EV's Driving Range Problem - Shmuel De-Leon Energy

no
battery…
EV’s Driving Range Problem
& Non Oil Solutions
Shmuel De-Leon
24 November 2010
Shmuel De-Leon Energy, Ltd.
Mazal Arie 10, Hod-Hasharon, Israel 45309
Tel/Fax: 972-77-5010792,
Mobile: 972-52-8601517
www.sdle.co.il, www.batteriesdatabase.com
shmueld33@gmail.com
1

Shmuel De-Leon Energy, Ltd.
• A new power sources Knowledge Company
founded on 2010.
- Consulting services.
- Battery & Fuel Cells seminars.
- Weekly newsletters.
- Power sources DataBase.
- Battery solutions.
Shmuel De-Leon Energy, Ltd.
Where Knowledge and vision
take place
2

Electric Vehicles – A Growing Market
E-transportation –
most significant
technological
revolution after the
cellular and the
internet.
3

Current Battery Technology Satisfies Small
Urban Driving EV’s
Reva
Mega
Think
Urban small EV’s are not expected to drive long distances.
Current batteries technology provide a satisfy energy
needed for urban driving distance – slow charging done at
home during night.
4

EV Driving Range Problem
• ICE vehicles – No driving range problem.
• Current EV battery technology:
- 80-100 WH/kg on battery level
- Common 25–42kWh battery
- 500-1000$/kWh cost
- Charging time of 30min to 8hr
- Estimate limited battery life of 75-150k km
- Average EV a maximum driving range of 160 km
Will the drivers accept driving range limitations?
At what reduced cost?
Can the EV industry provide reduced cost with a high battery cost?
5

Why Batteries Are Not Providing The
Driving Range Needed?
Energy Density (WH/Kg) = EV Driving Range (km)
6

Battery is the Problem - Technology
Breakthrough Urgently Needed
The targets:
- > 500wh/kg at battery level
- Ultra fast charging > 10C
- > 2500 full D.O.D cycles
7

II & III Generation - Li-Ion High Energy
Density Batteries
• NCA, NMP, LPF
• 5v spinal/Graphite Systems
• HE-LMO/Graphite
• HE-LMO/Si-C
• New development of High Voltage new Li-Ion
batteries promise up to 25% increase on Energy
Density on the next 2-4 years.
• Fast charging, Cycle life, Safety & Cost are still an
issue.
8

Lithium Metal Rechargeable batteries
High potentially theoretical energy density + Very Low cost raw materials
Make it an ideal battery system for EV’s
But Cycle Life , Safety and Fast Charging are the limiter…

DBM Energy's - KOLIBRI AlphaPolymer
- German Company claim to develop a breakthrough Lithium Metal
rechargeable battery for EV with:
- Li-Fe-Poly (260 Ah/380 V) cell voltage of 3.8 volts
- 300 WH/Kg
- 2500 Cycles
- 6 min full ultra fast charge
2010 Audi A2 travels 375 miles on a single charge equipped with DBM
Battery tech.
http://www.dbm-energy.com/

Oil Dependant Mid-Term Solutions
HEV – uses oil and batteries to operate parallel ICE and E-Engines (ICE
charge the battery during driving – no external charger).
PHEV – (Parallel E-Engine) – battery operates E-engine, when battery
depletes, an ICE will provide extra range using oil and the battery
can also be recharged by an external charger.
PHEV (EREV) – (Serial E-engine) - battery operates E-engine; when
battery depletes, a small ICE or turbine recharges the battery and
provides electricity to the E-Engine using oil and the battery can also
be recharged by an external charger.
Chevrolet Volt
ETV Motors
11

Fuel Cell EV
- FC provides higher energy density than batteries (>500 Wh/Kg).
- Refueling with hydrogen gas or liquid fuels is simple.
- No grid impact.
- FCEV technology is in a development phase, Some pilot
projects are currently being tested.
- FC may be the leading EV energy source technology at the long
term.
Hydrogen Filling Station 12

Metal Air Batteries
- MA systems like Li-air, Zinc-air, Al-air, Si-Air are under development.
- MA battery energy density (>500 WH/Kg).
- Refueling the system is done by replacing the metal anode and the
electrolyte – no impact on the grid.
- Future systems may be able to recharge electrically.
- Extra development is needed – some disclose projects are very
promising.
Lithium-Air cell
Revolt Rechargeable
Zinc-Air Technology
13

Bi-Polar Plate Li-Air Battery
* Ford Li-Air research
14

APET (Taiwan) Zinc- Air Battery
- Zinc filled pouch cells are assembled to a 30kWh battery and fit as
an extra range energy source for EV, provide extra 300km driving
range before zinc replaced.
- The EV also uses a 10 kWh NiMh main power battery.
- No need for a plug-in recharge.
www.salamanderian.com
15

Leo Motors – Zinc-Air Range Extender
- Korean Company shows 2 electric trucks using Zinc-Air fuel cells
with a 140 miles driving range.
- ZAFC is a generator refueled by using small zinc pellets and by using
an easily removed chamber.
- ZAFC charged the EV battery.
www.leomotors.com
16

Switch EV Batteries
• A feasible current technology solution use current battery
technology.
• Industry dilemmas:
- Will the EV makers design their car to use switch batteries?
- Will the EV industry accept standard switch batteries that can be
switched at universal battery switch stations, or should a special
switch station should be designed for each EV model?
- is the cost too expansive?
17

Electric Buses switch Batteries Project
• 50 switch EV battery buses deployed in the Olympic village in Beijing.
• Maximal driving range of 130 km and a maximum speed of 50
km/h.
• Batteries slow recharge during night – 6 hours charge.
• The project prove the switch battery concept but fail prove to be an
economic solution.
Following the proof of concept - Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to
Experiment With Switchable Battery Electric Buses (April 2010)
18

Better Place Switch Batteries Project
• Better Place developed a switch EV battery driving range solution to
be used with Renault EV’s.
• First pilot electric taxi project recently started in Japan.
• Cost is an issue? - Can Better Place provide the solution at a
reasonable cost?
19

Chinese EV makers Demonstrate SWAP
Technology – 2010 Beijing
Chery Automobile , BAIS, IAT
The legitimacy of the switch batteries as a leading solution
become more strong as a new player use that solution
20

Quick Charge Batteries
• Some EV makers believe that QC in 30min, 80% of battery
capacity can be the mid term solution.
• QC can be done with “Standard Li-Ion batteries” – no need to
develop new batteries.
• But many believe that an average driver will not accept a waiting
time of 30 min to charge batteries on long range driving every 120
km.
Epyon
Fast
Charger
21

Ultra Fast Charging EV Batteries
• UFC battery technology - up to 5 min, >80% capacity - available
today but with a painful low energy density 60-80 WH/Kg & HIGH
COST.
• Some promising development projects should increase energy
densities, cycle life and safety.
• Electricity grid effect is also a place for concern.
Some of the UFC cells and developing companies
Cell I.D Wh/Kg Charge Rate Cycle Life
Toshiba SCiB 65 11.9C 6000
Altairnano
No Data
Enerdel
Saft
Actacell
22

Think EV Fast Charging Solution
• Think announced that it will work with AeroVironment, inc to
develop FC infrastructure.
• Targeting to charge the EV battery from 0-80% capacity in just 15
min (EnerDel Battery – 345v, 80ah, up to 160 km driving range).
• Most of the time, batteries will be charge on slow charge but when
an extra range will be needed the driver can use UFC in road
charging stations (DC off board 50kW charger).

BYD EV Fast Charging Solution
• BYD e6 is an all-electric crossover car that is claimed to deliver
300 km (186 mi) with one charge – 72KWh battery.
• BYD announced that the e6 it will be charged to 80% in 20 min
with own made fast chargers.

Japan Firm to Standardize EV Fast charge
• Top Japanese carmakers Toyota and Nissan helped set up a group to
standardize fast-charge stations for electric cars.
• The group, led by Japan's biggest utility, Tokyo Electric Power Co
(TEPCO), Toyota Motor Corp, Nissan Motor Co, Mitsubishi Motors
Corp and Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd, will set a standard for Japan and
later aim for an international standard.
• Many world wide companies joined.
• Forming a common "language" for fast-charging electric cars across
various brands would save development costs for carmakers and
ancillary industries.
CHAdeMO Council

What some EV market player says…
Swap Technology
Fast Charge
2-5C
Quick Charge
2C
Standard charge
0.1-1C
Better Place -
Renault Fluence
Renault Kangoo
Renault Zoe
Chery
IAT
BAIC
Think (O)
BYD
BMW
Hyundai (i10)
Phoenix (SUT, SUV)
Subaru (R1e Stella)
Zenn (CITYZenn)
Mitsubishi (MIEV)
Peugeot (iOn)
Nissan (Leaf)
Renault (Fluence,
Kangoo)
Chery (S18)
Pininfarina (aka B0)
TATA (S)
Coda (sedan),
Commuter (Tango,
Toyota (FT)
CT&T
There is a place to all the solutions –
The customers will choose the best
for them
26

Summery
• Current batteries are not providing the energy density, Cycles, Fast
charge needed for the EV driving range needs.
• New battery technologies like Li-Ion II & III generation or Lithium
Metal systems may increase driving ranges up to 25% on the next
2-4 years.
• Lower oil dependent solutions like HEV and PHEV should be a mid
term solution.
• Battery swapping is a potential current-mid term solution for BEV.
• Ultra fast Charging Technology still not feasible but some new
promising development (Nano & Titanate) will assure it as a mid
term solution (2-5 years).
• Fuel Cells & Metal Air system are candidate solutions on the long
term (5-10 years).
Technology progress along with safety & cost
27
reduction is the key for success

Summery
• The power source side is not the only factor – EV’s maker should
manufacture more efficient vehicles with lower power
consumption.
• Improvements on the Vehicle side will also contribute for extended
driving range.
Technology progress along with safety & cost
reduction is the key for success
28

Thank you for your attention
Shmuel De-Leon Energy, Ltd.
Mazal Arie 10, Hod-Hasharon, Israel 45309
Tel/Fax: 972-77-5010792, Mobile: 972-52-8601517
www.sdle.co.il, www.batteriesdatabase.com
shmueld33@gmail.com
Information on that presentation obtained by:
1. Public web sources.
2. Shmuel de-leon Battery /Energy Sources DataBase ® (Includes 28000 cells
PDF data sheets ).
3. Shmuel De-Leon Batteries & Fuel cells Seminar ® presentations.
29