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Women’s employment in the textile manufacturing sectors of Bangladesh and Morocco The broader sample of workers drawn through quota sampling revealed that more than 90 per cent of workers in garment factories are migrants. By contrast, migrants constitute nearly half of the total respondents in other manufacturing industries. Almost no divergence is found along gender lines in this regard. It should be noted that migration is defined using both geographic and temporal criteria. A person who was not born in Dhaka and migrated there between 1980 and 1996 is defined as a migrant. Further, those who migrated between 1991 and 1996 are defined as “recent migrants”, whereas those who migrated between 1980 and 1990 are “long-term migrants”. It is assumed that 15 years is sufficient to adjust to the urban environment. Hence, those who came before 1980 were treated as non-migrants. Consequently, around 37 per cent were classified as recent migrants and 46 per cent as long-term migrants, yielding a total sample of 83 per cent migrants and 17 per cent non-migrants, among the sample respondents finally studied (Table 2). As indicated above, the spread of RMG in the mid-1980s and early 1990s generated greater employment opportunities for women than men. During the sampling stage, it was observed that women workers predominated in unskilled and skilled categories in both RMG and other manufacturing industries, while men predominated at the managerial level. According to the employers, women are preferred over men as both unskilled and skilled operators mainly because: • female labour is cheaper than male labour; • women workers are more docile, loyal and law-abiding in nature than men; • women workers are also more hard-working and sincere than their male counterparts; and • women workers have less contacts, exposure and bargaining power than male workers. The perception of the employers reveals that women workers are preferred not exclusively as a cost-cutting measure. Their performance, sincerity and law-abiding nature are also valued by employers. However, this suggests that women workers are likely to be in a disadvantageous position compared to their male counterparts. Male migration is an established phenomenon in South Asia, in general, and Bangladesh, in particular, and mechanisms have evolved to facilitate their migration over the years. Independent female migration is a relatively recent phenomenon. It is important, therefore, to explore the mechanisms which facilitate female migration and settlement in urban areas. 106
Table 1: Total number of male and female workers of the sample factories and the sample drawn for the present study Name of the industry Total no.of workers* Samples listed using quota Final samples derived sampling method Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Garment Applique Fashion Wear Ltd. 115 164 279 27 25 52 15 15 30 Bari Apparels Ltd. 235 340 575 33 50 83 16 17 33 Florate (Pvt.) Ltd. 80 170 250 30 43 73 15 15 30 Jeacon Garment Ltd. 300 1200 1500 33 45 78 15 15 30 Sparrow Apparels Ltd. 1100 1400 2500 35 53 88 15 15 30 All Garment 1830 3274 5104 158 216 374 76 77 153 Other manufacturing CIBA Geigy Ltd. 43 28 73 18 20 38 10 10 20 Haque Brothers Ltd. 250 300 550 28 44 72 10 10 20 Mehar Industries Ltd. 67 55 122 25 21 46 10 10 20 All other manufacturing industries 360 383 743 71 85 156 30 30 60 * Statistics provided by the employers of the sample factories Source: Sample survey of migrant workers of Dhaka’s formal manufacturing sector, 1996. Gender dimensions of labour migration in Dhaka city’s formal manufacturing sector 107
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Women’s Employment in the Textile
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This United Nations Research Instit
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Acknowledgements Many people have b
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notwithstanding the inertia of the
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Carol Miller is a policy analyst on
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xii VII. Contribution of different
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Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Shahr
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Introduction Table 1: Basic indicat
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Introduction women have been tradit
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Introduction The chapters on Bangla
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Introduction occurs, on average, at
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Introduction women workers related
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Introduction in low-income countrie
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Introduction by repaying their “d
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Introduction participate in labour
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Introduction their bargaining power
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Introduction processing zones hypot
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Introduction IV. The case studies T
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Introduction experience in garment
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Introduction V. Conclusion Although
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Introduction improved technology. T
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Introduction References Afsar, R. (
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Introduction Household Power Relati
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Wage discrimination by gender in Mo
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Becoming a garment worker they firs
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Becoming a garment worker V. Conclu
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Becoming a garment worker is a job
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Becoming a garment worker Endnotes
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Becoming a garment worker Cole P. D
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Women’s employment in the textile
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