SDPC-86301-WORKS-ITB-061_Annex I _Specifications.pdf - UNOPS

PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE PROJECT 

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR EARTHWORK, BACKFILLING AND SITE GRADING 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE 

2. CODES AND STANDARDS 

3. EXAMINATION 

4. PROPERTY LINES AND SURVEYS 

5. PROTECTION 

6. TRAFFIC PROVISIONS 

7. INSPECTION AND TESTING 

8. Fill Materials





This specification covers the minimum requirements for site preparation, 

earthwork, compaction and site grading. 


All labour, materials and equipment shall be governed by the latest edition of the 

following codes and standards: 

BS 6031 Code of Practice for Earthwork 

BS 5930 Code of Practice for Site Investigation 

BS 1377 Method of Testing Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes 


3.1 The job site shall be examined to ascertain any special conditions and to 

recognize conditions which may affect the Work. No compensation will be made 

for work resulting from unfamiliarity with existing site conditions. 

3.2 Surface and underground utility location shall be verified before commencing 

work. To proceed with the Work shall mean acceptance of the site conditions. 

4. PROPERTY LINES AND SURVEYS 

Property lines shall be established by EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE at no 

cost to CONTRACTOR. 

CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for maintenance of all survey markers after 

they have been established.




5. PROTECTION 

5.1 Bench marks, utilities, roads and herbs shall be protected against damage 

from vehicular or foot traffic. 

5.2 Protect bottoms of excavations from softening. Should softening occur, 

remove softened soil and replace with approved granular material. 

5.3 Do not stockpile excavated material to interfere with site operations or 

drainage. 

6. TRAFFIC PROVISIONS 

6.1 Temporary roadways, walkways, bridging, barricades, covers and detours, 

over and around excavations, for vehicular and pedestrian traffic shall be 

provided and maintained. Such provisions shall conform to applicable codes and 

regulations. 

6.2 Access routes shall remain free from vehicles and equipment blockage. 

6.3 Public and private roads used for hauling materials shall be kept free of 

excess deposits and spillage. 


7.1 General 

7.1.1 CONTRACTOR shall provide access to the work at all times to 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE 's Inspector for checking materials, 

fabrication and construction procedures.




7.1.2 EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE 's Inspector shall have the right to stop 

work and require repairs or alterations if, in his opinion, the materials or 

workmanship do not meet the required specification. 

7.1.3 Any omissions or failure on the part of the Inspector to disapprove or reject 

any work or materials must not be construed as an acceptance of any defective 

work or materials. 

7.1.4 CONTRACTOR will bear the cost of repair and additional inspection 

resulting from faulty material or workmanship. 

7.2 Compaction Tests 

7.2.1 The required tests and certification of compaction shall be made by an 

independent testing laboratory acceptable to the EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE . A temporary laboratory facility for conducting compaction 

tests shall be set up at site. 

7.2.2 CONTRACTOR shall allot sufficient time between each lift for the testing to 

be carried out. If the material fails to meet the required density, the material shall 

be reworked or replaced and the construction method altered as necessary to 

obtain the required density. 

8. PRODUCTS 

8.1 Fill Materials 

8.1.1 Selected soil materials shall comprise clean, well-graded inorganic granular 

soils obtained from approved source. 

8.1.2 General selected fill materials shall comprise clean, well-graded granular 

soils or inorganic Iow-plastic cohesive soils as recommended by soil report and 

obtained from approved source.




8.1.3 Local fill is defined as approved fill materials obtain from borrow pit selected 

by CONTRACTOR and approved by the EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

8.1.4 Top soil is defined as humus, peat and similar decomposed organic 

material making up the top layer of the soil and suitable for supporting the growth 

of vegetation. 

8.1.5 Common excavation material is defined as all material such as top soil, 

earth, muskeg, muck, clay, hardpan, soft shale, sand, gravel and any such 

material which can be removed without drilling and blasting. 

8.1.6 Rock excavation material is defined as material being of sufficient hardness 

as to require drilling, blasting or breaking with a power operated hand tool to 

facilitate its removal and shall include solid ledge rock and detached masses of 

rock or concrete exceeding 1.0 m 3 in volume, but shall not include soft or 

disintegrated rock which can be broken with a hand pick or power operated 

excavator, ripper or shovel; hardpan; previously blasted or broken stone in 

rockfills or elsewhere which is less than 1.0 m 3 in volume; and boulders or pieces 

of fragmented rock which do not occur naturally within the excavated volume but 

fall into the excavation from an adjacent area. 

8.1.7 Borrow material is defined as all suitable sub-grade material obtained from 

borrow and/or from areas on or off the job site. 

8.1.8 Common fill material is defined as material which is free from all roots and 

organic matter, rocks greater than 150 mm in diameter and excessive amounts of 

sandy or silty material which might cause difficulty in achieving adequate stability 

and compaction.




8.2 Granular Selected Soils 

8.2.1 Gravels shall be free of any form of coating, clay, shale, silt, friable 

materials, loam, or other deleterious materials and shall be non-frost susceptible. 

8.2.2 Crushed gravel for concrete, surfacing, road base and foundation base 

shall conform to the following gradations: 

At least 50% by weight of the material retained on the 5 mm sieve shall have one 

or more fracture faces.




8.3 Execution 

8.3.1 CONTRACTOR shall establish the extent of excavation by area and 

elevation. All tines and elevations shall be set out as indicated on the Drawings 

and as required to perform the Work. 

8.3.2 Bench marks, monuments and other reference points shall be maintained 

and re-established if destroyed. 

8.4 Existing Services 

8.4.1 Prior to commencement of excavation work, the location and extent of all 

underground utilities occurring in the work area shall be confirmed. 

8.4.2 Rules and Regulations of the Local Authorities shall be complied with. 

Active utilities shall be protected or shall be moved only by the approval of 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

8.4.3 Location of abandoned and active utility lines shall be recorded on "As- 

Built" Drawings. 

8.5 Clearing 

The CONTRACTOR shall clear the entire site of all weeds, brush, and 

designated trees. All roots of cleared brush and trees shall be removed to a 

depth of 200mm below the existing ground level. 

8.6 Stripping




8.6.1 Prior to excavating in work area, all topsoil shall be stripped, stored and 

disposed of at a location agreed by EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

8.6.2 Topsoil shall be removed to an average depth of 200mm. 

8.6.3 Topsoil shall not be stripped under wet (saturated) conditions. 

8.7 Excavation 

8.7.1 General 

Excavation shall be made to elevations and dimensions as shown on the 

Drawings and as required to erect formwork, to lay drains and to perform 

inspection. The bottom of excavations shall be trimmed, under dry condition, and 

shall be free from loose material or debris, before any work continues. 

Excavations for footings shall be within plus or minus 25mm of the required 

elevations, with allowances for formwork. 

CONTRACTOR shall notify the EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE when 

excavation is ready for inspection to verify soil bearing capacity, depths and 

dimensions. 

Unauthorized over-excavation shall be corrected as directed by the 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . Over- excavated areas under load bearing 

surfaces and footings shall be filled with Grade C20 concrete. Over-excavation 

under other areas shall be filled with Granular Selected Fill, compacted to ninetyfive 

(95) percent of maximum dry density determined in accordance with Test 11: 

BS 1377. 

8.7.2 Footings 

Footings shall be placed on natural undisturbed soil unless specified otherwise 

on the Drawings.




8.7.3 Dewatering 

Excavations shall be kept free of water at all times. Water collecting in 

excavations shall be promptly removed and any excavation bottom that has 

deteriorated shall be further excavated and made up with concrete or compacted 

fill. 

Adjacent areas to excavation shall be graded to prevent water from running into 

excavated areas. 

CONTRACTOR shall furnish and operate suitable pumps on a twenty-four (24) 

hour basis to keep excavations free from water. 

8.8 Shoring and Bracing 

Where vertical excavated faces exceed 1200mm, the excavation shall be 

backsloped or shored and braced to prevent failure. Backsloping, shoring and 

bracing shall be in accordance with applicable regulations. 

Excavations shall be protected against cave-in, shear failure, slides, 

undermining, erosion, and settlement. Shoring, cribbing, bracing, sheet piling or 

planking shall be erected to provide such protection. 

CONTRACTOR shall assume full responsibility for any failure, collapse or 

movement of shoring or bracing, collapse of earth banks, trenches, manholes or 

other excavations. Every effort shall be made to ensure that, once an area or 

trench is excavated, the work in that area is completed promptly to permit 

backfilling, and thus avoid open excavations wherever possible. All necessary 

barricades, lights and other precautions at open excavations shall be provided. 

CONTRACTOR shall provide calculations for all temporary works to excavations 

and stability calculations for all unsupported excavations if required by the 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE .




8.9 Backfilling 

8.9.1 Inspection 

To ensure accurate records are maintained and to permit final inspection, no 

excavation is to be filled, without written approval of the EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE . Where work is backfilled or covered up without specific 

approval, it shall be completely re-excavated upon request, without extra 

compensation. 

8.9.2 Compaction Testing 

All tests required by the EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE to control the quality 

of the work shall be made by the CONTRACTOR under the supervision of the 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE and at the expenses of the CONTRACTOR. 

Testing of compacted fills shall be carried out by an independent inspection firm 

approved by the EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . Tests shall be performed 

in accordance with BS 1377. 

If during the progress of work, test indicate that fills do not meet specified 

requirements, they shall be replaced and re-tested as directed by the 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE without any compensation. 

Compacted fills shall be tested and approved before proceeding with placement 

of surface material.




Twenty-four (24) hours notice shall be given so that compaction tests can be 

arranged. 

8.9.3 Workmanship 

Backfilling operations shall be carried out systematically and as early possible. 

Where temporary unbalanced earth pressures are liable to develop on walls or 

other structures, use extreme caution during backfill operations. Shore as 

required. Shoring shall be the responsibility of the CONTRACTOR. 

Do not backfill structures until concrete has cured a minimum of seven (7) days 

or until the in-situ concrete has reached a minimum strength of seventy (70) 

percent of its twenty-eight (28) days strength. 

Fill material shall be compacted without disturbing or damaging buried utilities, 

waterproofing, drainage tile, piping or perimeter insulation. 

Excavations shall be cleared of all debris, bracing, shoring or any unacceptable 

materials prior to backfilling. 

8.9.4 Compaction 

Prior to placing fill under footing, existing grade shall be scarified and compacted 

to obtain same compaction as specified for fill. Soft areas shall be removed and 

replaced with Selected Fill Material as directed by the EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE .




Optimum moisture content shall be maintained to enable compacted material to 

attain specified density. 

Backfill below foundations level shall be General Selected Engineering Fill, 

deposited in layers not exceeding 200mm in compacted depth. Compact to 95 

percent of the maximum dry density to BS 1377. 

Backfill which fails to achieve the required density shall be removed and 

recompacted without any compensation.



FOR CAST-IN PLACE CONCRETE 




3. REFERENCES 



6. PRODUCTS 

7. EXECUTION 

1





This specification covers material, proportioning, mixing, placing, testing, curing 

and other related requirements for all concrete used in structures, foundations 

and columns. 




BS 8110 Structural use of Concrete. 

BS 8004 Code of Practice for Foundations. 

BS 12 Specification for Ordinary and Rapid Hardening 

BS 812 Methods for Sampling and Testing Mineral 

BS 882 Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete. 

BS 2690 Methods of Testing Water Used in Industry 

BS 3148 Methods of Tests for Water for Making Concrete. 

BS 1305 Batch Type Concrete Mixer. 

BS 1521 Waterproof Building Papers. 

BS 1881 Methods of Testing Concrete. 

BS 1926 Ready-mixed Concrete. 

BS 5328 Methods for Specifying Concrete. 

BS 4251 Truck Type Concrete Mixer. 

ACI 304-73 Recommended Practice for the Measuring, Mixing and Placing of 

concrete. 

ACI 304.2R-71 Placing Concrete by Pumping Methods. 

CEB-FIPModel CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 (Concrete Structures, Bulletin 

Code 1990 No.213/214. 

2




3. REFERENCES 

The related work specified in other sections as references shall be as follows:- 

(GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT) 


Architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical drawings and specifications 

shall be examined for work that might affect the concrete construction. Particular 

attention shall be paid to anchor bolt, pipe and conduit locations in concrete. 


The CONTRACTOR shall provide, at his own expenses, all samples for testing of 

concrete and aggregates in accordance with BS 1881 at an approved 

independent laboratory including the carriage of all samples to the laboratory and 

obtaining and submitting all test results to EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE 

and paying all fees and charges in connection herewith. 

If required, samples of fine and coarse aggregate along with proposed mix 

design shall be submitted to an approved testing firm. 

The design of concrete mixes to attain specified strength shall be the 

responsibility of the CONTRACTOR and copies of the mix design shall be 

submitted to EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE for inspection. 

CONTRACTOR shall notify EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE to perform the 

inspection of the required testing minimum of six hour's notice shall be given prior 

to testing before commencing the placing of any structural concrete. 

The CONTRACTOR shall submit to EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE full 

details of the trial mixes and the mixes he proposes to use, with their anticipated 

average strength, which must be based on the satisfactory results of the 

preliminary tests. At least six (6) weeks before commencing any concrete works, 

the CONTRACTOR shall make trial mixes using samples of aggregates and 

cement typical of those to be used in the works. A clean dry mixer shall be used 

3




and the first batch discarded. Preliminary test cubes shall be taken from the 

proposed mixes as follows: 

a For each grade, a set of six (6) cubes shall be made from each of three 

consecutive batches. Three (3) cubes from each set of six (6) shall be tested at 

an age of seven (7) days and the other three (3) cubes at an age of 28 days. 

b)The cubes shall be made, cured, stored, transported and tested in 

compression, in accordance with BS 1881 except that the storage and curing of 

concrete cubes shall be carried out at a temperature of 75~F to 85~F. At each 

age of test, no cube strength shall fall below the appropriate specified mean 

values given in Table 3.1. 

c) During placement, samples of concrete for works cube tests shall be taken 

and cubes made as and when directed by EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

d) For each grade of concrete, eight (8) cubes shall be made for each 15m 3 of 

concrete or part thereof, in each day's work. This number of cubes may be 

reduced if consistently satisfactory results are obtained, or increased up to a 

maximum of 16 when, in the opinion of EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE or 

his representative, additional tests are required as, for especially, in the early 

stages of works. 

e) The test cubes shall be made, cured and stored at site under the same 

conditions as the works to which they are related. 

CONTRACTOR shall carry out at least one (1) slump test and compacting factor 

test in accordance with BS 1881 for every batch of concrete used or at 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE 's discretion. 

For good workability, the slump readings shall be within 50mm to 80mm and the 

compacting factor shall be within 0.92 to 0.95. 

Compression tests shall be carried out on 150mm (6 in) cubes in accordance to 

BS 1881. Each cube shall be made from a single sample taken from a randomly 

4




selected batch of concrete. The samples should, where practicable, be taken at 

the point of discharge from the mixer or, if the case of ready-mixed concrete, at 

the point of discharge from the delivery vehicle. Compliance with the specified 

strength of each grade of concrete except Grade 15 may be assumed if 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE is satisfied that: 

a) The average strength determined from any group of four consecutive test 

cubes exceeds the specified cube strength by not less than 7.5N/mm 2 , or 

3.75N/mm 2 if it can be established that the standard deviation of cube tests on at 

least 40 separate batches of nominally similar proportions of similar materials 

and produced by the same plant under similar supervision is not greater than 

3N/mm 2 . 

b) Each individual test result is greater than 85% of the specified strength. 

If only one cube test fails to meet the second requirement, then that result may 

be considered to represent only the particular batch of concrete from which the 

cube was taken provided the average strength of the group satisfies the first 

requirement. If the average strength of any group of four consecutive test cubes 

fails to meet the first requirement then all the concrete in all the batches 

represented by all such cubes, including those not actually tested and those for 

which test results exceed the specified cube strength, shall be deemed not to 

comply with the strength requirements. 

CONTRACTOR shall submit original plus one copy of laboratory test reports for 

seven (7) and twenty eight (28) day breaks with weight factors for each batch of 

concrete tested. Reports shall be submitted to EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE within one week from break test dates. These documents 

will be for EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE review and files. 

5




6. PRODUCTS 

6.1 Materials 

Cement shall be ordinary Portland cement in accordance with BS 12. 

The fine aggregate shall be natural sand and shall be free from coagulated 

lumps. The sand shall contain less than 8% of clay and silt by volume, measured 

according to field test in BS 812. The grading of the fine aggregate shall comply 

with BS 882 Table 2.Grading zone 2 or zone 3. 

The coarse aggregates shall be crushed igneous rock. The grading of the coarse 

aggregate shall be within the limits given in BS 882 Part 1:1993 

The content of acid-soluble chlorides (expressed as CI) should not exceed 0.06% 

by wt of fine aggregates and 0.03% by wt of coarse aggregates. 

The content of acid-soluble sulphates (expressed as calculated SO3 equivalent) 

shall not exceed 0.4% by wt of fine aggregates and 0.4% by wt of coarse 

aggregates. 

The aggregates shall be tested for possible alkali reaction or other deleterious 

reactivity. 

At all times, the aggregates shall be free of impurities and if not, the aggregates 

shall be washed mechanically with water to remove clay, silt and fine dust. 

Water to be used for mixing concrete and mortar shall be clean and free from 

deleterious matter, acids or alkaline substances, in solution or suspension, which 

6




are likely to affect the strength and/or the durability of the concrete and shall 

comply with the requirements of BS 3148. 

Only clean, fresh water free from harmful matter shall be used. It shall not 

contain chlorides (CI) in excess of 500 rog/kg nor sulphates (SO3) in excess of 

500 mg/kg. 

The water shall not contain dissolved solids in excess of 2000 mg/kg. 

Furthermore the water shall not contain sugars, phosphates and harmful 

impurities (for instance oil). The pH of the water shall be > 5.0. 

Tests shall be carried out in accordance with BS 3148 and BS 2690. 

No admixtures other than those stated in the specification or where called for in 

writing by EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE shall be used. 

Vapor barrier shall comply with BS 1521 or be heavy-duty polyethylene film of at 

least 0.15mm thickness, in the longest length and widest width available. The 

overlap shall be not less than less than 150mm at all joints and intersections. 

Polysulphide sealant, both pouring and gun grade shall comply with the 

requirements of BS 4254. 

The concrete shall be carried in purpose made agitators operating continuously 

or truck mixers confirming to BS 4251. The concrete shall be compacted in its 

final position within 1 hour of the introduction of cement to the aggregates. 

7




6.2 Mix Design 

CONTRACTOR shall certify that plant, equipment and all materials to be used in 

concrete manufacturing comply with the requirement of BS 8110. 

CONTRACTOR shall provide the mixing procedure to EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE for approval. 

The various grades of concrete to be used in the works shall be as specified or 

shown on the Drawings and shall have properties as set out in Table 3.1. 

Item 

Grade 

Max Size Compressive Minimum 

Maximum Free 

of Strength at Cement 

Water/Cement 

Aggregate 28 Days Content 

(mm) (N/mm 2 Ratio 

) (kg/m3) 

Reinforced Concrete 

Structures 

C30 25 35 380 0.45 

Mass Concrete C25 25 30 320 0.45 

Lean Concrete C15 20 20 210 0.45 

8



FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT 


1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 

2 CODES AND STANDARDS 

3 REFERENCES 

4 SUBMITTALS 

6 STORAGE 

7 PRODUCTS 

8 EXECUTION 

1





This specification covers the requirement for concrete reinforcement for concrete 

structures. 




BS 8110 Structural Use of Concrete 

BS 4449 Specification for Hot Rolled Steel Bars for the Reinforcement of 

Concrete 

BS 4483 Steel Fabric for the Reinforcement of Concrete 

BS 4466 Bending Dimensions and Scheduling of Bars for the Reinforcement of 

Concrete 

BS 5135 Arc welding of Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steels 

3. REFERENCES 


(GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR CAST-IN PLACE CONCRETE) 

2




4. SUBMITTALS 

CONTRACTOR shall prepare bar bending schedules with calculated weights for 

the reinforcements shown on the drawings and shall submit these schedules in 

triplicate for the approval of EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE before bar 

cutting and bending commences. Any approval so given shall not relieve the 

CONTRACTOR of its responsibility for the correct fixing of all reinforcement in 

accordance with the drawings and specifications. 


After reinforcement is placed, CONTRACTOR shall notify EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE to perform the inspection of the reinforcement. A minimum 

of six (6) hours notice shall be given prior to placing of concrete. 

6. STORAGE 

Reinforcement shall be stored off the ground on blocks support to prevent 

deterioration, contamination or disfigurement. 

7. PRODUCTS 

7.1 Materials 

Plain mild steel reinforcing bar shall comply with BS4449. Minimum specified 

characteristic yield strength of bar shall be 250N/mm2. 

High mild steel reinforcing bar shall comply with BS4449. Minimum specified 

characteristic yield strength of bar shall be 46ON/mm2. 

Steel Reinforcement Fabric shall comply with BS 4483. Fabric shall be delivered 

to site in fiat sheets and shall be no time to be rolled. 

3




Binding wire for steel reinforcement shall be 1.6mm annealed soft-iron tying wire. 

Chairs, bolsters, bar supports and spacers shall have adequate strength to 

support reinforcements during construction. All spacers, ties, chairs and other 

metal accessories used for spacing and securing metal reinforcement shall 

conform to the requirements of BS 8110 and the type thereof shall be subject to 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE 's approval. 

7.2 Fabrication of Reinforcing Steel 

Reinforcing steel shall be fabricated to the following tolerances: 

Sheared Length: 20mm 

Depth of Truss bar: 0mm to minus 10mm 

Stirrups, Ties and Spirals: + 10mm 

Other Bends: 20mm 

Where welding of mild steel bar is required, the bars are to be prepared as per 

BS 5135:1984 and welded by the electric arc method. 

All reinforcing steel shall be bent and fabricated to tolerance given in BS 8110. 

All bends shall be cold formed. Straightening and re-bending shall not be 

permitted. 

All reinforcing steel shall be tagged with mark numbers. 

7.3 Anchor Bolts 

Reference shall be made on the drawings to the appropriate anchor bolt 

standards. 

Special anchor bolts shall be as shown on the drawings. 

7.4 Cleaning 

Reinforcement shall be cleaned free from flakes or scales, rust, mud, oil, grease 

and any contaminating matter that will reduce the steel strength or the bond of 

the concrete to the steel before being placed in the forms. 

4




8. EXECUTION 

8.1 Workmanship 

Reinforcement shall be fixed in the formwork and held against displacement by 

approved cover blocks and binding wires to ensure that the meshwork or 

reinforcing bars will retain their designed form and exact positions in the 

formwork during the process of depositing and consolidating the concrete. 

Support and space reinforcing bar in alignment and position indicated on the 

drawings and as follows: 

(a) Exposed concrete - considered as architectural concrete - use non- staining 

supports and spacers. 

(b) Concrete slabs-on-grade, support slabs - support reinforcement and secure 

to supports. 

(c) Walls - use spacers to ensure correct and uniform concrete cover. 

(d) Concrete beams and columns - laterally support along lengths and height; 

place support in pairs on opposite faces. 

Placing and bending of hooks, bars, laps and splices shall be in accordance with 

the requirements of BS 8110 and BS 4466. 

Tolerances for fixing reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 8110; Part 1; 

Section 7. 

CONTRACTOR shall obtain approval from EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE 

prior to enclosing any reinforcing steel with formwork or placing concrete. 

5



FOR PAINTING OF STEELWORKS & CONCRETE 




3. REFERENCES 

4. COLOUR SAMPLES 

5. PAINT MANUFACTURER 

6. STORAGE AND HANDLING 

7. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 

8. PROTECTION 

9. SCAFFOLDING, STAGING, ACCESSIBILITY 

10. PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK 

11. MATERIALS 

12. EXECUTION 

13. SCHEDULE OF PAINTING 

14. CLEANING 

1





This specification covers the requirement for materials, surface preparation 

and application of all painting of steel and concrete structures. 


All labor, materials and equipment shall be governed by the latest edition of 

the following codes and standards: 

1) Steel Structure Painting Council Manual 

2) Uniform Building Code 

3) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) - Occupation Safety and Health Act 

3. REFERENCES 


(GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL WORKS) 

4. COLOR SAMPLES 

The CONTRACTOR shall submit labeled color displays in sufficient number 

and size for approval, showing various stages of finishes on displays. 

5. PAINT MANUFACTURER 

CONTRACTOR shall submit the proposed manufacturers from EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE 's approval prior to supply of the paint materials. Type of 

paint shall be from one manufacturer, manufactured by one process sand 

uniform texture and color. During the course of the work the CONTRACTOR 

shall not change brands or material without approval from EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE . 

2




6. STORAGE AND HANDLING 

All paint materials, shall be delivered to the site in original containers and 

packages, bearing the manufacture's labels, indicating name, type and brand, 

and ready-mixed unless directed otherwise. 

The CONTRACTOR shall order in advance sufficient quantities and in ample 

time to facilitate the work. 

Materials and equipment shall be stored in a designated storage space on the 

site. The storage space shall be kept neat, clean and accessible at all times 

and the floors are to be protected from paint spillage. Storage temperature 

shall not exceed 30°C. 

During handling and storage, the paint materials shall be protected from 

contamination of foreign elements that might upset the integrity of the 

materials. 

7. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 

7.0 The CONTRACTOR shall not paint when the air dust-laden nor when 

weather and temperature conditions are unsuitable. CONTRACTOR shall not 

paint exterior surface in damp or rainy weather and shall comply with 

manufacturer's recommendation when they are more stringent with respect to 

application. 

7.1 Humidity 

Moisture content of the surfaces shall conform to the following: 

1) Moisture content of pre-painted surfaces - tests shall be by an electronic 

"Moisture Meter". 

3




2) Masonry/Concrete Block - maximum moisture content 12 percent for 

solvent-type paint. Masonry surfaces may be tested for alkalinity. Masonry 

units must be installed at least 28 days prior to painting and be visually dry on 

both sides before panting commences. 

7.2 Temperature 

No painting shall be performed when surface temperatures or air temperature 

in the vicinity of the work are below 4°C. The minimum temperatures allowed 

for latex paints shall be 10°C for interior work and 4°C for exterior work. 

7.3 Ventilation/Heating 

Ensure there is adequate continuous ventilation. Maintain temperatures above 

10°C for24 hours before the paint application. 

8. PROTECTION 

The CONTRACTOR shall take every precaution to avoid damage by fire and 

shall place paint or solvent soaked rags, waste or other materials, which might 

constitute a fire hazards in metal containers which shall be removed and 

stored at the storage area at the close of each day's work. 

CONTRACTOR shall provide suitable coverings to protect the work and 

adjacent surfaces and objects. 

CONTRACTOR shall remove or protect items such as hardware, hardware 

accessories, plates, lighting fixtures and similar items placed prior to painting. 

Reposition or removal of the protection shall be carried out upon completion of 

each space. CONTRACTOR shall disconnect equipment adjacent to walls by 

workmen skilled in these trades to permit painting of wall surfaces, replace and 

reconnect after completion of painting. 

4




Surfaces not requiring painting shall be protected. The CONTRACTOR shall 

maintain wrappings or other factory applied protection furnished with finishing 

hardware or other items provided by other trades and install in areas where 

painting is required, and if displaced or removed, replace for the duration of 

painting work. 

9. SCAFFOLDING, STAGING, ACCESSIBILITY 

Fixed scaffolding or staging shall be used as required for surface preparation 

and painting and will be subject to approval by EMPLOYER’S 


Easy and sufficient access shall be provided for correct painting and 

inspection of all surfaces. It shall be such that operators will be able to stand 

up with body and arms free of scaffolding or staging and the structure being 

worked on. CONTRACTOR shall supply and maintain rigging and scaffolding 

equipment capable of enabling completion of the Work in accordance with 

Specification. 

10. PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK 

CONTRACTOR shall propose the details of the systems to be applied in 

accordance with Painting Specification. The proposal shall include the 

manufacturer recommendations relating to paint composition and application 

to achieve maximum life to the coating. 

After acceptance of the system CONTRACTOR shall submit detailed 

procedures for implementing this Specification with particular relation to type, 

make and description of paint and materials to be used, manufacturer's 

specifications, application, drying and overcoating times, at least one month 

before start of any coating. 

5




The proposed sequence and timing of blasting, application and touch up 

activities shall be clearly shown in relation to the overall schedule for the 

Works. 

11. MATERIALS 

11.1 General 

All paints solvents and related materials shall be of approved manufacture to 

the quality of the appropriate British Standard. 

The CONTRACTOR shall furnish all equipment necessary for the proper 

application of the paint. The equipment shall be compatible with the paint type. 

11.2 Paint Material 

The CONTRACTOR shall use products of the same manufacture for 

succeeding coats. 

Where red lead paint primer is used, subsequent coats may be the product of 

another manufacture. 

Colors, textures and degree of luster will be selected by EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE . Tint prime and undercoats approximately to the shade of 

the final coat but with sufficient variation to distinguish them from the 

preceding coat. 

Alkyd resin based paint and emulsion paint shall be approved by 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

Acrylic exterior wall paint shall be weathershield acrylic paint. 

Primer on new concrete, brickwork shall be an approved alkali resisting primer. 

6




Stopping for plasterwork shall be approved filler based. 

Paint materials shall be tested in accordance with BS 3900 and epoxy resins 

in accordance with BS 6319 

11.3 Linseed Oil, White Spirit and Turpentine 

Linseed Oil, white spirit and turpentine shall be obtained from an approved 

manufacturer. 

11.4 Bituminous Paint 

Bituminous paint shall be of an approved brand and applied strictly in 

accordance with the manufacture's instruction 

11.5 Silicone Based Water Repellents 

Silicone based water repellents shall comply with the requirements of BS 3826 

with the appropriate class of repellent to be used depending on the nature of 

the surface to be applied. All application shall be carried out strictly in 

accordance with the manufacturer's instruction. 

1l.5 Colors 

All structures shall be painted in white of Valspar M & F Enamel (20-W-9) 

unless otherwise decided differently by EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

All tints, shades and colors are to be decided by EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE and the priming, undercoat and finishing coats of paint 

shall obtained from the same manufacturer. The tints of undercoats are to be 

approximately those of the finishing color. In order to indicate the number of 

coats applied, a difference shall be made in the tint of each succeeding coat. 

7




12. EXECUTION 

12.1 General 

The CONTRACTOR shall examine the substrates, adjoining construction and 

the conditions under which the work is to be installed and shall not proceed 

with the work until unsatisfactory conditions detrimental to the proper and 

timely completion of the work have been corrected. Surface shall be sound 

and free of undulations or other visible defects. 

12.2 Preparation of Surfaces 

Prepare surfaces to receive pant, thoroughly clean off grease, dirt, chalk, dust, 

loose materials and other substances that may interfere with proper adhesion 

of paint. Paint dry surface only. Fill dents, cracks, hollow places, open joints 

and other irregularities with an approved filler suitable for the purpose. After 

setting, sand to a smooth, hard finish. 

Prime surfaces not more than 8 hours after cleaning. 

12.2.1 Surface Preparation of Steel Works 

Clean bare metal surfaces thoroughly of foreign matter such as mortar, 

plaster, grease, rust, scale and dirt before priming coat is applied. Where 

soldier flux has been used, clean surface with benzene. 

a) Shop Painted Ferrous Metal Surfaces 

Remove grease and oil with gasoline, benzene or other similar volatile cleaner. 

Exercise care to prevent damage to shop coat. Touch-up abraded or marred 

shopcoats with paints used for priming. 

8




b) Zinc Coated (Galvanized) Surfaces 

Remove grease and oil with gasoline, benzene or other similar volatile cleaner. 

Treat surfaces with an approved chemical compound such as phosphoric acid 

wash. Rinse the chemical compound completely and remove with clean, fresh 

water. 

c) Aluminum (excluding anodized aluminum) 

Remove surface contamination by steam, high pressure water solvent 

washing. Apply etching-type primer and paint immediately. 

d) Masonry Surfaces (concrete and concrete block, stucco, cement render, 

etc.) 

Remove dirt, loose mortar, scale, powder and other foreign matter. Oil and 

grease shall be removed, rinse and let dry. Stains caused by corroding metals 

shall be removed with a solution of sodium metasilicate after being thoroughly 

wetted with water. 

12.2.2 Surface Preparation of Plastered/Concrete Surface 

a) Concrete and Masonry Surfaces 

Remove dirt, loose mortar, scale, powder and other foreign matter. Oil and 

grease shall be removed, rinse and let dry. Stains caused by corroding metals 

shall be removed with a solution of sodium metasilicate after being thoroughly 

wetted with water. 

Patch cracks and other blemishes too large to be covered by paint. 

9




b) Plaster Work 

Test plaster surfaces with a moisture meter and do not proceed with painting 

until the moisture content satisfies the recommendation of the respective paint 

manufacturer. Remove grit and loose and repair surface irregularities before 

paint is applied. Repair cracks and holes with patching plaster, properly keyed 

to the existing plaster and sandpaper smooth. 

Prime plaster surfaces with an approved alkali-resistant primer. Make flush 

with adjoining surface and spot prime with the prime coat material. If the prime 

coat does not dry to a uniform sheen over the entire surface, the areas that 

indicate suction shall also be spot primed before applying succeeding coats. 

12.3 Workmanship 

Manufacturer's printed instruction shall be followed for installation, and to 

follow these specifications when these are more stringent. 

Mix materials thoroughly, strain if necessary, before using. Add additions or 

thinners to ready-mixed materials only in accordance with the manufacturer's 

printed instructions. If no printed instructions appear on the container, obtain 

this information in writing form from the manufacturer. 

Paint access doors, plates, panel boxes, steel grilles, louvers, convector 

covers, registers and the like in colors as selected. 

Do not paint heating elements and pipes while they contain heat. Keep them 

cold until after the final coat has thoroughly dried. 

10




Apply materials with care to a uniform and proper film thickness, showing no 

runs, sags, crawls or other defects. Apply with a minimum of brush marks. 

Finish surfaces shall be uniform in sheen color and texture. 

Allow coats to dry thoroughly before succeeding coats are applied, allow a 

minimum 24 hours between applications on any one surface unless otherwise 

specified by the manufacture. 

Sandpaper undercoats on interior metal thoroughly and uniformly to provide a 

smooth, even surface for finish coats. 

13. SCHEDULE OF PAINTING 

13.1 Outdoor Painting 

Paint surfaces exposed to view in accordance with the schedule of outdoor 

painting. 

13.1.1 Ferrous Metal 

a) Ferrous Metal (Shop-Primed) 

1st Coat - Epoxy Zinc Phosphate Primer ( 50 microns DFT) 

2nd Coat - Exterior Alkyd Undercoat Paint (100 microns DFT) 

3nd Coat - Exterior Alkyd Gloss Paint ( 50 microns DFT) 

b) Ferrous Metal (Galvanised) 

1 st Coat - Long Life Etch Primer ( 30 microns DFT) 

2 nd Coat - Exterior Alkyd Paint (150 microns DFT) 

3 nd Coat - Exterior Alkyd Paint ( 50 microns DFT) 

11




13.1.2 Plaster, Concrete 

1 st Coat - Alkali Resisting Primer (50 microns DFT) 

2 nd Coat - Weathershield Acrylic Exterior Wall Paint (100 microns DFT) 

3 nd Coat - Weathershield Acrylic Exterior Wall Paint ( 50 microns DFT) 

13.2 Indoor Painting 

Paint surfaces exposed to view in accordance with the schedule of indoor 

painting. 

13.2.1 Ferrous Metal (Shop-Primed) 

1 st Coat Epoxy Zinc Phosphate Primer ( 50 microns DFT) 

1 st Coat Alkyd Undercoat (100 microns DFT) 

2 nd Coat Alkyd Gloss Finish ( 50 microns DFT) 

13.2.2 Ferrous Metal (Galvanised) 

1 st Coat - Long Life Etch Primer (30 microns DFT) 

2 nd Coat - Alkyd Undercoat (30 microns DFT) 

3 nd Coat - Alkyd Gloss Finish (25 microns DFT) 

13.2.3 Plaster/Concrete 

1 st Coat - Alkali Resisting Primer ( 50 microns DFT) 

2 nd Coat - High Quality (Premium Grade) Emulsion (100 microns DFT) 

3 nd Coat - High Quality (Premium Grade) Emulsion ( 50 microns DFT) 

12




14. CLEANING 

From commencement through completion of the work, promptly remove all 

paint where spilled splashed or spattered. 

During the progress of work, keep the premises free from any unnecessary 

accumulation of tools, equipment, surplus materials and debris 

13



FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL FABRICATION AND ERECTION 




3. REFERENCES 

4. SUBMITTALS 


6. STORAGE OF MATERIAL 

7. HANDLING 

8. PRODUCTS 

9. FABRICATION 

10. APPROVALS, TESTS AND INSPECTIONS 

11. ERECTION 

12. PAINTING OF STEELWORK 

1





This specification covers materials, fabrication, welding, bolting and erection of 

structural steel works. 


All labour, materials and equipment shall be governed by the latest edition of 

the following codes and standards: 

BS 4 Hot Rolled Sections 

BS 449 Pt2 Use of Structural Steel in Buildings (Metric) 

BS 729 Hot Dip Galvanized Coatings on Iron and Steel Articles 

BS 2853 Design and Testing of Steel Overhead Runway Beams 

BS 4190 ISO Metric Black Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts 

BS 4395 High Strength Friction Grip Bolts - Metric Series 

BS 4604 Use of High Strength Friction Grip Bolts in Structural Steelwork 

BS 4848 Hot Rolled Structural Steel Sections 

BS 4870 Approval Testing of Welding Procedures 

BS 4871 Approval testing of Welders working to Approved Welding 

Procedures 

BS 5135 Arc Welding of Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steels 

BS 5395 Stairs, Ladders and Walkways 

BS 5950 Structural Use of Steelwork in Buildings 

BS 6180 Code of Practice for Barriers in and about Buildings 

2




BS EN 287 Approval Testing of Welders for Fusion Welding 

BS EN 288 Specifications and Approval of Welding Procedures for Metallic 

Structures 

BS EN 499 Welding Consumables Covered Electrodes for Manual Metal 

Arc Welding of Non-alloy and Fine Grain Steels 

BS EN 10025 Hot Rolled Non-alloy Structural Steels - Technical Delivery 

Conditions 

BS EN 10029 Tolerances on Dimensions, Shape and Mass for Hot Rolled 

Steel Plates 3mm Thick and Above 

BS EN 10137 Plates & Wide flats of High Yield Strength Structural Steels in 

the Quenched & Tempered or Precipitation Hardened Conditions 

AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code - Steel. 

3. REFERENCES 


(GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PAINTING OF STEELWORKS & CONCRETE) 

3




4. SUBMITTALS 

4.1 General 

CONTRACTOR shall submit details of welding procedures for EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE 's review and approval. CONTRACTOR shall supply two 

sets of detailed fabrication and assembly drawings to EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE for review. EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE shall 

return one set of marked up and signed shop drawings to the CONTRACTOR. 

Shop fabrication may commence prior to return of the signed shop drawings to 

the CONTRACTOR. However, ONTRACTOR is responsible for correcting any 

work resulting from shop drawings errors detected by EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE . Approval of drawings by EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE will imply that the sump drawings have been examined 

and appear to be in accordance with the approved for construction drawings 

for the accurate dimensions of components and provision of sufficient fixings 

for attachment of sheeting, fixtures and fittings attached to frames or trusses. 

CONTRACTOR shall supply one reproducible of each final shop drawing. All 

drawings shall be produced on A3 size sheets. 

4.2 Shop Drawings 

Shop drawings shall be based on the approved for construction drawings and 

give all information necessary for the fabrication of the component parts of the 

structure. 

Information provided by shop drawing shall include, but not be limited to, the 

following: 

1. Unique identification of each member and fabricated subassembly. 

2. Position and dimensions of each member in the structure. 

4




3. Details of fittings, e.g. gusset plates, base plates etc. 

4. Joint and connection details with clear differentiation between shop and field 

connections, welds and bolts. 

5. Weld details including location, type and size. 

6. Location, type and size of bolts and holes and referenced bolt list. 

7. Layout and details of required ladders, stairs, walkways etc. 

8. Material specifications. 

9. Shop coatings specifications. 

10. Details of handling and transportation provisions including packing, lifting, 

and support and lashing points and lifting spread requirements. 

4.3 Assembly Drawings 

Assembly drawings shall include, but not be limited to, the following 

information required for erection work on site. 

All information contained on the shop drawings as may be required for 

erection, testing and inspection purposes. 

Framing elevation at each reference line and where intermediate framing is 

provided. 

Framing plan at each elevation. 

Required erection order and methods (including handling). 

Site coatings specifications. 

5





EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE shall have free access at all times to the 

material testing equipment and to all parts of the steel structure which is being 

fabricated. 

CONTRACTOR shall notify EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE on the 

commencement date of shop work so that testing or inspection may be 

properly scheduled. 

Copies of Certified Mill Test Reports, properly correlated to the materials shall 

be made available by the CONTRACTOR to EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE upon request. 

6. STORAGE OF MATERIAL 

1. All materials shall be stored in secure, dry housing, on timber bearers or 

properly constructed racks, as recommended by manufacturers and/or as 

otherwise appropriate. 

2. Materials shall be kept free from dirt, grease, paint spray and other 

contamination and shall be protected from corrosion. 

3. All materials shall be sorted by type. Different grades of materials shall be 

clearly marked and separated to prevent accidental use of incorrect material. 

7. HANDLING 

Due care shall be taken in the handling and transportation of steel and 

fabricated subassemblies to avoid damage. Particular care shall be taken in 

6




the selection of slings and lifting arrangements, and to steel which has been 

galvanized, painted, painted or otherwise coated. 

8. PRODUCTS 

8.1 Materials 

All structural steel shall comply with the requirements of BS 4360 for Grade 

43A, except hollow sections, which shall be Grade 43C. 

Hot rolled steel sections shall comply with BS 4. 

All structural bolts and nuts unless stated otherwise, shall comply with the 

requirements of BS 3692 Grade 8.8 

High strength friction grip (H.S.F.G) bolts shall comply with the requirements of 

BS 4395. General Grade, Part 1:1969 

Covered arc electrodes shall be used for mild steel and conform with the 

requirements of AWS D1.1 or BS 5135. 

All welding processes shall be of the Iow hydrogen type. The manufacturers 

and brands of welding consumables shall be specified in the welding 

procedures. 

Anchor bolts shall be Grade 4.6. All anchor bolts, nuts and washers shall be 

hot dip galvanized. 

Drilled-in-concrete anchors shall be Hilt HAS stud anchor or approved 

equivalent. 

7




Hot-dip galvanizing shall be in accordance with BS 729. Minimum coating 

weight shall not be less than 610 g/m 2 . 

Bolts should be of such length as to project not less than 3mm or more than 

12mm beyond the nut when tightened up. 

9. FABRICATION 

9.1 General 

1. Structural steelwork shall be fabricated in controlled shop conditions in strict 

accordance with approved for construction and shop drawings, this 

specification and applicable codes and standards. 

2. The fabrication shop shall have sufficient technical and production capability 

and quality control systems necessary to ensure that all requirements herein 

are met. 

3. The fabrication work shall be carried out carefully and accurately and by 

using mechanically guided tools whenever possible. 

4. Work shall not be performed when inclement weather or other conditions 

may adversely affect quality or restrict inspection. 

9.2 Cutting 

1. Steel shall be cut by the most suitable and accurate method. 

2. Steel of thicknesses greater than 13mm shall not be cut by shearing. 

3. All slag, burrs and unnecessary sharp edges shall be removed from cut 

edges. 

4. Unless otherwise specified, gas cut surfaces shall comply with the following: 

8




Depth of notches < 2mm 

Maximum Roughness (Rmax) 土 200 microns over 25mm 

Repair of edges cracked, notched or otherwise damaged shall be strictly 

subject to approval by EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

Methods of cutting and repair shall be submitted to EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE for approval before cutting and repair works are carried 

out. 

9.3 Holes 

Holes shall be flame cut, drilled or punched, without notches, tears or ragged 

edges or other methods approved by EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

Holes for Bolts, rivets, pins, etc. shall be formed by drilling at a right angle to 

the surface of metal or, for steel thicknesses less than 13mm only, by 

punching. 

Holes for Bolts, rivets, pins, etc. shall not be enlarged by gas cutting methods. 

9.4 Bending 

Hot bending shall be carried out in red heated condition, not in the blue heated 

brittle range (200-400°C), with due care not to affect the quality of the steel. 

The inner radius for cold bending shall be at least twice the material thickness. 

9.5 Welding 

1. Welding operations, including preparation, tack welding, inspection and 

testing, shall be carried out in accordance with approved welding procedures 

established as specified in clause 10.2. 

9




2. Weld locations, type and dimensions shall be as shown on approved 

drawings. Welds shall be properly prepared for and made in accordance with 

applicable codes and standards. 

3. Welding shall be carried out by Welders approved as per clause 10.2. 

4. Welding operations shall be properly protected against adverse climatic and 

other conditions to the approval of EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

Welding shall not be permitted in 

wind exceeding 2m/s in velocity or when the presence of moisture may 

compromise weld quality or the safety of personnel. 

5. Padicular care shall be taken in starting and terminating welds to ensure 

consistent weld penetration and cross section and the prevention of lag 

inclusions, cratering, loss of base metals, cracking and other defects. Run-on 

and run-off plates, made from the same material shall be provided for this 

purpose as required. 

The method and sequencing of welding shall be planned to minimize distortion 

and residual stresses and to not affect high strength bolts or other 

components. 

Upon completion of welding operations, the CONTRACTOR shall remove, 

without hammering and/or grind smooth all temporary bracing, excess weld, 

weld spatter and are strikes, slag, notches, burrs, etc. weld filling of defects 

shall be to the approval of EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

10. APPROVALS, TESTS AND INSPECTIONS 

10.1 General 

1. Inspections and tests shall generally be performed by the CONTRACTOR 

as specified herein. EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE may, on occasion, 

10




adjust or add to testing and inspection additional requirements to ensure that 

adequacy of materials and construction is met. The CONTRACTOR shall 

make such adjustments and additions at no additional cost to EMPLOYER’S 


2. Test and Inspection Facilities 

Sampling and testing shall be performed, strictly in accordance with applicable 

codes and standards, by approved testing laboratories or facilities furnished by 

the CONTRACTOR to the approval of EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

The CONTRACTOR shall use, and maintain in good condition, only properly 

calibrated and tested equipment for tests and inspections. 

3. Tests and Inspections 

The CONTRACTOR shall separately inspect and test, if required, each 

fabricated steel component at the place of fabrication. Inspection items shall 

include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following: 

a) Dimensions and Sections 

Checks by measurement of major dimension of members, such as total length, 

and sectional dimensions. 

b) Connections 

Checks on the finished size, shape, location and number of drilled holes, 

groove angles, gusset plates, etc. 

11




c) Workmanship 

Visual inspection of the condition of holes and flame cur surfaces, straightness 

and twist of members, etc. 

4. Attendance for Tests and Inspections 

The CONTRACTOR shall provide attendance required by EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE to witness or perform tests and inspections. 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE reserves the right to perform random 

independent tests and inspections to verify compliance with project 

requirements. 

10.2 Approval of Welding Procedures and Welders 

1. The CONTRACTOR shall prepare, and submit, to the approval of the 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE before fabrication works commence, 

detailed welding procedures for all welding operations. Approval testing of 

welding procedures shall be carried out in accordance with AWS D1.1-96 or 

BS 4870 and BS EN 288 as appropriate. 

2. The CONTRACTOR shall carry out approval testing of welders in 

accordance with BS 4871, BS EN 287 or AWS D1.1, as appropriate, and 

provide certification that each welder is so qualified to the approval of 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . Should the work of any welder 

subsequently produce reasonable doubt as to his skill, that welder shall be 

either replaced or re-tested and re-certified at the CONTRACTOR's expense. 

3. Approved welding procedures shall include test and inspection procedures 

and take project health and safety requirements into due account. 

12




4. Any welding not carried out in strict accordance with approved procedures, 

and by approved welders, shall be rejected. 

10.3 Welding 

1. Visual inspection of all welded parts shall be performed after welding and 

include, but not be limited to, confirmation of the following: 

a) Shapes and sizes of welds. 

b) Effective weld length. 

c) Adequate penetration. 

d) Good fusion. 

e) Continuity of beads. 

f) Absence of overlap. 

g) Absence of excessive undercut. 

h) Filling of craters. 

i) Reinforcement of weld. 

j) Absence of pits, cracks, trapped slag, or blowholes. 

k) Proper grinding of weld spatter. 

2. A minimum of 10% of all welds shall also be subject to non-destructive 

testing. 

Test may include any or all of ultrasonic, radiographic and magnetic particle 

testing, carried out in accordance with applicable codes and standards after 

the removal of temporary bracing. 

13




3. The EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE reserves the right to select the 

type of inspection or test necessary for the particular weld being inspected. 

4. If the weld proves to be defective, it shall be repaired, or ground out and 

replaced, and re-tested to the approval of EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE 

at the CONTRACTOR's expense. 

All structural bolts shall be of mild steel with well formed heads forged from 

one solid piece and shall be dipped in hot boiled linseed oil as soon as they 

are made. The nuts shall be good fit on bolts so that they can only be turned 

by hand and at least one clear thread shall show through the nut when it has 

been finally tightened up. Every bolt shall be provided with a washer under the 

nut. The outside diameter of the washer equals two times the diameter of the 

bolts. Bolts and nuts shall have hexagonal heads. 

All holes must be clearly aligned to permit the blots to be freely placed in 

position. 

Tightening torque should stress the bolt to approximately 75% of the material 

yield stress. 

10.5 High Strength Friction Grip Bolts 

High Strength Friction Grip bolts (HSFG bolts) shall be used in conjunction 

with a General Grade load indicating washer (LI washer). LI washer shall be 

"Coronet" load indicators as manufactured by Cooper & Turner Ltd. England or 

approved equivalent such as T.C. Bolt manufactured by Nippon Bolten Ltd. 

The storage, assembly and tightening of General Grade HSFG bolts shall 

comply with BS 4604: Part 1. 

All HSFG bolts shall be provided with a nut, a LI washer, and one or two 

washer as appropriate. 

14




Tightening torque shall be determined by the deformation of the protrusion on 

the LI washers. 

10.6 Reporting 

1. The CONTRACTOR shall prepare test and inspection reports, recording all 

results and observations, including, but not limited to, the following: 

a) Dimensional and Visual Inspections. 

b) Welding Tests and Inspections (including approval testing). 

c) High Strength Bolt Checks. 

d) Painting Inspections. 

2. Reports shall be submitted to, and approved by EMPLOYER’S 

REPRESENTATIVE within 2 weeks of completion of the related test or 

inspection and before fabricated steelwork is delivered to site. 

11. ERECTION 

11.1 General 

1. The CONTRACTOR shall submit to EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE , for 

approval prior to the work commending, a description of the erection methods, 

erection sequence, temporary works and equipment to be used for erection 

work. 

2. All steel erection works shall be carried out strictly in accordance with 

approved project procedures, especially the Work Permit Procedure. 

3. Erection methods shall maximize the amount of work that is performed at 

ground level, using proper jigs and supports to maintain dimensional accuracy, 

prior to steelwork being hoisted into position. 

15




4. Approved temporary braces, bolts, etc. shall be used to stabilize steelwork 

components during lifting operations, prevent deformation and damage and to 

ensure safety of personnel and equipment. 

5. The sequence of erection shall be in accordance with the requirements of 

related works and EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE 's schedule for overall 

completion of the project. In particular, the installation of grating, handrails etc. 

will be subject to the access, lifting clearance and other requirements of pipe 

work and plant installation works. 

11.2 Temporary Works and Equipment 

1. The CONTRACTOR shall provide and maintain all temporary works and 

equipment required for steel erection works to the approval of EMPLOYER’S 


2. Temporary supports, such as temporary guys, braces, false work, cribbing 

or other elements, shall be installed, as required, to properly support and 

secure partially erected steel frames and assemblies, or parts thereof, during 

erection operations and until floor slabs and other permanent bracing systems 

are effectively in place. Welding of temporary supports to steelwork shall not 

be permitted. 

3. The CONTRACTOR shall ensure that all equipment and temporary works, 

including temporary floor coverings, handrails, walkways, etc. meet the health 

and safety requirements of Sudanese law, local regulations, and applicable 

codes and standards at all times. 

16




4. Cranes shall not be travelled during lifting operations and shall not be used 

to lift any person without the approval of EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

11.3 Anchor Bolts and Embedded Items 

1. The CONTRACTOR shall check that all anchor bolts and embedded items 

required for steel erection work have been installed to correct level and 

position as soon as possible. If any such items are found to be missing, or set 

out of allowable tolerance, the CONTRACTOR shall immediately inform the 

EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE and take corrective action in accordance 

with his instructions. 

2. Anchor bolts shall not be adjusted by mechanical means without the prior 

approval of EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . No heat treatment shall be 

permitted. 

3. The CONTRACTOR shall clean all anchor bolt and embedded items of 

loose rust, mortar, dirt and other foreign matter, by wire brushing or other 

approved methods, prior to commencing erection of steelwork. 

11.4 Leveling and Base Support 

1. The CONTACTOR shall set out and level steel erection works by optical 

survey methods to the approval of EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE . 

2. Steel plate and cement mortar leveling pads shall be provided on 

foundations to support steelwork at required elevations. 

3. The number of steel plates used in a leveling pad shall be minimized. No 

more than 1 base sheet and 2 tapered liner plates shall be used, if possible. 

17




4. Top surfaces of foundations shall be cleaned and, where cement mortar or 

grout is required, properly roughened to ensure good adhesion. 

5. Voids under base plates shall be fully grouted after final leveling, alignment 

and properly contained by formwork during casting, as required and tapered 

away from the base plate to prevent collection of water or other substances 

adjacent to 

6. Unless specified or approved otherwise, final tightening of anchor bolts shall 

not be carried out until grout has achieved the required compressive strength. 

11.5 Correction of Steelwork 

1. Correction of adjustment of steelwork during erection operations shall be 

carried out only with the prior approval of EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE 

and when necessary to achieve required accuracy of construction, to ensure 

structural integrity or to make field joints and connections. 

2. Any welding, correction of welds, or gas-cutting required to correct 

steelwork shall be strictly in accordance with applicable specifications, codes 

and standards. Open gas cutting of main structural members shall not 

generally be permitted. 

3. Where steel to be welded or cut has been painted, the paint shall be duly 

removed beforehand. 

4. Structural frames to be adjusted by force shall be protected at the points 

where force is applied or resisted. Due care shall be taken to ensure that 

frame components, particularly bolted and welded connection, are not 

overstressed. 

18




Turnbuckles and other provisions for adjustment in the permanent works shall 

not be used for correction of steelwork during erection. 

5. All correction and adjustment of steelwork shall be completed before final 

application and/or touching up of protective coatings. 

11.6 Erection Inspection 

The position, level and alignment of erected steelwork shall be confirmed to be 

in accordance with applicable drawings and specifications, within specified 

tolerances, by approved optical survey methods. 

11.7 Tolerance for Erected Steelwork 

The tolerance for the erected steelwork shall be as follows: 

(a) Position 

Permissible deviation of the erected column from its + 5mm 

Specified position. 

(b) Linear Dimensions 

Permissible deviation from specified length or width 土 5mm per 10m of length, 

Maximum deviation in 30m or over + 15mm 

19




(c) Plumb 

Permissible deviation from verticals per 15m of height 土 5mm 

Maximum deviation in 45m or over + 15mm 

(d) Levels 

Unless otherwise specified the level of a beam should be taken on the top of 

the upper flange. Permissible deviation between the specified level and that of 

the erected member 土 3mm 

12. PAINTING OF STEELWORK 

All steelwork shall be painted in accordance with the requirements of 

Specification "Painting of Steelworks & Concrete Structure". 

20

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