Household Metabolism in the Five Cities.

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1 Preface This is a national city report of Sweden where we present the Swedish results of the second research step of the ToolSust project, The involvement of stakeholders to develop and implement tools for sustainable households in the city of tomorrow. ToolSust was developed within the fifth framework program of the EU, as a part of Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Key action 4: City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage, 4.1.2 Improving the quality of Urban life. The main aim of the second research step is to estimate the total primary energy requirements of various household types in some European cities. This research step builds upon the notion that at the city level, individual consumers and household activities play an important role as far as sustainable development strategies are concerned. The total (direct and indirect) energy demand of households presents a useful proxy for environmental pressure related to household consumption in our city. The direct energy demand refers to the use of energy carriers that are literally consumed by households (district heating or oil for warming flats and water, electricity and motor fuels). The indirect energy demand refers to the energy embodied in consumer items. Accounting for the indirect energy demand implies calculation of the energy requirements for the production and distribution activities in the production-consumption chain of consumer items. The calculation of the indirect energy requirements is based upon a method developed at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies (IVEM) of the University of Groningen, Netherlands. The energy data are calculated using the Energy Analysing Program EAP, available at IVEM. Especially for this project the original Dutch database was adjusted for the Swedish situation. Swedish data were used as much possible to build up a Swedish database. The indirect energy requirements of a household are calculated by linking the energy data with household expenditure data. Although data availability did not allow us to fully represent the Swedish context in the databases, this research yields a unique tool for increasing the knowledge of the energy consumption by households in Södermalm/Stockholm and in Sweden as a whole. Although the energy values presented in this study can only be the indicative estimates of the energy budgets of different household types in Stockholm we consider these results to be very useful for the design of different sets of change options for more sustainable consumption patterns in this city. We would like to thank all participants in the ToolSust project for their contributions as well as our colleagues Mattias Höjer and Per Bolund for valuable discussions and help. The project was financed by the European Commission, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning. 3
2 Summary The study present results from a European project, ToolSust, in which direct and indirect energy use of household consumption is quantified. The focus is on households in Stockholm and how their spending contributes to energy use. A Dutch energy analyses programme, EAP, was modified to portray Swedish conditions, and analyses of more than 300 consumer goods were performed. These data were matched with information about family expenditure patterns from 1996. Six households were analysed, Swedish average, Stockholm City average and four households from Stockholm City. The results show that it is possible to portray households’ total energy use, even the indirect one, with the help of the EAP programme and Swedish statistics. Further, indirect energy use may account for more than half of households total energy use and therefore it needs to be considered in policy making. The total primary energy use for the average households varied from 240 to 260 GJ during 1996. Heating, food and transportation were large contributors. The energy efficiency of total household spendings varied from 8.8 MJ per Euro 13 MJ per Euro. Information about the energy efficiency on spendings is valuable but cannot be presented and used without considering basic needs and quality of life. The total energy use per person varied from 50 to 350 GJ per year, a difference of factor seven. The analyses of energy efficiency of spendings, MJ per SEK, indicate important opportunities for less energy demanding spending patterns, but those with low incomes have fewer opportunties than those with high incomes. The energy profiles for different households show that the individual ones may differ a lot from the average picture. There is a need for individual household advice about how to find more energy efficient spending patterns. Large cuts in household energy use means substantial changes in both energy intensity of goods and services and expenditure profiles. Expenditure levels should also be questioned. 4
Page 1 and 2: Household Metabolism in the Five Ci
Page 3: ISSN 1404-6520 Fms homepage: www.fm
Page 7 and 8: 3 Introducing the household metabol
Page 9 and 10: level implies the design of metabol
Page 11 and 12: 3.6 Household metabolism: focus on
Page 13 and 14: Economic I-O data Energy Statistics
Page 15 and 16: included in the EAP analyses, as me
Page 17 and 18: 4.3 Non-Eap analyses Most energy in
Page 19 and 20: Basic goods The table Basic Goods i
Page 21 and 22: years old, and 54 % of them partici
Page 23 and 24: From this information, we estimated
Page 25 and 26: well as stakeholders’ opinions ab
Page 27 and 28: 3 1000 Euro 2.5 2 1.5 1 motor fuel
Page 29 and 30: household used 4700 kWh in their ap
Page 31 and 32: 7.2 How many items do the household
Page 33 and 34: The absolute figures for indirect e
Page 35 and 36: Table 6.1: Total expenditures durin
Page 37 and 38: 6% 8% 19% food house household effe
Page 39 and 40: At the level of analysing consumpti
Page 41 and 42: primary GJ 800 700 600 500 400 tota
Page 43 and 44: The energy profiles for different h
Page 45 and 46: IVL, 2001: Jessica Granath, persona
Page 47 and 48: Appendix 1: Input output sectors se
Page 49 and 50: Appendix 3: Packaging materials Ene
Page 51 and 52: Appendix 5: Energy use for differen
Page 53 and 54: Appendix 6 continued Code of Energy
Page 55 and 56:
Appendix 6 continued Code of Energy
Page 57 and 58:
Appendix 6 continued Code of Energy
Page 59 and 60:
Appendix 7: Taxes Bread and grains
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Appendix 8 continued Item ship lorr
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