The Ecology of the Seagrasses of South Florida - USGS National ...

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CONTENTS (continued ) Page CHAPTER 5 . THE SEAGRASS COMMUNITY . COMPONENTS. STRUCTURE. AND FUNCTION .... 41 5.1 Associated A1 gae .......................... 42 Benthic A1 gae .......................... 42 Epiphytic A1 gae ......................... 44 5.2 Invertebrates ............................ 45 Composition ........................... 45 Structure and Function ...................... 46 5.3 Fishes ............................... 49 Composition ........................... 49 Structure and Function ...................... 51 5.4 Reptiles .............................. 53 5.5 Birds ................................ 54 5.6 Manmals ............................... 56 CHAPTER 6 . TROPH IC RELATIONSHIPS IN SEAGRASS SYSTEMS .............. 57 6.1 General Trophic Structure ...................... 57 6.2 Direct Herbivory .......................... 59 6.3 Detrital Processing ......................... 69 Physical Breakdown ........................ 70 Ficrobial Colonization and Activities .............. 71 Microflora in Detri tivore Nutrition ............... 72 Chemical Changes During Decomposition .............. 73 Chemical Changes as Indicators of Food Value ........... 73 Re1 ease of Di ssol ved Organic Matter ............... 74 Role of the Detrital Food Web .................. 74 CHAPTER 7 . INTERFACES WITH OTHER SYSTERS .................... 75 7.1 Mangrove .............................. 75 7.2 Coral Reef ............................. 75 7.3 Continental She1 f .......................... 78 7.4 Export of Seagrass ......................... 78 7.5 Nursery Grounds ........................... 80 Shrimp .............................. 80 Spiny Lobster .......................... 81 Fish ............................... 82 CHAPTER 8 . HUMAN IMPACTS AND APPLIED ECOLOGY .................. 84 8.1 DredgingandFilling ........................ 84 8.2 Eutrophication and Sewage ...................... 86 ................ 8.3 Oil 8.4 Temperature and Sa 8.5 Disturbance and Re 8.6 The Lesson of the 8.7 Present. Past. and .................................... ................................... .................... ...... REFERENCES 96 APPENDIX A-1 Key to Fish Surveys in South Florida A-l List of Fishes and their Diets from Collections in South Florida A-2 v
FIGURES . Number Page 1 Panoramic view of a south Florida turtle grass bed ......... 2 2 Map of south Florida ........................ 3 3 Average monthly terrperatures in Florida ............... 6 4 Seagrasses of south Florida ..................... 9 5 Diagram of a typical Thalassia shoot ................ 12 6 Response of Thalassia production to temperature ........... 13 7 Response of a Thalassia bed to increasing sediment depth ...... 16 8 Depth distribution of four seagrasses ................ 19 9 Blowout disturbance and recovery zones ............... 35 10 Ideal ized sequence through a seagrass blowout ............ 35 11 Representative calcareous green algae from seagrass bess ...... 35 12 Origin of sedimentary particles in south Florida marine waters ... 36 13 Ecosystem development patterns in south Florida marine waters .... 37 14 Calcareous algae (Udotea sp.) from the fringes of a seagrass bed ............................ 43 15 Thal assi a blades showing tips encrusted with calcareous epiphytic algae ........................... 45 16 Large invertebrates from seagrass beds ............... 47 17 Snail grazing on the tip of an encrusted Thalassia leaf ....... 48 18 Relative abundance of fishes and invertebrates over seagrass beds and adjacent habi tats ................. 49 19 Small groupei (Serranidae) foraging in seagrass bed ......... 52 20 Seagrass bed following grazing by green sea turtle ......... 53 21 Shal low seagrasses adjacent to red mangrove roots .......... 54 22 Principal energetic pathways in seagrass beds ............ 57 23 Comparative decay rates ....................... 71 24 Grunt school over coral reef during daytime ............. 76 25 Seagrass export from south Florida to the eastern Gulf of Mexico ........................... 79 26 Housing development in south Florida ................ 85 27 Scallop on the surface of a shallow Halodule bed .......... 95 v i
Page 1 and 2: F WS/O&S-82/25 September 1882 Repri
Page 3 and 4: 1 DISCLAIMER The findings in this r
Page 8 and 9: TABLES Number Temperature, salinity
Page 10: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 SEAGRASS
Page 15 and 16: Key Went St Pstarobur~ Cedor Key Pa
Page 17 and 18: (4) The ability to complete their s
Page 19 and 20: in disturbed areas, and in areas wh
Page 21 and 22: AVERAGE LEAF WIDTH I DISTANCE BETWE
Page 23 and 24: grass, and shoal grass in various 1
Page 25 and 26: Sediment Elevation (c m) Leaf Densi
Page 27 and 28: indication of a 1 ini tation on pro
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 3 PRODUCTION ECOLOGY The de
Page 31 and 32: 1 isl;s conpdratiue Piorrlass value
Page 34 and 35: Net production measurements for ~10
Page 36 and 37: of seagrasses was bicarbonate ion,
Page 38: Currently the main 1 imitations of
Page 42 and 43: CHAPTER 4 THE SEAGRASS SYSTEN 4.1 F
Page 44 and 45: Figure 9. B1 owout disturbance and
Page 46 and 47: Keys waters. Where the continental
Page 48: 4.5 STRUCTURAL AND PROCESS SUCCESSI
Page 51: theft- h~ldfas t. Prirqary strbstrd
Page 54 and 55: Figure 15. Tha1 assia blades showin
Page 58 and 59:
Fish I] lnver tebrates HEAVY THIN S
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 19. Small grouper (Serranida
Page 63 and 64:
81 though crocodiles undoubted1 y f
Page 66 and 67:
CHAPTER 6 TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS IN
Page 68:
I\iumcrous fishes ingest sor:e plan
Page 73 and 74:
Table 1C. Continued. tlerbi vore Pa
Page 76 and 77:
The herbivory of parrotfish and sea
Page 78 and 79:
1 eaves pl us their epiphytes avera
Page 80 and 81:
the rate of biological breakdown of
Page 82 and 83:
Chemical Changes During Decompositi
Page 84:
CHAPTER 7 INTERFACES WITH OTHER SYS
Page 87 and 88:
Use of adjacent grass and sand flat
Page 89 and 90:
etained in the bed to contribute to
Page 91 and 92:
1972). Sinilar habitat use by juven
Page 93 and 94:
CHAPTER 8 HUMAN IMPACTS AND APPLIED
Page 95 and 96:
Taylor and Sa1 oqan (1968) contrast
Page 97 and 98:
on the &ach (Radeau and Rerquisrt.
Page 99 and 100:
the closed systerq, however. Thorha
Page 101 and 102:
1981. The pit was created over 30 y
Page 103 and 104:
with over 70% of gulf recreational
Page 105 and 106:
~bb~tt, #.P,, 3.C. Ogden, and 1.A.
Page 107 and 108:
higher consumers in a seagrass com-
Page 109 and 110:
shrimps (3ecapoda: Palaelqonidae).
Page 111 and 112:
Ehrl ich, P.R., and A.H. Ehrl ich.
Page 113 and 114:
Caribb. Res, Inst. t8ater Pollaat.
Page 116 and 117:
crustaceans. Rec. Oceanogr. Uks., i
Page 118 and 119:
tlayer, A.G. 1918. Toxic effects du
Page 120 and 121:
Apalachicol a Bay, Florida US4. Gio
Page 122 and 123:
antillarum Phil ippi : Formation of
Page 124 and 125:
Prachaska, F. J., and 9.C. Cato. 19
Page 126 and 127:
Sims, H.W., Jr., and R.M. Ingle. 19
Page 128 and 129:
of know1 edge and research needs. P
Page 131 and 132:
Wood, E.J.F., and J.C. Zieman. 1969
Page 133 and 134:
APPEMDI X KEY TO FISH SUPVEYS IN S0
Page 135 and 136:
L n 'u m (U m 'r .r > FVIL (U > El-
Page 137 and 138:
"l .^ -00 "l Q W O Z& n 0 "l m c 0,
Page 140:
... m h LI L Cn dC 3 Yu O 0 0 ox .-
Page 144 and 145:
List of fishes and their diets from
Page 146:
List of gishes and their diets from
Page 149 and 150:
LO) L O)= a, Oi D L & WOC C .- s g'
Page 152:
--C) h W wcn Old
Page 155 and 156:
C C +m" CX r .-- a * 'PI C7 C T 4 b
Page 160:
-. "-1 --- --- -- - ---- -- - - - .
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