Daniel Lee - Seafood Choices Alliance

Aquaculture Performance
Indicators
Daniel Lee
Global Aquaculture Alliance
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

Outline
1. Status of the BAP program
2. Projections
3. Quantitative indicators in BAP
4. BAP and GAPI
5. Measuring impact on wild fisheries
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

Status of the BAP program
– Standards for
• Shrimp (farms, hatcheries)
• Channel catfish
• Tilapia
• Processing plants
– Next
• Pangasius
• Feedmills
• Salmon
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

BAP: Farm Participation
(Worldwide)
60
50
40
119,711 mt
(finished product,
shrimp) 2008
37
51
No. Farms
30
20
18
10
5
7
9
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

BAP: Processing Plants Participation
(Worldwide)
80
70
60
378,607 mt
(finished product,
shrimp) 2008
63
73
No. Plants
50
40
30
20
10
0
45
3
5
2004 2005 GAPI / LCA workshop 2006San Diego 2007 2008

Latest Supply Data
• BAP
shrimp
from
plants 378,607 MT

 (2008)
• BAP
Tilapia
from
plants
 40,408
MT
 (2008)
• BAP
Farm
shrimp 119,711
MT
 (2008)
• BAP
Farm
Tilapia 6,000
MT
 (January
2009)
• BAP
Farm
Catfish
 16,000
MT
 (January
2009)
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

Projected Availability of Certified Farmed Seafood
% of US market
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
shrimp
tilapia, catfish
salmon
molluscs
trout
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

BAP: existing
performance metrics
• Some key performance requirements are
not suitable for comparative purposes, e.g:
– Mangrove displacement = 0
– Use of banned antibiotics = 0
– Salinization of land, water = 0
– Use of wild post-larvae = 0
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

BAP: existing
performance metrics
• Farm level
– Effluent concentration limits (pH, TSS, P, N, BOD, DO)
– Water use and load indices
• eg water use (m 3 /kg fish)
• eg soluble phosphorus (kg/ton of fish)
– Feeding rate limits
• for cage farms in lakes
– FCR
– Fish in: Fish out Ratio (= FFER)
– Fish welfare
• Biomass maximum
• Max periods for fasting, crowding, time out of water
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

BAP: Existing eco-system level
performance metrics
• Feeding rate limits for lakes, reservoirs
– for combined input from all farms, depending on water
surface area and hydraulic retention time
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

GAPI vs FLAPI
• FLAPI
= farm-level aquaculture performance index
• Potential for conveying messages
– to individual farmers: BAP, FLAPI
– to consumers: BAP
– to national and international policymakers:
GAPI
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

Potential compatibility between
BAP and FLAPI approaches
– BAP could require each farm to calculate an
overall performance index (=FLAPI)
– Then set minimum FLAPI
– Progressively raise minimum FLAPI over time
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

Fish in: Fish out ratios for major, fed aquaculture species
(data from Tacon and Metian, 2008)
Ratio
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
salmon
trout
eel
marine fish
shrimp
f/w crustaceans
tilapia
catfish
milkfish
fed carp
total
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

Wild fish used in feed for the fish and shell
fish most commonly farmed in 1997*
Production with
compound diets
(kilotonnes)
fishmeal fish oil wild fish
Species/group
(%) (%) FCR used
marine finfish 377 50 15 2.2 1944 5.16
eel 117 50 10 2 546 4.69
shrimp 725 30 2 2 2040 2.81
salmon 737 45 25 1.5 2332 3.16
trout 473 35 20 1.5 1164 2.46
tilapia 331 15 1 2 466 1.41
milkfish 78 10 3 2 74 0.94
catfish 351 10 3 1.8 296 0.84
fed carps 2445 8 1 2 1834 0.75
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego
fish in: fish
out ratio
Overall 5634 10696 1.90
* Naylor et al. 2000, excluding filter feeding carps
and molluscs

Wild fish used in feed for fish
and shell fish in 2007 *
Species/group
Production with
compound diets
(kilotonnes)
fishmeal
(%)
fish oil
(%) FCR
wild fish
used (m.)
wild fish
used (o.)
fish in:
fish out
ratio (m.)
fish in:
fish out
ratio (o.)
shrimp 3544 18% 2% 1.58 4484 2240 1.27 0.63
marine fish 1690 30% 7% 1.37 3080 3240 1.82 1.92
salmon 1538 24% 16% 1.25 2053 6160 1.33 4.01
trout 683 24% 12% 1.25 911 2040 1.33 2.99
chinese carps 10736 5% 0% 0.80 1906 0 0.18 0.00
catfish 2080 8% 2% 1.08 800 760 0.38 0.37
eel 279 50% 5% 1.43 884 400 3.17 1.43
misc f/w carnivores 855 40% 5% 0.34 516 300 0.60 0.35
f/w crustaceans 1119 14% 2% 0.99 689 340 0.62 0.30
tilapia 2575 5% 0% 1.39 800 0 0.31 0.00
milkfish 608 3% 1% 0.82 67 100 0.11 0.16
Overall 25707 16189 15580 0.63 0.61
* Tacon and Metian (2008)
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

Efficient use of wild fish inputs
Fish in: fish out ratios for 2007*
salmon: 4.0
shrimp: 1.26
Thus a simple sum:
4.00 kg of wild fish needed for 1kg salmon
1.26 kg of wild fish needed for 1kg shrimp
5.26 kg of wild fish needed for 1kg salmon and 1kg shrimp
No!
• Fish in: fish out ratios can be very misleading
* (Tacon and Metian 2008)
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

Typical fishmeal and fish oil content of aquaculture diets
(based on Tacon & Metian (2008))
18%
16%
14%
12%
salmon
trout
fish oil
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
milkfish
tilapia
catfish
shrimp
f/w crustaceans
(forage fish)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
fishmeal
marine fish
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego
misc. f/w
carnivores
eel

Actual yield from 5.26 kg of wild fish:
• Optimised ratio of salmon and shrimp, using
all the oil and meal in 5.26kg of wild fish
yields:
0.8 kg salmon, plus
3.3 kg shrimp
4.2 kg salmon and shrimp
• Traditional fish in: fish out calculation
underestimates the overall efficiency of
aquaculture
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego

Conclusions
• BAP for farm performance level
• Possibly adopt GAPI method = FLAPI
• FLAPI and GAPI for different audiences
• Quantitative indicators must be well
designed
• Danger of ‘hitting the target but missing
the point’
GAPI / LCA workshop San Diego