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A challenge for tourism theory and tourism research, theoretical as well as empirical, is that they must incorporate “objects” as parts of the social world of tourist doings on the ground. To this one could add an expanding body of research which has opened up a space for the performative and embodied character of tourism. No longer is the tourist experience conceived of as a gaze in a visual tourism bubble, but involves crucially all the other senses as well, even the affective register as a domain of pre-cognitive perturbations. Finally, however important and necessary it may be to revise and develop theorizations of tourism and tourists, such an endeavour will need to be related to, and also affected by, the state of affairs in the phenomena we study. Various contemporary and future processes on the ground, for example, globalisation and technological developments, may lead to changes in tourist and tourism practises which tourism theory needs to respond to and account for. In the next chapter we will therefore place tourism as a phenomenon in the world and on the Earth. As a social science, tourism studies need to move with the social world it aims to study. Considered in a geographical perspective, tourism studies need to address its earthly situatedness. 58
4. Tourism in the world & on the Earth To remain stationary in these times of change, when all the world is on the move, would be a crime. - Thomas Cook 26 The current structural development of society is marked by the appearance everywhere of touristic space. - Dean MacCannell 27 The world – and tourism as a part of global socio-economic system – is facing fundamental challenges. - Bramwell and Lane 28 The purpose of this chapter is to investigate some contemporary social, cultural and geographical issues in which tourism is presently embedded. The predominant emphasis in tourism studies, as we have shown, has often very much been to investigate tourism from its place in social science and theorize it as a social phenomenon. From this follows not only that tourism is presumed to be a field on its own within and of the social, but also that it is embedded in, and co-existent with, various other social processes and relations that are assumed to constitute the social world. It follows from this relational feature, of tourism vis-à-vis a broader social world, that it becomes highly important for research in tourism studies to also follow and keep track of what goes on in that world. As stated by Shaw and Williams: One of the roles of tourism researchers should be to provide a greater understanding of the underlying processes that shape the emerging tourism landscape (Shaw and Williams 2004, p. 1). As we noted in the previous chapters there are different ways of understanding and explaining the social world in social science. The theorizations of the social offered by social science and social theory is not 26 Cook 1854, quoted in Brendon 1991, p. 65. 27 MacCannell 1976/1999, p. 100. 28 Bramwell and Lane 2008, p. 1. 59
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© Icelandic Tourism Research Centr
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction .
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esearch but also “education and c
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Tourism images have had a longstand
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gradually expanded and become more
Page 12 and 13: Tourism - an earthly business For u
Page 14 and 15: Image 1.3: The Island of tourism &
Page 17 and 18: 2. Image & destination The actual a
Page 19 and 20: variety of sources could be used in
Page 21 and 22: consequences for how she or he will
Page 23 and 24: either the textual or the visual, a
Page 25 and 26: Composed of numerous small encounte
Page 27 and 28: materiality. Yet, you are able to r
Page 29 and 30: demand it is mediated by investment
Page 31 and 32: tourism reflects broader social and
Page 33: signification, not the least in tou
Page 36 and 37: usiness and market to potential cus
Page 38 and 39: ound to cross traditional disciplin
Page 40 and 41: sightseeing and whatever activities
Page 42 and 43: Social science research is carried
Page 44 and 45: environment. If they had, they were
Page 46 and 47: Our argument is that it is importan
Page 48 and 49: able to cross the minds of many tho
Page 50 and 51: Eight on my list is the heritage of
Page 52 and 53: The cartography of tourism imaginat
Page 54 and 55: Images of Iceland as a tourist dest
Page 56 and 57: Whatever the specifics and forms of
Page 58 and 59: Are you dressed in the road map of
Page 60 and 61: Summing up It has often been lament
Page 64 and 65: carved in stone, they are not given
Page 66 and 67: some of the things that signalled t
Page 68 and 69: Tourist was in fact that “we are
Page 70 and 71: globalisation gets attributed excep
Page 72 and 73: do so on the basis of its own speci
Page 74 and 75: Arguing for or against the idea of
Page 76 and 77: pushed many economies towards crisi
Page 78 and 79: Whatever new ideologies of tourism
Page 80 and 81: The IPCC Reports are based on reach
Page 82 and 83: As evidenced by the Davos Declarati
Page 84 and 85: supports the position that signific
Page 86 and 87: “voluntary compensation is still
Page 88 and 89: terms of both adaption and mitigati
Page 90 and 91: Pratt and Watts 2000, p. 840). What
Page 92 and 93: co-creator of tourist spaces” (Ek
Page 94 and 95: can researchers use photography and
Page 96 and 97: latter, in order to set the scene f
Page 98 and 99: Even though the Earth is mentioned
Page 100 and 101: [M]ost significant phenomena that t
Page 102 and 103: social science when it presents its
Page 104 and 105: They further argue that “[t]ouris
Page 106 and 107: meaning and matter. The research ag
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCES Aramberri, J. (2009). Th
Page 110 and 111: Franklin, A. (2004). Tourism as ord
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Jóhannesson, G.Þ. and Huijbens. E
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Shaw, G. and Williams, A. (2004). T
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