Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text

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Chapter Three The Abd omen 293 Fig. 3-45, cont’d B, On the ventrodorsal view, the pylorus (white c) of the stomach is displaced medially. Diagnosis: Generalized hepatomegaly, in this case secondary to diabetes mellitus. B sally on the lateral view (Fig. 3-47). Enlargement of the caudate lobe may produce a tissue-dense mass in the dorsal, cranial portion of the abdomen. If the caudate process of this lobe is affected, the right kidney may be displaced caudally from its normal position (the thirteenth rib crossing the right kidney at the level of the renal pelvis) (Fig. 3-48). Pneumoperitoneography may be helpful in outlining the borders of the caudate lobe. Differential considerations in all of these instances should include primary neoplasia, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, carcinoid, or bile duct carcinoma; metastatic neoplasia; torsion; incarceration; or benign lesions, such as hepatic cyst, abscess, or an unusually large area of nodular hyperplasia. Occasionally, a liver may appear smaller than normal. Because many animals have livers that appear small without clinical signs or biochemical abnormalities, it is difficult to define the exact measurements that should be considered pathologic. The liver often appears smaller in deep-chested dogs (e.g., Afghan Hounds, Irish Setters) than in dogs with shorter, squarer thoracic conformation. The position of the stomach close to the diaphragm is usually a sign of a small liver in this situation. The fundic–pyloric axis is decreased in that the pylorus is cranially displaced relative to the fundus. Another way of describing the situation is that the axis is angled toward the thorax. In those cases in which the liver is quite small, the differential diagnoses should include hypotrophic cirrhosis or fibrosis (Fig. 3-49). These may be found in association with portosystemic shunts as well as toxic, metabolic, inflammatory, or idiopathic causes. Shape Changes. Abnormalities in liver shape are a significant sign of liver disease and may occur in the absence of hepatomegaly. Only some of the conditions that produce hepatomegaly will alter the contour of the liver. Irregular, lumpy liver margins may be caused by neoplasia, abscesses, cysts, cirrhosis, or nodular hyperplasia (Fig. 3-50). Smooth rounding of the liver edges is a nonspecific finding suggesting hepatic swelling. The radiograph tends to underestimate alterations in liver shape so that if the liver appears irregular on a radiograph the degree of change that is present will be marked.
294 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ultrasono graphy Fig. 3-46 A 9-year-old female, mixed breed dog with a 3-week history of anorexia. A, There is extension of the liver caudal to the chondral arch (black L). The spleen (black s), seen adjacent to the liver, obscures the liver’s caudal border. B, The left lateral lobe of the liver (black L) extends caudal to its normal position and has displaced the spleen (white s) caudally and the fundus of the stomach medially (open black arrows). Differential diagnoses included primary or metastatic liver tumor, nodular hyperplasia, or granuloma. Diagnosis: Left lateral liver lobe hepatoma. A B
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SAUNDERS An Imprint of Elsevier Sci
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C H A P T E R O N E Introduction GE
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Chapter One Introduction 3 Fig. 1-1
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metal. Soft tissues or organs surro
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Chapter One Introduction 9 signal i
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Chapter One Introduction 13 Mach ba
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Chapter One Introduction 15 malitie
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Chapter One Introduction 17 indicat
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Chapter One Introduction 19 Fig. 1-
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Chapter One Introduction 21 Fig. 1-
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Chapter One Introduction 23 24. Lev
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26 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ult
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A B C Fig. 2-63 A 10-year-old male
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100 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ul
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Fig. 2-101 A 7-year-old male mixed
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Page 243 and 244: 242 Small Animal Radiolo g y and Ul
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Fig. 3-234 A 7-year-old female Brit
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Fig. 4-59 A 9-year-old female Russi
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Fig. 4-73 A 2-year-old female Saint
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Fig. 4-97 A 10-year-old male mixed
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Fig. 4-107 A 4-year-old male Chow C
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I N D E X A Abdomen, abnormal prese
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Index 729 Bone, cysts of, 525-527,
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Index 731 Ear, abscess of—cont’
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Index 733 Hydrocephalus—cont’d
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Index 735 Lungs. See also Pulmonary
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Index 737 Pregnancy, determination
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Index 739 S-shaped aortic deformity
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Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text

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