Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries - SSWM

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supported the authors in documenting the case studies. Many of them have spent time and effort in reviewing the draft case study reports, contributing with additional documentation, thereby helping to further complement and update the information contained herein. The manuscript of this publication was reviewed by a select number of persons to whom the authors are grateful: Dr Steward Dallas (Murdock University, Perth, Australia), Chris Martin (Natural Resources and Environment Board, Sarawak, Malaysia), Dr Roshan Raj Shrestha (UN-HABITAT, Kathmandu, Nepal), Monther Hind and Jamal Burnat (Palestinian Wastewater Engineers Group, Al Bireh, Palestine). We express our great appreciation to Sylvie Peter, Sandec’s editor/translator, for her linguistic revision of this document. Special thanks go to Chris Zurbrügg, Head of the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec) and to Roland Schertenleib, Member of the Directorate of Eawag, who all along provided encouragement and guidance in the preparation of this publication. Finally, we acknowledge the support provided by the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North–South: Research Partnerships for Mitigating Syndromes of Global Change, co-funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). We hope that this report will provide a valuable tool for interested development agencies, NGOs and CBOs working in environmental sanitation in low and middleincome countries. Dübendorf, September 2006 Antoine Morel Stefan Diener Foreword II
Content Glossary IV 1. Rationale for this Report 1 Why is a publication on this topic necessary? 1 What is the purpose of this publication? 3 Who are the targeted readers of this publication? 4 2. 5 Greywater sources and their properties 5 Practices and risks related to greywater management worldwide 5 Risks related to inadequate greywater reuse 6 3. 8 How much greywater is produced? 8 Greywater composition 9 Physical characteristics of greywater 10 Chemical characteristics of greywater 10 Nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous) 13 Microbial characteristics of greywater 14 Oil and grease (O&G) 14 Surfactants and other household chemicals 15 4. 17 Requirements of greywater management systems in low and middle-income countries 17 Typical greywater management schemes 18 Source control 19 Primary treatment 20 Secondary treatment 27 Greywater discharge and reuse 40 5. 51 Case studies of greywater management systems 51 Djenné, Mali 54 Koulikoro, Mali 57 Gauteng Province, South Africa 60 Monteverde, Costa Rica 62 Kathmandu, Nepal 66 Ein Al Beida, Jordan 69 Bilien, Palestine 73 Kuching, Malaysia 76 Sri Lanka 80 85 90 Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries III
Page 1 and 2: Sandec: Department of Water and San
Page 3: Foreword The issue of greywater man
Page 7 and 8: FC Filtration Flotation Escherichi
Page 9 and 10: Q Flow (expressed in volume
Page 11 and 12: 1. Rationale for this Report and
Page 13 and 14: This publication is not a plea to i
Page 15 and 16: 2. Apart from toilet wastewater,
Page 17 and 18: can be minimised (see Groundwater p
Page 19 and 20: The composition of greywater mainly
Page 21 and 22: optimal range. However, Christova B
Page 23 and 24: Greywater normally contains low lev
Page 25 and 26: Surfactants are the main components
Page 27 and 28: 4. The choice of a greywater ma
Page 29 and 30: Implementation of an environmentall
Page 31 and 32: lint, skin, food particles) from en
Page 33 and 34: Grease traps must be designed to sa
Page 35 and 36: double-compartment septic tank. In
Page 37 and 38: treatment of greywater were gained
Page 39 and 40: Weaknesses Dissolved and unsettle
Page 41 and 42: Weaknesses underlying
Page 43 and 44: treatment. In case of gravel, a ro
Page 45 and 46: Tropical and subtropical climates h
Page 47 and 48: problems, also called carbon cloggi
Page 49 and 50: As explained earlier, ponds are not
Page 51 and 52: coliforms to minimise the food crop
Page 53 and 54: eused in irrigation or groundwater
Page 55 and 56:
greywater improves in quality and i
Page 57 and 58:
Survival time, days Pathogen in fre
Page 59 and 60:
SAR The fate of surfactants in irri
Page 61 and 62:
5. This section provides an ove
Page 63 and 64:
Location Greywater management syste
Page 65 and 66:
0.5 m wide and not more than 1.5 m
Page 67 and 68:
Greywater garden Koulikoro with it
Page 69 and 70:
Maintenance and repair of the fence
Page 71 and 72:
garden tower is not available. Howe
Page 73 and 74:
House 4 House 2 House 1 (with separ
Page 75 and 76:
Quantity Cost/unit Total Percentage
Page 77 and 78:
is planted with Phragmites karka an
Page 79 and 80:
Jordan’s annual rainfall quantiti
Page 81 and 82:
Two-barrel system Four-barrel syste
Page 83 and 84:
Many rural communities of the West
Page 85 and 86:
Costs Construction costs total USD
Page 87 and 88:
Baffled septic tank Dosing chamber
Page 89 and 90:
would be accepted in an urban resid
Page 91 and 92:
not considered in the sanitation pl
Page 93 and 94:
three septic tanks and soakage pits
Page 95 and 96:
6. Finding literature on greywater
Page 97 and 98:
Most system failures are caused by
Page 99 and 100:
programme. Sanitation projects look
Page 101 and 102:
permisibles de contaminantes en las
Page 103 and 104:
Gunther, F., 2006. The household-si
Page 105 and 106:
Ottoson, J. and Stenstrom, T.A., 20
Page 107:
Eawag Überlandstrasse 133 P.O. Box
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