Higher aspirations: an agenda for reforming European universities

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EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH PERFORMANCE Note that the Shanghai index tends to undervalue countries where a great deal of academic scientific research takes place outside universities (the Max Planck Institutes in Germany) or in organisations whose researchers are affiliated to several universities (the CNRS laboratories in France). This partly explains the poor performance of France and Germany in Table 2. In our Policy Brief (Aghion et al. 2007), we discuss the research performance of EU countries and its determinants. Table 2 (overleaf) presents a detailed account of relative country performance, looking successively at the Top 50, Top 100, Top 200 and Top 500 universities in the Shanghai ranking. To understand how to read this table, consider first the column ‘Top 50’. The best university in the Top 50 is given a score of 50, the next best university is given the score 49, and so on down to a score of 1 for the lowest performing university within the Top 50. For each country (or region), we then compute the sum of Top 50 Shanghai rankings that belong to this country, and divide the sum by the country's population. Finally, all the country scores are divided by the US score, so that each entry in the column ‘Top 50’ can be interpreted as a fraction of the US per capita performance for the Top 50 universities. This gives our country performance index for the Top 50 universities. The same logic applies to the ‘Top 100’, ‘Top 200’ and ‘Top 500’ columns, where the best university receives a score of, respectively, 100, 200 and 500, and the lowest placed always receives a score of 1. There are, obviously, fewer zero entries in a column as one moves from the Top 50 to the Top 500. 25
EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH PERFORMANCE Table 2: Country performance in the Shanghai ranking (measured as percentages of the US per capita performance) Country Population Top 50 Top 100 Top 200 Top 500 (millions) Austria 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 52.6 Belgium 10.4 0.0 0.0 61.3 122.4 Czech Republic 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.1 Denmark 5.4 0.0 74.6 113.5 160.5 Finland 5.2 0.0 45.5 75.4 80.5 France 60.2 3.0 15.2 28.6 45.1 Germany 82.5 0.0 17.0 36.5 67.0 Greece 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.2 Hungary 10.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.3 Ireland 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 Italy 57.6 0.0 0.0 11.1 33.9 Netherlands 16.3 20.2 50.7 75.9 131.3 Poland 38.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 Spain 42.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 14.2 Sweden 9.0 6.7 116.5 178.8 216.9 UK 59.8 72.0 86.1 98.0 123.9 EU15 383.3 12.7 26.0 41.0 67.3 EU25 486.6 10.0 20.5 32.4 53.9 Norway 4.6 0.0 65.8 90.6 107.0 Switzerland 7.4 97.1 165.5 228.1 229.6 Australia 20.1 0.0 31.4 65.8 100.7 Canada 31.9 39.3 54.2 62.9 103.6 Japan 127.7 14.3 17.2 24.3 26.7 US 293.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 California 36.1 234.2 198.5 163.2 103.2 Massachusetts 6.4 448.7 307.8 301.7 263.0 New York 19.3 195.7 167.4 138.7 147.7 Pennsylvania 12.4 110.7 176.9 161.0 115.2 Texas 22.9 32.7 60.9 82.8 102.5 26
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Page 3 and 4: BRUEGEL BLUEPRINT SERIES Volume V H
Page 5 and 6: About the authors Philippe Aghion i
Page 7 and 8: Foreword When in the early 2000s sc
Page 10 and 11: Executive summary European growth h
Page 12 and 13: 1. Introduction European growth has
Page 14 and 15: EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES INTRODUCTION
Page 16 and 17: 2. A European space of higher educa
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Page 50 and 51: 6. Faculty and careers From the qua
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