Gender in niGeria report 2012 - Economic Commission for Africa

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5.4 Education funding in Nigeria.............................................................. 28 5.5 Gender disparities in education.......................................................... 29 5.6 Why do girls drop out of school?........................................................ 31 5.7 Poverty and the burden of cost.......................................................... 31 Voices from Ekiti........................................................................ 32 5.8 Transition from junior to senior secondary school.................................... 32 5.9 Corporal punishment, sexual harassment and violence............................ 33 5.10 Doubling the proportion of female teachers has not doubled girls’ enrolment............................................................................. 33 5.11 Under-performance in national examinations: poor teaching quality........... 34 5.12 Issues emerging from the literature.................................................... 35 6 GENDER DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND WELL BEING...... 37 6.1 Evolution of health policy in Nigeria..................................................... 38 6.2 Maternal mortality........................................................................... 39 6.3 Who are the women who are dying?................................................... 39 6.4 Why are women dying in childbirth?.................................................... 40 6.5 Reproductive health and the importance of education.............................. 43 6.6 Emerging issues: gender health and maternal mortality in Nigeria............... 44 7 GENDER VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA.......................................... 47 7.1 Structural violence.......................................................................... 47 7.2 Institutions and gender violence in Nigeria............................................. 49 7.3 Trafficking..................................................................................... 50 7.4 Circumcision................................................................................. 50 7.5 Gender violence: emerging issues....................................................... 51 8 WOMEN AND PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNANCE AND POLITICS................................................................................. 53 8.1 Understanding the issues: why women’s participation in governance matters........................................................................ 53 8.2 Women’s participation in politics and governance in Nigeria...................... 54 8.3 Explaining lack of gender parity in political representation......................... 56 8.4 Some emerging observations............................................................ 58 9 SIX KEY CONCLUSIONS........................................................ 59 10 RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................... 63 REFERENCES............................................................................... 67 APPENDIX 1.................................................................................. 75 Terms of reference of the literature research................................................ 75 APPENDIX 2 ................................................................................. 77 Tables and statistics on gender and empowerment in Nigeria.......................... 77 Nigeria: Gender statistics 2006-2010........................................................ 81
List of tables Table 1. Indicative poverty trends by region. Nigeria...................................... 10 Table 2. Poverty head count by occupation of head of household. Nigeria.......... 11 Table 3. Nigeria Human Development summary, 2008................................... 12 Table 4. Gini coefficient of inequality 1985-2004. Nigeria................................ 14 Table 5. Mean gender income disparity: comparing 1998/9 and 2004/5 ............ 14 Table 6. Differences in mean income pre- and post-democracy. Nigeria............. 15 Table 7. Proportion of women and men employed in the public sector, 2001-2004. Nigeria.................................................................. 18 Table 8. Male and female senior appointments in the public sector, 2001-2007 ............................................................................ 18 Table 9. Mother’s education level and employment....................................... 19 Table 10. Mother’s education level and cash earnings ................................... 19 Table 11. Distribution of land ownership by gender....................................... 20 Table 12. Key policy initiatives with a gender focus in Nigeria .......................... 27 Table 13. National summary of primary school statistics 2004-2008 ................. 29 Table 14. Net primary and secondary attendance ratio 1990-2010................... 30 Table 15. Summary of national secondary school statistics, 2004-2008. Nigeria.................................................................................. 30 Table 16. Factors that undermine secondary enrolment by girls ....................... 31 Table 17. Statistics of NECO examination results, November/December 2003 to 2007......................................................................... 34 Table 18. Admission statistics into Nigerian universities by sex, 2000–2008............................................................................ 35 Table 19. Mother’s education and family size............................................... 39 Table 20. Key reproductive health challenges facing women and adolescent girls in Nigeria.......................................................... 42 Table 21. Mother’s education level and use of family planning methods. Nigeria.................................................................................. 43 Table 22. Mother’s education level and uptake of antenatal care. Nigeria............ 43 Table 23. Mother’s education level, child vaccination, and place of delivery. Nigeria.................................................................................. 43 Table 24. Mother’s education level and child stunting. Nigeria.......................... 44 Table 25. Levels of physical violence against women in Nigeria........................ 48 Table 26. Attitudes toward domestic violence in Nigeria................................. 49 Table 27. Percentage of children circumcised by gender. Nigeria...................... 50 Table 28. Women elected to public office in Nigeria 1999-2011. ...................... 55 Table 29. Women elected to political office by region. Nigeria. ........................ 55 Table 30. Participation in elections by gender in April 2011. Nigeria .................. 56 Table 31. Factors influencing women’s participation in politics ......................... 57
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This study was funded by the UK Dep
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Gender in niGeria report 2012 - Economic Commission for Africa

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