Measuring the Economic Output of the Education Sector in the ...

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Table 3 Real investment in education in Canada, by gender and education level, 1976 to 2005 Year Total Male Female Grades High school College or 0 to 8 above billions of 2002 dollars 1976 368.7 221.2 149.7 143.5 147.5 83.4 1977 366.4 219.6 148.8 139.1 146.9 84.5 1978 364.4 216.5 149.7 133.8 145.6 87.5 1979 361.2 213.3 149.5 129.7 143.9 89.2 1980 361.4 213.3 149.7 127.1 142.9 92.5 1981 365.4 215.2 151.7 129.5 141.1 97.2 1982 371.0 218.7 153.9 128.3 140.5 104.4 1983 391.3 225.1 166.7 126.9 141.7 123.2 1984 390.6 224.2 166.8 125.8 138.2 127.4 1985 392.5 223.7 169.1 124.7 138.2 130.1 1986 391.4 221.0 170.5 120.0 141.2 129.7 1987 404.7 227.8 177.0 125.6 146.6 132.2 1988 410.2 229.8 180.3 127.1 147.9 134.9 1989 413.5 231.5 181.9 129.5 147.5 136.6 1990 418.2 234.3 183.8 131.4 146.6 140.7 1991 439.4 247.2 192.1 132.5 155.7 150.7 1992 446.1 252.8 193.5 133.5 163.5 148.9 1993 448.6 254.6 194.3 133.9 166.7 147.9 1994 446.2 252.8 193.6 134.2 164.9 147.0 1995 450.0 253.9 196.1 135.3 166.7 147.9 1996 442.2 250.5 191.8 136.1 160.6 145.6 1997 453.3 256.7 196.8 139.5 167.1 147.2 1998 455.2 256.9 198.5 138.9 169.0 147.9 1999 456.7 257.0 199.9 138.7 171.9 146.9 2000 464.8 260.1 204.7 138.5 171.9 154.9 2001 471.7 263.0 208.7 139.1 172.3 160.6 2002 476.9 265.9 211.0 138.7 171.7 166.5 2003 471.8 264.3 207.5 137.4 159.8 175.1 2004 469.5 262.7 206.8 135.1 157.0 178.7 2005 469.9 262.0 207.8 132.6 158.8 180.1 Source: Statistics Canada, authors' calculations. Table 4 Annual growth in the volume index of investment in education in Canada, 1976 to 2005 Characteristics 1976 to 2005 1976 to 1986 1986 to 1996 1996 to 2005 percent Total 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.7 Male 0.6 0.0 1.3 0.5 Female 1.1 1.3 1.2 0.9 Grades 0 to 8 -0.3 -1.8 1.3 -0.3 High school 0.3 -0.4 1.3 -0.1 College or above 2.7 4.5 1.2 2.4 Source: Statistics Canada, authors' calculations. Economic Analysis Research Paper Series - 20 - Statistics Canada – Catalogue no.11F0027M, no. 080
Table 5 Annual growth in the price index of investment in education in Canada, 1976 to 2005 1976 to 2005 1976 to 1986 1986 to 1996 1996 to 2005 percent Total 2.4 3.5 2.5 0.9 Male 2.6 4.0 2.7 0.8 Female 2.1 3.0 2.2 1.1 Grades 0 to 8 4.3 6.6 3.5 2.6 High school 1.2 2.3 1.2 0.1 College or above 2.1 2.8 3.1 0.1 Source: Statistics Canada, authors' calculations. The price index of education output rose by an average of 2.4% per year for the period from 1976 to 2005. It increased at a much slower rate after the mid-1990s. It grew at an average annual rate of 0.9% over the period from 1996 to 2005. The slower growth in the price index of education for that period reflects slower earnings growth in that period. The growth rates of the price and volume indices of education output are lower than the growth rates of the price and volume index of gross domestic product (GDP). Real GDP increased by 2.9% per year over the period from 1976 to 2005. The price index of GDP increased by 3.9% per year during the period. The rate of growth in the price of education output accounts for about two-thirds of the rate of growth of nominal education output. In contrast, the rate of growth of the GDP price index accounts for a lower portion (60%) of the rate of growth in nominal GDP. The level of investment in education for men has consistently exceeded that for women, as shown in Table 2. The difference between the two narrowed around the mid-1980s as a result of increased enrolments by women over that period. After the mid-1980s, the difference in investment in education between women and men was virtually unchanged. The growth rate of investment in education in constant prices was much higher for women than for men before the mid-1980s; the growth rates for women and for men were similar after the mid-1980s (as shown in Table 4). This difference in investment in education between men and women reflects the difference in their enrolment numbers as discussed above. For the period from 1976 to 1986, investment in education for women increased by 1.3% per year, while investment in education for men remained unchanged over the period. After the mid-1980s, investment in education for men grew at a rate similar to that for women. The real output of the postsecondary education sector (colleges and universities), as measured by investment in education, increased the most (as shown in Table 4), growing by 2.7% per year during the period from 1976 to 2005. The output of the primary and secondary education sector changed little over that period. Tables 6 and 7 present the underlying data on investment per student in current and constant dollars that are used to produce the income-based estimates of education output. Those estimates of real investment per student are also plotted in Charts 3 and 4. Economic Analysis Research Paper Series - 21 - Statistics Canada – Catalogue no.11F0027M, no. 080
Page 1 and 2: Catalogue no. 11F0027M — No. 080
Page 3 and 4: Economic Analysis Research Paper Se
Page 5 and 6: Table of contents Abstract ........
Page 7 and 8: Executive summary Education is an i
Page 9 and 10: 1 Introduction Education is an impo
Page 11 and 12: 2.1 Income-based approach to the me
Page 13 and 14: The nominal value of education serv
Page 15 and 16: To estimate human capital stock for
Page 17 and 18: Chart 1 School enrolment in Canada,
Page 19: Table 2 Nominal investment in educa
Page 23 and 24: Table 7 Real investment in educatio
Page 25 and 26: The cost-based estimate of educatio
Page 27 and 28: The cost-based estimate in Table 8
Page 29 and 30: Chart 8 Cost of education per stude
Page 31 and 32: per student, while the income-based
Page 33 and 34: individuals have completed their sc
Page 35 and 36: education is level 5, dummy variabl
Page 37 and 38: 4 Conclusion Several statistical ag
Page 39: Jorgenson, D.W., and B.M. Fraumeni.

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