Clean Water for Bertoua

Clean Water for Bertoua 

Small Scale - Big Change

Clean Water for Bertoua, 

Cameroon 

Small Scale - Big Change 

Project Evaluation Report 

Rotary / Inbo / Cordaid 

November 2010

DHV Group 

CONTENTS 

PAGE 

READING GUIDE 1 

SUMMARY 2 

1 INTRODUCTION 4 

1.1 General 4 

1.2 Purpose of the evaluation 4 

1.3 Key issues to be addressed 4 

1.4 Set-up of the evaluation 5 

2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT 6 

2.1 Bertoua 6 

2.2 Water supply background in Bertoua Region 7 

2.3 Sanitation in the Bertoua area 9 

2.4 Historic development of the Project 10 

2.4.1 Introduction 10 

2.4.2 The Project 11 

3 KEY ISSUES 16 

3.1 Specific Project goals 16 

3.2 Number of people benefiting from the Project 16 

3.3 Parties involved 16 

3.4 Criteria for the selection of water points 18 

3.4.1 Selection of beneficiaries 18 

3.4.2 Selection of sites/locations 18 

3.4.3 Selection of technical options 18 

3.5 Project implementation and management capacity 19 

3.6 Cooperation with Government 20 

3.7 Ownership of water points 20 

3.8 Water and health related user involvement 22 

3.9 Technical supervision 22 

3.10 Improvement in health conditions as a result of the Project 23 

3.11 Exit strategy 23 

4 RESULTS OF FIELD VISIT 24 

4.1 Inventory and interviews 24 

4.1.1 Data collection 24 

4.1.2 Interviews and meetings 25 

4.2 Location with respect to latrines and solid waste dumping places 25 

4.3 Appropriateness of design 25 

4.4 Maintenance period 25 

5 OVER-ALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 26 

5.1 Conclusions 26 

5.2 Recommendations 27 

6 DOCUMENTATION 29 

Rotary / Inbo / Cordaid/Clean Water for Bertoua, Cameroon November 2010, version 5 

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7 COLOPHON 31 

APPENDICES 

1 List of water points and sketch maps of their locations 

2 Data sheets 

3 Community involvement 

4 Type design drawings 

5 List of people interviewed or involved in project implementation, and names of institutions 

6 Suggested actions for follow-up of recommendations 


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SUMMARY 

Introduction 

The project “Clean Water for Cameroon” was taken up in 1997, by Inbo Foundation and RC Scherpenzeel- 

Woudenberg, in cooperation with CORDAID and RC Bertoua. It aims at providing clean and wholesome 

water for at least 200,000 people in the town of Bertoua (East Cameroon) and its immediate surroundings 

through the construction or rehabilitation of around 55 water points. 

By early 2010, when 46 water points had been taken up by the project, it was decided to carry out an 

evaluation of the results. The aim was first and foremost to identify “lessons learned” that could be used 

for optimising the project and improving the quality of the water points, while retaining those approaches 

that had proven to work well. 

Key issues to be addressed, and the approach to be followed for the evaluation, were discussed with the 

various Dutch stakeholders in early 2010, and on 3 March 2010 also with the Chairman of RC Bertoua’s 

Water Committee. This was followed by a field survey in July 2010, during which all water points under the 

project were visited and relevant data collected. At the same time interviews were held with local 

stakeholders and other parties involved. 

The field visit and interviews lead to the following conclusions and recommendations: 

Conclusions 

The project is a major success, in improving access to better quality water at shorter distances for 

a considerable number of people. 

Still, improvements may be realized in three main fields: 

– 

– 

– 

Technical issues; 

Community involvement; 

Project management and administration. 

These are worked out below in a number of primary recommendations. The degree to which these can be 

implemented will vary, and will also depend on the expected duration of the involvement of the Dutch 

Rotary Clubs in the project. Experience shows that the successful involvement of the community, notably 

in managing water points, requires much time, probably more than may be available within the current 

project. It is, therefore, essential to follow a pragmatic approach and set the level of ambitions not too high. 

Recommendations 

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– 

– 

– 

– 

Arrange for involvement and commitment of the potential beneficiaries already prior to the start of 

construction works. The experience of the project currently being carried out by the RC’s from the 

Veenendaal region could be taken into account for that; 

Arrange for good-quality type design drawings with sufficiently worked out details, for the various 

types of water points, together with Bills of Quantities; 

Develop a more systematic approach to the selection of sites for new water points, starting from the 

town of Bertoua, and aiming for saturation before expanding the reach of the project. 

Simultaneously, when selecting sites for water points, pay attention to the presence of latrines, 

garbage heaps, etc.; 

Pay more attention to the protection of spring catchment areas against pollution. Where this is not 

possible, the alternative of constructing a well with handpump should be taken into serious 

consideration, as the risks are considerably smaller for this type of water point; 


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– 

– 

Arrange for the involvement of a local supervisor with adequate technical background for 

supervising the contractor and the construction works in the field; 

Set up a more professional coordination and control, both locally and from the Netherlands. 


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1 INTRODUCTION 

1.1 General 

A project for improving water supply in the area of Bertoua, Cameroon, “Clean Water for Bertoua” has 

been taken up by Inbo Foundation and Rotary Club Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg, in direct cooperation with 

CORDAID and Rotary Club Bertoua (see chapter 2 for a more detailed description). 

In a period of some 10 years, in 5 distinct phases, a total of 46 water points have been improved or newly 

constructed, at a total project cost of approx. € 400,000. 

While the overall impression is that the project has provided a significant contribution to the water supply in 

the Bertoua Region, and a 6 th phase is currently under preparation, it was felt that an evaluation of the 

project would be of benefit to the project, to ensure its continued success and improve on it where 

possible. 

1.2 Purpose of the evaluation 

The purpose of this evaluation is not so much to act as an audit of the project thus far, as to highlight the 

“lessons learned” from it that could be used to improve on the quality and sustainability of the works 

constructed. 

1.3 Key issues to be addressed 

In consultation with de “stakeholders” of the project the following were identified as key issues: 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

specific project goal(s); 

criteria for the selection of water points; 

project implementation and management capacity of the locally involved parties; 

cooperation of the project with national, regional and local government levels; 

ownership of the project by the local population, with emphasis notably on the maintenance period 

(set-up/management/organization of water user committees/pump committees/well committees, 

etc.); 

number of people benefiting from the project; 

improvement in health conditions as a result of the project; 

sustainability of the project; 

water and health related community involvement / education; 

exit strategy. 

An important issue was also considered the transparency in approach and procedures used during the 

various selections processes: 

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– 

– 

– 

selection of beneficiaries; 

selection of locations; 

selection of parties involved in the technical realization; 

selection of technical options and designs. 


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1.4 Set-up of the evaluation 

After initial discussions with the Dutch stakeholders it was agreed to carry out the evaluation in four 

stages: 

Stage 1 

Stage 2 

Stage 3 

Stage 4 

One or more rounds of interviews with representatives of the key stakeholders, resulting in the 

preparation of an action list; 

Discussion of the action list with RC Bertoua, and preparation of a checklist for data collection; 

Data collection and interviews in Cameroon; 

Preparation and presentation of the evaluation report. 

The purpose of stage 1 was to reach consensus on the issues that needed to be dealt with during the 

evaluation, starting from the key issues mentioned earlier. Based on the interviews an action list was 

prepared, discussed and fine-tuned, and discussed with the Chairman of RC Bertoua’s Water Committee 

during his visit to the Netherlands in late March/early April 2010. This was followed by the preparation of a 

checklist for the data collection and additional interviews during stage 3. Stages 1 and 2 took place 

basically in the Netherlands. 

Stage 3 was originally to be carried out entirely by local parties in Cameroon, who would report to RC 

Bertoua and to the Dutch stakeholders on the outcome of their activities. To that effect the tasks of and 

selection criteria for the evaluation team in Bertoua were identified. Eventually this stage started with the 

visit by a technical expert from DHV, Mr. Frank Jansink in July 2010. Together with his Cameroon 

counterpart, Mr. Laurencin Emini, he visited a selection of 30 water points included in the Project, as well 

as several other water points. In addition, they jointly established the approach for the inventory of the 

remaining water points. Mr. Emini subsequently inspected these water points, collected additional data, 

and reported back on these. 

The results of the field visit and data obtained were then evaluated, and the final conclusions incorporated 

in an evaluation report during stage 4. This was formally presented at a meeting of RC Scherpenzeel- 

Woudenberg on 27 September 2010. 


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2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT 

2.1 Bertoua 

Bertoua is the capital of the Province of East-Cameroon, the largest forest region in the country, and is 

situated in the Département Lom-et-Djérem, at 435’ Northern latitude and 1341’ Eastern longitude. It is a 

rapidly growing town with a total surface area of around 100 km 2 , the number of inhabitants of which is not 

known with certainty. There are several estimates 1 , up to 280,000, but it is not clear whether these 

numbers refer to the urban population or to the total number of inhabitants of “Greater Bertoua”. 

The region of East-Cameroon is populated by around 600,000 

inhabitants, or: around 5 persons/km 2 , which makes it the most 

sparsely populated province of the country. The southern part of the 

region, with around 46% of its total surface, is almost entirely empty. 

The region is characterized by three major vegetation areas: 

– 

– 

– 

the rain forest, covering the Divisions Haut-Nyong, Lom-et- 

Djérem and Boumba Ngoko, in the far south of the region; 

the transition between rain forest and savannah, in the Sub- 

Divisions Bertoua, Bétaré-Oya and Batouri; 

the Sudan-Guinea savannah, also covering the Sub- 

Divisions Bétaré-Oya, Bertoua and Garoua Boulay. 

Administratively, East-Cameroon is made up of four Divisions: 

Boumba Ngoko, Haut-Nyong, Kadey and Lom-et-Djérem. These are 

subdivided into 31 Sub-Divisions, and comprise 1088 villages. 

Villages and other agglomerations in the Bertoua area, in order of 

increasing distance from the town, are: 

 

 

 

 

Ndembo (34.6 km) 

Koundi (34.8 km) 

Ngolambélé (34.9 km) 

Gounté (36 km) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mandjou (10.7 km) 

Koumé (15.1 km) 

Boni (15.2 km) 

Boni (17 km) 

Kagama (27.3 km) 

Ndumbi (27.4 km) 

Longtimbi (30.3 km) 

Gamboula (30.7 km) 

Baktala (33.4 km) 

1 

Statistics on the Diocese and Archdiocese of Bertoua indicate that the total population of the Diocese amounted to 

352,100 in the year 1990; that of the Archdiocese grew from 224,135 in 1999 to 314,000 in 2006. The relation between 

the number of inhabitants of the (Arch-) Diocese and that of the town of Bertoua is not known, however. 


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The climate of East-Cameroon is of the so-called Guinea type, characterized by heavy rainfall (1500 – 

2000 mm per year) particularly during the two rainy seasons (March-June and August-November). The 

temperature is rather stable throughout the year, fluctuating by not more than 2.4C from the annual 

average of 25C. 

The Bertoua area comprises 11 perennial and 35 intermittent streams. 

2.2 Water supply background in Bertoua Region 

The existing water supply infrastructure for the town of Bertoua dates back to the time that the number of 

inhabitants was around 25,000. Funds for extension of the water distribution system are reported to be 

lacking. As a result of this, people in new town extensions would have to rely on contaminated water for 

household water supply, and might have to walk for kilometres to reach a water source. Town quarters 

that are covered by the water distribution system were reported to often face a shortage of water as a 

result of the poor state of maintenance of the system. 

 

“Bertoua – Ville Emergente” [7] mentions that the number of inhabitants is over 250,000. The water 

supply system, dating back to 1974 and reportedly designed for 50,000 people, is currently 

operated by the local branch of La Camerounaise des Eaux (CDE). The CDE is a “société fermière” 

established at Douala, and a daughter company of ONEP (Office National d’Eau Potable, a private 

company established at Morocco) 2 . Before 2005 the company was state-owned. Reportedly, the 

transition from state-owned to privately owned did not help in any way: proper maintenance has not 

been carried out in either case. 

From an interview conducted with a representative of the water supply company it transpired that 

water is abstracted from the river, and discharged into a reservoir, where chemicals (‘carbonate’) 

are added. Subsequently the water passes through rapid sand filters (pressure filters) and is 

chlorinated for disinfection. There is a water tower in the system, but the single pump available is 

not able to provide the necessary head for the water to reach the level of the water tower. 

Moreover, because no spare pump is available, any problem with this pump renders the entire 

water supply system non-operational. 

Rapid sand filters of water company 

2 

It is not clear what relation – if any – exists between CDE/ONEP and CAMWATER (Cameroon Water Utilities 

Corporation), a public administrative undertaking created by presidential decree No. 2005/494 of 21 December 2005, 

and charged with public water supply in urban and peri-urban areas of Cameroon. 


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Pumping station 

There is no other clear water reservoir in the system, and hence no storage capacity, so that 

fluctuations in water demand cannot be followed. Those individual consumers who can afford so 

create their own underground tanks to provide some storage capacity. Chemical dosing pumps are 

no longer operational, pipes are heavily corroded, and there is no money, equipment or technical 

expertise to adequately maintain the installations. The water supply company therefore devotes all 

its efforts to keep the existing system more or less operational, and cannot afford the luxury to look 

into the future. 

The water supply system is mentioned to have 1,950 regularly paying customers and be operating 

3,000 supply points. It is not clear how the total number of people supplied by this system should 

be calculated, however, as neither a customer nor a supply point may necessarily represent one 

household; public taps would likely cater for a large number of people. Estimates in earlier RC 

publications mention 15,000 to 20,000 people as being connected to the public water supply 

distribution system. 

Decree No. 2005/493 of 31 December 2005, which arranges the involvement of government 

services in the fields of water supply and sanitation, envisages a number of reforms aiming at 

improving the services both qualitatively and quantitatively: 

 

 

 

 

 

improving water quality and the level of service to the customer; 

adequate management and maintenance of the installations; 

increasing the coverage of public water supply; 

setting in motion a plan for the sustainable development of the water supply sector; 

improving the functioning of the existing installations. 

It is mentioned that Bertoua is included in a World Bank programme that aims at improving water 

supply conditions in a number of agglomerations in Africa and Latin America. 

 

 

According to the June 2004 report on the Project, in those areas where elevation differences are 

not sufficient for springs to emerge, and no wells are available either, the local people dig shallow 

wells in the traditional manner, i.e. for their own use and close to their houses, without taking into 

account the presence of latrines, garbage dumps or burial sites. 

The springs are mostly situated at the periphery of the town. Other options for water supply are 

simple dug wells (puits) up to 8 m deep, and deeper wells with concrete well rings, down to around 

25 m (forages). The report “Clean Water for Bertoua Project – Global Managing Approach” [14] 


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mentions that socio-economic data for the East Region is confidential, but indicates that traditional 

water sources used by the population are: 

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– 

– 

– 

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unprotected water sources (in 90% of the villages); 

water courses / streams (in 60% of the villages); 

traditional wells (in around 30% of the villages); 

pools (less frequently); 

dug wells (even less frequently). 

Old spring tapping near Diang 

Open dug well 

2.3 Sanitation in the Bertoua area 

Statistical data on sanitation in Bertoua was not available. On the basis of interviews the following 

impressions were gained: 

– 

– 

traditional sewer systems are not available in the area; 

in the town of Bertoua itself, of the population that has access to sanitary facilities, simple latrines 

are used by approximately 60%, improved pit latrines by roughly 30%, and septic tanks by around 


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– 

10%; it is not know which percentage of the population does not have access to sanitary facilities at 

all; 

in the rural area around Bertoua, the percentage of the population without sanitary facilities will 

most likely be considerably larger. Of those who have access to such facilities, latrines are used by 

around 85% and improved latrines by 15%. 

Local latrine 

2.4 Historic development of the Project 

2.4.1 Introduction 

In the year 1999 the then Archbishop of Bertoua, Mgr. L.J. (Bart) van Heijgen, a Dutchman who had been 

active as a priest in Africa for over 40 years 3 , visited the Rotary Club Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg as a 

guest speaker. He mentioned the innumerable opportunities that exist in Cameroon for a service club like 

the Rotary Club. One of the members of the RC Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg subsequently visited the area 

to check whether the initiative of a Roman Catholic priest would be acceptable to other population groups 

as well, whether there was scope for collaboration with the local Rotary Club, and what types of projects 

would be most needed. 

The Rotary Club Bertoua then prepared a list of potential projects, which were checked on site. From this 

list RC Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg then choose water supply, having taken into consideration aspects 

such as poverty alleviation, public health improvement, likely support for fund raising, and the aim for 

providing sustainable and low-maintenance services. 

3 

Appointed Bishop: 17 March 1983; Archbishop: 11 November 1994; retired: 3 June 1999; died: 30 May 2007 at Weert, 

the Netherlands. 


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2.4.2 The Project 

a. Duration 

To keep implementation and support manageable, and to be able to benefit from lessons learned during 

the Project, this was divided into 6 phases of 8 to 10 water points each. The first phase was concluded in 

2001/2002. Phase 2 started in 2004, Phase 5 was concluded in 2009, and current planning aims at 

concluding Phase 6 in 2011. 

b. Technology 

Spring water is encountered in many places in the area, in natural pools where the local population 

collects water. Even though the water is relatively clean as a result of its soil passage, both its exposure to 

the air and the way it is collected by the users – with little perception of hygiene – increase the risk of 

contamination. 

The facilities created under the Project basically consist of a concrete enclosure (reservoir) within which 

the spring water is collected and in which some sedimentation takes place. These reservoirs are fully 

covered and are provided with a manhole cover and a discharge pipe. 

At a lower level, below the discharge pipe so that a bucket can be put under it for collecting the water, a 

concrete floor is constructed to drain any spill water away from the spring itself. The spring water is thus 

physically separated from the area used by the people for collecting the water. As a result, contamination 

because of direct contact between the spring water and the feet of the users or potentially dirty bottoms of 

buckets is vastly reduced. 

At most spring sites laundry platforms are constructed. Often additional facilities are necessary as well, 

such as stairs leading to the spring, walls to prevent collapse of the embankments surrounding the spring 

and measures to prevent dirty washwater from contaminating the groundwater. 

Spring water is not available at all locations. In such cases wells are constructed and fitted with handpumps. 

These handpumps, which are manufactured in the Netherlands and have been developed 

specifically for rural areas in Africa 4 , are always provided in combination with spare parts. 

c. Organization 

Local contractors implement the project. The RC Bertoua selects the objects, requests bids from and 

awards contracts to contractors, and is in charge of technical supervision during construction as well as 

PR aspects. 

RC Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg is in charge of fund raising, is party to the negotiations on investments, 

receives accountant reports and technical reports on each sub-project, checks the works on site and 

arranges feedback to those who have provided substantial financial contributions. 

d. Financial management and control 

Rotary Club Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg has established a project group specifically for the Project, with a 

Chairman and Treasurer, among others. Separate bank accounts have been opened in the name of the 

Club and of the Community Service Foundation. For both accounts an ANBI status has been applied for, 

so that donations by private parties are tax-deductible within the prevailing regulations. 

4 

The handpumps were originally developed in the course of Dutch-assisted bilateral rural water supply projects in the 

districts of Shinyanga and Morogoro of Tanzania. 


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Typical spring tapping as constructed in the project 


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Typical dug well as constructed in the project 


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Legally, the Treasurer of the Club is responsible, but in practice the Audit Committee checks the books of 

both treasurers. 

A summary of investments and financing for each of the phases under the Project is given below 5 . 

Phase 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total % 

Year 2002/03 2004/05 2005/06 2006/08 2009/10 2012? 2001/12? - 

No. of WP 6 8 8 10 10 10 8 54 - 

Investment 

Wells 29,165 34,250 57,045 65,555 53,538 44,544 284,097 74.4% 

Pumps - 4,989 5,435 6,000 8,007 6,906 31,337 8.2% 

Travel expenses 4,540 4,907 3,433 3,736 4,865 4,865 26,346 6.9% 

Local expenses 4,268 2,284 1,525 1,677 1,665 1,665 13,084 3.4% 

Miscellaneous 2,860 4,538 4,787 2,515 - - 14,700 3.8% 

Unforeseen - - - - 6,640 5,800 12,440 3.3% 

Total 40,833 50,968 72,225 79,483 74,715 63,780 382,004 100.0% 

Average per WP 5,104 6,371 7,223 7,948 7,472 7,973 7,074 - 

Financing 

NGOs 19,900 17,500 32,700 34,000 31,300 26,620 162,020 42.4% 

Inbo Foundation 9,077 22,704 18,500 13,200 697 697 64,875 17.0% 

Members 

(private) 

RC Scherpenz. - 

Woudenberg 

- - - - 432 - 432 0.1% 

7,588 6,199 8,250 9,579 16,052 29,798 77,476 20.3% 

RC Bertoua 4,268 2,284 1,525 1,677 1,665 1,665 13,084 3.4% 

Other RCs - 2,281 11,250 21,027 24,559 5,000 64,117 16.8% 

Total 40,833 50,968 72,225 79,483 74,715 63,780 382,004 100.0% 

e. Maintenance 

In spite of the aim to construct low-maintenance (ideally: maintenance-free) facilities, damages do occur 

as the concrete structures are subject to weather influences and wear and tear. At many water points 

queues of people can be observed, from sunrise to sundown, waiting for their turn to collect water, which 

is an indication of the intensive use that is made of the facilities. 

Attempts are being made to make arrangements for cleaning, technically responsible use, and the creation 

of maintenance funds. Three Rotary Clubs from the Veenendaal region are assisting a starting local 

contractor, both financially and with know-how, to establish a maintenance set-up for the water sources 

that have been constructed or upgraded so far, and which should eventually become self-supporting [15]. 

Pending the completion of the pilot phase of this maintenance project, the maintenance of the water points 

constructed or rehabilitated by the Project remains to be taken into account in the budget for the remaining 

phases of the Project. 

5 

The summary was prepared on 21 January 2009. At that time phases 1 through 4 had been completed; information on 

phases 5 and 6 was based on prognoses. 

6 

WP = water point (spring tapping or well with handpump) 


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f. Investments 

During the first phase the investments per water point were around € 5,000 each (earlier estimates 

mention € 4,000 for a spring protection, against € 6,000 for a well with handpump). Inflation in Cameroon 

is around 4% annually, however, and as the Project is reaching also more different locations, higher 

investments per water point are to be expected. In addition, maintenance funds must be taken into 

account as well, in view of the extensive use and resulting wear and tear of the water points. The overall 

investment for the entire Project is estimated at around € 400,000. 

g. Financing 

For financing the Project subsidies have been requested from NGOs such as The Rotary Foundation, 

Cordaid and NCDO. For phase 1 a KPA subsidy from NCDO was obtained, as well as a contribution from 

The Rotary Foundation; for phases 2, 3, 4 and 5 contributions were obtained from Cordaid. 

RC Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg raises the necessary funds through donations from its own members, 

presentations for other Rotary Clubs and at sports events, fund raising activities such as concerts, wine 

tasting, the sale of Christmas cards, lotteries, the sale of art objects, a Christmas fair, and – in January 

2010 – a sponsored cycling event by eight male and two female members over around 400 km in the 

interior of Cameroon. This event was able to raise a total of around € 70,000. 

At the moment that a contribution is requested from a donor organisation, the proceeds of the various fund 

raising activities are not yet known. The Rotary Club Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg has undertaken to cover 

any deficit within the budget as may appear afterwards. 

h. Side effects and spin-offs 

Raising awareness in the Netherlands for the problems of Africa is considered an important side effect of 

this project. Fund raising activities involve many publicity aspects. This has resulted in requests from other 

Rotary Clubs 7 to be allowed to participate, and increasingly individual members and non-members want to 

join (at their own cost) in the planned visits to Bertoua. 

As a result, a large number of other projects are being undertaken, separate from the water supply project. 

An informal “Netwerk Oost Kameroen” (Network East Cameroon) has thus been established, which 

includes: 

 

 

 

 

Inbo Foundation; 

Stichting Kinderen van Abong Mbang (Foundation “Children of Abong Mbang”); 

Yoreem Foundation; 

RC Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg, RC Veenendaal, RC Veenendaal Regio and RC Rhenen- 

Veenendaal. 

A small foundation has adopted an orphanage; a joint undertaking of various associations and foundations 

is arranging for 900 school benches, to be manufactured by local contractors using trainees of the local 

technical school; a foundation is setting up a girls’ school, and a foundation has been established with the 

purpose of attracting a bank to start micro-financing in Bertoua. 

Three Rotary Clubs at and around Veenendaal have started a project for the maintenance and community 

involvement in the constructed and rehabilitated water points in and around Bertoua. 

7 

E.g. Op Seyst, Boskoop, Leusden, Hilversum III, Amersfoort, Bunschoten-Spakenburg, De Bilt-Bilthoven, Wijdemeren, 

Unna (D) and Chelmerbridge (UK). 


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3 KEY ISSUES 

3.1 Specific Project goals 

The primary aim of the Project is to supply with good-quality drinking water not only the town of Bertoua, 

but also its rural area and surrounding villages. Clean drinking water improves public health. Especially 

children, whose resistance is lower than that of adults, often fall victim to water-related diseases. The 

Project thus aims at reducing child mortality. But clean drinking water also leads to less disease in adults, 

which means: higher productivity, a higher family income, and less poverty. 

The specific goal of the Project is to provide all the people of Bertoua with access to clean and wholesome 

water through the realization of around 55 water points. 

3.2 Number of people benefiting from the Project 

The total number of water points that have been constructed or rehabilitated during the Project amounts to 

46: 31 spring tappings and 15 wells with handpumps. It has been reported that a water point may serve up 

to 3,000 persons, but this number cannot be substantiated. Whatever the situation may be, it is clear that a 

substantial number of people have been provided with much better water through the project, and that as 

such the project has been a clear success. 

3.3 Parties involved 

Parties involved in the Project are: 

 

 

 

 

 

Rotary Club Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg, 

Rotary Club Bertoua, 

Local contractors, 

Beneficiaries, 

Others. 

Rotary Club Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg is in charge of fund raising, is party to the negotiations on 

investments, receives accountant reports and technical reports on each sub-project, checks the works on 

site (during an annual site visit) and arranges feedback to those who have provided substantial financial 

contributions. 

Rotary Club Bertoua selects the objects and contractor(s), and is in charge of technical supervision during 

construction, as well as PR aspects. For technical supervision RC Bertoua sometimes employs a local 

technical expert. 

Local contractors carry out the works, apparently on the basis of unit prices. Upon commissioning, the 

water sources are handed over to the beneficiaries. 

The Church provides assistance to the Project for importing the handpumps, paying for transportation and 

customs clearance. 

Although it appears that several other organizations (NGOs and GOs) are or were active in the field of 

water supply [14], notably in the rural areas around Bertoua, none of these is currently involved in the 

Project. 


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Partners 

RC 

Scherpenzeel- 

Woudenberg 

Technical 

Adviser 

Private Sector: 

Local Consultants 

Local Contractors 

Suppliers 

RC Bertoua 

NGO’s and 

Church 

Organisations 

Local 

Government 

Water Users 

Existing project organization 


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3.4 Criteria for the selection of water points 

3.4.1 Selection of beneficiaries 

At the time of the start of the Project, potential beneficiaries requested the assistance of the Bishop/ 

Archbishop. Consequently, the construction of the first 4 to 5 water points ware coordinated by the 

Catholic Church with support from Inbo Foundation. Later on, requests were addressed to the RC Bertoua. 

RC Bertoua then submitted proposals to RC Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg. 

During the field visit it did not become entirely clear how priorities are set for selecting potential 

beneficiaries. Aspects that were mentioned to play a role are: 

– number of people requiring improved water supply in the relevant community; 

– availability of alternative water sources; 

– personal relations. 

When asked which aspect is more important in practice, the persons interviewed provided different 

answers. It is clear, however, that the opinion of the Chairman of RC Bertoua’s Water Committee carries a 

lot of weight. 

It was observed that water points have been taken up at considerable distances from Bertoua, even 

though in the town itself, and in surrounding villages at shorter distances, there are certainly large groups 

of people who still lack a reliable water supply. A more systematic approach, starting at the town itself, and 

slowly widening its scope, would have appeared more logical. 

3.4.2 Selection of sites/locations 

It appears that the selection of sites/locations aimed primarily at natural springs, as wells with handpumps 

were considered to require more maintenance and involve higher costs, both capital costs and replacement 

costs for the handpumps. This prioritization may not be entirely correct, however, as aspects of 

source protection (more difficult in case of natural springs) and its consequences for water quality appear 

not to have been taken into account sufficiently. 

Once requests for assistance by local communities had been entertained, the selection of sites was thus 

primarily governed by the local availability of natural springs. In case these were not available, sites for 

handpump wells were chosen. 

In practice, the Project engineer makes an inventory of potential locations. He proposes sites, prepares a 

design (sometimes of a very sketchy nature only) and a bill of quantities, and requests a quotation from 

the contractor 8 . From around 15-20 sites RC Bertoua then selects the locations to be included in the 

respective phase of the Project. The final decision on the site is taken by the Chairman of RC Bertoua’s 

Water Committee. 

3.4.3 Selection of technical options 

Technical options throughout the Project have been limited to the protection of natural springs, and the 

construction of hand-dug wells with handpumps. For cost reasons, first priority was given to protected 

springs. The option of bored deepwells with handpumps has apparently never been investigated, probably 

because of a lack of qualified well-drilling contractors and equipment, and the higher cost to be expected. 

8 

At least, this was the situation at the start of the project. It appears that currently at most sketch designs are used, that 

no bills of quantity are prepared, and that fixed unit prices are being used, for different types of works. 


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DHV Group 

Borehole drilling near Abong Mbang 

Still, during his field visit Mr. Frank Jansink observed that borehole drilling was ongoing at a site near 

Abong Mbang. 

It appears that from Phase 3 onwards 3 or 4 standard ‘designs’ are being used, with fixed unit prices: 

– Type A spring protection, difficult: CFA 3,900,000 9 or: € 5945 (e.g. Bartombo, Bertoua II, Ndoumbi 

A); 

– Type B spring protection, medium; CFA 2,600,000 or: € 3964 (e.g. Bonice); 

– Type C spring protection, easy: CFA 1,650,000 or: € 2515 (e.g. Gouverneur); 

– Hand-dug well: CFA 3,500,000 (€ 5336) + CFA 2,500,000 (€ 3811) for handpump (inclusive of 

import duties, customs, transport) 

Local conditions differ, however, and apparently the contractor has to fit actual costs within the fixed unit 

price. This has – in several cases – adversely influenced the quality of the structures, notably by the 

omission of reinforcement steel to save on total costs. In general, there appears to be little or no check on 

actual costs of construction. As a consequence, the quality of works completed recently appears to be 

lacking. 

3.5 Project implementation and management capacity 

The Water Committee of RC Bertoua, and specifically its Chairman, plays an important role in the local 

realization of the Project. The relatively small membership of RC Bertoua could be considered a risk, as 

replacement of members of the Water Committee in case of need may be difficult to realize. The Rotary 

Club Bertoua has set a target to grow from the current 6 members to 12 members in 2010 and 20 

members in the more distant future, but there is no indication when this could be realized – if at all. 

Local contractors implement the project. The first of these, Laurent Esse, worked 19 years for Care, and 

thus gained an extensive experience with springs and wells. He was involved from the start of the project, 

but was subsequently replaced by another contractor. The reason for this was mentioned to be his 

9 

A cost break-down given by Abidjane for a spring protection type A results in a total of CFA 4,180,000 or: € 6372, as 

follows: 

Preparation: CFA 30,000 (€ 46, or: 0.7%) 

Earthwork: CFA 800,000 (€ 1,220, or: 19.1%) 

Foundation, concrete, stone walls, spring tapping structure, drainage channel: CFA 1,500,000 (€ 2,287, or: 35.9%) 

Storage tanks, slabs, floor, stairs, laundry slab, drainage: CFA 1,700,000 (€ 2,591, or: 40.7%) 

Miscellaneous works: CFA 150,000 (€ 229, or: 3.6%) 


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DHV Group 

insistence on increasingly higher payment per water point. There is a difference of opinion between 

interviewed parties about whether such higher costs were indeed warranted. The experience with the 

current contractor, André Abedjine, who indicated to do his utmost to remain within the stipulated unit cost, 

appears to indicate that overly adhering to these unit costs may result in poor-quality structures and that 

higher budgets per water point may indeed have been warranted. Moreover, the quality of the first water 

points constructed by the Laurent Esse – as observed during the field visit – was generally quite good. The 

second contractor, Kapi, was reported to have performed more poorly anyway, so that his services were 

terminated, after which the current contractor, Abedjine, was engaged for Phases 4 and 5. Also Abedjine 

indicates that the unit cost should be raised by 15% for proper quality work. 

3.6 Cooperation with Government 

There appears to be no formal working relationship between RC Bertoua and any level of Government 

within the framework of the Project. Neither has there been any coordination between the Project and the 

local water supply company. 

During the field visit it transpired that so far neither the community nor the local authorities are involved in 

the project to any serious degree. Local communities are requested to agree to certain activities before the 

construction is started, but in practice there is no sanction on their not following up on these promises. 

It would appear that water supply is no formal policy issue for the government of Bertoua. 

3.7 Ownership of water points 

The future beneficiaries are hardly involved in the Project. Notably lacking has been the insistence on 

putting arrangements in place for operation and maintenance of the facilities. During the field visit it was 

mentioned that the potential beneficiaries are required to undertake some activities, but that apparently no 

action is being taken when they default on their promises/pledges. 

During the field visit by Mr. Jansink it was mentioned that a large number of other organizations are, or 

have been, active in the region, notably in the rural areas. Often these organizations put as a precondition 

that the future beneficiaries contribute in cash or in kind. This may amount to 5% to 20% of the 

construction cost. However, within the Project up to this moment there appears to be no beneficiary 

contribution whatsoever. 

An option might be to start any construction activity with a 4-party contract, including not only RC 

Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg, other investors such as Inbo Foundation, and RC Bertoua, but the local 

community that will benefit from the improved water source as well. The question remains how the Rotary 

Club should then check that the local community adheres to its part of the contract and, if not, what 

measures would be possible. 

Upon commissioning, the water sources are handed over to the beneficiaries. The local community should 

then keep the spring tapping and surroundings clean, and should also arrange that damages are reported 

and subsequently repaired. In some cases the local people first have to be instructed that maintenance is 

essential. There is a “Chef” and a local community council who play a role, but local differences are large. 


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During the field visit a varied impression was obtained; it was observed that: 

– 

– 

– 

– 

the level of organization ranged from well organized to no organization at all; 

water was made available free of cost, or was paid for (from around CFA 200 per family and per 

month, or around CFA 1 per litre; 

maintenance was regularly done in some cases, against no maintenance at all in others; 

in all cases the role of the Chef is very important. 

As potential bottlenecks for community maintenance / management were mentioned: 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

water vendors abstracting water from a water point for commercial purposes; 

users from outside the local community; 

heavy demands on the people during certain periods (harvest time, etc.) which renders it difficult to 

mobilize sufficient people for cleaning and maintenance; 

(sometimes) the reduced yield (seasonal) of a water point; 

lack of involvement of the community in the design of the water point; 

lack of a sense of responsibility (notably with the male users); 

lack of (clear) ownership 

Workshop on community involvement, 

organized by Mutcare 

The aspect of community involvement is now being taken up within the maintenance-oriented project 

undertaken by the RCs of the Veenendaal area. A pilot phase for this project is currently being carried out 

by Mutcare and GIC/RASAAD 10 [9, 15]. Notably the document by Mutcare sums up a number of activities 

that should be undertaken for increasing the involvement of the local community (see Appendix 3). During 

the pilot phase – which should be completed by the end of November 2010 – these approaches are being 

tested in practice, to be subsequently carried out for all water points that have been constructed under the 

Project. A first report on the activities by Mutcare is indicated in chapter 6 [15]. 

Ownership of the land on which the water point is located, is questionable at best. In practice often the 

Chef takes a major role, but otherwise property issues remain vague. 

10 

Mutcare and GIC/RASAAD are local NGO’s with extensive experience in the field of community mobilization and 

sensitization. Both are currently carrying out a pilot phase for community involvement in the water points that have been 

realized under the project. A summary of the approach proposed by Mutcare is given in Appendix 3. 


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DHV Group 

3.8 Water and health related user involvement 

Health education and training of users are important aspects in a project like this. Currently, the people 

collecting water are interested mainly in the convenience of collecting water, rather than its quality. This 

also means that they are collecting clean water in dirty buckets, for instance. 

Also the use of handpumps needs to be explained. People are often – unnecessarily – banging the handle 

against the stops, which increases wear on the bearings without offering any benefits. Also, when a well 

dries up, the people start to pump even harder, without any effect. User-directed education and training is 

thus an important issue. 

These aspects are currently being taken into account during the pilot phase of the maintenance project by 

the RC’s of the Veenendaal area. 

3.9 Technical supervision 

Originally the work of the contractor(s) was supervised by a professional engineer, Mr. Jean Marcel 

Medou, who also prepared the designs for the water points under Phase 1, and supervised the work by 

the contractor at that stage, Mr. Laurent Esse. Some reports mention that RC Bertoua considered the cost 

involved too high, so that this arrangement was discontinued. During the field visit of Mr. Frank Jansink 

another explanation was given, namely that for health reasons Mr. Medou was no longer available. Some 

sources mention that for phases 2 and 3 the engineering was done by the contractor Esse himself, like a 

Design & Construct contract. This happened virtually without outside control, either on the design or on the 

construction itself. The result was mentioned to be less than desired so that the Chairman of RC Bertoua’s 

Water Committee decided to terminate the contract. 


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DHV Group 

The services of another engineer, Mr. Mfoum, were then used, but this was mentioned not to have been a 

success either. From that time onward, technical supervision has been done by the Chairman of the RC 

Bertoua’s Water Committee – who obviously does not have the specific technical background. In serious 

cases the assistance of Mr. Medou is still sought, but because of his poor health he is no longer in a 

position to visit the locations of the water points. 

3.10 Improvement in health conditions as a result of the Project 

According to an interview by RC members with the Health Inspector (in May 2004) no reliable data is 

available on water-related diseases such as amoebiasis, dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, etc. All 

together, these were said to constitute a problem comparable to that of e.g. AIDS, for which statistical data 

do exist. Information provided during the June 2010 field trip by the Chairman of RC Bertoua, owner of 

several pharmacies, indicates that the use of medicines related to water-related diseases has notably 

decreased, which might be an indication for the success of this and similar projects. 

3.11 Exit strategy 

There is no formal exit strategy for the Project, even though the originally expressed intention to provide 

Bertoua with clean water through the construction of around 55 water points might be considered as such. 

Current plans are awaiting the results of this evaluation report, but are based on the assumption that the 

Project will continue for some time in any case. No decision appears to have been taken on whether such 

continuation would be in the shape of rehabilitating or constructing other water points, or would 

concentrate first on any required maintenance or rehabilitation for the 46 water points that have been 

taken up so far. It is to be expected, however, that the implementation of Phase 6 would be based on the 

results of the maintenance-related project that is currently ongoing. 


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4 RESULTS OF FIELD VISIT 

4.1 Inventory and interviews 

All 46 water points that were taken up within the Project thus far have been visited, either during the field 

visit by Mr. Jansink, Mr. Emini and Mr. Abedjine together (30 water points in total), or subsequently by Mr. 

Emini and Mr. Abedjine (16 water points). All relevant data on the water points was collected (see 

paragraph 4.1.1). In addition, a number of (informal) meetings and interviews was held (see paragraph 

4.1.2). 

4.1.1 Data collection 

Vital data of all water points have been collected through personal observation and interviews with local 

users of the water points. This data includes: 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

general information: 

• date of visit, number, location, coordinates (as established through GPS); 

• year of construction/rehabilitation, contractor involved; 

technical information and design: 

• flow / output, materials used, water point lockable or not, well diameter, etc.; 

• overflow, bucket stand, fencing, etc.; 

• drainage around water point, upstream and downstream; 

• pump; 

condition of water point: 

• maintenance status, including drainage; 

• infiltration risk (dirt, spill water, etc.); 

water quality and use: 

• clarity, colour, smell, use of the water; 

reliability of the water point: 

• does the source dry up? If so, what do the users do? 

• distance to water point and alternatives: 

• minimum and maximum distances to the water point; 

• do alternatives exist and at what distance? 

ownership: 

• who owns the land / water point? 

• is water free or paid for? 

• maintenance: 

• does maintenance take place, and by whom? 

• remarks/observations; 

• sketch of the water point. 

For each water point a data sheet has been filled out, and at most of the sites digital photographs have 

been taken. This information is included in Appendix 2 to this report. The locations of the various water 

points are indicated in Fig. 1 in Appendix 1. 


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4.1.2 Interviews and meetings 

A number of meetings, visits and introductions were held: 

– informal meetings with the Chairman and members of RC Bertoua’s Water Committee; 

– meetings with Mutcare and GIC/Rasaad; 

– workshop with Mutcare and users of water points; 

– meeting with the Mayor of Bertoua; 

– introduction to the Water Administration for East Province; 

– various discussions with Mr. Medou, the Engineer notably for Phase 1; 

– visit to the water supply company of Bertoua. 

4.2 Location with respect to latrines and solid waste dumping places 

The location of latrines or solid waste dumping places appears not to be considered in locating the water 

points at all. Also otherwise, the selection of sites appears to be based on force of habit rather than 

technical of geohydrological surveys. Protected springs appear to be more vulnerable to contamination by 

such places than dug wells, as the water is collected at very shallow depths. This aspect should be taken 

into account more seriously when weighing the pros and cons of spring tappings versus wells with 

handpumps. 

Waste dump in immediate surroundings 

of well site 

4.3 Appropriateness of design 

The method of construction of the water points during phases 4 and 5 mostly resembles a Design & 

Construct approach, however without proper checks on the design, with a lack of design drawings and 

tender documents, bills of quantities, etc., and without proper supervision. Even though the results appear 

to be reasonable, the vast knowledge and expertise of an engineer like Mr. Medou is hardly used. 

Currently used designs are of a sketchy nature at best. 

4.4 Maintenance period 

The contract for the construction of water points as used for the earlier phases envisages a maintenance 

period of half a year. The contract document stipulates that 5% of the contract sum is retained, and that 

after 6 months a check is carried out on the status of the water point, and any deficits need to be 

addressed by the contractor. It is unclear whether the maintenance period applies to the later phases 

(from phase 4 onward) as well. 


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DHV Group 

5 OVER-ALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

5.1 Conclusions 

Main conclusion 

In the Bertoua area there is plenty of water, but a severe lack of clear and wholesome drinking water. 

The main conclusion is that the Project meets an enormous demand, by providing: 

– 

– 

– 

easier access, 

to cleaner water, 

at a shorter distance, 

but that certain improvements are possible, as outlined below. 

Technical aspects 

Contractor has ample experience, but 

– 

– 

– 

– 

Design drawings and specifications are lacking; 

Drainage is often poorly designed; 

There is insufficient attention for / protection against contamination through infiltration of dirty/ 

polluted water; 

Details such as bucket stand, fencing, etc. often are either lacking or not sufficiently well-thoughtout 

(e.g. use of vulnerable plastic taps, lack of drainage measures). 

Tendering and supervision 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

Cost per water point was calculated for Phase 1 only, but is currently based on type only (A, B, C 

and well); 

Insistence on remaining within unit costs endangers quality of the work: cost estimates need to be 

adapted; 

Supervision on construction is (virtually) lacking; 

During phase 1 there was a maintenance period of 6 months, but it is unclear whether this still 

applies; 

There is no public tendering, reportedly because of a lack of sufficiently qualified contractors. 

Involvement and responsibility of users 

– 

– 

– 

– 

Involvement of the users is reported to be a precondition for inclusion in the project, but hardly 

plays a role in practice; 

There is no contribution from the future beneficiaries during construction, whether in cash or in kind; 

User involvement after completion of the water point varies wildly, generally depending on the role 

taken by the Chef; 

There is a general willingness to participate, but no consciousness / appreciation of the importance 

of community management / maintenance; 

Implementation and management capacity of RC Bertoua 

– 

The heavy dependence of the project on the limited number of people in the Water Committee of 

RC Bertoua, and particularly its Chairman, poses a risk as there appears to be no-one to take over 

these duties if that would ever be required. 


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DHV Group 

5.2 Recommendations 

The main recommendation is to continue with the Project, 

but in doing so to take into account the following: 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

– 

Review the overall project approach: 

• in relation with the national water policy of Cameroon, notably whether water is to be 

regarded as a free service, or as a paid for commodity; 

• verify the reported inclusion of Bertoua in a water-related World Bank programme; 

• in relation to the roles of local government bodies, notably the role of the Chefs; 

• chart action plans, including budgeting renovation of earlier completed water points, and 

taking into account the (intended) users’ willingness to contribute in cash or in kind; 

Improve the selection of new water points: 

• take into account information on water points and water supply coverage provided by 

not only RC Bertoua, but others (including the water supply company) as well; 

• develop a policy of saturation from Bertoua town outward rather than haphazardly 

selecting points in the wide surroundings as well; 

• keep sufficient distance from potential polluters, e.g. latrines, dung heaps, solid waste 

dumps, etc. 

Ensure involvement of the intended beneficiaries prior to the start of construction: 

• organize the community, forming a water committee, etc.; 

• demand a contribution in cash, materials, or labour, etc.; 

• involve the community in selection of water source and type of design of the works; 

Formulate conditions for financing new water points: 

• information to be provided by the intended users; 

• involvement and organization of the intended users; 

• provision of technical information to the intended users, and informing them on the cost 

involved, for construction as well as maintenance; 

Prepare type designs, including details of all relevant items, and providing boundary conditions, 

notably for the different types of spring tappings, with Bills of Quantities; 

Review the design of spring protections, to adequately tackle the issue of source protection 

through proper drainage; 

Improve cost estimates for individual water points; 

Prepare a simple Bill of Quantities for each type of water point, including costs and options for 

community participation related to: 

• digging, excavation and other earthwork; 

• construction of lining and well cover (for handpump well); 

• drainage and soakaway pit; 

• fencing; 

• handpump; 

Prepare a list with simple technical recommendations, such as: 

• use reinforcement nets for concrete floors, walls, etc.; 

• keep concrete moist during curing; 

• recommendations for concrete composition; 

• use natural stone slabs at outflow pipe and overflow, rather than concrete; 

• include a bend/elbow in the overflow pipe; 

• use a steel pipe with flange connection for the outflow pipe; 

• construct bucket stands at spring protections as well as handpump wells; 


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DHV Group 

– 

– 

– 

– 

• provide a name plate with unique water point number, name of location and year of 

commissioning; 

• provide a locking device; 

Improve control and supervision over the contractor(s) by appointing for each phase an 

independent supervising engineer with a clear job description for: 

• checking designs and costs quoted by the contractor; 

• supervising the contractor during construction; 

Ensure involvement of beneficiaries after commissioning of the works: 

• clarify issues regarding ownership, distribution of water outside the community (e.g. to 

water vendors or users from adjacent communities), opening hours of pump or well; 

• arrange health and sanitation education and, from there, education on the importance of 

maintaining the water point and its cleanliness: arrange sufficient discharge of spill 

water, prevent infiltration of contaminated water especially upstream of the spring, etc.; 

• make clear arrangements for operation and maintenance (O&M), including preparing 

and introducing O&M cards; 

• make clear arrangements about who checks or controls the water point; 

Arrange for a more professional control / coordination from the Netherlands: 

• obtain more structured information on the number of users per water point; 

• carefully note the locations of the completed and future water points on 1:50,000 maps; 

• set up and maintain a proper technical administration of approved water points (type, 

location, number of users, date of completion), based on field surveys; 

Formulate an exit strategy for a proper handing over of approved water points and for winding up 

the activities. 

Every project has not only a start, but also an end! 


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DHV Group 

6 DOCUMENTATION 

[1] “Water voor Bertoua” (“Water for Bertoua”), June 2004, Rotary Club Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg, 

Rotary Club Bertoua, Inbo Foundation. 

[2] “Draaiboek Reis Kameroen, januari 2007” (“Script of Visit to Cameroon”), 5 December 2006, Koos 

Iseger, Georgette Hoogveld Libar, Louis Hoogveld and Anja Zandbergen 

[3] “L’eau c’est la vie!! voor Bertoua en Kameroen” (L’eau c’est la vie!! For Bertoua and Cameroon”), 

Information and Travel Schedule for the Journey to Cameroon, 2007. 

[4] “Projet d’éducation sanitaire des élèves en milieu scolaire et à domicile, aves l’apport participatif 

des enseignants, des parents et autres partenaires impliqués dans le processus tels que; les 

organisations religieuses, les collectivités territoriales décentralisées et les structures d’interface 

(ONG locales)” (“Project for health education of school children, both at school and at home, with 

the supporting participation of teachers, parents and other parties involved, such as religious 

organisations, decentralised local government and local NGOs’), undated. 

[5] “Project voor het opzetten van een netwerk van coöperatieve financiële instellingen ten behoeve 

van gemeenschapsontwikkeling (MC2) in de Regio Oost Kameroen” (“Project for the Establishment 

of Cooperative Financial Institutions for Community Development (MC2) in the Eastern Region of 

Cameroon”, January 2009, Amicale des Elites du Haut Nyong à Beroua (Amelith). 

[6] “Projet d’appui à l’appropriation des ouvrages hydrauliques du Rotary Club dans la Région de l’Est 

– Cameroun par les populations bénéficiaires” (“Support project for the transfer, by the Rotary Club, 

of water-related works in the East Region of Cameroon to the beneficiary population”), 20 January 

2009, Proposal by Groupe d’Initiative Commune des Prestataires - Rayon des Acteurs pour le 

Service et l’Appui au Développement (GIC-RASAAD). 

[7] “Bertoua – Ville Emergente” (“Bertoua – Emerging Town”), September 2009, a publication of the 

Urban Community of Bertoua. 

[8] “Projet d’entretien des puits avec une pompe manuelle ou des ouvrages ouverts pour l’eau potable” 

(“Project for the maintenance of hand pump wells or open wells for drinking water”), 21 December 

2009, proposal by Mutcare. 

[9] “Plan stratégique d’animation des projets de développement communautaire, visant la pérennité 

des ouvrages d’eau potable réalisés par le Rotary Club au bénéfice des populations de la Région 

de l’Est Cameroun” (“Strategic Plan for the Realisation of Local Community Projects Aiming at the 

Sustainability of Water Supply Works Realised by the Rotary Club on Behalf of the Population of 

the Eastern Region of Cameroon”), 2009/2010(?) by Mutcare. 

[10] “Fietsen voor Kameroen/Bertoua” (“Cycling for Cameroon/Bertoua”), leaflet produced by 14 Rotary 

Clubs in the Netherlands and abroad, Cordaid Foundation, and Rotary Foundation. 

[11] “Rapport Financier du Project ‘Bertoua Eau Potable’ Phase 5” (“Financial Report on the Bertoua 

Water Supply Project, Phase 5”), January 2010, Abengmoni Joseph, Plet-TQG. 

[12] “Aantekeningen bezoek Bertoua” (“Notes on a Visit to Bertoua”), 29 January 2010, Koos Iseger. 

[13] “Samenvatting Bezoek Bertoua” (“Summary of Visit to Bertoua”), 1 February 2010, Henk de 

Kleuver. 

[14] “Clean Water for Bertoua Project – Global Managing Approach”, June 2010, Jean Marcel Medou 

and Laurencin Amini. 


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[15] “Projet pilote d’éducation sanitaire et de gestion communautaire des ouvrages hydrauliques dans la 

ville de Bertoua” (“Pilot project for sanitation education and community management of water 

supply works in the town of Bertoua”), 2010, Mutcare. 


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7 COLOPHON 

Rotary / Inbo / Cordaid/Clean Water for Bertoua, Cameroon 

Client 

Project 

Length of report 

Author 

Contributions 

Project Director 

Date : November 2010 

Name/Initials : 

: Rotary / Inbo / Cordaid 

: Clean Water for Bertoua, Cameroon 

: 31 pages 

: R. Trietsch, F. Jansink, L. Emini, T.C.A. van Miert 

: RC Scherpenzeel-Woudenberg, Inbo Foundation, Cordaid, RC 

Bertoua, RC Veenendaal, Veenendaal Regio en Rhenen- 

Veenendaal. 

: E.J. Zandbergen 


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Clean Water for Bertoua

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