The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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120 A number <strong>of</strong> studies carried out in the Auckland area have shown differences in the quality <strong>of</strong> sediment benthic invertebrate communities in estuaries with catchments <strong>of</strong> varying intensities <strong>of</strong> urban development. Recent work undertaken by ARC has indicated that there are good relationships between macroinvertebrate benthic health in s<strong>of</strong>t muddy sediments and the quality <strong>of</strong> those sediments (as reflected in the concentrations <strong>of</strong> Cu, Pb and Zn). However, the observed biological response seen in the field does not reflect urban stormwater contributions from those catchments. At this point in time, the available data indicates that the relationship between sediment quality (contaminants derived from urban run<strong>of</strong>f) and biological effects is somewhat unclear. <strong>The</strong> assessment <strong>of</strong> bioaccumulation in marine organisms provides a tool to assess the flux <strong>of</strong> road transport associated contaminants. No contaminants have been identified that are unique to road transport that would allow the specific effects <strong>of</strong> road transport on uptake <strong>of</strong> contaminants by marine organisms to be isolated in urban areas. It is likely that road transport contributes in part to any biouptake <strong>of</strong> contaminants by marine organisms adjacent to roads and urban areas. Two <strong>of</strong> the key trace element contaminants Cu and Zn are not typically bioaccumulated by many marine organisms. Some shellfish (e.g., oysters) will accumulate Zn. At this point in time there is no information that indicates that road transport contributes to uptake <strong>of</strong> contaminants by marine organisms such that they are rendered unsuitable for human consumption. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
121 9. REFERENCES Anderson, M.; Hewitt, J.; Thrush, S. 2002: <strong>The</strong> development <strong>of</strong> criteria for assessing community health <strong>of</strong> urban intertidal flats. Report prepared by NIWA for Auckland Regional Council. NIWA Client report HAM2002-048. October 2002. ANZECC 1992: Australian and New Zealand water quality guidelines for fresh and marine waters. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council Report. ANZECC 2000: Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality 2000. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council. API 1985a: Vanadium: Environmental and community health impact. Report prepared by EA Engineering, Science and Technology Inc for American Petroleum Institute, Washington. API 1985b: Cadmium: Environmental and community health impact. Report prepared by EA Engineering, Science and Technology Inc for American Petroleum Institute, Washington. ARC, 1992: An Assessment <strong>of</strong> stormwater quality and the implications for the treatment <strong>of</strong> stormwater in the Auckland Region. Report prepared by Kingett Mitchell & Associates Limited. Environmental Planning Division Technical Publication No. 5. April 1992. Auckland Regional Council. ARC, 1994: Urban stormwater quality, Pakuranga, Auckland 1994. Environmental Planning Division Technical Publication No. 49. Auckland Regional Council. ARC, 1998: Auckland region urban stormwater management project - strategy statement. Report prepared by the Territorial Authorities – Auckland Regional Council Stormwater Liaison Group. July 1998. ARC, 2000: Fish passage guidelines for the Auckland region. Auckland Regional Council Technical Publication 131. June 2000. ARWB: 1988: Assessment <strong>of</strong> urban and industrial stormwater inflows to the Manukau Harbour. Prepared by Kingett Mitchell & associates Ltd. ARWB Technical Publication No 75. Baekken, T. 1993: Environmental effects <strong>of</strong> asphalt and tyre wear by road traffic. Nordisk Seminar-og Arbejdsrapporter 1993/;628, Kopenhagen, Denmark 1993 (In Norwegian) (cited in Lindgren 1996) Ball, J. E.; Jenks, R.; Aubourg, D. 1998: An assessment <strong>of</strong> the availability <strong>of</strong> pollutant constituents on road surfaces. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment 209: 243-254. Banerjee, A. D. K. 2003: heavy metal levels and solid phase speciation in street dusts <strong>of</strong> Delhi India. Environmental pollution 123: 95-105. Barbante, C.; Veysseyre, A.; Ferrari, C.; Van de Velde, K.; Morel, C.; Capodaglio, G.; cescon, P.; Scarponi, G.; Boutron, C. 2001: Greenland snow evidence <strong>of</strong> large scale atmospheric contamination for platinum, palladium, and rhodium. Environmental science and technology 35: 835-839. Barefoot, R. R. 1997: Determination <strong>of</strong> platinum at trace levels in environmental and biological materials. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1997. Barefoot, R. R. 1999: Distribution and speciation <strong>of</strong> platinum group elements in environmental matrices. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 11, 1999. Barrett, M. E.; Zuber, R. D.; Collins, E. R.; Malina, J. F.; Charbeneau, P. E.; Ward, G. H. 1995a: A review and evaluation <strong>of</strong> literature pertaining to the quantity and control <strong>of</strong> pollution from highway run<strong>of</strong>f and Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
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The Effect
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Intentionally Blank ii
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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10 differences between petrol and d
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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22 sample of overs
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24 suspension and that carried as b
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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
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32 probably reflect lower traffic d
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34 (1995) provide a general review
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36 Further data can be found in the
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38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
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40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
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42 Catchpits Between the street sur
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44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
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46 The material wh
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48 crystalline species present were
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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Page 82 and 83: 72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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Page 88 and 89: 78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
Page 90 and 91: 80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
Page 92 and 93: 82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
Page 94 and 95: 84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
Page 96 and 97: 86 Although a range of</str
Page 98 and 99: 88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
Page 132 and 133: 122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135: 124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137: 126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139: 128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141: 130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143: 132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 144 and 145: 134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147: 136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149: 138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 150 and 151: 140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
Page 152: 142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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