Harvard-referencing-guide-Revised-edition-Nov-2013

A 

Referencing 

Handbook 

Harvard

iPad 

iPad 

Harvard 

Reference 

Handbook 

Referencing Handbook: Harvard 

A 

Contents 

A 

Contents 

Introduction 

Harvard referencing 

In-text citation 

Reference list 

Bibliography 

Other referencing styles 

Plagiarism 

Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising 

Secondary referencing 

Help with referencing 

Sources of information 

1 Advertisements 

1.1 Print 

1.2 Broadcast 

1.3 Online 

2 Art 

2.1 Art 

2.2 Art in books 

2.3 Art online 

2.4 Performance art 

2.5 Artist’s film 

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ISBN 978-1-86050-239-2 

4 Case studies 

5 Conference papers 

6 Correspondence 

Handbook 

Reference 

6.1 Email 

6.2 Letter 

6.3 Mailing list 

7 Dance 

8 Diagrams, figures, images, tables 

9 Film, television, radio 

11 Journals, magazines, periodicals 

11.1 Journal articles 

11.2 Pre-prints 

11.3 Post-prints, articles in press 

12 Law 

12.1 Cases (Law Reports) 

12.2 Unreported UK cases 

12.3 Acts of Parliament (Statutes) 

12.4 Statutory Instruments 

12.5 Bills before Parliament 

12.6 EU Regulations, Directives, 

Decisions 

12.7 Treaties 

13 Leaflets, pamphlets 

14 Maps 

15 Microfilm 

16 Music 

16.1 Music – live performance 

16.2 CD 

16.3 Music track 

16.4 Music track download 

16.5 Musical score 

16.6 Musical score from a collection 

19 Official publications 

19.1 Green, White and Command 

papers 

19.2 Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 

20 Plays 

20.1 Play text 

20.2 Dramatic performance 

21 Software 

21.1 Games 

21.2 Apps 

21.3 Other software 

22 Technical, commercial 

22.1 British and International 

Standards 

22.2 Patents 

23 Theses, dissertations 

24 Translations 

25 Verbal communications 

25.1 Lecture, seminar 

25.2 Speech 

25.3 Telephone call 

Contents 

3 Books 

3.1 Book with a single author 

3.2 Book with two authors 

3.3 Book with three or more authors 

3.4 Book without a named author 

3.5 Edited book 

3.6 Chapter in an edited book 

3.7 Introduction, foreword, 

afterword 

3.8 Ebook 

3.9 Ebook on a reader (Kindle, etc.) 

3.10 Book review 

3.11 Sacred texts 

9.1 Film 

9.2 Broadcast television, radio 

9.3 DVD – film 

9.4 DVD – television programme 

9.5 Off-air recordings 

9.6 Online archive of off-air recordings 

(e.g. Box of Broadcasts) 

9.7 Amateur film 

9.8 Trailer 

10 Interviews 

10.1 Broadcast 

10.2 Personal 

17 New media 

17.1 Blogs 

17.2 Facebook 

17.3 Video sharing websites 

17.4 Twitter 

17.5 Podcasts, vidcasts, vodcasts 

18 Newspapers 

18.1 Newspaper articles 

18.2 Newspaper articles without 

a byline 

18.3 Press releases 

26 Websites 

26.1 Personal author 

26.2 Corporate author 


Contents

A 



A 

Introduction 

You need to reference: 


Your reference list goes at the end of your academic work and contains the full details of the 

information sources (books, journal articles, websites, etc.) that you have cited. 

• to demonstrate that you have undertaken research for your academic work 

• to avoid accusations of plagiarism 

• to acknowledge the work of other authors, which can be found in books, journal articles, 

websites etc. 

You can find the information you need for different sources in a variety of locations, e.g. the title 

page and the reverse of the title page of a book, or the cover and table of contents of a journal. 

There are many systems of referencing available; this guide will focus on the Harvard system, 

which is widely used at the University of Lincoln. 

This guide provides examples of different information sources: how to cite them within your text 

and how to include them in your reference list. 

Below are guidelines on how to construct your reference list: 

• It is in alphabetical order by the first author/editor(s)’ surname. If the source is produced by 

a corporate author, ignore words such as A, An or The 

• If no author is provided, use the title of the publication in its place 

• If you use more than one source by the same author, list them in date order beginning with 

the earliest first 


• If you use more than one source by the same author from the same year, you will need to 

differentiate between them, e.g. 

There are two parts to Harvard referencing: 




(Department of Health, 2013a) 


All ideas taken from the work of another author (whether directly quoted or put into your own 

words) need to be identified within your academic work by the author’s surname, year of 

publication and page number in brackets. 

You should not provide full publication details in your in-text citation, such as the title or publisher, 

as this information is given in your reference list. 

The following is an extract from an essay showing use of in-text citations: 

Many believe (Fry, 2009; Jacklin, 2009) that, in the UK, the main catalyst for this was 

the UK Governments’ ‘widening participation’ initiative, which “brought an increased 

diversification of the higher education student population” (Jacklin and Le Riche, 2009, 

735). An interesting paper by Wingate (2007) suggests that it is not only the “nontraditional” 

students from the widening participation initiatives who struggle with the 

learning required at university level. Wingate discusses the difficulties that “traditional 

students” have with the transition from school to university (Wingate, 2007, 393) and 

suggests that students need support in “learning to learn”. 


Department of Health (2013a) Cardiovascular disease outcomes strategy: improving 

outcomes for people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease. London: Department 

of Health. Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ 

attachment_data/file/156450/9387-2900853-CVD-Outcomes_web1.pdf.pdf [Accessed 

2 July 2013]. 

Department of Health (2013b) Improving outcomes: a strategy for cancer, second 

annual report, 2012. London: Department of Health. Available from https://www.gov. 

uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/136551/Improving_ 

outcomes_second_annual_report.pdf [Accessed 2 July 2013]. 

• If the source of information has no date, put undated instead of the year of publication 

• The title (with the exception of journal titles) should be in sentence case 

• Separate main titles from subtitles with a colon 

• If there are multiple locations given for place of publication, only provide the first listed 

• If a source of information is not published in the UK, also provide the country 

• Where you are citing from more than one text, you can combine them together in a single intext 

citation, separated by a semi-colon, e.g. (Fry, 2009; Jacklin, 2009) 


• If the source you are using has two authors, name both of them in your in-text citation, e.g. 

(Jacklin and Le Riche, 2009, 735). If there are three or more authors, just name the first author 

followed by the words et al (which means and others) 

• If you include the author’s surname within your text, you only need to add the year (and page 

number, where necessary) in brackets, e.g. Wingate (2007) suggests… 

• Some disciplines do not require a page number in the in-text citations. If you are unsure 

please contact your tutor 

Harvard referencing



Bibliography 

Your School may ask you to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, please check 

their guidelines. 

A bibliography lists all the sources of information that you have consulted, including the items 

in your reference list. You should follow the same rules for a bibliography as a reference list. 

Other referencing styles 

Your School may want you to use another style of referencing, such as APA, Chicago, MHRA, 

Numeric or OSCOLA. You must check with your School which referencing style to follow. 

Your Academic Subject Librarian can also advise you. 

Plagiarism 

Plagiarism is the use of another author’s ideas and words, either intentionally or unintentionally, 

without acknowledging the source of the information. It is an academic offence and will be treated 

seriously by the University (see University General Regulations). 

You avoid plagiarism by referencing correctly. 

Turnitin is software that detects plagiarism and can be used by your tutor to ensure academic 

integrity. See http://submit.ac.uk/ for more details. 

Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising 

Quoting is copying a short section of text, word for word, directly from an information source into 

your work. You must indicate a quotation by using quotation marks at the beginning and end of 

the text, e.g. critical appraisal “aims to discover if first the methods, and consequently the results 

of the research, are valid“ (Booth et al, 2012, 104). The quotation is followed immediately with the 

in-text citation. 

Secondary referencing 

If the information source that you are reading has summarised another author’s work, which you 

would like to discuss or quote from, you should locate the original work. 

If this is not possible, you need to treat it as a secondary reference. To do this, cite the original 

author and year of publication followed by the words ‘cited in’ and the author, year of publication 

and page number of the text you have read. 

“Learning is an active process of constructing rather than acquiring knowledge” 

(Duffy and Cunningham, 1996, cited in Laurillard, 2002, 67). 

The reference list at the end of your academic work should only contain works that you have read. 

Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. 

Help with referencing 

The quickest and easiest way to reference your academic work is to record the necessary 

information at the time of using it. The key to good referencing is to be consistent. This handbook 

is a guide to referencing different sources of information. For each type of information, we give you 

an example of an in-text citation and a full reference as it should appear in your reference list. 

The Library subscribes to referencing management software which can help you to gather and 

organise your references. For more information go to http://library.lincoln.ac.uk There are also a 

number of websites offering this service free of charge, e.g. Mendeley, Zotero. 

If you need help with your referencing, or have any questions, the Library also offers a 1-to-1 

Learning Development drop-in service. Visit the Learning Development Room on the ground floor 

of the University Library. 

Longer quotations (usually longer than two lines) should start on a new line, be indented with 

quotation marks at the beginning and end of the passage and should be followed immediately 

with an in-text citation, e.g. 

“The media are often blamed for social ills to the detriment of identifying the real 

causes of the problem. In the past, politicians in the USA and the UK have found it 

more convenient to blame various sectors of the media for social ills than their own 

policies and actions” (Stokes, 2003, 131). 


Paraphrasing is putting a section of text from an information source into your own words. 

Although you are changing the words or phrasing from the original text, you are retaining and 

fully communicating the original meaning. You should provide an in-text citation even when 

paraphrasing to acknowledge the source. 

Summarising is describing the main ideas/findings of an information source but without directly 

quoting from it. You should acknowledge where you sourced the information by providing an intext 

citation. 

Harvard referencing

A1 


Advertisements 1 

Advertisements 

A 

1.1 Print 


(The Wine Company, 2013, 38) when referring to a specific page 


The Wine Company (2013) Discover our best selling Marlborough Sauvignon. 

[advertisement, Private Eye] 28 June, 38. 

1. Advertiser’s name 2. Year of publication in 

3. Title of the advertisement, or a short 

round brackets 

description if more appropriate, in italics, 

followed by a full stop 

The Wine Company (2013) Discover our best selling Marlborough 

Sauvignon. [advertisement, Private Eye] 28 June, 38. 

4. In square brackets put advertisement, 

a comma, then the title of the publication 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Advertiser’s name 

Year of publication in round 

brackets 

Title of the advertisement, 

or a short description if more 

appropriate, in italics, 


5. Day and month of publication, 

followed by a comma 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

6. Page number(s), followed by 

a full stop 

In square brackets put 

advertisement, a comma, 

then the title of the publication 

Day and month of publication, 


Page number(s), followed by 

a full stop 

1.2 Broadcast 


(Audi, 2013) 


Audi (2013) The new Audi Q5. [advertisement] 

ITV. 23 May, 21:17. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 


Year of broadcast of the 

advertisement in round brackets 



appropriate, in italics, 



advertisement 

Broadcast channel, followed 

by a full stop 

Day and month of broadcast, 


¨¨ 

Time of broadcast, using the 24 

hour clock, followed by a full stop 

1.3 Online 


(Curiously Cinnamon, 2013) 


Curiously Cinnamon (2013) Boombox 

breakfasts: the Latin lowriders. [online 

advertisement] Available from http://www. 

youtube.com/curiouslycinnamonuk 

[Accessed 28 June 2013]. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 


Year of publication of the 

advertisement in round brackets 



appropriate, in italics, followed 


In square brackets put online 

advertisement 

Available from, followed 

by the web address 

In square brackets put Accessed 

and the date you accessed the 

advertisement, followed 


1 Advertisements 

1 Advertisements

A2 

2 Art 


Art 

2.1 Art 


(Bacon, 1961) 


Bacon, F. (1961) Seated figure. [oil on canvas] London: Tate Modern. 

1. Artist(s)’ surname, a comma, followed by 

their initials with a full stop after each initial 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

4. In square brackets put 

details of the format 

Artist(s)’ surname, a comma, 

followed by their initials with a full 

stop after each initial 

Year of composition in round 

brackets 

Title of the composition in italics, 


2. Year of composition 

in round brackets 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

3. Title of the composition in italics, 



5. Location, followed 

by a colon 

6. Name of the collection, 


In square brackets put details 

of the format 

Location, followed by a colon 

Name of the collection, followed 


2.2 Art in books 

When citing an image reproduced in a book, 

put the surname of the artist and year of 

composition followed by the words ‘cited in’ 

followed by the author(s)’ surname, year of 

publication and page number. In your reference 

list, only list the work you have read. 


(Basquiat, 1981, cited in Wigan, 2006, 75) 


Wigan, M. (2006) Thinking visually. Lausanne, 

Switzerland: AVA. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Author/Editor(s)’ surname, 

a comma, followed by their initials 

with a full stop after each initial 


brackets 

Title (and subtitle if applicable) 

of book in italics, followed by a 

full stop 

Edition (only if not the first edition) 


Place of publication, followed 

by a colon 

Publisher, followed by a full stop 

2.3 Art online 

When citing an image reproduced online, 

put the surname of the artist and year of 

composition followed by the words ‘cited in’ 

followed by the name of the website and year 

of publication. In your reference list, only list the 

work you have read. 


(Meshon, undated, cited in 3x3 Gallery.com, 

undated) 


Meshon, A. (undated) Untitled. [online] New 

York, USA: 3x3 Gallery. Available from http:// 

www.3x3gallery.com/19/AaronMeshon.php 

[Accessed 1 July 2013]. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 


followed by their initials with a 

full stop after each initial 


brackets 


of the composition in italics, 




by a colon 


Available from, followed by the 

web address 

Art 


and the date you accessed the art, 


A 

22 Art

A2 2 Art 


2.4 Performance art 


(Abramovic, 2005) 


Abramovic, M. (2005) Seven easy pieces. 

[performance art] New York, USA: Guggenheim 

Museum, 9 November. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 




Year of the performance in round 

brackets 

Title of the performance in italics, 



performance art 

Place of performance, followed 

by a colon 

Name of the venue, followed 

by a comma 

Day and month of the 

performance, followed by a 

full stop 

2.5 Artist’s film 


(Magdy, 2012) 


Magdy, B. (2012) Time laughs back at you like 

a sunken ship. [Super 8 film transferred to HD 

video] 9 mins. 31 secs. London: Tate. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 


followed by their initials with 

a full stop after each initial 

Year of composition of the film 


Title of the film in italics, 


In square brackets give details 

of the format 

Length of film in minutes 

and seconds 

Location, followed by a colon 

Name of collection, followed 


Books 

3.1 Book with a single author 


(Cottrell, 2013) for the whole text 

(Cottrell, 2013, 156) when referring to a specific page 

(Cottrell, 2013, 156-158) when referring to a range of pages 


Cottrell, S. (2013) The study skills handbook. 4th edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 

1. Author(s)’ surname, followed by their 

initials with a full stop after each initial, 

or corporate author 

2. Year of publication 


3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) 

of book in italics, followed by 

a full stop 

Cottrell, S. (2013) The study skills handbook. 4th edition. 

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 

5. Place of publication, followed by 

a colon 

6. Publisher, followed 


4. Edition (only if not the first edition) 


A 

33 Books

A3 3 Books 


3.2 Book with two authors 


Use both authors’ surnames 

(Ledger and Luckhurst, 2000) for 

the whole text 

(Ledger and Luckhurst, 2000, 24) 

when referring to a specific page 

(Ledger and Luckhurst, 2000, 24-48) 

when referring to a range of pages 


Ledger, S. and Luckhurst, R. (2000) 

The fin de siècle: a reader in cultural history, 

c.1880-1900. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

3.3 Book with three or 

more authors 


There is no need to use all of the authors’ 

names in your in-text citation, you can name 

just the first author followed by the words et al 

(which means ‘and others’). 

(Klug et al, 2012) for the whole text 

(Klug et al, 2012, 46) when referring 

to a specific page 

(Klug et al, 2012, 46-48) when referring 

to a page range 


You need to name all the authors in the order 

they appear on the title page of the book. 

Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, 

C.A. and Palladino, M.A. (2012) Concept of 

genetics. 10th edition. Boston: Pearson. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Author(s)’ surname, a comma, 


full stop after each initial, or 

corporate author 


brackets 



a full stop 




by a colon 


3.4 Book without a 

named author 

If an author of a book is not named, replace the 

author’s name with the title of the book. 


(A woman in Berlin, 2011) for whole text 

(A woman in Berlin, 2011, 176) when 

referring to a specific page 

(A woman in Berlin, 2011, 176-178) 

when referring to a range of pages 


A woman in Berlin (2011) London: 

Virago Press. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 


of book in italics 


brackets 




by a colon 


3.5 Edited book 


(Boardman et al, 2010) for whole text 

(Boardman et al, 2010, 39) when referring 

to a specific page 

(Boardman et al, 2010, 39-41) when 

referring to a page range 


Boardman, J., Currie, A., Killaspy, H. and 

Mezey, G. (eds.) (2010) Social inclusion and 

mental health. London: RCPsych Publications. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Editor(s)’ surname, a comma, 



Put ed. in round brackets. If it has 

more than one editor, use eds. 


brackets 



a full stop 




by a colon 

Books 


A 

33 Books

A3 

3 Books 


3.6 Chapter in an edited book 


(Legge, 2007) for the whole chapter 

(Legge, 2007, 38) when referring to a specific page 

(Legge, 2007, 38-42) when referring to a page range 


Legge, K. (2007) HRM: rhetoric, reality and hidden agendas. In: John Storey (ed.) Human resource 

management: a critical text. 3 rd edition. London: Thomson, 33-62. 

1. Chapter author(s)’ surname, followed by 

a comma, followed by their initials with a 


2. Year of publication in 


3. Title of chapter, 


Legge, K. (2007) HRM: rhetoric, reality and hidden agendas. In: 

John Storey (ed.) Human resource management: a critical text. 

3 rd edition. London: Thomson, 33-62. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

5. Editor(s)’ first 

name and 

surname 

8. Edition (only if not the 

first edition) followed 


6. Put ed. in round 

brackets. If it has 

more than one 

editor use eds. 

9. Place of publication, 

followed by a colon 

Chapter author(s)’ surname, a 

comma, followed by their initials 



brackets 

Title of chapter, followed by 

a full stop 

In, followed by a colon 

Editor(s)’ first name and surname 



7. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of book 

in italics, followed by a full stop 


by a comma 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

11. Page range, followed 


4. In, followed by 

a colon 


of book in italics, followed by a 

full stop 


followed by full stop 


by a colon 

Publisher, followed by a comma 

Page range, followed by a full stop 

3.7 Introduction, foreword, 

afterword 


(Beevor, 2011) 


Beevor, A. (2011) Introduction in A woman in 

Berlin. London: Virago Press. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Surname of author of 

introduction/foreword/afterword, 

a comma, followed by their initials 



brackets 

Introduction/foreword/afterword 

then in 



a full stop 


followed by full stop 


by a colon 


3.8 Ebook 


(MacLaren and Morton, 2012) for the 

whole text 

(MacLaren and Morton, 2012, 57) 

when referring to a specific page 

(MacLaren and Morton, 2012, 57-75) 

when referring to a page range 


MacLaren, D. and Morton, J. (2012) 

Biochemistry for sport and exercise 

metabolism. [online] Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 

Available from https://www.dawsonera.com/ 

abstract/9780470091869 


Checklist: 

¨ ¨ Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a 


with a full stop after each initial, 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

If the book has an editor, put ed. 

in round brackets. If it has more 

than one editor, use eds. 


brackets 







by a colon 



web address 

Books 



ebook, followed by a full stop 

A 

33 Books

A3 3 Books 


3.9 Ebook on a reader 

(Kindle, etc.) 


(Hawking and Mlodinow, 2010) for whole text 

(Hawking and Mlodinow, 2010, chapter 2) 

when using a direct quotation from an ebook 

on a reader you should refer to the chapter 

number, because there are no page numbers. 


Hawking, S. and Mlodinow, L. (2010) 

The grand design. [Kindle] London: 

Transworld Digital. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a 








brackets 





In square brackets give the type 

of ebook reader 


by a colon 


3.10 Book review 


(Palfreyman, 2012, 31) when referring to 

a specific page 

(Palfreyman, 2012, 31-33) when referring to 

a range of pages 


Palfreyman, J. (2012) Successful mentoring 

in nursing by Liz Aston and Paula Hallam 

reviewed in Nursing Standard, 26(21) 31. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Reviewer(s)’ surname, a comma, 



Year of publication of review in 



of the book being reviewed 

Put by, then the author(s)’ (of the 

book being reviewed) first name 

and surname 

Put reviewed in, followed by the 

title of the publication containing 

the review in italics, then a comma 

Volume number, followed by a 

comma ONLY if there is no part/ 

issue/month/season 

If there is a part, issue, month or 

season, put this information in 


Page numbers, followed by a 

full stop 

3.11 Sacred texts 

When quoting from the Bible or any sacred 

text, you should name the title of the text 

followed by the book, chapter and verse. 


(The Holy Bible, Genesis, 1:1) 


The Holy Bible containing the Old and New 

Testaments. [Authorised King James Version] 

(undated) London: Collins Bible. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 



Version (if applicable) in square 

brackets 


brackets (if known, if not put 

undated) 


by a colon 


Books 

A 

33 Books

A4 Referencing Handbook: Harvard Case studies 


(The Times 100 Business Case Studies, 2010) for whole text 


2. Year of publication in round 

4 Case studies 

(The Times 100 Business Case Studies, 2010, 77) when referring to a specific page 

(The Times 100 Business Case Studies, 2010, 76-79) when referring to a range of pages 

The Times 100 Business Case Studies (2010) Providing consumers with ethically sourced 

garments: a Primark case study. [case study] Tadcaster: Business Case Studies LLP. 

1. Author/editor(s)’ surname, a comma, 

followed by their initials with a full stop 

after each initial, or corporate author 

The Times 100 Business Case Studies (2010) Providing consumers 

with ethically sourced garments: a Primark case study. [case study] 

Tadcaster: Business Case Studies LLP. 



Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Author/editor(s)’ surname, a 








brackets 

brackets 

6. Publisher, followed by a 

full stop 

Title (followed by a colon and 

subtitle if applicable) of book in 

italics, followed by a full stop 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

3. Title (followed by a colon and subtitle 

if applicable) of book in italics, followed 


4. In square brackets 

put case study 

In square brackets put case study 


by a colon 


If the case study is online put 


web address 



case study, followed by a full stop 

Conference papers 


(Almorsy et al, 2011) for the whole text 

(Almorsy et al, 2011, 364) when referring to a specific page 

(Almorsy et al, 2011, 364-366) when referring to a range of pages 


Almorsy, M., Grundy, J. and Ibrahim, A.S. (2011) Collaboration-based cloud computing security 

management framework. In: Ling Liu and Manish Parashar (eds.) Cloud 2011: IEEE 4th International 

Conference on Cloud Computing, Washington D.C. 4-9 July, Washington D.C., USA: The 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 364-371. 

1. Author(s)’ surname, a comma, 



6. Title of the conference in italics, 


4. In, followed by a colon 



7. Place and date of conference 

separated by commas 

3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of 

conference paper, followed by a full stop 

5. Editor(s)’ first name and surname 

(if available) followed by ed. or 

eds. in round brackets 

Almorsy, M. Grundy, J. and Ibrahim, A.S. (2011) Collaboration-based 

cloud computing security management framework. In: Ling Liu and 

Manish Parashar (eds.) Cloud 2011: IEEE 4th International Conference 

on Cloud Computing, Washington D.C. 4-9 July, Washington D.C., USA: 

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 364-371. 

9. Publisher, followed by a comma 10. Page number(s), followed by a full stop 



55 Conference papers

A5 Referencing 

5 Conference papers 

Handbook: Harvard 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 





brackets 


of conference paper, followed by 

a full stop 



(if available) followed by ed. or eds. 


Title of the conference in italics, 


Place and date of conference 

separated by commas 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

If the conference paper is 

unpublished, put unpublished 

in square brackets, followed by 

a full stop 


by a colon 

Publisher, followed by a comma 


a full stop 

If the conference paper is online 

put Available from, followed by 

the web address 



paper, followed by a full stop 

Correspondence 

6.1 Email 

You should seek permission from the sender before referring to personal emails in your 

academic work. 


(Havenhand, 2013) 


Havenhand, J. (2013) Referencing help guide. [email] Sent to Helen Williams, 17 June. 

1. Sender(s)’ surname, a comma, 



Havenhand, J. (2013) Referencing help guide. [email] Sent to Helen 

Williams, 17 June. 

5. Sent to, followed by recipient(s)’ first 

name and surname, followed by a comma 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

2. Year the email was sent 


Sender(s)’ surname, a comma, 



Year the email was sent in round 

brackets 

Subject line or a short description, 

if more appropriate, in italics, 


3. Subject line or a short 

description, if more appropriate, 


6. Day and month the email was sent, 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

In square brackets put email 


put email 

Sent to, followed by recipient(s)’ 

first name and surname, followed 

by a comma 

Day and month the email was sent, 


66 Correspondence

A6 Referencing 

6 Correspondence 

Handbook: Harvard 

6.2 Letter 

You should seek permission from the sender 

before referring to personal letters in your 



(Lloyd George, 1913) 


Lloyd George, D. (1913) Political and 

military situation in Eastern Europe. 

[letter] Sent to Winston Churchill, 3 April. 

London: Churchill Archive. Available from 

http://www.churchillarchive.com/explore/ 

page?id=CHAR%2013%2F19%2F95 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 




Year in round brackets 

Give a short description of the 

content in italics, followed by 

a full stop 

In square brackets put letter 

Sent to, followed by the 

recipient(s)’ first name and 

surname, followed by a comma 

Day and month of letter followed 


If the letter is in a collection put 

location of collection, followed 

by a colon 

Name of the collection (if 

applicable) followed by a full stop 

If the letter is online put Available 

from, followed by the web address 



letter, followed by a full stop 

6.3 Mailing list 


(Hicks, 2013) 


Hicks, B. (2013) Participate in a survey 

to map dementia care research. [mailing 

list] Sent to NURSE-UK, 10 May. Available 

from https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ 

webadmin?A2=ind1305&L=NURSE- 

UK&F=&S=&P=2039 [Accessed 19 

June 2013]. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 




Year in round brackets 

Subject line or a short description, 

if more appropriate, in italics, 


In square brackets put mailing list 

Sent to, followed by the mailing list 

name, followed by a comma 

Day and month of the posting, 



web address 



mailing list, followed by a full stop 

Dance 


(English National Ballet, 2013) 


English National Ballet (2013) Petite mort. [performance] Jirí Kylián (chor.) London: Coliseum, 

19 April. 

1. Performer(s)’ first 

name and surname or 

company name 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

2. Year of performance 


Performer(s)’ first name and 

surname or company name 

Year of performance in round 

brackets 

Title of performance in italics, 



performance 

Choreographer’s first name and 

surname 

3. Title of performance 

in italics, followed by 

a full stop 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Put chor. (abbreviation for 

choreographer) in round brackets 


by a colon 

Name of venue, followed by 

a comma 


performance 

5. Choreographer’s first 

name and surname 

English National Ballet (2013) Petite mort. [performance] Jirí Kylián 

(chor.) London: Coliseum, 19 April. 

6. Put chor. (abbreviation for 

choreographer) in round brackets 

7. Place of performance, followed by 

a colon 

8. Name of venue, 


9. Day and month of performance, 


Day and month of performance, 


77 Dance

A8 


Diagrams, figures, 

images, tables 

Film, television, 

radio 

9 

9.1 Film 

If you reproduce any diagrams, figures, images or tables from a printed or an online source you 

should provide a caption, instead of an in-text citation, acknowledging its source. 

For example, if you reproduced the table from page 1155 in Campbell biology by Reece et al your 

caption would be: 

Summation of twitches from Reece at al (2011), 1155 


(Luhrmann, 2013) 


Luhrmann, B. (dir.) (2013) The great Gatsby. [film] London: Warner Bros. 

You will also need to include the details of the source in your reference list – follow the relevant 

checklist for your source. 


Reece, J.B., Urry, L., Cain, M., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P. V. and Jackson, R.B. (2011) 

Campbell biology. 9th edition. Boston: Pearson. 

1. Director(s)’ surname, a comma, 



2. Put dir. (abbreviation for director) 


than one director, use dirs. 

3. Year of release in round brackets 

4. Title in italics, followed by a full stop 5. In square brackets put film 

Luhrmann, B. (dir.) (2013) The great Gatsby. [film] London: 

Warner Bros. 

7. Distribution company, followed by 

a full stop 

6. Location of distributor (if known) 


Checklist: 

8 Diagrams, figures, images, tables 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Director(s)’ surname, a comma, 



Put dir. (abbreviation for director) 



Year of release in round brackets 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Title in italics, followed by a 

full stop 

In square brackets put film 

Location of distributor (if known) 


Distribution company, followed 


9 Film, television, radio

A9 9 Film, television, radio 


9.2 Broadcast television, radio 


(My kidney and me, 2012) 


My kidney and me (2012) [online] 4OD. 

6 August, 22:00. Available from http://www. 

channel4.com/programmes/my-kidney-andme/4od 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Title of the programme in italics 

Year of production in round 

brackets 

If the programme is online, put 

online in square brackets 

Episode/series number(s), if any, 


Broadcast channel, followed by 

a full stop 

Day and month of transmission, 


¨¨ 

Time of transmission, using the 24 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

If the programme is online put 


web address 



programme, followed by a full stop 

9.3 DVD – film 


(Wegener, 1920) 


Wegener, P. (dir.) (1920) Der Golem. [DVD] 

London: Eureka. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Director’s surname, a comma, 







Title of film in italics, followed 


In square brackets put DVD 

Place of distribution, followed 

by a colon 



9.4 DVD – television 

programme 


(Doctor Who, 2013) 


Doctor Who (2013) [DVD] series 7, part 2. 

London: BBC. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 



brackets 

In square brackets put DVD 

Episode/series number(s), if any, 


Place of distribution, followed 

by a colon 



9.5 Off-air recordings 


(Visions of the future, 2008) 


Visions of the future (2008) [off-air recording] 

BBC Four. 30 January, 00:55. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 



brackets 

In square brackets put off-air 

recording 


a full stop 



¨¨ 



Film, television, radio 

9.6 Online archive of off-air 

recordings (e.g. Box of 

Broadcasts) 


(Rupert Murdoch: battle with Britain, 2013) 


Rupert Murdoch: battle with Britain (2013) 

[online off-air recording] BBC Two. 28 April, 

21:00. Available from http://bobnational.net/ 

programme php?archive=147494&view=flash_ 

player [Accessed 4 July 2013]. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 



brackets 


off-air recording 


a full stop 



¨¨ 



¨¨ 

¨¨ 


web address 



programme, followed by a full stop 

99 Film, television, radio

A9 Referencing Handbook: Harvard 

10 

Interviews 

9.7 Amateur film 


(Graber, 1977) 


Graber, S. (dir.) (1977) The cat and the tune. 

[amateur film] Available from http://www.eafa. 

org.uk/catalogue/3965 [Accessed 1 July 2013]. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 







In round brackets put date of 

production (if not known use 

undated) 

Title of the film in italics, 



amateur film 

If the film is accessed online put 


web address 


and the date you accessed the film, 


9.8 Trailer 


(Villeneuve, 2013) 


Villeneuve, D. (dir.) (2013) Prisoners. [trailer] 

Available from http://www.youtube.com/ 

watch?v=bpXfcTF6iVk [Accessed 1 July 2013]. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 







Date of release in round brackets 

Title of the film in italics, followed 


In square brackets put trailer 

If the trailer is accessed online put 


web address 



trailer, followed by a full stop 

10.1 Broadcast 


(Twigg, 2013) 


Twigg, S. (2013) Free schools would remain open. [interview] BBC One. Interviewed by Jeremy 

Vine, The Andrew Marr show, 30 June. 

1. Interviewee(s)’ surname, a 



Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

5. Broadcast channel, 


8. Day and month of the interview, 


2. Year of interview in 


Interviewee(s)’ surname, a comma, 



Year of interview in round brackets 

3. Title, or short description if 

more appropriate, followed 


6. Interviewed by, followed by the interviewer(s)’ 

name and surname then a comma 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 


put interview 

Twigg, S. (2013) Free schools would remain open. [interview] 

BBC One. Interviewed by Jeremy Vine, The Andrew Marr show, 

10 June. 

7. Programme name in italics, 


Programme name in italics, 


Day and month of the interview, 


9 Film, television, radio 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Title, or short description if more 

appropriate, followed by a full stop 

In square brackets put interview 


a full stop 

Interviewed by, followed by the 

interviewer(s)’ first name and 

surname then a comma 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

If the interview is online put 


web address 



interview, followed by a full stop 

10 Interviews

10 A 


Journals, 

magazines, periodicals 

11 

10.2 Personal 

You should seek permission from the interviewee/interviewer before referring to a personal 

interview in your academic work. 


(Snowley, 2013) 


Snowley, I. (2013) Questions on referencing. [interview] Interviewed by Lys Ann Reiners, 1 July. 

11.1 Journal articles 


(Battilana and Casciaro, 2013) for whole article 

(Battilana and Casciaro, 2013, 62) when referring to a single page 

(Battilana and Casciaro, 2013, 62-64) when referring to a range of pages 


Battilana, J. and Casciaro, T. (2013) The network secrets of great change agents. Harvard 

Business Review, 91(7) 62-68. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Interviewee(s)’ surname, a comma, 



Year of interview in round brackets 

Title or short description, if more 

appropriate, in italics, followed by 

a full stop 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

In square brackets put interview 

Interviewed by, followed by the 

interviewer(s)’ first name and 

surname, followed by a comma 

Day and month of the interview, 


1. Author(s)’ surname, a comma, followed by their 

initials with a full stop after each initial - if there 

is more than one author, you should name all of 

them in the order they are given in the article 




article, followed by a full stop 

Battilana, J. and Casciaro, T. (2013) The network secrets of great 

change agents. Harvard Business Review, 91(7) 62-68. 

4. Title of journal in italics, 


5. Volume number, 


ONLY if there is no part/ 


6. If there is a part/issue/month/ 



7. Page numbers, followed 


Checklist: 

10 Interviews 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 



stop after each initial – if there is 

more than one author, you should 

name all of them in the order they 

are given in the article 


brackets 


of article, followed by a full stop 

Title of journal in italics, followed 

by a comma 

Volume number, followed by a 

comma ONLY if there is no part/ 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

If there is a part/issue/month/ 



Page numbers, followed by a 

full stop 

If the journal article is online put 


web address 



journal article, followed by a 

full stop 

11 Journals, magazines, periodicals

11 A 


12 

Law 

11 Journals, magazines, periodicals 

11.2 Pre-prints 

You may find articles in a repository, or on 

a publisher’s website, which have been 

made available online before they have 

been submitted for peer review or published 

in a journal. 


(Risler and Basun, 2013) for the whole article 


Risler, T. and Basun, M. (2013) Morphological 

instabilities of stratified epithelia: a mechanical 

instability in tumour formation. [pre-print] 

Submitted to New Journal of Physics. Available 

from http://arxiv.org/pdf/1306.5676v1.pdf 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 







Year of writing in round brackets 

Title (and subtitle if applicable) of 


In square brackets put pre-print 

Submitted to (if this information is 

with the article) 

Title of journal (if available) in 



web address 



pre-print, followed by a full stop 

11.3 Post-prints, articles in press 

Post-prints and articles in press have been 

submitted for peer review and accepted for 

publication but have not yet been published 

in a specific journal issue. Publishers will often 

assign a DOI (digital object identifier) to uniquely 

identify the record. 


(Tusting et al, 2013) for the whole article 


Tusting, L.S., Willey, B., Lucas, H., Thompson, 

J., Kafy, H.T., Smith, R. and Lindsay, S.W. 

(2013) Socioeconomic development as an 

intervention against malaria: a systematic 

review and meta-analysis. [in press] The 

Lancet. Available from http://www.thelancet. 

com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140- 

6736(13)60851-X/fulltext#article_upsell 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 







Year of writing in round brackets 

Title (and subtitle if applicable) of 


In square brackets put post-print/ 

in press 

Title of journal in italics, followed 



web address/DOI 




Law students should follow the Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) 

as this is the Law School’s preferred style of referencing. Below are guidelines for non-law students 

who need to refer to legal publications using Harvard. 

12.1 Cases (Law Reports) 

You should refer to cases by their party names and year in your in-text citation. This information will 

be available at the beginning of a Law Report. 


(Pepper v Hart, 1993) 


You should include the party names, year and information about where the case has been 

reported in your reference list exactly as it appears at the beginning of a Law Report. 

Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593. 

1. Party names (separated by 

a v) in italics 

3. Abbreviation of Law Report series or, for a neutral 

citation, the Court and Division where the case 

was heard 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

Party names (separated by a v) 

in italics 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Year the case was heard (in round 

or square brackets – follow the 

style given in the Law Report) 

Volume number, if applicable 

2. Year the case was heard (in round or square 

brackets – follow the style given in the Law Report) 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

3. Page number or, for a neutral citation, 

case, followed by a full stop 

Abbreviation of Law Report 

series or, for a neutral citation, 

the Court and Division where the 

case was heard 

Page number or, for a neutral 

citation, case number, followed 


12 Law

12 A 


Law 

12 

12.2 Unreported UK cases 


(Evans v Governor of H.M. Prison Brockhill, 

1985) 


Evans v Governor of H.M. Prison Brockhill 

(1985) [unreported] Court of Appeal (Civil 

Division), 19 June. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

Party names (separated by a v) 

in italics 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Year the case was heard in round 

brackets 

In square brackets put unreported 

Court where the case was heard, 


Day and month the case was heard 

(if known) followed by a full stop 

12.3 Acts of Parliament (Statutes) 


(Justice and Security Act 2013) for whole Act 

(Justice and Security Act 2013, s.2) when 

referring to a specific section 

(Justice and Security Act 2013, s.2(2)) when 

referring to a specific subsection 


Justice and Security Act 2013 (c.18). London: 

HMSO. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

Short title of the Act, including 

the year, in italics 

¨¨ 

In round brackets put c. 

(abbreviation for chapter) followed 

by the chapter number in italics, 

then a full stop 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Place of publication, followed by 

a colon 


12.4 Statutory Instruments 


(The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 2012) 

Reference list entry 

The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 2012, SI 

2012/3136. London: The Stationery Office. 

12.5 Bills before Parliament 


(Transport Bill, 1999) 


Transport Bill (1999) House of Commons (Bill 8 

1999-2000). London: The Stationery Office. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Short title of the Bill in italics 


brackets 

The House the Bill was heard in 

In round brackets put the Bill 

number and session, followed 



by a colon 


12.6 EU Regulations, Directives, 

Decisions 


(Commission Decision, 2013/C 187/08) 


Commission Decision of 28 June 2013 

appointing members and alternatives of 

the Committee for Advanced Therapies to 

represent clinicians and patients’ associations. 

Official Journal of the European Union (2013/C 

187/08) 29 June. Available from http:// 

eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. 

do?uri=OJ:C:2013:187:0009:0009:EN:PDF 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Title including the type of 

document (e.g. Commission 

Decision) followed by a full stop 

If published in the Official Journal 

(OJ) put Official Journal of the 

European Union in italics 

Document reference in round 

brackets 



If accessed online put Available 




document, followed by a full stop 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

Title of Statutory Instrument 

including year in italics, followed 

by a comma 

¨¨ 

SI, followed by the year of 

enactment, a forward slash, then 

the statutory instrument number 

and a full stop 

¨¨ 


by a colon 

12 Law 

¨¨ 


12 Law

12 A 


13 

Leaflets, pamphlets 

12.7 Treaties 


(Treaty of Lisbon, 2007) 


Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European 

Community, 13 December 2007 (2007/C 306/01). Available from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml. 

do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:SOM:EN:HTML [Accessed 20 June 2013]. 

Checklist: 


(The National Gallery, 2009) 


The National Gallery (2009) Picasso: challenging the past 25 February - 7 June 2009. London: 

The National Gallery. 

1. Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a comma, 






of the leaflet/pamphlet in italics, 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Title in italics, followed by 

a comma 

Day, month and year the treaty 

was signed 

In round brackets put the 

document reference, followed 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

If the treaty is online put Available 




treaty, followed by a full stop 

The National Gallery (2009) Picasso: challenging the past 25 

February - 7 June 2009. London: The National Gallery. 

4. Place of publication (if known) followed by a colon 5. Publisher (if known) followed by a full stop 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 






brackets 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Place of publication (if known) 


Publisher (if known) followed 


¨¨ 


of leaflet/pamphlet in italics, 


13 Leaflets, pamphlets 

12 Law

14 A 


15 

Maps 

Microfilm 


(Ordnance Survey, 2000) 

Follow the format for the original source and after the title and full stop put microfilm in square 

brackets. The example below is from page 3 of The Times of 5 January 1943. 


Ordnance Survey (2000) Lincoln, Sleaford, Metheringham & Navenby. [map] Explorer series, 

sheet 272, 1:2500. Southampton: Ordnance Survey. 


(The Times, 1943) 


The Times (1943) M. Boisson’s call to Frenchmen. [microfilm] 5 January, 3. 

1. Cartographer (corporate or 

personal author) 

2. Year of publication in round brackets 3. Title of map in italics, followed by 

a full stop 

Ordnance Survey (2000) Lincoln, Sleaford, Metheringham & Navenby. 

[map] Explorer series, sheet 272, 1:2500. Southampton: Ordnance 

Survey. 

4. Series (if applicable) followed by 

a comma 

5. Sheet number (if applicable) 


6. Scale, followed by a full stop 

7. Place of publication, followed by a colon 8. Name of publisher, followed 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Cartographer (corporate or 

personal author) 


brackets 

Title of map in italics, followed 


In square brackets put map 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Scale, followed by a full stop 


by a colon 

Name of publisher, followed 


If the map is online put Available 


14 Maps 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Series (if applicable) followed 

by a comma 

Sheet number (if applicable) 


¨¨ 



map, followed by a full stop 

15 Microfilm

A 

16 


Music 

16 A 

Music 

16.2 CD 


16.3 Music track 


(Metallica, 1986) 

(Metallica, 1986) 

16.1 Music – live performance 

This covers all live music performances. If the performance is by an artist (e.g. The Rolling Stones 

or Gary Barlow) use their full stage name (band name or first name followed by surname) in place 

of the composer. 


(Britten, 2013) 


Britten, B. (2013) Four sea interludes from ‘Peter Grimes’. [performance] Sakari Oramo (cond.) 

BBC Symphony Orchestra. London: Royal Albert Hall, 12 July. 

1. Composer’s surname, a comma, 



2. Year of performance in round brackets 3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of 

performance in italics, followed by 

a full stop 

Britten, B. (2013) Four sea interludes from ‘Peter Grimes’. 

[performance] Sakari Oramo (cond.) BBC Symphony Orchestra. 

London: Royal Albert Hall, 12 July. 


Metallica (1986) Master of puppets. [CD] 

Chatsworth, USA: Asylum Records. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Artist (put the performer(s)’ 

stage name in full) 


Title of CD in italics, followed by 

a full stop 

In square brackets put CD 

Place of production, followed 

by a colon 

Record label, followed by a 

full stop 


Metallica (1986) Disposable heroes. [CD 

track] 8 mins. 17 secs. Master of puppets. 

Chatsworth, USA: Asylum Records. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Artist (put the performer(s)’ stage 

name in full) 


Title of music track, followed by 

a full stop 

In square brackets put CD track 

Length of track in minutes and 

seconds 

Title of CD in italics, followed 



by a colon 


performance 

5. Conductor’s first 

name and surname 

(if applicable) 

6. Put cond. (abbreviation 

for conductor) in round 

brackets 

7. Orchestra name (if applicable) 


¨¨ 


full stop 

8. Place of performance, 


9. Venue, followed by 

a comma 

10. Day and month of 

performance, followed 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Composer’s surname, a comma, 




brackets 


of performance in italics, followed 



performance 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Put cond. (abbreviation for 

conductor) in round brackets 

Orchestra name (if applicable) 



by a colon 

Venue, followed by a comma 



16 Music 

¨¨ 

Conductor’s first name and 

surname (if applicable) 

16 Music

A 

16 


Music 

16 A 

16.4 Music track download 


(Tom Odell, 2013) 


Tom Odell (2013) See if I care. [download 

track] 3 mins. 7 secs. Long way down. 

London: ITNO/Columbia. Available from 

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Long-Way-Down- 

Explicit/dp/B00BYEUWH2/ref=sr_shvl_ 

lbum_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1372756639&sr=301-1 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Artist (put the performer(s)’ stage 

name in full) 


Title of track followed by a full stop 


download track 

Length of track in minutes and 

seconds 

Title of album in italics, followed 



by a colon 

16.5 Musical score 


(Carcassi, undated) 


Carcassi, M. (undated) Sechs capricen: für 

gitarre, opus 26. [musical score] London: 

Schott & Co. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Composer(s)’ surname, a comma, 




brackets 


of score in italics, followed by a 

full stop 



In square brackets put musical 

score 


a colon 


16.6 Musical score from a collection 


(Dowland, 1977, 16) 


Dowland, J. (1977) Mistress Winter’s jump. [musical score] In: Harvey Vinson (ed.) The classic 

guitar collection: volume 1. London: Amsco. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Composer(s)’ surname, a comma, 




brackets 

Title of score, followed by a 

full stop 


musical score 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 




Title of collection in italics, 





a colon 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 


full stop 


web address 



music track, followed by a full stop 

16 Music 

16 Music

A 

17 


New media 

17 A 

New media 

17.2 Facebook 


17.3 Video sharing websites 


17.1 Blogs 


(Open Europe Blog, 2013) 


Open Europe Blog (2013) Got milk? Writing the nanny-state into EU law. [blog entry] 12 June. 

London: Open Europe. Available from http://www.openeuropeblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/gotmilk-writing-nanny-state-into-eu-law.html 



followed by their initials with a full stop after 

each initial, or corporate author. If there is no 

author, put the title of the blog 

2. Year of publication in round brackets 3. Title of blog entry in italics, 


Open Europe Blog (2013) Got milk? Writing the nanny-state into 

EU law. [blog entry] 12 June. London: Open Europe. Available from 

http://www.openeuropeblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/got-milkwriting-nanny-state-into-eu-law.html 


(University of Lincoln English Language 

Centre, 2013) 


University of Lincoln English Language 

Centre (2013) English language workshops. 

[Facebook] 16 May. Available from https://www. 

facebook.com/pages/University-of-Lincoln- 

English-Language-Centre/214820105273196 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Contributor(s) 

Year of post in round brackets 

Give short description of post in 


In square brackets put Facebook 

Day and month of post, followed 



web address 

(Design Council, 2008) 


Design Council (2008) What is good design? 

[online video] Available from http://www. 

youtube.com/watch?v=5SFncmn3pTs 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 


Year of upload in round brackets 

Video title in italics, followed by 

a full stop 

In square brackets put online video 


web address 



video, followed by a full stop 

4. In square brackets put blog entry 5. Day and month of entry, followed 


7. Publisher (if known) followed by a 

full stop 

8. Available from, followed by the 

web address 

6. Place of publication (if known) 


9. In square brackets put Accessed 


blog entry, followed by a full stop 

¨¨ 



Facebook post, followed by a 

full stop 

Checklist: 

17 New media 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 




or corporate author. If there is no 

author, put the title of the blog 


brackets 

Title of blog entry in italics, 


In square brackets put blog entry 

Day and month of entry, followed 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 






web address 



blog entry, followed by a full stop 

17 New media

A 

17 


18 A 

Newspapers 

17.4 Twitter 

17.5 Podcasts, vidcasts, vodcasts 

18.1 Newspaper articles 




(Wikileaks, 2013) 

(BBC World Service, 2013) 

(Glancey, 1999) 




Wikileaks (2013) Hidden microphone found. 

[Twitter] 3 July. Available from https://twitter. 

com/wikileaks [Accessed 3 July 2013]. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 



brackets 

Give short description of tweet 


In square brackets put Twitter 

BBC World Service (2013) Escape from 

Alcatraz. [podcast] 11 June. Available from 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/witness 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Broadcaster(s)’ surname, a 




Year of broadcast in round 

brackets 

Glancey, J. (1999) Barcelona beats world’s top architects to award. The Guardian, 18 March, 6. 

1. Journalist(s)’ surname, a comma, followed by their 

initials with a full stop after each initial. If there is 

more than one journalist, you should name all of 

them in the order they are given in the article 



3. Title of the article, followed 


Glancey, J. (1999) Barcelona beats world’s top architects to award. 

The Guardian, 18 March, 6. 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Day and month of tweet, followed 



web address 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Title of podcast in italics, followed 


In square brackets put podcast/ 

vidcast/vodcast 

4. Title of newspaper in italics, 


5. Day and month of publication, 


6. Page number(s), followed by 

a full stop 

¨¨ 



tweet, followed by a full stop 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Day and month of broadcast, 



web address 

Checklist: 

17 New media 

¨¨ 



podcast/vidcast/vodcast, followed 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Journalist(s)’ surname, a comma, 


full stop after each initial. If there 

is more than one journalist, you 

should name all of them in the 

order they are given in the article 


brackets 

Title of the article, followed by 

a full stop 

Title of newspaper in italics, 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 




a full stop 

If the newspaper article is online 





newspaper article, followed by 

a full stop 

18 Newspapers

A 

18 


New Media 

19 A 

Official publications 

18.2 Newspaper articles without 

a byline 

If there is no byline, use the title of the 

newspaper instead. 


(The Sun, 1992) 


The Sun (1992) It was The Sun wot won it. 11 

April, 1. 

18.3 Press releases 


(NHS Direct, 2013) 


NHS Direct (2013) NHS Direct’s processes 

for providing health advice receive NICE 

accreditation. [press release] 28 January. 

Available from http://www.nhsdirect.nhs. 

uk/News/LatestNews/NICEAccreditation 


19.1 Green, White and Command Papers 


(Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 2011) for the whole paper 

(Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 2011, 4) when referring to a specific page 

(Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 2011, 9-10) when referring to a range of pages 


Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (2011) The natural choice: securing the value of 

nature. CM8082. London: HMSO. Available from http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/ 

cm80/8082/8082.pdf [Accessed 2 July 2013]. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Newspaper title in italics 


brackets 

Headline, followed by a full stop 




a full stop 

If the newspaper article is online 





newspaper article, followed by 

a full stop 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 






brackets 

Title of press release in italics, 



press release 

Day and month of the press 

release, followed by a full stop 

If the press release is online put 


web address 

1. Department’s name 2. Year of publication in 


4. Paper number, 


7. If the paper is online put 

Available from, followed 



paper in italics, followed by a full stop 

Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (2011) The natural 

choice: securing the value of nature. CM8082. London: HMSO. 

Available from http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/ 

cm80/8082/8082.pdf [Accessed 2 July 2013]. 



8. In square brackets put Accessed and the 

date you accessed the paper, followed 




18 Newspapers 

¨¨ 



press release, followed by a 

full stop 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Department’s name 


brackets 


of paper in italics, followed by 

a full stop 

Paper number, followed by a 

full stop 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 


by a colon 


If the paper is online put Available 




paper, followed by a full stop 

19 Official publications

A 

19 


New Media 

A 

20 

Plays 

19.2 Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 


(Hansard: House of Commons, 2007) 


Hansard: House of Commons (2006-2007) World classroom initiative. [debate] 28 February 2007, 

457, c909. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

Hansard, a colon, then House 

of Commons/House of Lords 

¨¨ 

Day, month and year of 

proceedings, followed by a comma 

20.1 Play text 


(Beckett, 1965) for whole text 

(Beckett, 1965, 41) when referring to a specific page 

(Beckett, 1965, 41-43) when referring to a range of pages 


Beckett, S. (1965) Waiting for Godot: a tragicomedy in two acts. 2nd edition. London: Faber 

and Faber. 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Parliamentary session in round 

brackets 

Subject of debate/statement/ 

answer in italics, followed by a 

full stop 

In square brackets put type 

of session 

¨¨ 

Volume number, followed by 

a comma 

¨¨ 

Put c (abbreviation for column – 

if more than one column use cc) 

followed by the column number, 

then a full stop 

1. Playwright(s)’ surname, a comma, 



2. Year of publication in round brackets 3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) of 

book in italics, followed by a full stop 

Beckett, S. (1965) Waiting for Godot: a tragicomedy in two acts. 

2nd edition. London: Faber and Faber. 

4. Edition (only if not the first edition) 




6. Publisher, followed by 

a full stop 

Checklist: 

19 Official publications 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Playwright(s)’ surname, a comma, 




brackets 



a full stop 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 




by a colon 


20 Plays

A 

20 


New Media 

21 A 

Software 

20.2 Dramatic performance 

21.1 Games 



(Shakespeare, 2013) 

(Center for Game Science, 2012) 


Shakespeare, W. (2013) Macbeth. [performance] Jamie Lloyd (dir.) London: Trafalgar Studios, 

21 March. 

Checklist: 


Center for Game Science (2013) Foldit. [online game] Seattle, USA: Center for Game Science 

at the University of Washington. Available from http://fold.it/portal/info/about [Accessed 28 

June 2013]. 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Playwright’s surname, a comma, 




brackets 


of play in italics, followed by 

a full stop 


performance 

Director’s first name and surname 

(if applicable) 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 



Company name (if applicable) 



by a colon 

Venue, followed by a comma 



1. Developer(s)’ surname, a comma, 



2. Year of publication/ 

update/copyright in 


3. Title of game in italics, 



put online game 

Center for Game Science (2013) Foldit. [online game] Seattle, USA: 

Center for Game Science at the University of Washington. Available 

from http://fold.it/portal/info/about [Accessed 28 June 2013]. 

5. Place of publication, followed 

by a colon 

7. Publisher, followed by a full stop 8. If the game is accessed online, 





game, followed by a full stop 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Developer(s)’ surname, a comma, 




Year of publication/update/ 

copyright in round brackets 

Title of game in italics, followed 


In square brackets put online game 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 


by a colon 


If the game is accessed online, put 


web address 



game, followed by a full stop 

¨¨ 

Version (only if not the first 

version) followed by a full stop 

21 Software 

20 Plays

A 

21 


Technical, 

commercial 

New Media 

A 

22 

21.2 Apps 

21.3 Other software 

22.1 British and International Standards 


(Design Museum, 2012) 


Design Museum (2012) The Design Museum 

collection. [app] version 1.11. Design Museum. 

Available from http://www.apple.com/uk/itunes 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Developer(s)’ surname, a comma, 




Year of publication/update/ 

copyright in round brackets 


(Symantec, 2013) 


Symantec (2013) Norton internet security. 

[software] version Windows 8/7/XP/Vista. 

Mountain View, USA: Symantec. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Developer 


brackets 



In square brackets put software 


(British Standards Institution, 2008) 


British Standards Institution (2008) BS EN ISO 9001:2008 Quality management systems: 

requirements. London: British Standards Institution. 

1. Corporate author 2. Year of publication in round brackets 3. Standard number 

British Standards Institution (2008) BS EN ISO 9001:2008 

Quality management systems: requirements. London: 

British Standards Institution. 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Title in italics, followed by a 

full stop 

In square brackets put app 

Put version (only if not the first 


Place of publication (if available) 




web address 


and the date you accessed the app, 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Put version (only if not the first 




Publisher (if available) followed 


If the software is accessed online, 





software, followed by a full stop 



Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Corporate author 


brackets 

Standard number 



5. Place of publication, followed 

by a colon 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

6. Publisher, followed by a full stop 


If accessed online, put Available 




standard, followed by a full stop 

21 Software 

¨¨ 


by a colon 

22 Technical, commercial

A 

22 


New Media 

23 A 

Theses, dissertations 

22.2 Patents 


(Allen, 2013) 


Allen, J.R. (2013) Remote actuation device for spray cans. US20130026400 A1. United States. 

Available from https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/ 

US20130026400.pdf [Accessed 5 July 2013]. 


(Lyons, 2012) for whole text 

(Lyons, 2012, 5) when referring to a specific page 

(Lyons, 2012, 5-10) when referring to a page range 


Lyons, T.J. (2012) Tradable commodities of public assets?: spectrum and public service 

communications in the early 21st century. PhD. University of Lincoln. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Inventor(s)’ surname, a comma, 




brackets 



¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 



Publisher (if available) followed 


If the patent is accessed online, 



1. Author’s surname, a comma, 



2. Year of submission in round brackets 3. Title (and subtitle if applicable) in 


Lyons, T.J. (2012) Tradable commodities of public assets?: spectrum 

and public service communications in the early 21st century. PhD. 

University of Lincoln. 

¨¨ 

Patent number (or status if an 

application is pending) followed 


¨¨ 

In square brackets, put Accessed 


patent, followed by a full stop 

4. Qualification level, followed by a full stop 5. Higher Education Institution, 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Author’s surname, a comma, 



Year of submission in round 

brackets 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Qualification level, followed 


Higher Education Institution, 


22 Technical, commercial 

¨¨ 

Title (and subtitle if applicable) in 


23 Theses, dissertations

A 

24 


Translations 

Verbal 

communications 

New Media 

A 

25 


Remember to cite the original author in your work, not the translator. 

(Camus, 1942) for whole text 

(Camus, 1942, 35) when referring to a specific page 

(Camus, 1942, 35-36) when referring to a page range 


Camus, A. (1942) The outsider. Translated from French by Joseph Laredo. London: 

Penguin Books. 

25.1 Lecture, seminar 

You should seek permission from your lecturer/tutor before referring to lectures or seminars in your 



(Stone, 2012) 


Stone, R. (2012) Detention and questioning. [lecture] Police Powers LAW2161M-1213, University 

of Lincoln, 6 November. 

1. Author/Editor(s)’ surname, a 





3. Title (and subtitle if applicable), 

in italics followed by a full stop 

1. Lecturer(s)’ surname, a comma, 



2. Year the lecture/seminar 

was presented in round 

brackets 

3. Title of lecture/seminar 

in italics, followed by a 

full stop 


lecture/seminar 

Camus, A. (1942) The outsider. Translated from French by 

Joseph Laredo. London: Penguin Books. 

Stone, R. (2012) Detention and questioning. [lecture] Police Powers 

LAW2161M-1213, University of Lincoln, 6 November. 

4. Translated from, followed by the 

original language (if known) then 

the translator(s)’ first name and 

surname, followed by a full stop 





5. Module title and code, 


6. Higher Education institution, 


7. Day and month of lecture/ 

seminar, followed by a full stop 

Checklist: 

Checklist: 

24 Translations 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 





brackets 

Title (and subtitle if applicable), 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Translated from, followed by the 

original language (if known) then 

the translator(s)’ first name and 

surname, followed by a full stop 


by a colon 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Lecturer(s)’ surname, a comma, 



Year the lecture/seminar was 

presented in round brackets 

Title of lecture/seminar in italics, 


In square brackets put lecture/ 

seminar 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Module title and code, followed 

by a comma 

Higher Education institution, 


Day and month of lecture/seminar, 


25 Verbal communications

A 

25 


New Media 

A 

26 

Websites 

25.2 Speech 


(Churchill, 1936) 


Churchill, W. (1936) The abdication of King 

Edward VIII. [speech] House of Commons, 

10 December. Available from https://www. 

winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speechesof-winston-churchill/109-the-abdication-ofking-edward-viii 


Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 




Year of speech in round brackets 

Title or short description of speech 


In square brackets put speech 

Place of speech, followed by 

a comma 

Day and month of speech, 


If the speech is accessed online, 



In square brackets, put Accessed 


speech, followed by a full stop 

25.3 Telephone call 

You should seek permission from the 

interviewee before referring to telephone 

conversations in your academic work. 


(Elkin, 2013) 


Elkin, J. (2013) Learning Development 1-to-1 

drop in service. [telephone call] Conversation 

with Marishona Ortega, 20 June. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

Caller(s)’ surname, a comma, 



Year the conversation took place 


Short description of telephone call 



telephone call 

Conversation with, then the 

first name and surname of the 

recipient, followed by a comma 

Day and month that the 

conversation took place, 


It is always important to evaluate a website before using it in your academic work. For more 

information visit http://guides.library.lincoln.ac.uk/learningdevelopment 

If a website does not have an obvious author, you can often find more information in the ‘About 

us’ section. The year of publication for a website is usually when the website was last revised or 

updated and is often found at the bottom of the website. 

26.1 Personal author 


(Triggle, 2013) 


Triggle, N. (2013) NHS boss aims to ‘liberate’ service from politics. [online] London: BBC. 

Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22792603 [Accessed 6 June 2013]. 




4. In square 

brackets 

put online 

5. Place of publication 

(if known) followed 

by a colon 



6. Publisher (if known) 


7. Available from, followed 



website in italics, followed by a full stop 

Triggle, N. (2013) NHS boss aims to ‘liberate’ service from politics. 

[online] London: BBC. Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ 

health-22792603 [Accessed 6 June 2013]. 



website, followed by a full stop 

26 Websites 

25 Verbal communications

A 

26 


A 


A woman in Berlin (2011) London: Virago Press. 

Abramovic, M. (2005) Seven easy pieces. [performance art] New York, USA: Guggenheim Museum, 9 November. 

26.2 Corporate author 


(BBC, 2013) 


BBC (2013) UK faces European Court over immigrants’ benefits. [online] London: BBC. 

Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22712569 [Accessed 30 May 2013]. 

Allen, J.R. (2013) Remote actuation device for spray cans. US20130026400 A1. United States. Available from https://docs. 

google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US20130026400.pdf [Accessed 5 July 2013]. 

Almorsy, M., Grundy, J. and Ibrahim, A.S. (2011) Collaboration-based cloud computing security management framework. 

In: Ling Liu and Manish Parashar (eds.) Cloud 2011: IEEE 4th international conference on cloud computing, Washington 

D.C. 4-9 July, Washington D.C., USA: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 364-371. 

Audi (2013) The new Audi Q5. [advertisement] ITV. 23 May, 21:17. 


Battilana, J. and Casciaro, T. (2013) The network secrets of great change agents. Harvard Business Review, 91(7) 62-68. 

Checklist: 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 






brackets 


of website in italics, followed by 

a full stop 


¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 

¨¨ 






web address 



website, followed by a full stop 

BBC (2013) UK faces European Court over immigrants’ benefits. [online] London: BBC. Available from http://www.bbc. 

co.uk/news/uk-22712569 [Accessed 30 May 2013]. 

BBC World Service (2013) Escape from Alcatraz. [podcast] 11 June. Available from www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/ 

witness [Accessed 13 June 2013]. 

Beckett, S. (1965) Waiting for Godot: a tragicomedy in two acts. 2nd edition. London: Faber and Faber. 

Beevor, A. (2011) Introduction in A woman in Berlin. London: Virago Press. 

Boardman, J., Currie, A., Killaspy, H. and Mezey, G. (eds.) (2010) Social inclusion and mental health. London: RCPsych 

Publications. 

British Standards Institution (2008) BS EN ISO 9001:2008 Quality management systems: requirements. London: British 

Standards Institution. 

Britten, B. (2013) Four sea interludes from ‘Peter Grimes’. [performance] Sakari Oramo (cond.) BBC Symphony Orchestra. 

London: Royal Albert Hall, 12 July. 

Camus, A. (1942) The outsider. Translated from French by Joseph Laredo. London: Penguin Books. 

Carcassi, M. (undated) Sechs capricen: für gitarre, opus 26. [musical score] London: Schott & Co. 

Center for Game Science (2013) Foldit. [online game] Seattle, USA: Center for Game Science at the University of 

Washington. Available from http://fold.it/portal/info/about [Accessed 28 June 2013]. 

Churchill, W. (1936) The abdication of King Edward VIII. [speech] House of Commons, 10 December. Available from https:// 

www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/109-the-abdication-of-king-edward-viii [Accessed 

20 June 2013]. 

Commission Decision of 28 June 2013 appointing members and alternatives of the Committee for Advanced Therapies to 

represent clinicians and patients’ associations. Official Journal of the European Union (2013/C 187/08) 29 June. Available 

from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2013:187:0009:0009:EN:PDF [Accessed 21 June 2013]. 

Cottrell, S. (2013) The study skills handbook. 4th edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 

Curiously Cinnamon (2013) Boombox breakfasts: the Latin lowriders. [online advertisement] Available from http://www. 

youtube.com/curiouslycinnamonuk [Accessed 28 June 2013]. 

Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (2011) The natural choice: securing the value of nature. CM8082. 

London: HMSO. Available from http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm80/8082/8082.pdf 


Design Council (2008) What is good design? [online video] Available from http://www.youtube.com/ 

watch?v=5SFncmn3pTs [Accessed 2 July 2013]. 

26 Websites 

Design Museum (2012) The Design Museum collection. [app] version 1.11. Design Museum. Available from http://www. 

apple.com/uk/itunes [Accessed 28 June 2013]. 

Doctor Who (2013) [DVD] series 7, part 2. London: BBC. 

Dowland, J. (1977) Mistress Winter’s jump. [musical score] In: Harvey Vinson (ed.) The classic guitar collection: volume 1. 

London: Amsco. 

Reference list

A 


Elkin, J. (2013) Learning Development 1-to-1 drop in service. [telephone call] Conversation with Marishona Ortega, 20 June. 

English National Ballet (2013) Petite mort. [performance] Jirí Kylián (chor.) London: Coliseum, 19 April. 

Evans v Governor of H.M. Prison Brockhill (1985) [unreported] Court of Appeal (Civil Division), 19 June. 

Glancey, J. (1999) Barcelona beats world’s top architects to award. The Guardian, 18 March, 6. 

Graber, S. (dir.) (1977) The cat and the tune. [amateur film] Available from http://www.eafa.org.uk/catalogue/3965 


Hansard: House of Commons (2006-2007) World classroom initiative. [debate] 28 February 2007, 457, c909. 

Havenhand, J. (2013) Referencing help guide. [email] Sent to Helen Williams, 17 June. 

Hawking, S. and Mlodinow, L. (2010) The grand design. [Kindle] London: Transworld Digital. 

Hicks, B. (2013) Participate in a survey to map dementia care research. [mailing list] Sent to NURSE-UK, 10 May. Available 

from https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=ind1305&L=NURSE-UK&F=&S=&P=2039 [Accessed 19 June 2013]. 

The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Testaments. [Authorised King James Version] (undated) London: Collins Bible. 

Justice and Security Act 2013 (c.18). London: HMSO. 

Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. and Palladino, M.A. (2012) Concept of genetics. 10th edition. Boston: Pearson. 

Ledger, S. and Luckhurst, R. (2000) The fin de siècle: a reader in cultural history, c.1880-1900. Oxford: Oxford 

University Press. 

Legge, K. (2007) HRM: rhetoric, reality and hidden agendas. In: John Storey (ed.) Human resource management: a critical 

text. 3rd edition. London: Thomson, 33-62. 

Lloyd George, D. (1913) Political and military situation in Eastern Europe. [letter] Sent to Winston Churchill, 3 April. London: 

Churchill Archive. Available from http://www.churchillarchive.com/explore/page?id=CHAR%2013%2F19%2F95 [Accessed 

19 June 2013]. 

Luhrmann, B. (dir.) (2013) The great Gatsby. [film] London: Warner Bros. 

Lyons, T.J. (2012) Tradable commodities of public assets?: spectrum and public service communications in the early 21st 

century. PhD. University of Lincoln. 

MacLaren, D. and Morton, J. (2012) Biochemistry for sport and exercise metabolism. [online] Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 

Available from https://www.dawsonera.com/abstract/9780470091869 [Accessed 18 June 2013]. 

Magdy, B. (2012) Time laughs back at you like a sunken ship. [Super 8 film transferred to HD video] 9 mins. 31 secs. 

London: Tate. 

Meshon, A. (undated) Untitled. [online] New York, USA: 3x3 Gallery. Available from http://www.3x3gallery.com/19/ 

AaronMeshon.php [Accessed 1 July 2013]. 

Metallica (1986) Disposable heroes. [CD track] 8 mins. 17secs. Master of puppets. Chatsworth, USA: Asylum Records. 

Metallica (1986) Master of puppets. [CD] Chatsworth, USA: Asylum Records. 

My kidney and me (2012) [online] 4OD. 6 August, 22:00. Available from http://www.channel4.com/programmes/my-kidneyand-me/4od 


The National Gallery (2009) Picasso: challenging the past 25 February - 7 June 2009. London: The National Gallery. 

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Reference list

A 

Referencing 

Handbook 


Revised Edition 

The Library 

University of Lincoln 

Brayford Pool 

Lincoln 

LN6 7TS 

ISBN 978-1-86050-239-2 

Telephone: +44 (0)1522 886222 

Email: library@lincoln.ac.uk 

Web: library.lincoln.ac.uk 

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