The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the concentration <strong>of</strong> particulate and dissolved Zn in stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f from Richardson Rd, Auckland City over three storm events (Taken from Timperley et al. 2003). Motorways To provide more specific information on the quality <strong>of</strong> stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f where motor vehicles are the primary contributor, the chemistry <strong>of</strong> stormwater from motorways, highways and isolated roads such as bridges needs to be examined. <strong>The</strong>re is very little ‘isolated’ New Zealand roadway stormwater metals data. Table 4.5 presents data from two studies. One carried out by the ARC in 1996 and a second carried out by the Wellington Regional Council in 1998 (Sherriff 1998). Both studies were limited due to the detection limits employed for the analysis <strong>of</strong> stormwater being high relative to the actual concentrations. Sampling and analytical method differences between the studies identified in Table 4.5 has not been taken into account. Kingett Mitchell Ltd Resource & Environmental Consultants
27 Table 4.5 - Summary <strong>of</strong> trace elements in motorway stormwater (all data mg/m 3 ). Authors Location ADT Cd Cu Cr Pb Ni Zn N International Hares & Ward (1999) M25 Leatherhead UK 140,000 14.1 274 105 81 93 208 3 M 25 Oxted UK 120,000 11.9 248 86 70 76 188 3 Berbee et al. (1996) Netherlands - 1-5 17-78 3-10 40-195 4-15 200-530 - Berbee et al. (1999) Netherlands 53,000 0.8 121 5 93 5 452 3-6 Marsalek et al. (1997) Skyway Bridge - 15 136 - 72 69 337 53 Shinya et al. (2000) 4 Elevated urban 75,00 1-3 39-100 2-10 17-39 2-6 427-1191 4 Wu et al. (1995) Kennedy (1995) highway, Osaka 3 Lane Bridge 3 Lane Highway 4 Lane Highway Walnut Creek Dallas Tollway Collins Street MoPac at West 35 th 25,000 21,500 5,500
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 6 and 7: ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<st
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
Page 56 and 57: 46 The material wh
Page 58 and 59: 48 crystalline species present were
Page 60 and 61: 50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
Page 62 and 63: 52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
Page 64 and 65: 54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
Page 66 and 67: 56 5.6 Summary The
Page 68 and 69: 58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
Page 70 and 71: 60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
Page 72 and 73: 62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
Page 74 and 75: 64 considered that taxa richness wa
Page 76 and 77: 66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
Page 78 and 79: 68 runoff to fish
Page 80 and 81: 70 deposition, tracking of<
Page 82 and 83: 72 one factor used to classify orga
Page 84 and 85: 74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
Page 136 and 137:
126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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