Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text

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Chapter Two The Thorax 215 Fig. 2-198 A and B, An 8-year-old male German Shepherd dog with a history of lethargy and collapse. A large soft tissue–dense mass is present in the right cranial lung lobe. There are several areas of calcification noted within this mass. There is an increase in density in the right middle lung lobe overlying the cardiac silhouette (arrows). This represents atelectasis secondary to bronchial compression by the mass. Diagnosis: Primary lung tumor. A B
216 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ultrasono graphy M E TA S TAT I C P U L M O N A RY N E O P L A S I A Metastatic pulmonary neoplasia occurs more frequently than primary lung tumors. Multiple, well-defined, variable-sized nodular densities located in the middle or peripheral portions of the lung that are not cavitated and do not displace or obstruct bronchi are observed most often (Figs. 2-199 and 2-200). 4,545,607-616 Mineralization of metastatic nodules is very rare. Concomitant tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy is uncommon. A poorly defined diffuse interstitial pattern and, rarely, an alveolar pattern occasionally may be present. The wide variety of radiographic lesions reported with pulmonary metastasis results partly from the characteristics of the primary neoplasm. It also results from concomitant pulmonary hemorrhage, edema, inflammation, infection, or necrosis. P U L M O N A RY A B S C E S S Focal, walled off accumulations of septic matter occasionally may occur within the lung. If chronic, there may be a discrete mass with no other associated changes (Fig. 2-201). If more acute, associated inflammation may surround the mass, yielding less distinct borders. DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH BRONCHIAL PATTERNS A L L E R G I C A N D V I R A L B R O N C H I T I S A marked peribronchial infiltrate occurs in cats with allergic pulmonary disease (Fig. 2-202). 617,618 This is due to an accumulation of eosinophils and mononuclear inflammatory cells in the bronchial walls and both the peribronchial and interstitial tissues. If severe, allergic bronchial disease can produce an interstitial edematous infiltrate. If the disease becomes chronic, pulmonary interstitial (peribronchial) fibrosis may result. Viral tracheobronchitis in dogs and most upper respiratory viruses in cats do not produce radiographic changes unless they are complicated by secondary bacterial infection. B R O N C H I A L D Y S G E N E S I S Bronchial dysgenesis and associated lobar emphysema have been reported. The major radiographic findings have been areas of hyperlucent lung due to emphysema. On necropsy, there were marked bronchial changes including lack of normal cartilage, haphazard arrangements of cartilage, and bronchial torsion. 619,620 Bronchography might be helpful in these cases. C H R O N I C B R O N C H I A L D I S E A S E Chronic bronchial disease and chronic bronchitis in the dog and cat are typified by the presence of thickened bronchial walls that, when viewed in cross-section, appear as circles or tiny nodules with a radiolucent lumen (“doughnuts”) or nearly parallel fine radiopaque lines (“tram lines”). 621 These findings are common in older individuals but should not be considered changes of normal aging. Rather, this indicates the frequency of the underlying pathologies. Some suspected pathologies include environmental irritants, such as smoke or pollution, and immunosuppression resulting in repeated airway infection. B R O N C H I E C TA S I S Bronchiectasis represents an unusual bronchial pattern—it is the loss of the normal pattern of bronchial tapering. 513,622-625 Associated with this is a change in bronchial epithelium and mucous characteristics, loss of ciliary function, and bronchial wall thickening (Fig. 2-203). These changes predispose toward chronic bacterial infection with focal or multifocal alveolar or interstitial patterns and both chronic and active interstitial infiltrates. Both tubular and saccular bronchiectasis have been described. In tubular bronchiectasis, the bronchi are dilated centrally and fail to taper until they do so abruptly in the periphery of the lung (Fig. 2-204). 513 In saccular bronchiectasis, focal dilations are present along the bronchi. Air will be trapped within the focal dilations, and they will appear as round or oval hyperlucent areas (Fig. 2-205). Exudate may accumulate and produce a mixture of dense and lucent foci within the lung.
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SAUNDERS An Imprint of Elsevier Sci
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C H A P T E R O N E Introduction GE
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Chapter One Introduction 3 Fig. 1-1
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metal. Soft tissues or organs surro
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Inadequate penetration will result
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Chapter One Introduction 9 signal i
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Chapter One Introduction 11 previou
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Chapter One Introduction 13 Mach ba
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Chapter One Introduction 17 indicat
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Chapter One Introduction 19 Fig. 1-
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Chapter One Introduction 21 Fig. 1-
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Chapter One Introduction 23 24. Lev
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26 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ult
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A B C Fig. 2-63 A 10-year-old male
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Fig. 2-101 A 7-year-old male mixed
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Fig. 3-234 A 7-year-old female Brit
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Fig. 4-59 A 9-year-old female Russi
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Fig. 4-73 A 2-year-old female Saint
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Fig. 4-97 A 10-year-old male mixed
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Fig. 4-107 A 4-year-old male Chow C
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I N D E X A Abdomen, abnormal prese
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Index 729 Bone, cysts of, 525-527,
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Index 731 Ear, abscess of—cont’
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Index 733 Hydrocephalus—cont’d
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Index 735 Lungs. See also Pulmonary
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Index 737 Pregnancy, determination
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Index 739 S-shaped aortic deformity
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Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text

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