1 Good Animal Husbandry Practices - the way ahead

Good Animal Husbandry Practices -
the way ahead
Animal Husbandry Practices should satisfy
Dr H. N. Pandey
Principal Scientist, LPM
I.V.R.I., Izatnagar 243 122
‣ Animal welfare standards
‣ Food safety
6/12/2008 8:26 PM
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Jun-08
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Animal Production is related with Food Safety Through
A. Animal Origin
1. Zoonotic diseases
2. Heavy metals
3. Residual pesticides and chemicals
4. Residues of hormones
5. Injury, brusiness and udder health
6. Veterinary Drugs
B. Animal Feed
C. Handlers Origin
1. Health
2. Cleanliness
3. Handling techniques
7. Genotype
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contd…..
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D. Facilities techniques
1. Cleaning and sterilization
2. Metal
3. Functioning precision
E. Environmental Origin
1. Type of housing structure
2. Cleaning and sterilization of animal sheds.
3. Disposal of dead animals
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Disease
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Campylobacter
enteritis
Causative
Organism
Bacillus
anthracis
Brucella
abortus
B melitensis
B suis
Campylobacter
jejuni
Clostridial Clostridium
diseases (See perfringens ,
also TETANUS, type A
below.)
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Jun-08
1. Zoonotic diseases
Principal
Animals
Involved
Probable Means
of Spread to
Humans
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Cattle, sheep, Occupational
goats, horses, exposure;
wild foodborne in
herbivorous Africa, Russia,
animals and Asia;
occasionally
wounds or insect
bites; rarely
airborne
Cattle, bison,
elk, caribou
Goats, sheep
, camels
Swine and
wild pigs
Cattle, swine,
poultry,
dogs, cats,
wild birds
Domestic
animals
Occupational and
recreational
exposure
Milk, cheese,
contact
Rarely airborne
Mainly foodborne,
milk, waterborne,
or occupational
Foodborne;
occasionally
wound
contaminant
Clinical Manifestations in
Humans
Ulcerative skin lesions,
pneumonia, sepsis
Fever, often subacute and
undulant to sepsis
As above plus arthritis
As above plus endocarditis
Enteritis, arthritis, sepsis
Enteritis, gas gangrene, sepsis
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Enterohemorrhagic E coli O157:H7; Cattle, Ingestion of Enteritis, hemolytic
Escherichia coli also implicated humans undercooked uremic syndrome
infections are types
ground beef, or
(Enterotoxigenic, O26:H11,
food or water
enteroinvasive, O111:H8,
contaminated with
enteropathogenic, O104:H21, and
bovine feces
and
O48:H21
enteroaggressive
strains are not
considered
zoonotic.)
Mycobacteriosis M
Cattle,
Chronic, intermittent
paratuberculosis occasionally
diarrhea
sheep and
other
ruminants
Mycobacteria Cattle, other Water and/or soil Skin and pulmonary
other than ruminants
lesions
tuberculosis
(includes M
simiae )
Salmonellosis Salmonella Poultry, Foodborne Enteritis to sepsis
enterica (2,000 swine, infection,
serovars, 200 cattle, especially in the
seen in the horses, elderly, infants, or
USA)
dogs, cats, immunosuppressed;
wild occupational and
mammals recreational
and birds, exposure
reptiles,
amphibians,
Streptococcal Streptococcus Cattle ( S Ingestion especially Pharyngitis, cellulitis,
infections pyogenes , other agalactiae of raw milk; direct pneumonia, meningitis,
group A ), swine ( S contact
arthritis, sepsis
streptococci, suis ),
uncommonly horses ( S
groups B-G equi );
occasionally
other
animals
including
dogs, cats
Tuberculosis (See Mycobacterium Cattle, Ingestion, Skin lesions, adenitis,
also
bovis
swine, inhalation, enteritis
MYCOBACTERIOSIS,
monkeys, occupational
above.) 12-Jun
Jun-08
and other exposure
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animals
Cowpox Cowpox virus Cattle,
rodents,
cats, zoo
cats
Japanese B
encephalitis
Louping ill
Milker’s nodules
(Pseudocowpox)
Vesicular
stomatitis
Variant
Creutzfeldt-
Jakob disease
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Jun-08
Japanese
encephalitis virus
(flavivirus)
Louping ill virus
(flavivirus)
Pseudocowpox
virus
(parapoxvirus)
Vesicular
stomatitis virus
(Indiana and
New Jersey
strains)
Prion protein—
likely from
bovine
spongiform
encephalopathy
VIRAL DISEASES
Swine,
wild birds,
horses
Sheep,
goats,
grouse,
small
rodents
Cattle
Swine,
cattle,
horses,
bats,
rodents,
other wild
mammals
Contact exposure
Mosquito ( Culex
tritaeniorhynchus
, other Culex spp )
bites
Tick ( Ixodes
ricinus ) bites
Occupational
exposure
Contact exposure
and insect bites,
including
mosquitos and
biting flies (
Phlebotomus spp )
PRION DISEASES
Vesicles that become pustular,
usually on hands; regional
adenopathy
Fever, GI symptoms to severe
encephalitis with seizures,
paralysis; neurologic sequelae
in up to 80% of survivors
Biphasic illness with
meningoencephalitis in
second phase; relatively mild
compared with central
European tickborne
encephalitis, which it
resembles
Papular to nodular red skin
lesions; painless and selflimiting
Fever (± biphasic), myalgia,
pharyngitis, cervical
adenopathy, oral or rectal
vesicles
Cattle Ingestion of beef Rapidly fatal
neurodegenerative disorder
similar to sporadic
Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease
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Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioides
immitis
Dermatophilosis
Nocardiosis
Ringworm
(Dermatophytosis)
FUNGAL DISEASES
Dermatophilus
congolensis
Nocardia
asteroides N
brasiliensis N
caviae
Microsporum ,
Trichophyton ,
and
Epidermophyton
spp
Cattle, sheep, Environmental
horses, dogs, exposure
wild cats,
desert
rodents, other
animals;
principally
environmental
in specific
arid foci
Cattle, horses,
deer, sheep,
other
mammals
Contact;
arthropod
vectors
Cattle, dogs, Environmental
other exposure
mammals,
fish;
principally
environmental
in
decomposing
organic
matter
Dogs, cats,
cattle,
rodents, other
animals
Direct contact
with infected
animals, fomites
Self-limited febrile illness;
persistent meningitis or
osteomyelitis in
immunocompromised
Pustular desquamative
dermatitis
Pneumonia, dissemination
in immunocompromised
Skin and hair lesions; rare
skin dissemination in
immunocompromised
Babesiosis
Sarcocystosis
(Sarcosporidiosis)
Babesia
microti B
bovis
B divergens
Sarcocystis
suihominis
PARASITIC DISEASES Protozoans
Wild
rodents,
cattle
Cattle,
other
mammals
Swine
Bite of infected
Ixodes ticks
Ingestion of raw
pork or beef;
ingestion of feces
S hominis Cattle Ingestion of raw
beef; ingestion of
feces
Fever and hemolytic anemia,
especially severe in
immunocompromised
(asplenic and elderly);
recurrent or chronic infection
may develop; dual infection
with B burgdorferi may
worsen both diseases
Meat yields intestinal form,
usually mild; feces yield
muscular form, usually
asymptomatic; muscular pain
and eosinophilia reported
Meat yields intestinal form,
usually mild; feces yield
muscular form, usually
asymptomatic; muscular pain
and eosinophilia reported
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Taeniasis
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
BIS Standards for milk and milk products
Beef tapeworm disease
Pork tapeworm disease
Cysticercosis and
neurocysticercosis
Taenia
saginata
T solium
Cattle, water Ingestion of
buffalo, undercooked meat
reindeer, containing larvae
camels of T saginata
Swine, Ingestion of
humans undercooked pork
containing C
cellulosae ; direct
or autogenous
transmission of T
solium ova in
humans may lead
to cysticercosis
Bowel infection from larvae
causes mild abdominal
discomfort and proglottid
passage; eggs do not cause
disseminated disease
Usually asymptomatic for
years until cysticerci result in
inflammation in CNS
(seizures) or less often in eye
or heart; autoinfection with
eggs may occur as well as
infection of other humans;
adult stage infection
(taeniasis) mild or
asymptomatic
Item
Pasteurised milk
Condensed
Milk powder
SPC (max)
30,000
500/g
5000/g
Coliform (max)
absent in 1in 10
negative
90/g (max)
WBC (max)
-
10/g Yeast
-
Q fever
(Query
fever)
Coxiella
burnetii
RICKETTSIAL DISEASES
Sheep, cattle, goats, cats,
dogs, rodents, other
mammals, birds, ticks
Mainly airborne;
exposure to
placenta, birth
tissues, animal
excreta;
occasionally ticks
and milk
Fever, pneumonia, hepatitis,
endocarditis
Ice cream
2.5 lakhs/g
SPC-Standard plate count,
WBC-White blood cell count
90/g (max)
-
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Certain poisonous metals with their maximum level of tolerance in finished
meat product
Sl.No.
Name of the poisonous metal
Parts per million by weight
Certain preservatives with their maximum level of tolerance in finished
meat product
Sl. No.
Name of the Preservative
Parts per million By weight
1.
Lead
2.5
2.
Copper
20
1.
Sulphur dioxide
450
3.
Arsenic
1
2.
Sodium and Potassium Nitrite
200
4.
Tin
250
3.
Commercial Saltpetre
500
5.
Zinc
50
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Certain insecticides with their maximum level of tolerance in finished
meat product
Sl No.
1.
Name of insecticide
Aldrin dieldrin
Tolerance limit mg./kg.(ppm
kg.(ppm)
0.20
Practices
2.
3.
4.
D.D.T
Fenitrothion
Lindane
7.00
0.03
2.0
1. Genotype
5.
6.
Chlorfenvinphos
Chlorpyrifos
0.2
0.10
2. Housing management
7.
8.
9.
2, 4-D4
Ethion
Monocrotophos
0.05
0.20
0.02
3. Feeding management
10.
11.
Trichlorfon
Carbendazim
0.10
0.10
4. Pasteurization and preservation
12.
Benomyl
0.10
13.
14.
15.
Carbofuran
Cypermethrin
Edifenphos
0.10
0.20
0.02
5. Health monitoring of livestock, Isolation of sick animals
and their products
16.
Fenthion
2.00
17.
Fenvalerate
1.00
18.
19.
Phenthoate
Phorate
0.05
0.05
contd…
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20.
Pirimiphos-methyl
methyl
0.05
15
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6. Disposal of Farm waste
Good animal husbandry practices
7. Disposal of dead animals
8. Disposal of expired drugs and products
Genotype and food safety
• Exploit genetic potential in their resistance towards
certain diseases
9. Preparation of animals for slaughter
10. Traceability of Animals, feed and animal products
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Housing management
• Farm should be located away from- industrial and
residential area
• Should be adequate in size and correctly ventilated
• Provision of complete, easy and effective cleaning and
disinfection
• Use of inert construction and surface materials
Feeding management
• Pasture should be free from potential source of
contamination
• Should be free from chemical residue and pathogens
• Check the feed delivered is correctly labeled
• Check out mould contamination in feed
• Avoid over filling of feeding trough
• Animals should be restricted to get access to polluted water
reserves
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• Avoid using pesticide and herbicide and spreading slurry
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and dairy effluents near water source
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Veterinary drugs
• Therapeutic treatment should be undertaken when
diagnosis is precise and certain-based on dual principle
of maximum efficacy and minimum risk
• Recommended withdrawal periods of drug administration
should be strictly followed
• Keep written records of all treatments dispensed to the
animals
a) Training of staff
Farm management
i. To handle farm chemical inputs
ii.
iii.
iv.
Manufacture feed on the farm
Clean and disinfect premises and
equipments
Basic biosecurity principles
v. Record keeping etc
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Control of pests, stray animals
Disease prevention programme
• Global plan to control pest within the farm using licensed
products in appropriate manner
• Restrict stray animals from roaming in and around
livestock building
• Daily surveillance and monitoring of animals
• Disease prevention measures like mastitis control
programme, vaccination and deworming
programme etc should be followed
Isolation of sick animals and their products
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Storage and disposal of dead animals
Preparation of animals for slaughter
• Prompt and proper disposal of dead animals by suitable
disposal methods
• Ensure that animals are fit for slaughter
• Prevent animals from becoming soiled during their
way to abattoir or in abattoir
Managements of waste materials and effluents
• Humane handling to avoid undue stress
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Traceability of Animals, feed and animal
products
•Record of each animal should be kept for all
commercial and health documents
•Data recording –to have information regarding feed,
fodder, animal and animal products etc.
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