The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; Webster, K. S. 2000: Source and transport <strong>of</strong> trace metals in the Hatea River catchment and estuary, Whangarei, New Zealand. New Zealand journal <strong>of</strong> marine and freshwater research, 34: 187-201. Wei, C.; Morrison, G. M 1994: Platinum in road dusts and urban river sediments. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment, 146-147: 169-174. Welch, W. R.; Dick, D. L. 1975: Lead concentrations in tissues <strong>of</strong> roadside mice. Environmental pollution 8: 15-21. Wilber, W. G.; Hunter, J. V. 1979: Distribution <strong>of</strong> metals in street sweepings, stormwater solids, and urban aquatic sediments. Journal <strong>of</strong> the Water Control Federation, 51: 2810-2822. Wilding, T. K. 1996: <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> urban development on small stream ecosystems <strong>of</strong> Auckland and the influence <strong>of</strong> riparian vegetation. MSc thesis, University <strong>of</strong> Auckland 1996. Wilding, T. K. 1999: Urban stream ecology and riparian vegetation. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the comprehensive stormwater and aquatic ecosystem management conference; 22-26 February, Auckland pp 111-121. Williamson, R. B. 1985: Urban stormwater quality I. Hillcrest, Hamilton, New Zealand. New Zealand journal <strong>of</strong> marine and freshwater research, 19: 413-427. Williamson, R. B. 1986: Urban stormwater quality II. Comparison <strong>of</strong> three New Zealand catchments. New Zealand journal <strong>of</strong> marine and freshwater research, 20: 315-328. Williamson, R. B. 1993: Urban run<strong>of</strong>f data handbook. Water Quality Centre Publication No. 20. Williamson, R. B.; Morrisey, D. J.; Swales, A. 1999: <strong>The</strong> build-up <strong>of</strong> contaminants in urbanised estuaries. In comprehensive stormwater and aquatic ecosystem management. First South Pacific Conference. 22- 26 February 1999. Auckland. Pp 59-66. Williamson, B.; G<strong>of</strong>f, J.; Ray, D.; Mills, G.; Berkenbusch, K. 2001: <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> urban stormwater in the Wellington region: A synthesis <strong>of</strong> existing information. Report prepared for Wellington Regional Council, May 2001. Williamson, B.; Mills, G. 2002: Sediment quality guidelines for the regional discharges project. Report prepared by Diffuse Sources Ltd for Auckland Regional Council. April 2002. Williamson, B.; Kennedy, P.; McCarthy, D.; Mathieson, T.; Kelly, S.; Timperley, M. 2003: Auckland’s regional discharge project: <strong>The</strong> current and future state <strong>of</strong> Auckland’s coastal receiving environment. Third South Pacific Stormwater Conference, Auckland, May 2003 Winter, G. R., Gindley. J. L. 1980: <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> roadway run<strong>of</strong>f on algae. Final Report No. FHWA/CA/TL- 80/24. California Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>ation. June 1980. Winterbourne, M. J. 1981: <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> invertebrates in studies <strong>of</strong> stream water quality. Water & Soil technical publication No. 22. National Water and Soil Conservation Authority. Worley 2000: Metrowater 1999 water quality monitoring programme. Technical report prepared by Worley Consultants Ltd for Metrowater. February 2000. WRC 1977: Pollution from urban run<strong>of</strong>f. Notes on water research No 12, October 1977. Water Research Centre. Wu, J. J.; Allan, C. J.; Saunders, C.; Evert, J. B. 1998: Characterisation and pollutant loading estimation for highway run<strong>of</strong>f. Journal <strong>of</strong> environmental engineering, July 1998. Pp 584-592. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
141 Yang, S. Y. N.; Connell, D. W.; Hawker, D. W.; Kayal, S. I. 1991: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air, soil and vegetation in the vicinity <strong>of</strong> an urban roadway. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment, 102: 229- 240. Yang, H-H.; Chiang, C-F.; Lee, W-J.; Hwang, K-P.; Wu, E. M-Y. 1999: Size distribution and dry deposition <strong>of</strong> road dust PAHs. Environmental international, 25(5): 585-597. Yeh, C. K.; Novak, J. T. 1994: Anaerobic biodegradation <strong>of</strong> gasoline oxygenates in soils. Water environment research, 66(5): 744-752. Yim, W. W. S.; Nau, P. S. 1987: Distribution <strong>of</strong> lead, zinc, copper and cadmium in dust from selected urban areas <strong>of</strong> Hong Kong. Hong Kong engineer, 7-14. Yousef, Y. A.; Wanielista, M. P.; Hvitved-Jacobsen, T.; Harper, H. H. 1984: Fate <strong>of</strong> heavy metals in stormwater run-<strong>of</strong>f from highway bridges. <strong>The</strong> science <strong>of</strong> the total environment, 33: 233-244. Zimmermann, S.; Alt, F.; Messerschmidt, J.; von Bohlen, A.; Taraschewski, H.; Sures, B.; 2002: Biological availability <strong>of</strong> traffic related platinum group elements (Pd, Pt, Rh) and other metals to the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in water containing road dust. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 21: 2713-2718. Zimmermann, S.; Menzel, C. M.; Stuben, D.; Taraschewski, H.; Sures, B. 2003: Lipid solubility <strong>of</strong> the platinum group metals Pt, Pd and Rh in dependence on the presence <strong>of</strong> complexing agents. Environ. Environmental pollution, 124: 1-5. Zweidlinger, R. B.; Stevens, R.K.; Lewis, C. W. 1990: Identification <strong>of</strong> volatile hydrocarbons as mobile source trailers for fine-particulate organics. Environmental science and technology, 24: 538-542. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
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The Effect
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Intentionally Blank ii
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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
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iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
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2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
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4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
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6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
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8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
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10 differences between petrol and d
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12 on the nature of</strong
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14 As such, available information i
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16 An examination of</stron
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18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
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20 to elevated concentrations in ty
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22 sample of overs
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24 suspension and that carried as b
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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
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28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
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30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
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32 probably reflect lower traffic d
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34 (1995) provide a general review
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36 Further data can be found in the
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38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
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40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
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42 Catchpits Between the street sur
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44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
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46 The material wh
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48 crystalline species present were
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
Page 100 and 101: 90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
Page 104 and 105: 94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
Page 106 and 107: 96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 108 and 109: 98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
Page 110 and 111: 100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
Page 112 and 113: 102 concentrations of</stro
Page 114 and 115: 104 that “concentrations
Page 116 and 117: 106 A large amount of</stro
Page 118 and 119: 108 A review of se
Page 120 and 121: 110 Samples of man
Page 122 and 123: 112 grazers such as mud flat snails
Page 124 and 125: 114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
Page 126 and 127: 116 The quality <s
Page 128 and 129: 118 International studies have show
Page 130 and 131: 120 A number of st
Page 132 and 133: 122 construction. Center for Resear
Page 134 and 135: 124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137: 126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
Page 138 and 139: 128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
Page 140 and 141: 130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
Page 142 and 143: 132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
Page 144 and 145: 134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
Page 146 and 147: 136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
Page 148 and 149: 138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
Page 152: 142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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