The Removal of Toxic Hydrocarbons from Oil and Gas ... - IPEC
The Removal of Toxic Hydrocarbons from Oil and Gas ... - IPEC
The Removal of Toxic Hydrocarbons from Oil and Gas ... - IPEC
Transform your PDFs into Flipbooks and boost your revenue!
Leverage SEO-optimized Flipbooks, powerful backlinks, and multimedia content to professionally showcase your products and significantly increase your reach.
Macro Porous<br />
Polymers Systems<br />
www.vwsmppsystems.com
14 th Annual International Petroleum Environmental Conference<br />
Houston, November 8, 2007<br />
<strong>Removal</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Toxic</strong><br />
Dissolved <strong>and</strong> Dispersed <strong>Hydrocarbons</strong><br />
<strong>from</strong> <strong>Oil</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Gas</strong> Produced Water with<br />
Macro Porous Polymer Extraction (MPPE)<br />
by<br />
D.Th. Meijer - VWS MPP Systems<br />
Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies<br />
www.vwsmppsystems.com
Contents presentation<br />
1. Introduction<br />
2. Produced water, oil <strong>and</strong> gas<br />
• North Sea / Ospar<br />
• Emission Regulations<br />
• Produced water composition<br />
• Analytic parameters<br />
• Approaches to produced water treatment<br />
3. MPPE Technology<br />
4. MPPE Application / Experience<br />
• <strong>Gas</strong> & <strong>Gas</strong> condensate produced water<br />
• <strong>Oil</strong> produced water<br />
5. Summary / Conclusions
►<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Ospar<br />
Ospar<br />
• Oslo Paris Convention for the protection <strong>of</strong> the Marine Environment<br />
<strong>of</strong> the North East Atlantic<br />
Participants<br />
• Governments <strong>of</strong> France, United Kingdom, the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s,<br />
Germany, Denmark, Norway, Icel<strong>and</strong>, etc.<br />
• Representatives <strong>of</strong> oil <strong>and</strong> gas companies <strong>of</strong> each country<br />
Each country has a “NOGEPA”<br />
National <strong>Oil</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Gas</strong> Exploration <strong>and</strong> Production<br />
Association (NL)<br />
Ospar objectives (amongst others)<br />
Present <strong>and</strong> future emission regulations
Survey Emission Regulations<br />
North East Atlantic / North Sea (OSPAR)<br />
• 1 st : 1978 40 ppm dispersed oil (PARCOM)<br />
• 2 nd : 2007 (OSPAR)<br />
1. 30 ppm dispersed oil<br />
2. 15% total emission reduction in 2007 versus year 2000<br />
Individual OSPAR countries<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Netherl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Reduction Benzene emission 60% in 2000 versus year 1990<br />
• Norway<br />
Zero harmful emission in 2007 (EIF)<br />
Australia: 50 30 ppm in 2007<br />
Malaysia: 100 ppm (being discussed)<br />
Philippines: no harmful impact
<strong>Oil</strong> & <strong>Gas</strong> produced water composition<br />
<strong>Hydrocarbons</strong> Non polar More polar<br />
Dispersed<br />
Floating<br />
Alphatics<br />
Separators / flotation<br />
“St<strong>and</strong>ard”: 40 ppm<br />
“Advanced”: 10-30 ppm<br />
Negligible<br />
Dissolved<br />
Not floating<br />
“non toxic”<br />
Aliphatics<br />
Alcohols/Methanol/Glycol<br />
Carboxylic acids<br />
Hundreds <strong>of</strong> ppm<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong><br />
Carcinogenic<br />
Mutagenic<br />
Aromatics<br />
BTEX 100 – 800 ppm<br />
PAHs 200 – 6,000 ppb<br />
Alkyl Phenols<br />
Ten – Hundreds ppb
Composition<br />
Compounds ppm Composition<br />
Dispersed oil =<br />
40 - > 100<br />
Dispersed hydrocarbons =<br />
Dispersed Aliphatics = floating<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong>:<br />
- Benzene<br />
- Toluene<br />
- Ethyl benzene<br />
- Xylene<br />
- PAHs <strong>and</strong> NPDs<br />
- Alkyl Phenols<br />
100 - 800<br />
Aromatics<br />
0.2 - 6<br />
0.1 - 0.2<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
Readily Biodegradable hundreds<br />
Polar:<br />
- Acids<br />
- Alcohols (Methanol)<br />
DA<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Polar
Composition <strong>and</strong> emission targets<br />
Compounds ppm Composition Ospar<br />
Dispersed oil =<br />
40 - > 100<br />
Dispersed hydrocarbons =<br />
Dispersed Aliphatics = floating<br />
DA<br />
DA<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong>:<br />
- Benzene<br />
- Toluene<br />
- Ethyl benzene<br />
- Xylene<br />
- PAHs <strong>and</strong> NPDs<br />
- Alkyl Phenols<br />
100 - 800<br />
Aromatics<br />
0.2 - 6<br />
0.1 - 0.2<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
Readily Biodegradable hundreds<br />
Polar:<br />
- Acids<br />
- Alcohols (Methanol)<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Polar<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Polar
Composition <strong>and</strong> emission targets<br />
Compounds ppm Composition Ospar<br />
Dispersed oil =<br />
Dispersed hydrocarbons =<br />
Dispersed Aliphatics = floating<br />
40 - > 100<br />
DA<br />
DA<br />
World<br />
bank<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong>:<br />
- Benzene<br />
- Toluene<br />
- Ethyl benzene<br />
- Xylene<br />
- PAHs <strong>and</strong> NPDs<br />
- Alkyl Phenols<br />
100 - 800<br />
Aromatics<br />
0.2 - 6<br />
0.1 - 0.2<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
Readily Biodegradable hundreds<br />
Polar:<br />
- Acids<br />
- Alcohols (Methanol)<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Polar<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Polar
Environmental Impact Factor<br />
Investigation Norwegian Offshore Industry (esp. Statoil)<br />
• Impact <strong>of</strong> Individual compounds on Environment<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> molecules <strong>and</strong> concentration determine Impact<br />
on Environment<br />
E.g. PAHs on ppb level have more impact than<br />
dispersed oil on ppm levels<br />
Environmental Impact Factor:<br />
specific molecules or groups <strong>of</strong> molecules are<br />
expressed in % <strong>of</strong> the total 100% Environmental Impact<br />
<strong>of</strong> that particular produced water stream
Composition<br />
Compounds ppm Composition<br />
Dispersed oil =<br />
40 - > 100<br />
Dispersed hydrocarbons =<br />
Dispersed Aliphatics = floating<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong>:<br />
- Benzene<br />
- Toluene<br />
- Ethyl benzene<br />
- Xylene<br />
- PAHs <strong>and</strong> NPDs<br />
- Alkyl Phenols<br />
100 - 800<br />
Aromatics<br />
0.2 - 6<br />
0.1 - 0.2<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
Readily Biodegradable hundreds<br />
Polar:<br />
- Acids<br />
- Alcohols (Methanol)<br />
DA<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Polar
Composition <strong>and</strong> emission targets<br />
Compounds ppm Composition<br />
EIF*(1) EIF*(2)<br />
EIF*(3)<br />
Dispersed oil =<br />
40 - > 100<br />
Dispersed hydrocarbons =<br />
Dispersed Aliphatics = floating<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong>:<br />
- Benzene<br />
- Toluene<br />
- Ethyl benzene<br />
- Xylene<br />
- PAHs <strong>and</strong> NPDs<br />
- Alkyl Phenols<br />
100 - 800<br />
Aromatics<br />
0.2 - 6<br />
0.1 - 0.2<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
Readily Biodegradable hundreds<br />
Polar:<br />
- Acids<br />
- Alcohols (Methanol)<br />
* EIF = Environmental Impact Factor<br />
DA<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Polar<br />
DA DA DA<br />
BTEX<br />
BTEX<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
BTEX<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Meth Meth Meth
New Offshore Tie-ins <strong>and</strong><br />
impact on On-Shore Facilities<br />
Field Case Kollsnes<br />
By Lars Bergersen <strong>and</strong> Jesper Jacobsson<br />
Statoil
Statoil Kollsnes Phenomena<br />
Start up extra platform (Kvitebjørn) Q4 2004<br />
‣Equal TOC levels!<br />
‣Bioactivity ceased! Q1 2005<br />
MPPE installed Q2 2005<br />
Biotreatment recovered in three months<br />
MPPE removal <strong>of</strong><br />
• Aliphatics > 99%<br />
• BTEX > 99%<br />
• PAHs > 99%<br />
• Alkyl Phenols ~ 30%
MPPE<br />
Kollsnes test rig<br />
Remote operation <strong>from</strong><br />
the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Steam unit
Statoil Kollsnes conclusions<br />
Equal TOC levels but Bio ceased?<br />
20 – 100 times more <strong>and</strong> varying BTEX contents<br />
(up to 600 ppm)<br />
10 – 50 times more PAHs <strong>and</strong> C 2 –C 4 Phenols<br />
Poisoned biological mass<br />
BTEX > 12 mg/l could be toxic to biological mass
Analytic parameters<br />
Integral parameters are not differentiating,<br />
include “harmless” biodegradable compounds<br />
• BOD: Biological Oxygen Dem<strong>and</strong><br />
• COD: Chemical Oxygen Dem<strong>and</strong><br />
• TOC: Total Organic Carbon<br />
GC - MS <strong>and</strong> other differentiating techniques<br />
are more appropriate to monitor toxic<br />
hydrocarbons like BTEX <strong>and</strong> PAHs
An approach to produced water treatment<br />
Identify toxic target compounds in produced water<br />
• Dispersed oil = Aliphatics: (Sheen on water)<br />
• BTEX<br />
• PAHs<br />
• Alkyl Phenols<br />
• Chemicals<br />
Find<br />
“ Cost efficient measures to minimise the toxic,<br />
carcinogenic <strong>and</strong> mutagenic impact <strong>of</strong> the produced<br />
water on the environment”
Composition<br />
Compounds ppm EIF<br />
Composition<br />
Dispersed oil =<br />
40 - > 100<br />
Dispersed hydrocarbons =<br />
Dispersed Aliphatics = floating<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong>:<br />
- Benzene<br />
- Toluene<br />
- Ethyl benzene<br />
- Xylene<br />
- PAHs <strong>and</strong> NPDs<br />
- Alkyl Phenols<br />
100 - 800<br />
Aromatics<br />
0.2 - 6<br />
0.1 - 0.2<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
Readily Biodegradable hundreds<br />
Polar:<br />
- Acids<br />
- Alcohols (Methanol)<br />
DA<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Polar<br />
DA<br />
BTEX<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Methanol
“Flotation” effect on EIF<br />
Compounds ppm EIF<br />
Composition<br />
Dispersed oil =<br />
Dispersed hydrocarbons =<br />
Dispersed Aliphatics = floating<br />
40 - > 100<br />
DA<br />
DA<br />
“Flotation”<br />
EIF<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong>:<br />
100 - 800<br />
- Benzene<br />
- Toluene<br />
Aromatics<br />
- Ethyl benzene<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
BTEX<br />
DA<br />
BTEX<br />
- Xylene<br />
- PAHs <strong>and</strong> NPDs<br />
- Alkyl Phenols<br />
0.2 - 6<br />
0.1 - 0.2<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
PAHs<br />
PAHs<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
Readily Biodegradable<br />
Polar:<br />
hundreds<br />
Polar<br />
- Acids<br />
- Alcohols (Methanol)<br />
A Ph<br />
Meth<br />
A Ph<br />
Meth
MPPE effect on EIF<br />
Compounds ppm EIF<br />
Composition<br />
Dispersed oil =<br />
Dispersed hydrocarbons =<br />
Dispersed Aliphatics = floating<br />
40 - > 100<br />
DA<br />
DA<br />
“Flotation”<br />
EIF<br />
MPPE<br />
EIF<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong>:<br />
100 - 800<br />
- Benzene<br />
- Toluene<br />
Aromatics<br />
- Ethyl benzene<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
BTEX<br />
DA<br />
BTEX<br />
- Xylene<br />
- PAHs <strong>and</strong> NPDs<br />
- Alkyl Phenols<br />
0.2 - 6<br />
0.1 - 0.2<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
PAHs<br />
PAHs<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
Readily Biodegradable<br />
Polar:<br />
hundreds<br />
Polar<br />
- Acids<br />
- Alcohols (Methanol)<br />
A Ph<br />
Meth<br />
A Ph<br />
Meth<br />
A Ph
Composition <strong>and</strong> emission targets<br />
Compounds ppm Ospar<br />
Composition<br />
Dispersed oil =<br />
40 - > 100<br />
Dispersed hydrocarbons =<br />
Dispersed Aliphatics = floating<br />
DA<br />
DA<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong>:<br />
- Benzene<br />
- Toluene<br />
- Ethyl benzene<br />
- Xylene<br />
- PAHs <strong>and</strong> NPDs<br />
- Alkyl Phenols<br />
100 - 800<br />
Aromatics<br />
0.2 - 6<br />
0.1 - 0.2<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
Readily Biodegradable hundreds<br />
Polar:<br />
- Acids<br />
- Alcohols (Methanol)<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Polar<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Polar
MPPE effect on chemical compostion<br />
Compounds ppm Composition Ospar<br />
Dispersed oil =<br />
40 - > 100<br />
Dispersed hydrocarbons =<br />
Dispersed Aliphatics = floating<br />
DA<br />
DA<br />
MPPE<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
<strong>Toxic</strong>:<br />
- Benzene<br />
- Toluene<br />
- Ethyl benzene<br />
- Xylene<br />
- PAHs <strong>and</strong> NPDs<br />
- Alkyl Phenols<br />
100 - 800<br />
Aromatics<br />
0.2 - 6<br />
0.1 - 0.2<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
B<br />
T<br />
E<br />
X<br />
PAHs<br />
A Ph<br />
Dissolved hydrocarbons<br />
Readily Biodegradable<br />
Polar:<br />
- Acids<br />
- Alcohols (Methanol)<br />
hundreds<br />
Polar<br />
Polar<br />
Polar
An approach to oil produced water treatment<br />
After 3 phase separator<br />
A. St<strong>and</strong>ard oil water separators: dispersed oil < 40 ppm<br />
– Hydro cyclones / Flotation units / CPI separators<br />
B. MPPE removal <strong>of</strong>:<br />
Dispersed oil:<br />
80 – 95% (<strong>of</strong> ≤ 40 ppm)<br />
Dissolved BTEX PAH: 90 – 99%<br />
Alkyl Phenols: ~ 30%<br />
Chemicals ~ 50%
<strong>Gas</strong> & Condensate produced water<br />
treatment<br />
1. Produced water after separator <strong>and</strong> degasser<br />
2. Condensed vapours <strong>of</strong> gas drying (glycol) unit<br />
A. 1 + 2 MPPE Process removal <strong>of</strong>:<br />
1. Dispersed oil: 200 - 800 ppm: > 99%<br />
2. BTEX: 200 - 800 ppm: > 99%<br />
3. PAHs: ppm / ppb levels > 99%<br />
4. Alkyl Phenols ppb levels ~ 30%<br />
5. Chemicals ppb / ppm ~ 50%<br />
B. If desired Bio treatment to remove:<br />
Methanol, Glycol, Carboxylic acids, etc.
MPP Structure
Water<br />
MPPE process (1)<br />
Steam<br />
Extraction<br />
Stripping<br />
Condensor<br />
Condensate<br />
recycle<br />
Settler<br />
<strong>Hydrocarbons</strong><br />
Water/hydrocarbons
MPPE process (2)
MPPE Extraction versus AC-adsorption<br />
► Adsorption<br />
►<br />
MPPE<br />
Toluene<br />
1st Benzene Benene<br />
Benzene<br />
Benzene<br />
Toluene<br />
• Toluene supersedes<br />
Benzene<br />
• More “other”<br />
molecules requires<br />
more Activated Carbon<br />
• Sensitive for fouling<br />
• Molecules do not “see”<br />
each other<br />
• More “other” molecules<br />
requires not more MPPE<br />
• Not sensitive for fouling
Components removable with MPPE<br />
Aromatic <strong>and</strong><br />
Aliphatic Compounds<br />
Benzene<br />
Toluene<br />
Ethyl Benzene<br />
Xylene(s)<br />
Cumene<br />
Limonene<br />
Nitrobenzene<br />
Higheralkylated phenols<br />
Octanol<br />
Nonanol<br />
Decanol<br />
Hexane<br />
Heptane<br />
MIBK<br />
TetraHydroTiophene<br />
CS 2<br />
Tetramethyltetrahydr<strong>of</strong>uran<br />
Etc.<br />
Halogenated/<br />
Chlorinated Compounds<br />
Monochloromethane<br />
Dichoromethane<br />
Trichloromethane<br />
Tetrachloromethane<br />
Dichloroethane (1,1 & 1,2)<br />
Trichloroethane<br />
Tetrachloroethane<br />
Chloroethylene<br />
Dichloroethylene<br />
Trichloroethylene<br />
Tetrachloroethylene<br />
Trichloropropane<br />
Chlorobutadiene<br />
Hexachlorobutadiene<br />
Monochlorobenzene<br />
Dichlorobenzene<br />
Chlorobenzenes<br />
Chloroaphtalene<br />
Hexachlorocyclohexane<br />
Monochlorophenol<br />
Dichlorophenol<br />
Trichlorophenol<br />
Dichloro-di-isopropylether<br />
Dioxins<br />
Etc.<br />
Polyaromatic<br />
<strong>Hydrocarbons</strong><br />
PCBs<br />
Acenaphthylene<br />
Acenaphthene<br />
Fluorene<br />
Anthracene<br />
Fluoranthene<br />
Pyrene<br />
Benz(a) anthracene<br />
Chrysene.<br />
Etc.<br />
NPD’s<br />
Naphtalenes<br />
Phenanthrenes<br />
Dibenzothiophenes
MPPE Experiences relevant to <strong>of</strong>fshore<br />
BTEX removal Elf Aquitaine (Total) since 1994<br />
Orkney Water Test Centre: pilot test 1997<br />
BTEX/PAHs removal: Flensburg since 1998<br />
NOGEPA study on 55 technologies (no.1 MPPE) 1998<br />
NAM L2 (Shell/Exxon) <strong>of</strong>fshore field tests 1999<br />
MPPE listed as BAT (OSPAR) 1999<br />
Malaysia <strong>of</strong>fshore field test 2001<br />
Statoil Asgård A <strong>of</strong>fshore field test 2001<br />
Total Fina Elf F15A Commercial 2002<br />
NAM K15A Commercial 2002<br />
NAM K15B Commercial 2003<br />
Total / NAM field test oil 2003<br />
Hydro Troll B <strong>of</strong>fshore field test 2004<br />
Statoil Kollsnes 2005<br />
Ormen Lange Hydro / Shell on stream 2008
Vermilion (Total Fina Elf) Harlingen<br />
gas treatment<br />
BTEX removal<br />
Since June 1994<br />
► Produced/condensed water<br />
► 1,500 – 3,000 ppm 0.5 ppm<br />
► Flow 2 - 4 m3/hr<br />
Since June 1997<br />
► Produced, - process- <strong>and</strong><br />
ground water ongoing<br />
► 6 m 3 /hr<br />
Column size (m): d = 0.8, h = 2.0
NAM (Shell/Exxon) <strong>of</strong>fshore with MPPE unit
NAM (Shell/Exxon) Offshore with MPPE
MPPE Offshore Demo unit
MPPE Offshore demo unit
MPPE Total E&P F15A
Total E&P F15A
MPPE NAM K15A
NAM (Shell/Exxon) <strong>of</strong>fshore K15B<br />
Since November 2003<br />
► Produced water <strong>from</strong> <strong>of</strong>fshore gas<br />
► <strong>Removal</strong> Aromatics, PAHs <strong>and</strong><br />
Aliphatics<br />
► Robust against salt, surfactants,<br />
corrosion inhibitors<br />
► Fulfilling NAM’s environmental goal<br />
beyond present legal requirements<br />
► MPPE unit on cellar deck to free<br />
space on main deck<br />
► Remote controlled to enable<br />
unmanned operation
MPPE Hydro (Ormen Lange - Norway)<br />
► <strong>Gas</strong> produced water<br />
► Flowrate 70 m 3 /hr<br />
► > 99% removal <strong>of</strong><br />
► BTEX, PAHs,<br />
Aliphatics<br />
► 100 kilometers<br />
NW coast Norway<br />
► Oct. 2007 on stream<br />
► Performance<br />
guaranteed
Nyhamna April 2005<br />
Open drain area<br />
Effluent water treatment area
MPPE unit Hydro Ormen Lange<br />
<strong>The</strong> MPPE Ormen Lange<br />
(Hydro/Shell, Norway)<br />
> 99% removal <strong>of</strong> dissolved<br />
<strong>and</strong> dispersed oil,<br />
aliphatics, aromatics <strong>and</strong><br />
polyaromatics<br />
<strong>from</strong> <strong>of</strong>fshore gas /<br />
condensate produced water<br />
(70 m3/h)
MPPE performance in <strong>of</strong>fshore produced water<br />
(Total, NAM (Shell / Exxon), Statoil, Hydro)<br />
Influent levels ppb <strong>Removal</strong> %<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> / Condensate<br />
BTEX 300,000 – 800,000 > 99%<br />
PAH’s 200 – 2,000 > 99%<br />
Aliphatics 10,000 – 200,000 > 99%<br />
Alkyl Phenols 14,000 ~ 30%<br />
Environmental Impact Factor 90 – 99%<br />
<strong>Oil</strong><br />
BTEX 30,000 – 70,000 > 99%<br />
PAHs 500 – 2,100 > 99%<br />
Aliphatics 13,500 – 40,000 80 – 95%<br />
Alkyl Phenols ppb levels ~ 30%<br />
Environmental Impact Factor > 85%
MPPE benefits in <strong>of</strong>fshore produced water<br />
Very high reduction (99 % levels) <strong>of</strong> dissolved <strong>and</strong> dispersed<br />
• aliphatics<br />
• BTEX<br />
• PAHs<br />
Reduction <strong>of</strong> alkyl phenols, chemicals<br />
Very high reduction <strong>of</strong> the Environmental Impact Factor (EIF)<br />
Can cope with fluctuating compositions, temperatures, flows<br />
Robust:<br />
• surfactants containing chemicals like inhibitors,<br />
demulsifiers, scavengers etc.<br />
• (heavy) metals, dissolved solids, etc. flow through<br />
Small food print<br />
Fully automatic, reliable<br />
Remote controlled
Summary / Conclusions<br />
<strong>Hydrocarbons</strong> emission through oil <strong>and</strong> gas<br />
produced water has major attention worldwide<br />
Emission st<strong>and</strong>ards vary per geographical area,<br />
mainly aimed at dispersed oil<br />
It is the toxic constituents <strong>of</strong> produced water that<br />
matters, PAHs, BTEX, Alkyl Phenols, chemicals<br />
Definite trend to <strong>Toxic</strong> impact reduction<br />
“EIF” concept gains interest worldwide
Summary / Conclusions (continued)<br />
Integral analytical parameters (TOC, COD, BOD etc.)<br />
do not function<br />
Differentiating analytical tools like GC – MS are<br />
required:<br />
(1) assess the Environmental Impact<br />
(2) choose specific water treatment measures to<br />
reduce it<br />
Technologies based on gravity separation (flotation)<br />
together with extraction <strong>and</strong> / or adsorption are<br />
required to reduce the Environmental Impact to a<br />
minimum (i.e. biodegradable levels)
Change language