The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 2002: <strong>Road</strong> transport effects on aquatic ecosystems issues and context for policy development. Report prepared for New Zealand Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> by Fuels and Energy Ltd and Kingett Mitchell Ltd. 2. Kennedy, P. 2000: Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> contaminants database. Support manual. Report prepared for New Zealand Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> by Kingett Mitchell Ltd. 3. Kennedy, P.; Gadd, J.; Moncrieff, I. 2002: Emission factors for contaminants released by motor vehicles. Prepared by Kingett Mitchell Limited and Fuels & Energy Limited for New Zealand Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> and Infrastructure Auckland. 4. Kennedy, P. 2003: Metals in particulate material on road surfaces. Prepared by Kingett Mitchell Limited for New Zealand Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>. 5 Kennedy, P.; Gadd, J. 2000: Preliminary examination <strong>of</strong> trace elements in tyres, brake pads and road bitumen in New Zealand. Report prepared for New Zealand Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> by Kingett Mitchell Ltd. 6 Gadd, J.; Kennedy, P. 2000: Preliminary examination <strong>of</strong> organic compounds in tyres, brake pads and road bitumen in New Zealand. Report prepared for New Zealand Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> by Kingett Mitchell Ltd. 7 Kennedy, P.; Gadd, J. 2002: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> road surface contaminant loadings in Waitakere City for the development <strong>of</strong> the vehicle fleet emission model-water. Report prepared for New Zealand Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> by Kingett Mitchell Ltd. 1.3 Report Contents This report is presented in six key sections following this introduction: Section 2 provides a brief description <strong>of</strong> transport-derived contaminants. <strong>The</strong> section identifies the various sources <strong>of</strong> contaminants and describes how the use <strong>of</strong> motor vehicles produces contaminants that become incorporated into stormwater. This sets the scene for the environmental quality overview and effects evaluations that follow. Section 3 provides a short overview <strong>of</strong> the road environment including information on street dust particulate composition. More detail on metals in road surface particulates is presented in Kennedy (2003). Section 4 provides information on stormwater quality including data on the measured concentrations <strong>of</strong> key contaminants emitted by vehicles to the New Zealand environment. Section 5 describes the pathways and fate <strong>of</strong> contaminants emitted by motor vehicles. An overview <strong>of</strong> the fate <strong>of</strong> airborne contaminants is provided as they contribute through deposition to aquatic systems. Information is provided for each <strong>of</strong> the key groups <strong>of</strong> contaminants and a brief summary is provided on the processes that influence their fate in the freshwater and marine environment. Section 6 examines the effects <strong>of</strong> stormwater discharge to the freshwater environment. A number <strong>of</strong> topics are specifically dealt with including effects on habitat; invertebrates and fish in freshwater biological communities; effects on sediment quality and bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> contaminants. Section 7 examines the effects <strong>of</strong> stormwater discharge to estuarine and marine environments. <strong>The</strong> matters examined follow those examined for freshwater environments in Section 6. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
3 2. TRANSPORT DERIVED CONTAMINANTS IN STORMWATER 2.1 Introduction <strong>The</strong> assessment <strong>of</strong> actual and potential effects <strong>of</strong> motor vehicle emissions on aquatic ecosystems, requires an understanding <strong>of</strong> what contaminants are released by motor vehicles and the nature <strong>of</strong> those contaminants (contaminants refers to all losses and discharges from vehicles). <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> contaminants (as discussed later in Sections 6 and 7 <strong>of</strong> this report) are a function <strong>of</strong> the concentration and load <strong>of</strong> a given contaminant entering the environment. 2.2 Sources <strong>The</strong> New Zealand road vehicle fleet is dominated by petrol-fuelled vehicles, most <strong>of</strong> which are cars (about 1.8 million <strong>of</strong> 2.45 million vehicles). Contributions <strong>of</strong> transport derived contaminants to aquatic ecosystems occur as a result <strong>of</strong> direct contributions from road stormwater and from the deposition <strong>of</strong> material from the air. Moncrieff & Kennedy (2002) described the various sources associated with the motor vehicle that could contribute contaminants to the environment. This was presented as a functional framework. Table 2.1 provides a summary <strong>of</strong> the key sources and the materials involved in the potential release <strong>of</strong> contaminants as identified in Moncrieff & Kennedy (2002). However, a limited number <strong>of</strong> the operational areas within the motor vehicles are involved in most <strong>of</strong> the release <strong>of</strong> materials and contaminants to the environment. Fig. 2.1 provides a general illustration <strong>of</strong> those key sources. Figure 2.1 - Key sources <strong>of</strong> contaminants released by motor vehicles. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
Page 1: The Effect
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Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
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Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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108 A review of se
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
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126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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