanctuary Seagrass bed & coral reef 15.29
Tiguib Marine Sanctuary Seagrass bed & coral reef 15.14
Source: MPA Plan, 2007-2012
Technical
Description of
MPAs
Iniban Marine Sanctuary
1. N 9.89272 4. N 9.89329 7. N 9.88938
E 123. 14685 E 123.15146 E 123.14763
2. N 9.89294 5. N 9.88998 8. N 9.88946
E 123.14730 E 123.15267 E 123.14654
3. N 9.89347 6. N 9.88906 9. N 9.89198
E 123.14826 E 123.15058 E 123.14589
Awa-an Marine Sanctuary
1. N 9.87011 3. N 9.87257
E 123.14767 E 123.15282
2. N 9.86991 4. N 9.87291
E 123.15220 E 123.14811
Tampocon I Marine Sanctuary
1. N 9.84311 4. N 9.83505 7. N 9.84273
E 123. 14300 E 123.14729 E 123.14501
2. N 9.83854 5. N 9.83579 8. N 9.84309
E 123.14495 E 123.14826 E 123.14413
3. N 9.83534 6. N 9.83900
E 123.14633 E 123.14645

Anibong Marine Sanctuary
1. N 9.83471 4. N 9.83362
E 123. 14180 E 123.14788
2. N 9.83474 5. N 9.83380
E 123.14627 E 123.14407
3. N 9.83558
E 123.14828
Calagcalag Marine Sanctuary
1. N 9.81764 4. N 9.81359 7. N 9.81638
E 123.14586 E 123.14815 E 123.14855
2. N 9.81568 5. N 9.81249 8. N 9.81693
E 123.14730 E 123.14815 E 123.14681
3. N 9.81459 6. N 9.81464
E 123.14438 E 123.14852
Tiguib Marine Sanctuary
1. N 9.80263 4. N 9.79865 7. N 9.80244
E 123.16621 E 123.16593 E 123.16839
2. N 9.80036 5. N 9.79865
E 123.16526 E 123.16585
3. N 9.79931 6. N 9.80025
E 123.16570 E 123.169
Source: MPA Plan, 2007-2012

Site Map
Reference
Protected Area
Categories
Red- List
Species
The MPAs are established under Municipal Ordinance No. 3 Series of 2008.
Some of the noteworthy species that the Municipality has are listed below.
1. Rhincodon typus (Whale Shark)
Status: Vulnerable
Pop. trend: decreasing
The Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) is a
cosmopolitan tropical and warm temperate
species and is the world’s largest living
chondrichthyan. Its life history is poorly
understood, but it is known to be highly
fecund and to migrate extremely large
distances. Populations appear to have been
depleted by harpoon fisheries in Southeast Asia and perhaps incidental capture in other
fisheries. High value in international trade, a K-selected life history, highly migratory
nature and normally low abundance make this species vulnerable to commercial
fishing. Dive tourism involving this species has recently developed in a number of
locations around the world, demonstrating that it is far more valuable alive than fished

(Norman, B, 2005).
2. Chelonia mydas (Green
Turtle)
Status: Endangered
Pop. trend: decreasing
Analysis of historic and
recent published accounts
indicate extensive
subpopulation declines in all
major ocean basins over the
last three generations as a
result of overexploitation of
eggs and adult females at
nesting beaches, juveniles
and adults in foraging areas, and, to a lesser extent, incidental mortality relating to
marine fisheries and degradation of marine and nesting habitats. Analyses of
subpopulation changes at 32 Index Sites distributed globally show a 48% to 67%
decline in the number of mature females nesting annually over the last 3–generations.
Green turtles, like other sea turtle species, are particularly susceptible to population
declines because of their vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts during all life-stages:
from eggs to adults. Perhaps the most detrimental human threats to green turtles are the
intentional harvests of eggs and adults from nesting beaches and juveniles and adults
from foraging grounds (Seminoff, J.A., 2004).
3. Tridacna squamosa
(Fluted Giant Clam)
Status: Least Concern (Wells, S., 1996)
Primary
Threats
Secondary
Threats
The Municipality’s primary threats as classified by IUCN includes the following:
1.2 Mining & quarrying
5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
5.1.1 Intentional use (species being assessed is the target)
5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
5.4.1 Intentional use: subsistence/small scale (species being assessed is the target)
[harvest]
9.2.2 Seepage from mining
The Municipality’s secondary threats as classified by IUCN are as follows:
3.1 Oil & gas drilling

History of the
MPA
Previous and
Existing
Management
Strategies
8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
8.1.2 Named species
The decline in fish is causing the fishermen to fear and worry as this depletion is
threatening their livelihood. The government is aware of the situation; hence, it decided
to create a program for the sustainable development of the marine resources. Through
community consultations and organization of the coastal residents, the people agreed to
establish marine sanctuaries for the restoration and protection of marine habitats, such
as corals reefs, seagrass and mangroves, as well as fishery stocks and other marine
organisms. In doing so, the progress and livelihood for the people are ensured. This
vision of making a Marine Protected Area came true through the Municipal Ordinance
No. 3 Series of 2008.
Source: MPA Plan, 2007-2012
1. Seaweeds Culture (Awa-an and Calagcalag)
Objective: To provide alternative livelihood to the members of both the AMA
(Awa-an Mananagat Association) and CAFA (Calagcalag Fishermen Association)
Funder: BFAR
Amount given: P 120,000
Start/End Date: September 9 – October 24, 2011
Completed
2. Fish Pots (Iniban)
Objective: To provide alternative livelihood to the members of IFA (Iniban
Fishermen Association)
Funder: BFAR
Amount given: P 28,000
Start/End Date: As of August 30, 2012, the MOA has been approved as is
only waiting for the materials to be served.
3. Lying-in pen for rabbit fish, blue crab and sea cucumber (Anibong)
Objective: To provide alternative livelihood to the members of the AFA
(Anibong Fishermen Association)
Funder: BFAR
Amount given: P 167,000
Start/End Date: As of August 30, 2012, the MOA has been approved as is
only waiting for the materials to be served.
4. Mangrove planting (Tampocon I)
Objective: To increase the number of mangroves planted in the shore of
barangay Tampocon I.
Funder: BFAR
Amount given: P 19, 998
Start/End Date: July 23- August 3, 2012
Completed

5. Drift Gill Net for Big Eyed Scad/1 motorized boat (Awa-an)
Objective: To provide alternative livelihood to the members of AMA (Awa-an
Mananagat Association)
Funder: DOLE
Amount given: P 146,000
Start/End Date: June 20 – August 23, 2012
Completed
Previous and
Existing
Environmental
Education
Work
Solid Waste Management
The education campaign for the solid waste management started in the year 2007 and is
present until now. During the first year of the campaign, there were stickers and posters
that were placed in strategic places that show how to segregate the garbage. In the
succeeding years, the IEC was only done through the word of mouth.
Anti-smoking Campaign
The anti-smoking campaign was started in the year 2010 as is still on going up to the
present. During the launching of the campaign, schools from the different coastal
barangays were present. A poster making contest on the hazards of smoking was
conducted in order to inform the students and the community of the hazards that
smoking brings. Posters and billboards showing the negative effects it brings to man’s
health were placed in the strategic places. A no smoking sign is placed in every
government office. Every year, during the charter day celebration, the same activities
are done in order to inform the people of the negative effects it brings.
Human Stakeholders
Human
Stakeholder The total population of the Municipality as of 2007 is 42,643 (NSO, 2007). There are 7
Population costal barangays in the Municipality, each having an MPA of its own. The Barangays
Size
and its population are as follows:
Iniban - 1167
Awa-an - 2259
Tampocon I - 1853
Tampocon II -1724
Anibong -2020
Calagcalag -1759
Tiguib -2484
Other noteworthy barangays include Barangays Poblacion, Inacban and Kilaban. It is in
Barangay Poblacion were the public market is located and were the fish caught from
the coastals barangays are sold. The inhabitants of barangays Inacban and Kilaban
mostly depend on the sea for their food and as a source of income.
Poblacion - 1868
Kilaban - 661
Inacban – 1258
Source: NCSB,2007

Historical
Description
In the pre-Spanish period, Ayungon was small settlement along the coast of Tañon
Strait. The Spanish religious missionaries discovered this community in the 1800’s and
was annexed to the Tayasan parish as part of the church’s religious jurisdiction. On
June 12, 1924, Ayungon, upon the recommendation of the Provincial Gov. Enrique
Villanueva, it was proclaimed a Municipality by Governor–General Leonard Wood,
through General Order No. 31, s. 1924. With the proclamation, Benito Sanchez was
installed the first municipal president and Timoteo Perez, the municipal vice-president.
Upon the proclamation of the Municipality of Ayungon in 1924, Benito Sanchez and
Timoteo Perez were respectively installed as Municipal President and Vice-President.
Sanchez succeeded by Apolonio Deguit as President in 1927. In its first political
election in 1928, Julian Villanueva was elected Mayor and was succeeded by Maximo
Enardecido, who remained Mayor when World War II broke out.
Source: CLUP, 2005-2015
Campaign's
Social Context
Historical Growth of the Population
The Municipality of Ayungon has no population data before 1939. In the year 2005,
however, the population trend shows a steady increase, although the growth rate varies
for every censual period.
Starting with an average growth rate of 1.64 in 1948, it increased to 3.18 in 1960. Then
the population started to decline registering a lowest growth rate of 0.41 in 1975. It
started to rise again having its highest at 3.19 in 1980. The remaining decades, up to
2000, was a see saw, lowering to 1.88 in 1990; rose again to 2.08 in 2000, and declined
to 1.99 in 2005. The reasons for the decline in the 70’s were due to the peace and order
problem of the Municipality and the cancellation of the logging concession in the area.
The rebel elements and a religious sect had an armed conflict with the government
during the martial law years, especially in the hinterland causing out migration. When
the logging concession in the area was also cancelled by the national government in the
seventies, many of the workers left Ayungon and some went deep into the forest to
start kaingin activities. And these people were not included in the census.
Out of the 24 barangays, five (5) are considered urban and the rest are rural. The urban
barangays are Anibong, Awa-an, Tampocon I, Tampocon II and Poblacion.
Population by Age
Ayungon has a relatively young population. As shown in Table 3.3.1, the total number
of people below 15 years old in 2005 was 17,538; while the total population of 65 years
and above was only 1,470. And when computed, the total population of the residents
with ages ranging from 15-64 years old was 21,733. The young dependency ratio is
computed to be 80.66. The old dependency ratio on the other hand is 6.76%. When
computed, the total dependency ratio is arrived at 87.42%. This means that 87.42% of
the total population is dependent upon the 12.58% working population.

Urbanization
Among the rural barangays, Carol-an is the largest in terms of area and population. In
the year 2005, the total population of Carol-an was 3,245 scattered in an area of
5,598.14 hectares. The smallest rural barangay in terms of area and population is
Kilaban. Kilaban is a mountainous barangay, located around 4 kilometers northwest of
Poblacion.
There were no records pertaining to urban population in the censual periods that
were conducted in the year 1939 to 1990. From 1990 to 2005, the tempo of
urbanization shows a negative rate. This is the reason why the Municipality remains
basically rural. In fact, population growth rate is faster at the rural barangays like
Tambo, Banban, Tiguib and Mabato than the urban barangays. Another reason is that
these urban barangays which are located along the national highway has a very limited
plain for built-up expansion. When the timber concession was cancelled, the workers
chose to remain in the hinterland barangays of Tambo, Banban, Mabato and Carol-an
and engaged in illegal logging and kaingin farming at the forestland.
Build-up Density
The Planning standards classify population density into low, medium, and high. Low
density areas have at least 150 persons per hectare; medium density areas have 151 to
250 persons per hectare and more than 251 persons per hectare for high density areas.
Built-up density is the total population in the built-up area over total built-up area.
The total urban population is 3,494 and the total urban built-up area is 439 hectares.
Therefore, the average built-up density in the urban area is 6 persons per hectare. All
the urban barangays in the Municipality, therefore, are considered as low density areas.
The average rural density is 3.06 per hectare. All of the rural barangays in the
Municipality, therefore, are also considered low density areas.
For the whole municipality, the average rural density is 4.54 persons per hectare. The
ratio of urban to rural density therefore is 1.96 or there are roughly 2 persons living in
the urban area for every 1 person living in the rural area.
Religious Affiliation
Around 51% of the total household populace in Ayungon are Roman Catholics, this is
followed by the Aglipayans with 22.79% and a Protestant denomination that belongs to
the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) follows at 14%. The malefemale
ratio in religious affiliation is almost even at 50%.
Literacy Rate
Literacy is defined as the ability to read and write a simple message. Literacy rate is
the percentage of the population who has at least completed a year in elementary

education.
The total population of Ayungon, 10 years old and over in the year 2005 was 25,974.
Out of this total, 20,770 or around 80% are literate. The literacy rate for both male and
female is almost equal. There is a wide gap in the literacy rate between the rural and
urban area. In the rural area, the literacy rate is 80% while it is 97% in the urban area.
The data shows that out of the total population of 40,744, there were 26,397 household
population of the 7 years and over. Out of this total only 472 or 1.8% are academic
degree holders. Around 67% or 17,715 are of elementary level and 11,043 or 42%
attended schools from 1 st to 4 th grades. Only 12% reaches high school. Around 10% of
the household population whose age ranges from 45 years old and over is of
elementary level and around 5% of the same age bracket have no grade completed. For
ages 7 to 45 and over, there were 3,810 or 14% who have no grades completed. These
figures show that though the literacy rate of 80% and 97% respectively for the rural and
urban areas is quite only 1.8% are academic degree holders. The high rate of literacy is
due to the fact that Ayungon has a very young population.
Source: CLUP, 2005-2015
Legislative
Context
Listed below are the conservation related legislations that the Municipality has.
SB Resolution No. 124-1989 Prohibiting the catching of danggit fry and all other
similar species
No. 178-2008 MOA-LGU Ayungon and DENR relative to the Forest Land Use Plan
No. 117-2007 Adoption of solid waste management plan of Ayungon
No. 61-1998-ordinance #5 Anti Littering ordinance
No. 153-2009-ordinance #4 Ayungon Animal Code
No. 121-2009-ordinance #3 regulating the use and application of pesticides
No. 59-2008 Organization of Marine Protected Areas
No. 154-2007 Approval of the 5-year Marine protected Area Management Plan
No. 190-1999 Adopting the strategic agriculture and fisheries development zone map
of Ayungon
No. 52-1993-Ordinance #5 Municipal Fishery Code of 1993

Campaign Project Team
Name
Role in
Campaign
Organization
Title/Position
in
organization
Responsibility
or function
this person
might have in
the Pride
Campaign
% of time
allocated to
Pride
campaign
Edgar L.
Martinez
Supervisor
LGU-
Ayungon
MPDC
Guides the CF
with the tasks
that are to be
completed.
40%
Mary Marjurie
Abella-Elhag
Sorayno D.
Docot
Conservation
Fellow
Alternate CF
LGU-
Ayungon
LGU-
Ayungon
AT
AT
The bridge
between the
LGU and
RARE in
order to get
the much
needed
results.
Assists the
CF with
whatever
works RARE
would want to
accomplish.
100%
50%
Key Partner Support
Name of
Partner/Group
RARE
BFAR
BATMAN (Alliance)
Role(s) Contact Name Phone/email contact
The main partner of
the LGU to attain its
goal of increased
number of corals, fish
and invertebrates.
Helps the LGU with
the technical support.
Helps the LGU in
safeguarding the
municipal waters. The
alliance, especially
the Municipality of
Brooke Sadowsky 09297293324
Emerita Calibat 422-5850
Richard Balauro 09264037785

ENRD
Bindoy will work as
one to insure the
success of the
campaign. The CF’s
would share their
experiences with one
another in order to
correct each one’s
mistakes.
Helps the LGU with
the technical support
and provides data that
they have gathered
which the LGU does
not have a copy of.
Also, they will assist
the LGU if the LGU
will conduct
biophysical
assessments.
Vivien Arrieta 09061470952

APPENDICES
Literature Cited
Alonzo, N., Ranay, N., Famor,G. & Niones, G.(2007).Terminal Monitoring of the Fish
Sanctuaries under CBRMP-coverd Municipalities.
Municipality of Ayungon.(2005-2015).Comprehensive land use plan.
Municipality of Ayungon.(2007-2012).MPA Plan.
Norman, B. (2005). Rhincodon typus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN red list of threatened species.
Version 2012.1. . Downloaded on 15 August 2012.
Philippine National Statistical Coodination Board.http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/
municipality.asp?muncode=074602000&regcode=07&provcode=46
Seminoff, J.A. (Southwest Fisheries Science Center, U.S.) 2004. Chelonia mydas. In: IUCN
2012. IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2012.1. .
Downloaded on 15 August 2012.
The IUCN redlist of threatened species.Threats Classification Scheme (Version 3.1).
http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/threatsclassification-scheme.
Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna squamosa. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Version 2012.1. . Downloaded on 16 September 2012.

IUCN Threats Classification Scheme (Version 3.1)
1 Residential & commercial development
o
o
o
1.1 Housing & urban areas
1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
1.3 Tourism & recreation area
2 Agriculture & aquaculture
o
o
o
o
2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
• 2.1.1 Shifting agriculture
• 2.1.2 Small-holder farming
• 2.1.3 Agro-industry farming
• 2.1.4 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded
2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
• 2.2.1 Small-holder plantations
• 2.2.2 Agro-industry plantations
• 2.2.3 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded
2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
• 2.3.1 Nomadic grazing
• 2.3.2 Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming
• 2.3.3 Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming
• 2.3.4 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded
2.4 Marine & freshwater aquaculture
• 2.4.1 Subsistence/artisinal aquaculture
• 2.4.2 Industrial aquaculture
• 2.4.3 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded
3 Energy production & mining
o
o
o
3.1 Oil & gas drilling
3.2 Mining & quarrying
3.3 Renewable energy
4 Transportation & service corridors
o
o
o
o
4.1 Roads & railroads
4.2 Utility & service lines
4.3 Shipping lanes
4.4 Flight paths
5 Biological resource use
o
5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
• 5.1.1 Intentional use (species being assessed is the target)

o
o
o
• 5.1.2 Unintentional effects (species being assessed is not the target)
• 5.1.3 Persecution/control
• 5.1.4 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
• 5.2.1 Intentional use (species being assessed is the target)
• 5.2.2 Unintentional effects (species being assessed is not the target)
• 5.2.3 Persecution/control
• 5.2.4 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
• 5.3.1 Intentional use: subsistence/small scale (species being assessed is the
target) [harvest]
• 5.3.2 Intentional use: large scale (species being assessed is the target)
[harvest]
• 5.3.3 Unintentional effects: subsistence/small scale (species being
assessed is not the target) [harvest]
• 5.3.4 Unintentional effects: large scale (species being assessed is not the
target) [harvest]
• 5.3.5 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
• 5.4.1 Intentional use: subsistence/small scale (species being assessed is the
target) [harvest]
• 5.4.2 Intentional use: large scale (species being assessed is the target)
[harvest]
• 5.4.3 Unintentional effects: subsistence/small scale (species being
assessed is not the target) [harvest]
• 5.4.4 Unintentional effects: large scale (species being assessed is not the
target) [harvest]
• 5.4.5 Persecution/control
• 5.4.6 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
6 Human intrusions & disturbance
o
o
o
6.1 Recreational activities
6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
6.3 Work & other activities
7 Natural system modifications
o
o
7.1 Fire & fire suppression
• 7.1.1 Increase in fire frequency/intensity
• 7.1.2 Suppression in fire frequency/intensity
• 7.1.3 Trend Unknown/Unrecorded
7.2 Dams & water management/use
• 7.2.1 Abstraction of surface water (domestic use)
• 7.2.2 Abstraction of surface water (commercial use)
• 7.2.3 Abstraction of surface water (agricultural use)

o
• 7.2.4 Abstraction of surface water (unknown use)
• 7.2.5 Abstraction of ground water (domestic use)
• 7.2.6 Abstraction of ground water (commercial use)
• 7.2.7 Abstraction of ground water (agricultural use)
• 7.2.8 Abstraction of ground water (unknown use)
• 7.2.9 Small dams
• 7.2.10 Large dams
• 7.2.11 Dams (size unknown)
7.3 Other ecosystem modifications
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
o
o
o
o
o
o
8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
• 8.1.1 Unspecified species
• 8.1.2 Named species
8.2 Problematic native species/diseases
• 8.2.1 Unspecified species
• 8.2.2 Named species
8.3 Introduced genetic material
8.4 Problematic species/diseases of unknown origin
• 8.4.1 Unspecified species
• 8.4.2 Named species
8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
• 8.5.1 Unspecified "species" (disease)
• 8.5.2 Named "species" (disease)
8.6 Diseases of unknown cause
9 Pollution
o
o
o
o
o
9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
• 9.1.1 Sewage
• 9.1.2 Run-off
• 9.1.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
9.2 Industrial & military effluents
• 9.2.1 Oil spills
• 9.2.2 Seepage from mining
• 9.2.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
• 9.3.1 Nutrient loads
• 9.3.2 Soil erosion, sedimentation
• 9.3.3 Herbicides and pesticides
• 9.3.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
9.4 Garbage & solid waste
9.5 Air-borne pollutants
• 9.5.1 Acid rain
• 9.5.2 Smog

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• 9.5.3 Ozone
• 9.5.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
9.6 Excess energy
• 9.6.1 Light pollution
• 9.6.2 Thermal pollution
• 9.6.3 Noise pollution
• 9.6.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
10 Geological events
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10.1 Volcanoes
10.2 Earthquakes/tsunamis
10.3 Avalanches/landslides
11 Climate change & severe weather
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11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
11.2 Droughts
11.3 Temperature extremes
11.4 Storms & flooding
11.5 Other impacts
12 Other options
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12.1 Other threat