The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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ii 4.2 Particulates in Urban Run<strong>of</strong>f and Motorway Run<strong>of</strong>f 21 4.3 Trace Elements in Stormwater 24 4.3.1 Concentrations in stormwater 24 4.3.2 Dissolved Metals 29 4.3.3 Trace metals in Stormwater Particulates 31 4.4 Organic Compounds in Stormwater 33 4.4.1 Hydrocarbons 33 4.4.2 VOCs 33 4.4.3 PAHs 34 4.4.4 Other SVOCs 36 4.4.5 Dissolved organic compounds 37 4.4.6 TPH and PAHs in stormwater particulate matter 37 4.5 Other Constituents 38 4.6 <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Road</strong> Surfaces 41 4.7 Catchpits & First Flush 41 4.8 Summary 42 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANTS EMITTED FROM TRANSPORT SOURCES 44 5.1 Introduction 44 5.2 <strong>Transport</strong> and Deposition <strong>of</strong> Airborne Particulate Matter 44 5.2.1 Introduction 44 5.2.2 Particulate Material 45 5.2.3 Local Deposition 45 5.2.4 Regional and Remote Deposition 46 5.3 Fate on the Street Surface and in the Stormwater System 47 5.3.1 Introduction 47 5.3.2 Street Surfaces 47 5.3.3 Catchpits 52 5.4 Freshwaters 53 5.4.1 Introduction 53 5.4.2 Dispersion 54 5.4.3 Settlement 54 5.4.4 Other Processes 54 5.5 Estuarine and Marine Waters 54 5.5.1 Introduction 54
iii 5.5.2 Settlement 54 5.5.3 Other Processes 55 5.6 Summary 56 6. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS 57 6.1 Introduction 57 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 58 6.2.1 Introduction 58 6.2.2 In-stream Habitat 59 6.2.3 Aquatic algae 61 6.2.4 Aquatic Invertebrates 62 6.2.5 Fish 65 6.3 Water Quality and Toxicity 68 6.3.1 Introduction 68 6.3.2 General Water Quality 69 6.3.3 Toxic Substances 70 6.3.3.1 Guidelines 70 6.3.3.2 Toxicity data 70 6.3.3.3 Stormwater Quality and Toxicity 72 6.3.4 Toxicity data and Toxicity Tests 76 6.4 Sediment Quality and Toxicity 80 6.4.1 Sediment Quality Guidelines 80 6.4.2 Quality <strong>of</strong> Detention Pond Sediments 82 6.4.3 Stream, wetlands and Lake Sediments 84 6.4.4 Sediment Toxicity 85 6.5 Bioaccumulation 87 6.5.1 Introduction 87 6.5.2 Bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> Trace Elements 88 6.5.2.1 Invertebrates 88 6.5.2.2 Fish 90 6.5.2.3 Other organisms 90 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> Organic Compounds 92 6.5.3.1 Introduction 92 6.5.3.2 Invertebrates 93 6.5.3.3 Fish 93 6.5.3.4 Other organisms 93 6.6 Summary 93
Page 1: The Effect
Page 4 and 5: Intentionally Blank ii
Page 8 and 9: iv 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Page 10 and 11: vi MW Molecular weight N Nitrogen N
Page 12 and 13: 2 1. Moncrieff, I.; Kennedy, P. 200
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 2.1 - Contaminant Source Cl
Page 16 and 17: 6 mg/kg) and Zn (25-34,500 mg/kg).
Page 18 and 19: 8 Bitumen Bitumen is produced in Ne
Page 20 and 21: 10 differences between petrol and d
Page 22 and 23: 12 on the nature of</strong
Page 24 and 25: 14 As such, available information i
Page 26 and 27: 16 An examination of</stron
Page 28 and 29: 18 Yang et al. (1999) examined the
Page 30 and 31: 20 to elevated concentrations in ty
Page 32 and 33: 22 sample of overs
Page 34 and 35: 24 suspension and that carried as b
Page 36 and 37: 26 Figure 4.1 - Variation in the co
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 4.2 - Variation in the co
Page 40 and 41: 30 Metal Cu Cd Pb Zn Table 4.6 - Su
Page 42 and 43: 32 probably reflect lower traffic d
Page 44 and 45: 34 (1995) provide a general review
Page 46 and 47: 36 Further data can be found in the
Page 48 and 49: 38 by ARC (1994) indicated that TPH
Page 50 and 51: 40 Cations/Anions Common ionic cons
Page 52 and 53: 42 Catchpits Between the street sur
Page 54 and 55: 44 5 PATHWAYS & FATE OF CONTAMINANT
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46 The material wh
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48 crystalline species present were
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50 Figure 5.1 - Percentage
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52 short (e.g., < 1 day). In water,
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54 5.4.2 Dispersion Dilution and di
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56 5.6 Summary The
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58 6.2 Freshwater Ecosystems 6.2.1
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60 General Assessment Tools Commonl
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62 3. Increasing sediment inputs. 4
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64 considered that taxa richness wa
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66 Freshwater macro-invertebrate me
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68 runoff to fish
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70 deposition, tracking of<
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72 one factor used to classify orga
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74 Zinc Measurement of</str
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76 in stormwater and receiving wate
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78 minute; sub-mitochondrial partic
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80 Toxicity tests have undertaken u
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82 High molecular weight PAHs are t
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84 Note: Sources refer Table 5.2. F
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86 Although a range of</str
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88 Bioaccumulation can be assessed
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90 Figure 6.2 - metal concentration
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92 6.5.3 Bioaccumulation of
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94 Water Stormwater quality data fr
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96 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT
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98 3. Echinoderm (Fellaster zelandi
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100 trace metals (probably Cu and Z
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102 concentrations of</stro
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104 that “concentrations
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106 A large amount of</stro
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108 A review of se
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110 Samples of man
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112 grazers such as mud flat snails
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114 8. OVERVIEW 8.1 Vehicles as sou
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116 The quality <s
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118 International studies have show
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120 A number of st
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122 construction. Center for Resear
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124 Carey, J.; Cook, P.; Ciesy, J.;
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126 Ellis, J. B. 1986: Pollutional
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128 Harrop D. O. 1984: Stormwater r
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130 Kennedy, P. C.; Kjellstrom, T.
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132 Maltby, L. A.; Boxall, D. M.; F
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134 Novotny, V.; Muehring, D.; Zito
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136 Ruck, J. 1998: Evaluation <stro
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138 Terracciano, S. A.; O’Brien,
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140 Webster, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; W
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142 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to
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The Effects of Road Transport on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

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