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Winter 2009<br />
TECHNOLOGY<br />
today®<br />
<strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> ®<br />
San Antonio, Texas
Winter 2009 • Volume 30, No. 3<br />
TECHNOLOGY<br />
today<br />
Director of Communications<br />
Craig Witherow<br />
Editor<br />
Joe Fohn<br />
Assistant Editor<br />
Deborah Deffenbaugh<br />
Cover<br />
Winter 2009<br />
TECHNOLOGY<br />
today®<br />
Contributing Editors<br />
Tracey Whelan, Maria Martinez<br />
Editorial Assistant<br />
Kasey Chenault<br />
Design<br />
Scott Funk<br />
Photography<br />
Larry Walther<br />
Illustrations<br />
Andrew Blanchard<br />
Circulation<br />
Gloria Ibarra<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> (ISSN 1528-431X) is published three times<br />
each year and distributed free of charge. The publication<br />
discusses some of the more than 1,000 research and development<br />
projects under way at <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong>. The<br />
materials in <strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> may be used for educational and<br />
informational purposes by the public and the media. Credit to<br />
<strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> should be given. This<br />
authorization does not extend to property rights such as<br />
patents. Commercial and promotional use of the contents<br />
in <strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> without the express written consent of<br />
<strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> is prohibited. The information<br />
published in <strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> does not necessarily reflect the<br />
position or policy of <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> or its clients,<br />
and no endorsements should be made or inferred. Address<br />
correspondence to the editor, Department of Communications,<br />
<strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong>, P.O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio,<br />
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<strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> ®<br />
San Antonio, Texas<br />
About the cover<br />
This fluxon simulation of a small piece of the Sun’s<br />
atmosphere is a part of solar physics research performed<br />
at <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong>’s Planetary Science<br />
Directorate, located in Boulder, Colo.<br />
© 2009 <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong>. All rights reserved.<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong>, <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> and SwRI are<br />
registered marks in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.<br />
About the <strong>Institute</strong><br />
Since its founding in 1947, <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (SwRI)<br />
has contributed to the advancement of science and technology<br />
by working with clients in industry and government. Per forming<br />
research for the benefit of humankind is a long-held<br />
tradition. The <strong>Institute</strong> comprises 12 divisions engaged in<br />
contract research spanning a wide range of technologies.<br />
<strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on the Internet:<br />
www.swri.org
Articles<br />
Contents<br />
2 Fifteen Years Strong<br />
SwRI’s Planetary Science Directorate has built a<br />
worldwide reputation on investigating mysteries<br />
across time and space, from the death of the<br />
dinosaurs to a close-up look at Pluto.<br />
10 Listening for Danger Signals<br />
An SwRI-developed system helps warfighters<br />
detect and locate the distinctive radio signature<br />
of a fired weapon.<br />
14 Food for Thought<br />
SwRI chemists detect foreign materials, allergens<br />
and residues in food samples.<br />
18 SwRI-developed Coatings <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Earns 2009 R&D 100 Award<br />
Departments<br />
Technics….19<br />
Technical Staff Activities….21<br />
Recent Features….29
Fifteen Years Strong<br />
SwRI’s Planetary<br />
Science Directorate<br />
has built a worldwide<br />
reputation on<br />
investigating mysteries<br />
across time and space,<br />
from the death of the<br />
dinosaurs to a close-up<br />
look at Pluto<br />
D017269<br />
In 1994, <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (SwRI) opened an<br />
office in Boulder, Colo., aimed at establishing a planetary astronomy<br />
research group in this scientifically fertile region at the base<br />
of the Rocky Mountains. At that time, the office comprised two<br />
scientists and a part-time administrative assistant. By its 15th<br />
anniversary in 2009, the staff had grown to more than 65 employees<br />
who study nearly every aspect of the solar system and related<br />
astronomical topics, lead and participate in space missions, develop<br />
instrumentation and conduct laboratory studies.<br />
The Planetary Science Directorate has since established<br />
itself as a world-recognized center of planetary research. It hosts<br />
a steady stream of international visiting scientists and engineers,<br />
and organizes workshops and meetings with focused scientific and<br />
space exploration topics. This article highlights a sample of the<br />
diverse areas of research that evolved into large programs including<br />
moon and small body dynamics, the outer solar system, Mars, solar<br />
physics and space operations.<br />
Moon and<br />
Small Body<br />
Dynamics<br />
D016087<br />
Space scientists<br />
at Boulder perform<br />
research<br />
spanning the evolution of<br />
small bodies, such as asteroids, comets,<br />
mete oroids and dust, to the formation<br />
of the planets and satellites like the<br />
Moon. The ultimate goal is to explore<br />
how and when the planet formed, why it<br />
has water and other conditions suitable<br />
for life, and whether it is possible that<br />
other Earth-like planets exist elsewhere.<br />
In essence, the exploration of how the<br />
solar system came to be is also a way to<br />
understand our place in the universe.<br />
A particular topic of interest to both<br />
scientists and the public is the meteorite<br />
impact believed to have wiped out the<br />
2<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
The impact believed to have caused mass extinctions on Earth 65 million years ago —<br />
including the dinosaurs — has been traced to the breakup of the parent of the family of<br />
objects associated with the asteroid Baptistina. This 170-kilometer-wide asteroid broke<br />
apart 160 million years ago and its fragments later showered the inner solar system.<br />
Art by Don Davis<br />
dinosaurs and other life 65 million years<br />
ago. SwRI space researchers traced this<br />
impact back to a large breakup event<br />
in the main asteroid belt, a region of<br />
small bodies between Mars and Jupiter.<br />
Approx imately 160 million years ago, the<br />
170-kilometer-wide asteroid Baptistina<br />
was disrupted when it was struck by another<br />
large asteroid. This created a cluster<br />
of asteroids with similar orbits (known<br />
as the Baptistina family) that gradually<br />
spread to a nearby “superhighway” where<br />
they could escape the main asteroid<br />
belt and be delivered to orbits that cross<br />
Earth’s path. The addition of so many new<br />
fragments to the inner solar system created<br />
an asteroid “shower” that matches<br />
up very well with the impact record on<br />
both Earth and the Moon over the<br />
past 120 million years or so.<br />
Close to the peak of this shower,<br />
a 10-km asteroid struck Earth and<br />
created the 180-km Chicxulub crater<br />
on Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula. Telltale<br />
clues from dynamical models,<br />
sediment samples and a meteorite<br />
from this time period give a 90<br />
percent probability that the object<br />
forming the Chicxulub crater was a<br />
refugee from the Baptistina family.<br />
This work demonstrated that the<br />
collisional and dynamical evolution<br />
of the main asteroid belt may have<br />
significant implications for understanding<br />
the geological and biological<br />
history of Earth.<br />
NASA awarded SwRI the Center<br />
for Lunar Origin and Evolution<br />
(CLOE), one of the first centers of<br />
the new Lunar Science <strong>Institute</strong>. The<br />
Moon is a unique extraterrestrial<br />
laboratory, because it is the only object<br />
that is both relatively accessible<br />
and still bears evidence from practically<br />
every period of solar system<br />
history. CLOE will investigate<br />
several lasting mysteries that<br />
were uncovered during the<br />
historic Apollo program.<br />
A key project deals with the<br />
intense debate concerning the<br />
nature of the lunar impact record<br />
in the relatively short interval<br />
from 4 to 3.8 billion years ago,<br />
commonly referred to as the “Late<br />
Heavy Bombardment,” or LHB. This<br />
phase in lunar history was dominated<br />
by large impact events — the remnant<br />
lava-filled basins that now shape the<br />
dark-colored “man in the moon”<br />
design on the lunar surface. <strong>Research</strong><br />
by staff members suggests the LHB<br />
reveals the last and perhaps key phase<br />
of planet formation when the solar<br />
system may have rearranged itself.<br />
In this model, the giant planets —<br />
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune —<br />
formed in a much more compact configuration<br />
than they have today. Just<br />
outside their orbits loomed a massive<br />
disk of comets. Gravitational interactions<br />
between the planets and the comet disk<br />
caused the planets to slowly migrate<br />
in space. Computer simulations indicate<br />
that, after hundreds of millions of<br />
years, Jupiter and Saturn reached orbits<br />
where their mutual gravitational kicks<br />
became quite pronounced. This triggered<br />
an instability that led to a violent<br />
reorganization of the outer solar system.<br />
Uranus and Neptune were pushed into<br />
the comet disk, scattering its members<br />
throughout the solar system. Some of<br />
these scattered objects then struck, or<br />
“bombarded,” the planets and moons of<br />
the inner solar system.<br />
This model, while radical, is compelling<br />
because it can explain many<br />
fundamental characteristics of the solar<br />
system, from the unusual orbits of the<br />
giant planets to the formation of several<br />
individual asteroid and comet populations.<br />
It also explains why the Moon experienced<br />
a barrage of impactors nearly<br />
4 billion years ago. Thus the Moon, and<br />
its entire impact history, can be viewed<br />
as a “Rosetta Stone” for deciphering the<br />
histories of the planets.<br />
These frames simulate the first 1.2 billion years<br />
of solar system history. The orbits of the four<br />
giant planets are shown as colored ellipses.<br />
The green dots show small comet-like objects.<br />
Changes in the orbits of the giant planets cause<br />
the smaller objects to scatter widely, some of<br />
which strike the inner planets and moons in a<br />
“late heavy bombardment.”<br />
D017277<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 3
D017278<br />
The New Horizons spacecraft captured this image of Jupiter’s moons Io<br />
(right) and Europa as it passed the giant gas planet in 2007. Three plumes<br />
from active volcanoes are visible on Io.<br />
Courtesy NASA/JHU APL/SwRI<br />
Outer Solar<br />
System<br />
SwRI space science is<br />
active beyond the asteroid<br />
belt, in the realm of the<br />
giant planets and beyond. The New<br />
Horizons mission to Pluto was conceived<br />
at SwRI-Boulder and launched toward<br />
Pluto in January 2006. The spacecraft is<br />
now well beyond the orbit of Saturn, and<br />
will fly past Pluto and its moons Charon,<br />
Nix and Hydra (the last two co-discovered<br />
by Boulder staff) in July 2015, greatly<br />
improving our understanding of these<br />
worlds and icy dwarf planets in general.<br />
New Horizons made its first discoveries<br />
in early 2007, when it flew past<br />
Jupiter at a range of 2 million km and<br />
used the giant planet’s gravity to speed<br />
the journey to Pluto. The spacecraft’s<br />
images of Jupiter itself revealed new<br />
details of its complex storm systems,<br />
including unprecedented near-infrared<br />
time-lapse views of ammonia-rich<br />
thunderstorms being torn apart by the<br />
planet’s intense winds. New Horizons<br />
obtained some of the best-ever images<br />
of Jupiter’s faint ring system, discovering<br />
a series of mysterious clumps of ring<br />
material. Images of its volcanic moon Io<br />
documented an enormous eruption from<br />
the volcano Tvashtar, obtaining movies<br />
of its 350-km-high plume. These close-up<br />
observations were supplemented using<br />
the Hubble Space Telescope and<br />
ground-based telescopes.<br />
The peculiar<br />
lumpy atmosphere of Io<br />
and charged particles<br />
that escape Io and fill the<br />
Jovian magnetosphere<br />
are subjects of additional<br />
ground-based and spacecraft<br />
investigations.<br />
Even as it awaits the<br />
New Horizons flyby,<br />
Pluto is under regular<br />
scrutiny from Earth.<br />
Pluto’s atmosphere was discovered in<br />
1988 by means of stellar occultation, in<br />
which a planetary body passes between<br />
the observer and a background star. A<br />
subsequent pair of occultations in 2002<br />
revealed, surprisingly, that the atmospheric<br />
pressure had doubled despite Pluto’s<br />
increasing distance from the Sun. To<br />
further study these changes, the Boulder<br />
staff formed an occultation group in 2002,<br />
with members who have since traveled<br />
the world — wherever a star happens to<br />
cast Pluto’s shadow on the Earth —<br />
to record five subsequent Pluto<br />
occultations using a combination of<br />
local observatories and portable telescopes.<br />
These data are detailing changes<br />
in the structure, dynamics and shape<br />
of Pluto’s atmosphere, paving the way<br />
for New Horizons’ 2015 close-up view.<br />
Somewhat closer to home, NASA’s<br />
Cassini spacecraft has been orbiting<br />
the ringed planet Saturn since 2004,<br />
providing unprecedented information<br />
about the planet and its moons. Staff<br />
members have been involved both in<br />
planning Cassini’s observations and<br />
in understanding many facets of the<br />
data. In July 2005, Cassini’s Composite<br />
Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) revealed<br />
enormous amounts of thermal radiation<br />
from tectonic fractures at the south pole<br />
of Saturn’s small moon Enceladus —<br />
one of a series of observations by multiple<br />
Cassini instruments that revealed<br />
Enceladus to be only the third world in<br />
the solar system, after Earth and Jupiter’s<br />
Io, known to be currently volcanically<br />
active. The high heat flux and geological<br />
Saturn’s narrow F ring and broad A ring were<br />
photographed by the Cassini spacecraft soon<br />
after Saturn’s August 2009 equinox. Shadows<br />
are cast onto the rings by thick clumps within<br />
or at the edges of empty gaps in the A ring.<br />
Courtesy NASA/JPL/SSI<br />
D017280<br />
4<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
activity near the moon’s south<br />
pole is driven by tidal flexing of<br />
Enceladus due to its eccentric<br />
orbit around Saturn. Follow-on<br />
theoretical work suggests that<br />
Enceladus has an ocean beneath<br />
its ice shell. Energy created by<br />
tidally driven raising and lowering<br />
of the ice shell by tens of<br />
meters each day is transported<br />
to the surface by solid-state convection,<br />
which provides a natural<br />
explanation for the intense heat,<br />
volcanism and deformation.<br />
Most exotic of all Saturn’s<br />
moons is Titan. By far the largest<br />
moon, wrapped in a smoggy<br />
atmosphere almost five times as<br />
dense as Earth’s, Titan also<br />
exhibits many of the same<br />
weather phenomena as Earth.<br />
The air is mostly nitrogen, similar<br />
to Earth’s atmosphere, but the<br />
predominant volatile compound<br />
is methane, not water. Titan<br />
conditions permit methane to<br />
condense as both ice and liquid,<br />
so methane likely participates in<br />
a cycle similar to Earth’s<br />
hydrological cycle. Atmospheric<br />
simulations indicate that a critical<br />
level of methane is required<br />
to initiate convective clouds. The relatively clear region where the<br />
Huygens probe landed in 2005 was far below this threshold. These<br />
clouds, which appear to be similar to terrestrial thunderstorms,<br />
can also produce centimeters to hundreds of centimeters of precipitation<br />
in only a few hours — sufficient to carve the river-like<br />
channel features observed across much of Titan’s surface.<br />
Like Earth, Saturn has seasons. During the first five years of<br />
Cassini’s mission, Saturn’s southern hemisphere experienced summer.<br />
In August 2009, the Sun crossed to the northern hemisphere<br />
and briefly illuminated Saturn’s rings edge-on. During this event,<br />
which occurs just once every 15 years, the rings and moons cast<br />
The active “tiger stripe” fractures at the south pole of<br />
Enceladus glow with internal heat in this composite, falsecolor<br />
image from the Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft.<br />
shadows on each other. Most parts of the rings are only<br />
about 10 meters thick, due to the energy lost during collisions<br />
between ring particles. However, observations of the<br />
rings planned by SwRI Cassini scientists and colleagues<br />
during this year’s “equinox” have shown that some parts of<br />
the rings are not meters, but several kilometers, thick.<br />
D017279<br />
Courtesy NASA/JPL/GSFC/SwRI/SSI<br />
Space Science and Engineering<br />
<strong>Research</strong> at the Planetary Science Directorate complements<br />
and extends the significant space research program long operated<br />
at SwRI’s headquarters in San Antonio. The Space Science and Engineering<br />
Division comprises more than 370 employees in Boulder<br />
and San Antonio focused on spacecraft instrument development, as<br />
well as observational and theoretical space and planetary science.<br />
SwRI currently serves as the principal investigator institution<br />
for NASA’s Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) Small Explorer<br />
mission and the New Horizons and Juno New Frontiers missions.<br />
In addition, SwRI leads the science investigation for NASA’s fourspacecraft<br />
Magnetospheric Multiscale mission.<br />
Staff members in Boulder and San Antonio routinely share<br />
their expertise with the national and international media and<br />
have appeared in television documentaries. <strong>Research</strong>ers also<br />
have published books and articles and provided expert opinion<br />
before the U.S. Congress on such issues as asteroid impact<br />
hazards to Earth.<br />
Funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,<br />
the National Science Foundation, SwRI’s internal research<br />
program and other sources supports this array of space<br />
research activities through competitively selected proposals.<br />
<strong>Research</strong> results are published in a variety of professional,<br />
peer-reviewed journals.<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 5
Towering dust storms over 15 km in height<br />
bear down on one of the proposed Mars<br />
Science Laboratory (MSL) landing sites,<br />
Mawrth Valles, as simulated by the Mars<br />
Regional Atmospheric Modeling System<br />
(MRAMS). The atmospheric information<br />
provided by the model is being used to<br />
establish the safety of proposed MSL<br />
landing sites and to guide descent and<br />
landing operations.<br />
Mars<br />
Studies of Mars span the planet’s atmosphere,<br />
surface and interior, both past<br />
and present. Atmospheric modeling<br />
of Mars is important both for basic science and for weather<br />
forecasts critical to the successful landing and operation of<br />
spacecraft on the Martian surface. Following recent successes<br />
with predictions for the landings of the Mars Exploration<br />
Rover and Phoenix spacecraft, SwRI scientists are providing<br />
similar forecasts for the Mars Science Laboratory, a large<br />
rover scheduled to land in 2012. MSL uses a new landing<br />
system that hovers above the surface and lowers the rover<br />
on a cable. The system is sensitive to density perturbations<br />
and winds, for which observations are lacking or completely<br />
absent but which can be assessed with models that already<br />
have an excellent track record of accurate predictions.<br />
Atmospheric modeling is illuminating the physics of<br />
Mars’ famous dust storms. Large storms may generate electrical<br />
fields strong enough to trigger lightning, but even<br />
dust devils may produce electric fields strong enough to<br />
dissociate carbon dioxide and produce superoxides. These<br />
oxidizing molecules could be produced in high enough<br />
concentration to sterilize the surface of Mars and to rapidly<br />
destroy methane. This may help constrain whether methane<br />
is produced by biological or geochemical processes.<br />
The thermal infrared spectra of geological materials<br />
are measured in two laboratories, where SwRI scientists are<br />
helping to develop spectral libraries of phases important<br />
to the interpretation of remote-sensing data of planetary<br />
surfaces, such as the mapping of igneous, aqueous, and<br />
weathering-derived phases on Mars and small bodies. For<br />
example, through global-scale mapping of the igneous mineral<br />
olivine, the team inferred a broader evolution of magma<br />
compositions over time on Mars than had been previously<br />
recognized. Laboratory simulations of water-rock interactions<br />
on Mars track the evolution of the near-surface environment<br />
and suggest that magnesium sulfate salts are dominant<br />
under acidic conditions that likely are representative of<br />
early Mars. Such salts were found<br />
by NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover<br />
Opportunity. Alkaline conditions,<br />
thought to have prevailed through<br />
most of Mars’ history, produce mostly<br />
D017279 calcium sulfates in the laboratory.<br />
Scientists also are working to<br />
understand the effects of small particle sizes and vacuum environments<br />
on infrared spectra, which will aid in the identification and<br />
numerical abundance modeling of phases on airless bodies with<br />
powdery surfaces, such as asteroids and the Moon.<br />
Below the microwave band, electromagnetic energy penetrates<br />
into the interiors of rocky and icy bodies. Signals from<br />
the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) instrument onboard NASA’s Mars<br />
Reconnaissance Orbiter were able to penetrate a 3-km-thick stack<br />
of layers in the planet’s north polar region. Staff analysis of those<br />
signals revealed a cyclical pattern of strongly reflective, layered<br />
materials, interleaved with zones of lower reflectivity. These patterns<br />
track models of Martian climate cycles for the past four<br />
million years and constrain the age, composition and atmospheric<br />
precipitation of the ice-rich layers.<br />
D017270<br />
The Laser Desorption<br />
Resonance Ionization<br />
Mass Spectrometery<br />
(LDRIMS) laboratory<br />
seeks to develop<br />
a compact<br />
instrument for field<br />
measurement of rock<br />
ages on Earth and<br />
other rocky planets<br />
and moons.<br />
6<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
Below even radar frequencies<br />
lies a vast underworld of<br />
the electromagnetic spectrum<br />
where energy is transported<br />
by diffusion instead of as<br />
waves. Because this energy can<br />
penetrate solid rock to depths<br />
of hundreds of kilometers,<br />
it is useful for probing the<br />
structure, temperature and<br />
composition of the interiors of<br />
solid planets and moons. Staff<br />
members are extending the<br />
limits of terrestrial geophysics<br />
and performing laboratory<br />
measurements to enable this<br />
next advance in planetary subsurface<br />
exploration. Byproducts<br />
of this work include new<br />
knowledge of the structural<br />
chemistry of ice, soil-ice electrical<br />
interactions, and attribution<br />
of broadband dispersion<br />
and loss in surface-penetrating<br />
radar — both on Earth and on<br />
Mars — to thin films of<br />
adsorbed water.<br />
In contrast to the relatively<br />
small quantities of water concentrated in the polar caps and<br />
dispersed in the crust today, it has long been thought that<br />
large quantities of discharged groundwater must have shaped<br />
the early Martian surface. Adapting terrestrial hydrogeological<br />
models to Mars, SwRI scientists found that the discharged<br />
groundwater was most likely supplied by recharge on the<br />
nearby Tharsis rise, but that such connections were regional,<br />
and not global, in scale. Large lakes were intermediate reservoirs<br />
for groundwater discharge. These interactions represent<br />
a true hydrologic cycle on early Mars.<br />
This artist’s rendition of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)<br />
landing on Mars in 2012 illustrates the new “Sky Crane” system.<br />
SwRI’s Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) is onboard.<br />
Determining the age of a rocky surface is one of the pivotal<br />
measurements that can be made in planetary geology, yet this<br />
has been done only for samples returned by astronauts from<br />
the Moon. SwRI has a major effort under way to develop a portable<br />
Laser Desorption Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometer<br />
(LDRIMS), a backpack-size instrument that can determine<br />
rock ages from a robotic lander or a rover. LDRIMS uses the<br />
classic method of measuring the radioactive<br />
decay of rubidium and strontium.<br />
The current benchtop prototype can<br />
measure standards with 10 parts per million<br />
net strontium to ±0.5 percent, and<br />
one-part-per-10-billion sensitivity, in less<br />
than one minute. Models of the error<br />
in the age measurement, assuming the<br />
composition of meteorites known to<br />
have come from Mars, show that dates<br />
accurate to 50 million years are possible<br />
in a few hours.<br />
Courtesy NASA/JPL<br />
D017276<br />
D017273<br />
This cross-section of the north polar cap of<br />
Mars (a) produced by ice-penetrating radar<br />
shows internal layering, likely due to layers of<br />
dust and ice (b). Composite images of many<br />
spacecraft passes allow a map of ice thickness<br />
to be developed (c–e).<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 7
Magnetic field lines entwine and tangle in this fluxon simulation of a<br />
small (30,000 miles square) piece of the Sun’s atmosphere.<br />
D017284<br />
Courtesy SOHO/EIT<br />
D017285<br />
Solar<br />
Physics<br />
Current work in solar<br />
physics focuses on understanding<br />
how the Sun produces<br />
its magnetic field, and how ongoing<br />
changes in the surface magnetic field<br />
give rise to space weather and related<br />
effects throughout the solar system.<br />
Staff members have developed computer<br />
vision software to identify and track<br />
hundreds of thousands of magnetic features<br />
on the surface of the Sun simultaneously,<br />
determining their motion and history<br />
as they interact with one another. In<br />
this way, the nature of the Sun’s complex<br />
magnetic dynamo can be probed.<br />
By statistically analyzing the history of<br />
Magnetic loops and structures are<br />
visible in this ultraviolet image of the<br />
Sun’s corona.<br />
magnetic features, the<br />
team demonstrated<br />
that the solar magnetic<br />
field is dominated by<br />
dynamo action on<br />
scales no larger than<br />
100 miles. The computer<br />
vision software<br />
is currently being<br />
deployed as part of<br />
the data pipeline for<br />
NASA’s Solar Dynamics<br />
Observatory. In addition<br />
to relating<br />
magnetic activity to features<br />
in the solar corona,<br />
it will be used to identify new<br />
emerging flux regions on the Sun<br />
and predict space weather in real time.<br />
Magnetic field lines in the electrically<br />
conductive plasma of the Sun can<br />
become stretched, twisted and tangled.<br />
When field lines suddenly snap and reconnect,<br />
plasma can be hurled out as a<br />
solar flare or a larger coronal mass ejection<br />
(CME). The new “fluxon” simulation<br />
of the solar magnetic field treats field<br />
lines directly as physical objects, rather<br />
than as a distributed field in space, as<br />
has been the traditional approach. The<br />
high fidelity at a hundred-fold increase<br />
in computation speed has been remarkable.<br />
This enabled scientists to identify a<br />
new type of instability that causes magnetic<br />
explosions without reconnecting<br />
field lines.<br />
Understanding dynamics and magnetic<br />
field evolution on the Sun requires<br />
new instruments that can extract information<br />
from the solar spectrum quickly<br />
and at high spatial resolution. The Planetary<br />
Science Directorate has a strong<br />
solar instrument development program.<br />
Two prototype instruments — SHAZAM<br />
and RAISE — take quite different<br />
approaches to measuring the solar spectrum.<br />
RAISE is an ultraviolet imaging<br />
spectrograph that is undergoing final<br />
testing before launch in the spring of<br />
2010. It will collect several spectra per<br />
second, accumulating some 27,000 in<br />
all, during a single six-minute suborbital<br />
rocket flight. SHAZAM is a high-speed<br />
Doppler magnetograph that uses a new<br />
measurement technique — spectral<br />
stereoscopy — to measure the smallest<br />
magnetic features on the Sun using<br />
subtle polarization effects in sunlight.<br />
SHAZAM will ultimately be deployed on<br />
the world’s largest solar telescope, the<br />
4-meter Advanced <strong>Technology</strong> Solar<br />
Telescope under construction on the<br />
Hawaiian island of Maui.<br />
The solar group will continue to<br />
study solar roots of space weather phenomena,<br />
predicting and tracking CMEs<br />
from spacecraft and ground-based radiotelescopes.<br />
Further spectral imager and<br />
flight-instrument development is facilitated<br />
by a new heliostat lab. The RAISE<br />
sounding rocket has provided a gateway<br />
into major instrument projects, including<br />
the new SPICE UV imaging spectrograph<br />
that has been selected to fly to the inner<br />
solar system on board the European Solar<br />
Orbiter mission in 2017.<br />
The SHAZAM instrument was recently deployed<br />
at the National Solar Observatory facility near<br />
Alamogordo, N.M. The telescope is more than<br />
300 feet tall, with two-thirds of it underground.<br />
D017286<br />
8<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
Courtesy NASA D017288<br />
D017289<br />
Europa rises past<br />
the limb of Jupiter<br />
as seen by the<br />
New Horizons<br />
spacecraft.<br />
Space<br />
Operations<br />
Complementing the innovative<br />
research at SwRI-Boulder is the<br />
Science Operations Center, which<br />
supports a growing number of robotic missions. The SOC<br />
performs three main tasks: designing the commands that<br />
control the capture of images and data by spacecraft,<br />
automated processing of data returned to Earth and<br />
archiving data for generations to come.<br />
The most active and prominent current mission is the<br />
New Horizons mission. Now past Saturn’s orbit on its way<br />
to Pluto, the spacecraft is entering<br />
hibernation, but planning<br />
activity is still going strong. The<br />
SOC acts partly as an interface<br />
between the science team<br />
(where specific mission<br />
observations are carefully<br />
selected) and the Mission<br />
Operations Center at the<br />
Johns Hopkins University<br />
Applied Physics Laboratory<br />
in Laurel, Md., which sends<br />
commands to the spacecraft.<br />
While New Horizons<br />
peacefully drifts toward the<br />
outer reaches of our solar<br />
system, the SOC’s uplink<br />
sequencing team is developing<br />
commands for the<br />
complex maneuvers that<br />
will take place during the<br />
Pluto encounter in 2015.<br />
The fastest spacecraft ever<br />
launched, New Horizons lifts<br />
off from Cape Canaveral Jan.<br />
19, 2006, on its nineyear<br />
journey to Pluto.<br />
The Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) instrument is<br />
currently operating on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter<br />
to produce maps of the Moon’s surface, water absorption<br />
features and tenuous atmosphere.<br />
Three UV spectrometers on active missions are supported<br />
at the SOC. The ALICE instruments onboard New Horizons and<br />
Rosetta will examine the surfaces and tenuous atmospheres of<br />
Pluto and the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko, respectively.<br />
The LAMP instrument, currently orbiting the Moon on the Lunar<br />
Reconnaissance Orbiter, seeks to peer into permanent shadows<br />
near the poles and identify frosts. The SOC also performs data<br />
processing for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s SHARAD instrument,<br />
and its scientists and engineers are designing data pipelines<br />
for RAISE and SHAZAM. Science operations for MSL’s Radiation<br />
Assessment Detector will be executed at the SOC. The growing<br />
experience base makes the SOC a valuable resource for future<br />
spaceflight projects. v<br />
For more information about the Planetary Science Directorate and its<br />
programs, contact (303) 546-9670 or boulder@swri.org.<br />
D017268<br />
D017271<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 9
Listening for<br />
Danger Signals<br />
An SwRI-developed system helps<br />
warfighters detect and locate the<br />
distinctive radio signature of a<br />
fired weapon<br />
By Thomas C. Untermeyer<br />
Since the days of the slingshot<br />
and the arrow, military officials<br />
responsible for the safety of<br />
warfighters in the field have<br />
sought new ways to detect incoming<br />
weapons, and trace their origin, as soon<br />
as possible after their firing or launching.<br />
On the modern battlefield, systems<br />
based on optical, infrared (IR)<br />
and acoustic technologies have been<br />
developed to detect the firing of a variety<br />
of weapons. However, each of<br />
those technologies has limitations to its<br />
operational performance. Optical and<br />
IR detection methods do not work well<br />
during obscured environmental conditions<br />
such as fog, rain, clouds, smoke or<br />
dust. Acoustic systems, meanwhile, are<br />
hampered by limited range and relatively<br />
slow response time.<br />
D017148-1684<br />
Thomas C. Untermeyer is a senior program manager in<br />
the Communications and Embedded Systems Department<br />
within SwRI’s Automation and Data Systems Division. He<br />
has extensive experience in systems engineering, program<br />
development and technical management. His expertise is<br />
in defining, designing and developing electronic products<br />
and systems.<br />
10<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
D017267<br />
A high-speed camera catches the bullet as it<br />
exits the barrel of a handgun at right while test<br />
equipment captures the radio frequency (RF)<br />
signal emitted by the weapon’s discharge.<br />
Since the 1950s, the open literature<br />
has reported the possible generation of<br />
distinctive radio frequency (RF) emissions<br />
associated with the launching of a<br />
variety of weapons. Passive RF detection<br />
of weapon launches could provide a<br />
benefit over optical, IR and acoustic systems<br />
by providing fast detection through<br />
obscured environments over extended<br />
ranges. Consequently, in 2003 a team<br />
of engineers from <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong><br />
<strong>Institute</strong> (SwRI) carried out an internally<br />
funded research program to investigate<br />
the generation of RF signals during the<br />
firing of small arms. Electrical engineers<br />
worked with ballistics engineers and<br />
technicians to equip SwRI’s enclosed<br />
range for small-arms ballistic testing with<br />
the necessary RF test equipment and<br />
high-speed video cameras to collect RF<br />
and video data during the firing of multiple<br />
pistols and rifles. The SwRI team<br />
then presented its findings to various<br />
government organizations to determine<br />
further interest.<br />
Based on these findings, the U.S.<br />
Army Space and Missile Defense<br />
Command (USASMDC) established<br />
and funded the All Weather RF<br />
Launch Detection (AWRFLD) program<br />
starting in 2005 under the<br />
direction of a commercial client,<br />
which subsequently issued<br />
task orders to SwRI to develop<br />
and deploy sensors to measure<br />
RF emissions generated by firing<br />
small arms, rocket-propelled<br />
grenade (RPG) launchers, mortars,<br />
artillery and rockets.<br />
In the ensuing four years, the multidisciplinary<br />
makeup of SwRI allowed<br />
the engineering team to add expertise<br />
in chemical engineering, microwave<br />
engineering and microwave component<br />
fabrication. Chemical engineers used<br />
their laboratory equipment to analyze<br />
gun- powder and weapon propellants for<br />
use in model development. Microwave<br />
engineers designed custom circuits that<br />
allowed miniaturization and cost reduction<br />
of the passive RF sensor prototypes.<br />
The <strong>Institute</strong>’s unique microwave fabrication<br />
facilities allowed the custom assembly<br />
of microwave components using<br />
wire and ribbon bonding techniques.<br />
The project team has supported data collection<br />
trips to Redstone Arsenal, White<br />
Sands Missile Range, Fort Sill and Yuma<br />
Proving Ground. During these trips, the<br />
team designed the test setups, acquired<br />
the necessary sensors and test equipment,<br />
transported them to and from the<br />
military ranges, set up and operated the<br />
data collection system during military<br />
D017281<br />
exercises and then documented its findings.<br />
Field test sensors developed by the<br />
AWRFLD team have demonstrated the<br />
feasibility of building a deployable passive<br />
RF sensing system to detect weapon<br />
launch events on the battlefield.<br />
RF sensor design<br />
The SwRI team began the AWRFLD<br />
program by investigating the RF signals<br />
generated during the firing of small<br />
arms at the SwRI ballistics facility in<br />
San Antonio to establish accurate test<br />
procedures and to better understand<br />
the associated RF phenomenology. The<br />
<strong>Institute</strong>’s high-speed video camera was<br />
able to pinpoint the timing of captured<br />
RF signals and verify they were caused<br />
by firing the weapon. RF signal data and<br />
video were collected from a variety of<br />
pistols and rifles such as the .357-caliber<br />
handgun and the Russian-made Kalazhnikov<br />
AK-47 rifle.<br />
Procedures and techniques developed<br />
during small-arms testing allowed<br />
SwRI engineers to move on<br />
to collecting RF data during the<br />
launch of larger ordnance. The<br />
team used a variety of standard<br />
and custom-designed sensors to<br />
An array of sensors of different<br />
sizes and configurations captures<br />
RF signals from a wide range of<br />
frequencies and caused by the firing of<br />
different sizes of weapons.<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 11
D017282<br />
Distinctive RF signatures<br />
enable sensor arrays to<br />
distinguish among a number<br />
of weapons whose discharge<br />
may be detected. Note the<br />
difference between the signal<br />
emitted by an artillery piece<br />
(shown in green) and a rocket<br />
launched at Yuma Proving<br />
Ground (shown in brown).<br />
D017287<br />
collect data over frequencies ranging from<br />
30 MHz to 100 GHz. These sensors included<br />
various commercial and custom antennas<br />
for the lower frequencies along with<br />
commercial and custom radiometers for<br />
the higher frequencies. SwRI consistently<br />
and reliably detected RF energy during the<br />
launching of RPGs, mortars, artillery and<br />
rockets while using the custom-designed<br />
radiometers centered on frequencies of<br />
10 GHz, 35 GHz and 94 GHz. After collecting<br />
data with individual radiometers, the<br />
AWRFLD team decided to develop a 35<br />
GHz scalable proof-of-concept radiometer<br />
array, called the Multi-Antenna Radiometer<br />
Sensor (MARS) prototype. Unlike previously<br />
developed sensors, an array of<br />
radiometers would allow a determination<br />
of target bearing. The MARS prototype<br />
used 45 radiometers that populated an<br />
array of 5 rows by 9 columns. The MARS<br />
prototype included a dish antenna that<br />
focused the RF energy toward the array<br />
as well as both visible and IR cameras.<br />
The project team used computer-aided<br />
design software tools and rapid prototyping<br />
machines available at SwRI to<br />
develop a metal-coated plastic horn array<br />
face for MARS that would simplify assembly<br />
and reduce its overall cost. Developing<br />
the individual radiometer designs<br />
required the use of microwave modeling<br />
software and computer-aided design<br />
software. The SwRI team also developed<br />
custom user interface software that provided<br />
a composite display of captured<br />
visible and IR video along with a graphical<br />
representation of the captured RF<br />
data taken during weapon launches.<br />
Future developments may include<br />
the detection of weapon launches using<br />
platforms based on the ground, in the air<br />
or in space. Space-based sensors in particular<br />
could provide detailed launch locations<br />
and discrimination of tactical and<br />
strategic rockets in obscured conditions.<br />
Achieving this objective will require<br />
demonstrating the ability to produce<br />
RF focal plane arrays that are very compact<br />
and lightweight and that use lower<br />
power. Likewise, data processors capable<br />
of handling data from a large array of<br />
sensors are required, along with software<br />
algorithms for processing the data.<br />
Measured emissions<br />
Many events other than weapon<br />
launches cause the generation of RF<br />
signals, and these can contribute to<br />
confusion when interpreting RF signals.<br />
The project team took great care in<br />
developing the proper test setups and<br />
12<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
D017274<br />
The MARS prototype sensor array (left) contains 45 individual radiometers, each<br />
collecting RF emissions data for a discrete frequency range. A side view of an<br />
individual radiometer from the array is shown below<br />
D017283<br />
procedures to make sure<br />
that any RF energy they<br />
detected actually resulted<br />
from the firing or launching<br />
of weapons rather than<br />
from some coincidental<br />
signal from another source.<br />
High-speed video coupled<br />
with high-bandwidth test<br />
equipment and post-event<br />
data analysis provided the<br />
essential tools to pinpoint<br />
the origin of the detected<br />
signals. Also, advances in<br />
component technology<br />
allowed SwRI to design<br />
and develop the receivers<br />
required for sensing previously undetectable<br />
signals.<br />
After extensive testing, the project<br />
team theorized that the RF signals generated<br />
during the firing of pistols and rifles<br />
result mainly from the triboelectric effect<br />
of charged dissimilar metals making and<br />
breaking contact. On the other hand,<br />
larger weapons generate most of their RF<br />
energy in the form of black-body radiation,<br />
at lower-than-IR and visible frequencies,<br />
emanating from their fireball during<br />
launch. The project team consistently<br />
detected RF emissions at appreciable<br />
distances during the launch of the larger<br />
weapons.<br />
By design, the MARS prototype collected<br />
RF emissions data from 45 individual<br />
radiometers along with IR and visible<br />
images at the same time. This capability<br />
allowed the MARS prototype to detect the<br />
RF emissions from the simultaneous<br />
launching of RPGs, mortars and artillery<br />
located within its field of view. It also<br />
allowed the MARS prototype to detect<br />
the RF emissions from rockets as they<br />
crossed its field of view and allowed<br />
it to determine their line of bearing.<br />
Normalized RF signals received during<br />
the firing of various weapons proved<br />
unique to the weapon type, and therefore<br />
could allow detection and discrimination<br />
of specific weapon types.<br />
Predicted capabilities<br />
The AWRFLD team collected video<br />
and RF data during the firing of small<br />
arms at SwRI and the launching of RPGs<br />
at Redstone Arsenal, rockets at White<br />
Sands Missile Range, artillery and rockets<br />
at Fort Sill, and mortars and rockets<br />
at Yuma Proving Ground. During this<br />
testing, the AWRFLD team collected<br />
RF data from listening stations located<br />
more than a kilometer from the launch<br />
sites. Using this data, the AWRFLD team<br />
calculated and graphed the maximum<br />
projected detection ranges of RPGs,<br />
mortars, artillery and rockets for different<br />
antenna beamwidths and for<br />
selected integration times. The data for<br />
creating this projected capability came<br />
from field test measurements before<br />
any signal processing had occurred. Increasing<br />
the integration time, or<br />
increasing the collecting antenna size,<br />
could potentially increase the detection<br />
range.<br />
Conclusion<br />
The previous collection of data using<br />
passive RF sensors during the launching<br />
of various weapons at military ranges indicates<br />
that a passive deployable weapon<br />
launch detection system using similar<br />
technology would allow the consistent<br />
detection of weapon launches from adequate<br />
stand-off distances. RF detection<br />
of these events could provide a benefit<br />
over acoustic and optical systems by<br />
providing detection through obscured<br />
environments. The multidisciplinary<br />
technical team at SwRI is continuing to<br />
work with its commercial client and the<br />
USASMDC toward eventually developing<br />
and fielding deployable passive detection<br />
systems that can potentially save<br />
warfighters’ lives. v<br />
The USASMDC has authorized Distribution<br />
Statement A: 9372 (approved for public release,<br />
distribution unliimited) for this article.<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 13
Food for Thought<br />
SwRI chemists detect<br />
foreign materials,<br />
allergens and residues<br />
in food samples<br />
By Lorraine G. Scheller<br />
D017204-0347<br />
In recent years the news media have<br />
reported a number of food product<br />
recalls after consumption of these<br />
products resulted in illnesses and in<br />
some cases, deaths. The most publicized<br />
recalls were those attributed to bacterial<br />
contamination, such as E. coli in spinach<br />
and peppers and salmonella in peanuts<br />
and peanut butter. Other large recalls<br />
have involved chemical contaminants,<br />
most notably melamine, normally used<br />
in the manufacture of plastics. This compound<br />
was added to pet food and dairy<br />
products to make them appear higher in<br />
protein. Recalls have also been prompted<br />
by the presence of undeclared ingredients<br />
or allergens, banned dyes and pesticides,<br />
or higher than permitted levels<br />
of pesticide residues. Collectively, these<br />
recalls have resulted in heightened consumer<br />
concern over the safety of our food<br />
supply. This has prompted food suppliers<br />
to spend millions of dollars testing their<br />
products to assure consumers that the<br />
products are safe.<br />
<strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (SwRI)<br />
chemists and scientists have provided<br />
many services to clients in food quality<br />
and safety, ranging across the food industry<br />
spectrum from the farm to the fork.<br />
They include farmers, distributors, manufacturers,<br />
wholesalers and retailers. Most<br />
projects are initiated to solve a specific<br />
concern. Examples have included evaluating<br />
flavor components through the determination<br />
of volatile organics; determining<br />
14<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
D1M01724-0284<br />
ethylene exposure of<br />
produce stored under<br />
a variety of conditions;<br />
analyzing volatile organic<br />
compounds to predict<br />
shelf life of milk and<br />
cereal products; kinetic<br />
studies to determine the<br />
effectiveness of bags in<br />
protecting produce from<br />
the effect of ethylene<br />
gas; determining the<br />
source of food contamination<br />
from the storage<br />
environment; investigating<br />
suspected intentional<br />
and unintentional<br />
food contamination;<br />
evaluating the effectiveness<br />
of common household<br />
washing and food<br />
preparation methods<br />
in reducing the levels<br />
of pesticide residues in<br />
produce; monitoring levels<br />
of potentially harmful<br />
compounds created in<br />
the production of food<br />
products; and determining<br />
the content of vitamins<br />
and other nutrients<br />
in foods.<br />
Food can be a single<br />
commodity such as fruits and vegetables,<br />
or it can be very complex as are most<br />
processed foods. This presents many<br />
challenges to those who perform chemical<br />
analyses. Keys to the success of these<br />
analyses include sophisticated sample<br />
preparation and analytical techniques<br />
that aim to reduce interferences caused<br />
by natural and artificial colors, sugars,<br />
starches and preservatives. Due to the<br />
shelf life constraints of most foods, these<br />
analyses must be performed in a short<br />
period. Turnaround of data to the client<br />
typically ranges from a few hours to a few<br />
days from the time samples are received<br />
in the lab.<br />
Over the past 20 years, food chemists<br />
and scientists at SwRI have analyzed more<br />
than 40,000 produce samples for approximately<br />
150 pesticide residues. During that<br />
time, the food chemistry laboratory has<br />
had to stay abreast of changes in regulations<br />
and tolerances for specific compounds<br />
and commodities. Additionally,<br />
many compounds<br />
have<br />
been banned<br />
and newer pesticides<br />
put into<br />
use. The SwRI team<br />
has adapted its analyses<br />
in response to these<br />
changes and maintains a same-day<br />
turnaround for samples received at the<br />
lab. This constraint has pushed the lab to<br />
improve upon standard sample preparation<br />
and evaluation techniques.<br />
New techniques<br />
D016683-3862<br />
The SwRI lab has implemented<br />
dispersive solid-phase extraction techniques,<br />
which allow for sample extraction<br />
and interferent cleanup in fewer steps,<br />
using less solvent, to analyze samples<br />
more quickly while reducing laboratory<br />
costs and waste. Other improvements<br />
in food chemical analyses have included<br />
Lorraine G. Scheller is<br />
manager of the Analytical<br />
and Environmental Chemistry<br />
Department of SwRI’s Chemistry<br />
and Chemical Engineering<br />
Division. She has extensive<br />
experience in the extraction<br />
and analysis of environmental<br />
and biological samples and<br />
has conducted studies under<br />
U.S. Environmental Protection<br />
Agency, Food and Drug<br />
Administration and Good<br />
Laboratory Practice guidelines<br />
for more than 15 years. She<br />
is responsible for groups that<br />
perform organic analyses<br />
using high performance liquid<br />
chromatography, capillary<br />
electrophoresis, gel permeation<br />
chromatography and gas<br />
chromatography.<br />
The SwRI lab uses solid-phase<br />
extraction techniques<br />
that allow for sample<br />
extraction and<br />
interferent cleanup in<br />
fewer steps and with<br />
shorter turnaround<br />
times.<br />
implementation of mass<br />
spectroscopy (MS) to the<br />
detection of targeted compounds.<br />
Typical screening methods formerly utilized<br />
gas chromatography (GC) coupled<br />
with electron capture detection (ECD),<br />
nitrogen phosphorus detection (NPD),<br />
flame photometric detection (FPD), flame<br />
ionization detection (FID) or liquid chromatography<br />
(LC) coupled with ultraviolet<br />
detection (UV) and/or fluorescence<br />
detection. A positive detection by either<br />
GC or LC required confirmation using a<br />
dissimilar technique to positively report<br />
a finding. The use of GC/MS or LC tandem<br />
MS (LC/MS/MS) provides detection,<br />
identification and confirmation of the<br />
compound in a single run. This allows for<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009<br />
15
Chemical analysis of food<br />
samples begins with the use of<br />
household blenders to reduce<br />
foods to fine particles whose<br />
chemical components can be<br />
extracted for quick and consistent<br />
screening and analysis.<br />
D017265<br />
more timely reporting<br />
of data to<br />
clients.<br />
The chemical<br />
analytical labs<br />
have also responded to emerging food<br />
issues, such as the discovery of a potential<br />
cancer-causing compound, acrylamide,<br />
in baked and fried foods. In 2002, a<br />
group of Swedish scientists unexpectedly<br />
detected acrylamide in many baked, fried<br />
and roasted foods. This was alarming<br />
because acrylamide is a suspected carcinogen,<br />
and the levels that the scientists<br />
found in these foods far exceeded limits<br />
set for public drinking water supplies.<br />
Interestingly, the scientists noted that<br />
D016683-3830<br />
Some common food preparation practices<br />
can result in conversion of the naturally<br />
occurring amino acid asparagine into<br />
acrylamide, a potential cancer-causing<br />
compound, when heated to high temperatures<br />
in the presence of certain sugars.<br />
acrylamide was rarely seen in boiled or<br />
raw foods.<br />
Food regulatory agencies worldwide<br />
searched for the cause of this<br />
phenomenon. It was later shown that<br />
acrylamide was actually being produced<br />
during the cooking process through a<br />
chemical reaction, known as the Maillard<br />
reaction, which occurs when foods are<br />
browned. Essentially, the reaction takes<br />
place when an amino acid and a reducing<br />
sugar are exposed to high temperatures.<br />
Acrylamide was being formed through a<br />
reaction between the amino acid asparagine,<br />
which is naturally present in many<br />
starchy foods, and glucose or fructose as<br />
the reducing sugar.<br />
Food manufacturers concerned with<br />
the levels of acrylamide in their products<br />
contracted the SwRI food laboratory<br />
chemists to monitor the levels of<br />
acrylamide in their products, along with<br />
the levels of the amino acids and sugars<br />
that combine to produce it. The lab, in<br />
turn, streamlined its standard sample<br />
preparation techniques to provide faster<br />
throughput to accommodate the simultaneous<br />
demands of greater volume and<br />
shorter turnaround times. The lab incorporated<br />
extraction and cleanup procedures<br />
that require fewer steps. The result<br />
was a “cleaner” sample extract, which<br />
aids in identifying the compound and<br />
also reduces the time needed for analytical<br />
instrument maintenance. Once processed,<br />
the samples are analyzed using<br />
GC/MS or LC/MS/MS techniques. The lab<br />
today processes from several hundred to<br />
several thousand samples per week, and<br />
it reports analysis data to clients within<br />
days of receiving the sample.<br />
Ensuring safety of globally<br />
sourced foods<br />
Imported foods<br />
continue to be a concern<br />
as the U.S. food supply<br />
becomes more global. In<br />
2007, the media reported<br />
widely on pet food products<br />
that sickened thousands<br />
of cats and dogs.<br />
It was determined that<br />
wheat gluten imported<br />
from China had been adulterated with<br />
the industrial chemical melamine, which<br />
standard testing methods can misinterpret<br />
to indicate artificially high protein<br />
content. The next year, in 2008, hundreds<br />
of Chinese infants were sickened when<br />
melamine was added to infant formula<br />
in that country. In response to concerns<br />
over the safety of imported foods, the<br />
SwRI food chemists were contracted to<br />
test a wide range of imported products<br />
for melamine and cyromazine, a com-<br />
16<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
D016683-3745 D016683-3760<br />
Small samples can be<br />
screened rapidly and<br />
in high numbers using<br />
new mass spectroscopy<br />
processes to detect<br />
targeted compounds.<br />
D017266<br />
pound which is a metabolite<br />
of melamine. The SwRI<br />
team developed several analytical<br />
methods for these<br />
compounds, including a simple screening<br />
run using LC for samples that were<br />
not expected to contain the target compounds.<br />
Meanwhile, GC/MS and LC/MS/<br />
MS analyses were run on products with a<br />
tentative positive detection using LC, as<br />
well as products about which not much<br />
was known, to provide a simultaneous<br />
identification and confirmation. One or<br />
both of the chemicals were found in several<br />
products, but at relatively low levels.<br />
The levels detected did not indicate an<br />
intentional adulteration of the product.<br />
Products and packaging<br />
The SwRI labs have also responded<br />
to requests to investigate packaging and<br />
shipping conditions and their effects on<br />
food products during transport. Plastics<br />
are typically manufactured with flameretardant<br />
additives. One new type of<br />
high-density polyethylene plastic shipping<br />
pallet is manufactured using the additive<br />
Deca, a type of brominated flame<br />
retardant. The SwRI chemists performed<br />
experiments to investigate whether a<br />
specific Deca component, brominated<br />
diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, can<br />
migrate from the plastic pallet onto the<br />
shrink-wrap of the packages loaded onto<br />
In response to food-safety concerns, SwRI<br />
chemists developed analytical methods to screen<br />
food samples for the industrial chemical melamine<br />
and for cyromazine, a metabolite of melamine.<br />
it. Results demonstrated that BDE congeners<br />
could leach from the plastic pallet<br />
to the shrink-wrap beneath the product<br />
packages.<br />
The food chemistry laboratories at<br />
SwRI are staying abreast of other food<br />
safety issues as they arise. Recent concerns<br />
involve the presence of bisphenol<br />
A in plastic bottles, phthalates in plastic<br />
food storage and packaging, banned colors<br />
in imported products, undeclared allergens<br />
in products and counterfeit products.<br />
The SwRI team remains dedicated<br />
to providing accurate and timely analyses<br />
tailored to fit clients’ specific needs.<br />
Although there is much concern over<br />
the presence of chemical contaminants<br />
in a variety of foods, it must be noted<br />
that recent advances in technology allow<br />
analytical chemists to detect these<br />
compounds at ultra-low levels, typically<br />
at the parts-per-trillion level. However, at<br />
what levels these compounds cause harm<br />
to the human body is not always known.<br />
Therefore, the responsibility of setting<br />
limits for these compounds in food falls<br />
to the government agencies that oversee<br />
the food industry. v<br />
Questions about this article? Contact<br />
Scheller at (210)-522-2182 or<br />
lorraine.scheller@swri.org.<br />
References<br />
Sundlof, Stephen F. “Foodborne illness outbreak<br />
associated with salmonella.” hhs.gov. 11 Feb. 2009.<br />
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 29<br />
June 2009. http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/2009/02/<br />
t20090211b.html.<br />
Stadler, Richard H., Imre Blank, Natalia Vargas,<br />
Fabien Robert, Jorg Hau, Phillippe A. Guy, Marie-<br />
Claude Robert, and Sonja Riediker. “Food chemistry:<br />
Acrylamide from Maillard reaction products.” Nature<br />
419 (2002): 449-450. Nature. 3 Oct. 2002. 13 Jan.<br />
2009. http://www:nature.com/nature/journal/v419/<br />
n6906/full/419449a.html.<br />
Raloff, Janet. “Pesticide may seed American infant<br />
formulas with melamine.” ScienceNews 3 June 2009.<br />
Society for Science and the Public. 29 June 2009<br />
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/44307.<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 17
D016351<br />
SwRI-developed Coatings <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Earns 2009 R&D 100 Award<br />
D017297<br />
A<br />
new method developed<br />
at <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong><br />
<strong>Institute</strong> (SwRI) for<br />
depositing super-hard,<br />
ultra-thick coatings on components<br />
received a 2009 R&D 100<br />
Award. R&D Magazine selected<br />
SwRI’s Plasma Enhanced Magnetron<br />
Sputter (PEMS) technology<br />
as one of the 100 most significant<br />
technological achievements of<br />
the past year. The award was<br />
presented in a November 12 ceremony<br />
at Orlando, Fla.<br />
Components such as jet engine<br />
turbine blades and helicopter rotor<br />
blades operate under harsh conditions,<br />
and the surfaces of these objects are<br />
often subject to severe solid particle or<br />
liquid droplet erosion. To protect these<br />
components from erosion, abrasion and<br />
wear, a surface coating is needed that<br />
demonstrates both high hardness and<br />
toughness.<br />
“Most commercially available coatings<br />
are fairly hard, but not tough,” said<br />
Dr. Ronghua Wei, an <strong>Institute</strong> scientist<br />
in SwRI’s Mechanical Engineering Division<br />
and principal developer of the PEMS<br />
technology. “The SwRI-developed superhard,<br />
ultra-thick nanocomposite coating<br />
produced using our PEMS technology<br />
provides both, and has shown superior<br />
resistance in comparison to many commercial<br />
coatings.”<br />
SwRI’s PEMS technology is an advanced<br />
variation of the physical vapor<br />
deposition process by which coatings<br />
can be deposited on the surface of various<br />
components. The PEMS process introduces<br />
a global plasma, which allows<br />
a thorough cleaning of a component’s<br />
surface to remove oxide and surface con-<br />
taminants before the coating is applied,<br />
thus ensuring that the coating tightly adheres<br />
to the surface. During the process,<br />
this global plasma enhances the ion bombardment<br />
of the coating. As a result, very<br />
dense and very hard coatings can<br />
be achieved.<br />
Also, because a high ion flux is<br />
used, no external heaters are required,<br />
a distinct advantage over conventional<br />
methods. The high processing temperatures<br />
required for other methods often<br />
degrade the fatigue strength of the component’s<br />
material.<br />
“Although the PEMS technology can<br />
be used to deposit single-phase nitride<br />
coatings, the more important advantage<br />
of this technology is that nitride-based<br />
nanocomposite coatings also can be deposited,”<br />
Wei added. “These coatings can<br />
be twice as tough as single-phase coatings,<br />
which is important for high erosion<br />
resistance. The nanocomposite coatings<br />
produced by the PEMS technology have<br />
shown extraordinary performance in field<br />
evaluations.”<br />
While designed initially for improving<br />
the surface properties of aero-engine<br />
components, land-based turbine blades<br />
On stage at the R&D 100 awards ceremony<br />
in Orlando, Fla., are (from left) Manager Dr.<br />
Kent Coulter, Principal Technician Chris<br />
Rincon, Principal Technician Edward Langa,<br />
<strong>Institute</strong> Scientist Dr. Ron Wei, Senior<br />
Technician Robert Castillo and <strong>Institute</strong><br />
Engineer Dr. Sastry Cheruvu, all of the<br />
Mechanical Engineering Division.<br />
and helicopter rotor blades and leading<br />
edges, the PEMS technology can be applied<br />
to a variety of components. These<br />
include oil and gas production valves and<br />
pumps; military weaponry components<br />
used in sandy or dusty environments;<br />
heavy-duty machinery engine parts and<br />
food processing components; as well as<br />
gear cutters, drill bits, lathe tools and end<br />
mills, among others.<br />
In all, SwRI has won 34 R&D 100<br />
Awards since 1971. v<br />
Questions about this article? Contact<br />
Wei at (210) 522-5204 or ronghua.wei@<br />
swri.org; Cheruvu at (210) 522-2492 or sastry.cheruvu@swri.org;<br />
or Coulter at (210)<br />
522-3196 or kent.coulter@swri.org.<br />
18<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
Cassini closes in on the centuries-old<br />
mystery of Saturn’s moon Iapetus<br />
Extensive analyses and modeling of<br />
Cassini imaging and heat-mapping data<br />
have confirmed and extended previous<br />
ideas that migrating ice, triggered by<br />
infalling reddish dust that darkens and<br />
warms the surface, may explain the mysterious<br />
two-toned “yin-yang” appearance<br />
of Saturn’s moon Iapetus. The results,<br />
published online Dec. 10 in a pair of<br />
papers in the journal Science, provide<br />
what may be the most plausible explanation<br />
to date for the moon’s bizarre<br />
appearance, which has puzzled astronomers<br />
for more than 300 years.<br />
Shortly after he discovered Iapetus in<br />
1671, the French-Italian astronomer Giovanni<br />
Domenico Cassini noticed that the<br />
surface is much darker on its leading side,<br />
the side that faces forward in its orbit<br />
around Saturn, than on the opposite trailing<br />
hemisphere.<br />
One of the papers, led by Tilmann<br />
Denk of the Freie Universität in Berlin<br />
describes findings made by Cassini’s<br />
Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) cameras<br />
during the spacecraft’s close flyby<br />
of Iapetus on Sept. 10, 2007, and on<br />
previous encounters. “ISS images show<br />
that both the bright and dark materials<br />
on Iapetus’ leading side are redder than<br />
similar material on the trailing side,” said<br />
Denk, suggesting that the leading side is<br />
colored (and slightly darkened) by reddish<br />
dust that Iapetus has swept up in<br />
its orbit around Saturn. This observation<br />
provides new confirmation of an old idea,<br />
that Iapetus’ leading side has been darkened<br />
somewhat by infalling dark dust<br />
from an external source, perhaps from<br />
one or more of Saturn’s outer moons.<br />
However, the ISS images show that this<br />
infalling dust cannot be the sole cause of<br />
the extreme global brightness dichotomy.<br />
Close-up ISS images provide a clue,<br />
showing evidence for thermal segregation,<br />
in which water ice has migrated<br />
locally from sunward-facing and therefore<br />
warmer areas, to nearby polewardfacing<br />
and therefore colder areas, darkening<br />
and warming the former and brightening<br />
and cooling the latter.<br />
The other paper, by John Spencer of<br />
SwRI’s office in Boulder, Colo., and Denk,<br />
adds runaway global migration of water ice<br />
into the picture to explain the global appearance<br />
of Iapetus. Their model synthesizes<br />
ISS results with thermal observations from<br />
Technics<br />
Brief notes about the<br />
world of science and<br />
technology at <strong>Southwest</strong><br />
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong><br />
Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer<br />
(CIRS) and computer models. CIRS<br />
observations in 2005 and 2007 found that<br />
the dark regions reach temperatures high<br />
enough (129 degrees Kelvin or -227 degrees<br />
F) to evaporate many meters of ice<br />
over billions of years. Spencer and Denk<br />
propose that the infalling dust darkens<br />
the leading side of Iapetus, which therefore<br />
absorbs more sunlight and heats up<br />
enough to trigger evaporation of the ice<br />
near the equator. The evaporating ice<br />
re-condenses on the colder and brighter<br />
poles and on the trailing hemisphere. The<br />
loss of ice leaves dark material behind,<br />
causing further darkening, warming,<br />
and ice evaporation on the leading side<br />
and near the equator. Simultaneously,<br />
the trailing side and poles continue to<br />
brighten and cool due to ice condensation,<br />
until Iapetus ends up with extreme<br />
contrasts in surface brightness in the pattern<br />
seen today. The relatively small size<br />
of Iapetus, which is just 1,500 kilometers<br />
(900 miles) across, and its correspondingly<br />
low gravity, allow the ice to move<br />
easily from one hemisphere to another.<br />
“Iapetus is the victim of a runaway feedback<br />
loop, operating on a global scale,”<br />
said Spencer.<br />
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a<br />
cooperative project of NASA, the European<br />
Space Agency and the Italian<br />
Space Agency. JPL manages the mission<br />
for the Science Mission Directorate at<br />
NASA Headquarters in Washington.<br />
The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard<br />
cameras were designed, developed and<br />
assembled at JPL. The imaging team is<br />
based at the Space Science <strong>Institute</strong>,<br />
Boulder, Colo. The Composite Infrared<br />
Spectrometer team is based at NASA’s<br />
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,<br />
Md., where the instrument was built, with<br />
significant hardware contributions from<br />
England and France.<br />
Contact Spencer at (303) 546-9670 or<br />
john.spencer@swri.org.<br />
The Fuels and Lubricants <strong>Research</strong> Division at <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong><br />
celebrated the 60 th anniversary of automotive research, development and evaluation<br />
at the <strong>Institute</strong> during October. The first engine laboratory at SwRI was constructed<br />
in early 1949 after Norman Penfold joined the <strong>Institute</strong> staff and began establishing<br />
a fuels and lubricants laboratory to serve the petroleum and automotive industries.<br />
Many of the original clients remain clients of the division today.<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 19
UTSA, SwRI join national research<br />
roundtables<br />
The University of Texas at San Antonio<br />
(UTSA) and <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong><br />
(SwRI) have joined the Government-<br />
University-Industry <strong>Research</strong> Roundtable<br />
(GUIRR), the nation’s advisers in science,<br />
engineering and medicine.<br />
GUIRR provides a platform for leaders<br />
in science and technology from<br />
academia, government and business<br />
to discuss and take action on national<br />
and international scientific matters.<br />
This includes such topics as universityindustry<br />
partnerships, scientific training<br />
in academia, the relationship between<br />
academia, government and business,<br />
and the effects of globalization on U.S.<br />
research. Through roundtable meetings<br />
and working groups, GUIRR’s university<br />
and industry partners provide guidance<br />
and suggest possible solutions to streamline<br />
policies and procedures unique to<br />
the government-university-industry interface.<br />
This counsel, often documented<br />
in advisory reports, is distributed to key<br />
national leaders, including the President’s<br />
staff.<br />
“UTSA aspires to become a top<br />
research university, and our membership<br />
in GUIRR demonstrates this commitment,”<br />
said Robert Gracy, vice president<br />
for research at UTSA. “UTSA’s partnership<br />
with <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong><br />
to join GUIRR will not only strengthen<br />
the relationship between our respective<br />
institutions, it will allow our institutions<br />
to contribute to the development of national<br />
policies that will facilitate science<br />
and technology research collaborations<br />
in the future.”<br />
“As a contract research and development<br />
organization serving multiple<br />
industries and government clients, SwRI<br />
strives to apply scientific discoveries and<br />
new technologies in innovative ways,”<br />
said Walter Downing, SwRI executive<br />
vice president. “Teaming with UTSA as<br />
GUIRR university-industry partners gives<br />
us a unique opportunity to participate in,<br />
learn from and contribute to the leading<br />
research collaborations in the nation.”<br />
For more about GUIRR, see<br />
http:www.nationalacademies.org/guirr/.<br />
Contact Maria Martinez at (210) 522-3305<br />
or maria.martinez@swri.org.<br />
Technics<br />
SwRI ® Fire <strong>Technology</strong> Department<br />
celebrates 60th anniversary<br />
When a fire is out of control, the<br />
results can be devastating. In 2007, the<br />
U.S. Fire Administration recorded more<br />
than 3,000 deaths, more than 17,000 injuries<br />
and about $733 million in property<br />
damage due to fires. Just 60 years ago,<br />
some 10,000 deaths, and $700 million in<br />
property damages were reported in the<br />
United States annually from fires.<br />
The first report of fire research and<br />
testing at <strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong><br />
dates back to 1949. Sixty years later,<br />
SwRI’s Fire <strong>Technology</strong> Department<br />
continues to be one of the world’s largest<br />
organizations dedicated to fire research<br />
and testing.<br />
SwRI offers multidisciplinary fire<br />
and explosion research and engineering<br />
services, including fire resistance<br />
and material flammability testing, as<br />
well as listing and labeling and followup<br />
inspection services. The <strong>Institute</strong><br />
has more than 50,000 square feet of<br />
space dedicated to fire research and<br />
testing, including a new facility for<br />
sprinkler testing and related research<br />
with a ceiling capacity of up to 60 feet.<br />
The <strong>Institute</strong> serves government and<br />
commercial clients in the construction,<br />
transportation, chemical and petrochemical,<br />
nuclear, and telecommunications<br />
industries.<br />
“What sets us apart is the breadth<br />
of our services and the way we work<br />
with our clients,” said Dr. Marc Janssens,<br />
director of the SwRI Fire <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Department. “Our clients communicate<br />
directly with the engineer or scientist<br />
who will manage the project, unlike<br />
other labs that have sales departments<br />
where the client does not communicate<br />
with the technical people until much<br />
later. We receive outstanding feedback<br />
on client quality surveys. Along with<br />
our focus on client satisfaction, our department<br />
continues to be very active in<br />
domestic and international codes and<br />
standards development.”<br />
SwRI’s Fire <strong>Technology</strong> Department<br />
is ISO 9001:2008 registered by<br />
NSF International Strategic Registration<br />
Ltd., and the testing laboratory and<br />
inspection agency operations are ISO/<br />
IEC 17025 and 17020 accredited by the<br />
International Accreditation Service Inc.<br />
D015517-1516<br />
Also, SwRI is a Nationally Recognized<br />
Testing Laboratory (NRTL) by the Occupational<br />
Safety and Health Administration<br />
(OSHA). Government agencies such<br />
as the U.S. Coast Guard, the California<br />
State Fire Marshall’s Office, the Florida<br />
Building Commission, the City of Los Angeles<br />
Department of Building and Safety,<br />
and New York City’s Office of Technical<br />
Certification and <strong>Research</strong> (OTCR) have<br />
recognized SwRI’s Fire <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Department.<br />
Internationally, the <strong>Institute</strong> is recognized<br />
by Lloyd’s Register of Shipping<br />
(London), Det Norske Veritas, the American<br />
Bureau of Shipping, and the Explosives<br />
and Dangerous Goods Division of<br />
the Occupational Safety and Health of<br />
New Zealand.<br />
Contact Janssens at (210) 522-6655 or<br />
marc.janssens@swri.org, or visit the Fire<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> web site at: fire.swri.org.<br />
20<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
Publications<br />
Allegrini, F., G.B. Crew, D. Demkee, H.O.<br />
Funsten, D.J. McComas, B. Randol, B.<br />
Rodriguez, N.A. Schwadron, P. Valek and<br />
S. Weidner. “The IBEX Background Monitor.”<br />
Space Science Reviews, 146 (2009):<br />
105–115, doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9439-8.<br />
Balakrishnan, N., G. Iliopoulos, J.P. Keating<br />
and R.L. Mason. “Pitman Closeness of<br />
Sample Median to Population Median.”<br />
Statistics & Probability Letters, 79 (2009):<br />
1,759–1,766.<br />
Bartolone, L.M., K. Carney, S.B. Cohen,<br />
J. Erickson, J. Gutbezahl, P.H. Knappenberger<br />
and D.J. McComas. “IBEX Education<br />
and Public Outreach.” Space Science<br />
Reviews, 146, (2009): 353–369, doi:10.1007/<br />
s11214-009-9519-4.<br />
Boisson, J., E. Heggy, S.M. Clifford, A.<br />
Frigeri, J.J. Plaut, W.M. Farrell, N.E. Putzig,<br />
G. Picardi, R. Orosei, P. Lognonné and<br />
D.A. Gurnett. “Sounding the Subsurface<br />
of Athabasca Valles Using MARSIS<br />
Radar Data: Exploring the Volcanic<br />
and Fluvial Hypotheses for the Origin<br />
of the Rafted-Plate Terrain.” Journal<br />
of Geophysical <strong>Research</strong>, 114, (2009):<br />
doi:10.1029/2008JE003299.<br />
Chocron, S. and C.E. Anderson Jr.<br />
“Numerical Simulations of the Penetration<br />
of Glass Using Two Pressure-Dependent<br />
Constitutive Models.” In Predictive<br />
Modeling of Dynamic Processes: A Tribute<br />
to Klaus Thoma, (2009): 167–187.<br />
Chocron, S., K.R. Samant, A.E. Nicholls,<br />
E. Figueroa, C.E. Weiss, J.D. Walker and<br />
C.E. Anderson Jr. “Measurement of Strain<br />
in Fabrics under Ballistic Impact Using<br />
Embedded Nichrome Wires. Part I: Technique.”<br />
International Journal of Impact<br />
Engineering, 36, (2009): 1,296–1,302.<br />
Cobb, A.E., J.E. Michaels and T.E.<br />
Michaels. “An Integrated Approach to<br />
Local Ultrasonic Monitoring of Fastener<br />
Hole Fatigue Cracks.” Aeronautical Journal<br />
(2009): in press.<br />
Cobb, A.E., J.E. Michaels and T.E.<br />
Michaels. “Simultaneous Ultrasonic Monitoring<br />
of Crack Growth and Dynamic<br />
Loads during a Full-Scale Fatigue Test of<br />
an Aircraft Wing.” Review of Progress in<br />
Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation,<br />
(2008): 1,458–1,465.<br />
Te c h n i c a l Sta f f Activities<br />
Cobb. A.E., J.E. Michaels and T.E. Michaels.<br />
“Ultrasonic Structural Health Monitoring:<br />
A Model-Driven Probability of Detection<br />
Case Study.” Review of Progress in Quantitative<br />
Nondestructive Evaluation, (2008):<br />
1,800–1,807.<br />
Coustenis, A., J. Lunine, J.P. Lebreton, D.<br />
Matson, C. Erd, K. Reh, P. Beauchamp, R.<br />
Lorenz, J.H. Waite Jr., C. Sotin, L. Gurvits<br />
and M. Hirtzig. “Earth-Based Support for<br />
the Titan Saturn System Mission.” Earth<br />
Moon and Planets, 105, (2009): 135–142.<br />
Cui, J., M. Galand, R.V. Yelle, V. Vuitton,<br />
J.E. Wahlund, P.P. Lavvas, I.C.F. Meuller-<br />
Wodarg, T.E. Cravens, W.T. Kasprzak and<br />
J.H. Waite Jr. “Diurnal Variations of Titan’s<br />
Ionosphere.” Journal of Geophysical<br />
<strong>Research</strong>, 114, (2009): A06310.<br />
Farrell, W.M., W.S. Kurth, D.A. Gurnett, R.E.<br />
Johnson, M.L. Kaiser, J.E. Wahlund and J.H.<br />
Waite Jr. “Electron Density Dropout Near<br />
Enceladus in the Context of Water-Vapor<br />
and Water-Ice.” Geophysical <strong>Research</strong> Letters,<br />
36, (2009): L10203.<br />
Feng, M. “Recent Development on Solid<br />
Sorbents for CO 2<br />
Capture.” Carbon Capture<br />
Journal, (2009): 21–24.<br />
Florinski, V., A. Balogh, J.R. Jokipii, D.J.<br />
McComas, M. Opher, N.V. Pogorelov, J.D.<br />
Richardson, E.C. Stone and B.E. Wood.<br />
“The Dynamic Heliosphere: Outstanding<br />
Issues.” Space Science Reviews, 143, (2009):<br />
57–83, doi:10.1007/s11214-009-9488-7-83.<br />
Frisch, P.C., M. Bzowski, E. Grün, V. Izmodenov,<br />
H. Krüger, J.L. Linsky, D.J. McComas,<br />
E. Möbius, S. Redfield, N. Schwadron, R.<br />
Shelton, J.D. Slavin and B.E. Wood. “The<br />
Galactic Environment of the Sun: Interstellar<br />
Material Inside and Outside of the<br />
Heliosphere.” Space Science Reviews, 146,<br />
(2009): 235–273, doi:10.1007/s11214-009-<br />
9502-0.<br />
Funsten, H.O., F. Allegrini, P. Bochsler,<br />
G. Dunn, S. Ellis, D. Everett, M.J. Fagan,<br />
S.A. Fuselier, M. Granoff, M. Gruntman,<br />
A.A. Guthrie, J. Hanley, R.W. Harper, D.<br />
Heirtzler, P. Janzen, K.H. Kihara, B. King,<br />
H. Kucharek, M.P. Manzo, M. Maple, K.<br />
Mashburn, D.J. McComas, E. Möbius, J.<br />
Nolin, D. Piazza, S. Pope, D.B. Reisenfeld,<br />
B. Rodriguez, E.C. Roelof, L. Saul, S. Turco,<br />
P. Valek, S. Weidner, P. Wurz and S. Zaffke.<br />
“The Interstellar Boundary Explorer High<br />
Energy (IBEX-Hi) Neutral Atom Imager.”<br />
Space Science Reviews, 146, (2009): 75–103,<br />
doi:10.1007/s11214-009-9504-y.<br />
Furman, B.R., S.T. Wellinghoff, R.M. Laine,<br />
K.S. Chan, D.P. Nicolella and H.R. Rawls.<br />
“Structural and Mechanical Behavior of<br />
Layered Zirconium Phosphonate as a Distributed<br />
Phase in Polycaprolactone.” Journal<br />
of Applied Polymer Science, 114, (2009):<br />
993–1,001.<br />
Fuselier, S.A., P. Bochsler, D. Chornay,<br />
G. Clark, G.B. Crew, G. Dunn, S. Ellis, T.<br />
Friedmann, H.O. Funsten, A.G. Ghielmetti,<br />
J. Googins, M.S. Granoff, J.W. Hamilton,<br />
J. Hanley, D. Heirtzler, E. Hertzberg, D.<br />
Isaac, B. King, U. Knauss, H. Kucharek, F.<br />
Kudirka, S. Livi, J. Lobell, S. Longworth, K.<br />
Mashburn, D.J. McComas, E. Möbius, A.S.<br />
Moore, T.E. Moore, R.J. Nemanich, J. Nolin,<br />
M. O’Neal, D. Piazza, L. Peterson, S. Pope,<br />
P. Rosmarynowski, L.A. Saul, J.R. Scherrer,<br />
J.A. Scheer, C. Schlemm, N.A. Schwadron,<br />
C. Tillier, S. Turco, J. Tyler, M. Vosbury, M.<br />
Wieser, P. Wurz and S. Zaffke. “The IBEX-Lo<br />
Sensor.” Space Science Reviews, 146, (2009):<br />
117–147, doi:10.1007/s11214-009-9495-8.<br />
Gladman, B., J.J. Kavelaars, J.M. Petit, M.L.N.<br />
Ashby, J.W. Parker, J. Coffey, R.L. Jones, P.<br />
Rousselot and O. Mousis. “Discovery of the<br />
First Retrograde Transneptunian<br />
Object.” The Astrophysical Journal Letters,<br />
697, (2009): L91–L94.<br />
He, X., B. Brettmann and H. Jung. “Effects of<br />
Test Methods on Crevice Corrosion Repassivation<br />
Potential Measurements of Alloy<br />
22.” Corrosion, 65, (2009): 449–460.<br />
Holmquist, T.J. and T.J. Vogler. “The<br />
Response of Silicon Carbide and Boron<br />
Carbide Subjected to Shock-Release-Reshock<br />
Plate-Impact Experiments.” Proceedings<br />
of the 9th International Conference on<br />
the Mechanical and Physical Behaviour of<br />
Materials under Dynamic Loading, 1, (2009):<br />
119–125.<br />
Jones, G.H., C.S. Arridge, A.J. Coates, G.R.<br />
Lewis, S. Kanani, A. Wellbrock, D.T. Young,<br />
F.J. Crary, R.L. Tokar, R.J. Wilson, T.W. Hill,<br />
R.E. Johnson, D.G. Mitchell, J. Schmidt,<br />
S. Kempf, U. Beckmann, C.T. Russell, Y.D.<br />
Jia, M.K. Dougherty, J.H. Waite Jr. and B.A.<br />
Magee. “Fine Jet Structure of Electrically<br />
Charged Grains in Enceladus’ Plume.” Geophysical<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Letters, 36, (2009): L16204.<br />
Kasahara, S., K. Asamura, K. Ogasawara,<br />
Y. Kazama, T. Takashima, M. Hirahara and<br />
Y. Saito. “A Noise Attenuation Method for<br />
Medium-Energy Electron Measurements in<br />
the Radiation Belt.” Advances in Space<br />
<strong>Research</strong>, 43, (2009): 792–801.<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009<br />
21
Te c h n i c a l Sta f f Activities<br />
Kasahara, S., T. Mitani, K. Ogasawara, T.<br />
Takashima, M. Hirahara and K. Asamura.<br />
“Application of Single-sided Silicon Strip<br />
Detector to Energy and Charge State<br />
Measurements of Medium Energy Ions in<br />
Space.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods<br />
in Physics <strong>Research</strong> A, 603, (2009): 355–360.<br />
Kavelaars, J.J., R.L. Jones, B.J. Gladman,<br />
J.M. Petit, J.W. Parker, C. Van Laerhoven,<br />
P. Nicholson, P. Rousselot, H. Scholl, O.<br />
Mousis, B. Marsden, P. Benavidez, A.<br />
Bieryla, A.C. Bagatin, A. Doressoundiram,<br />
J.L. Margot, I. Murray and C. Veillet. “The<br />
Canada-France Ecliptic Plane Survey–L3<br />
Data Release: The Orbital Structure of the<br />
Kuiper Belt.” The Astronomical Journal, 137,<br />
(2009): 4,917–4,935.<br />
Kozarev, K., N.A. Schwadron, L.W.<br />
Townsend, R. Hatcher, M.I. Desai, M.A.<br />
Dayeh and R. Squier. “The Earth-Moon-<br />
Mars Radiation Environment Module (EM-<br />
MREM): Framework and Current Developments.”<br />
Space Plasma Physics: School of<br />
Space Plasma Physics, Vol. 1121, (2009): 164.<br />
Li, G., G.P. Zank, O. Verkhoglyadova, R.A.<br />
Mewaldt, C.M.S. Cohen, G.M. Mason and<br />
M.I. Desai. “Shock Geometry and Spectral<br />
Breaks in Large SEP Events.” Astrophysical<br />
Journal, Vol. 702, (2009): 99801994.<br />
Liang, W. and M. Zhou. “Novel Shape<br />
Memory of Metal Nanowires Through Lattice<br />
Reorientation – Discovery, Characterization,<br />
and Modeling.” Berlin, 2009.<br />
Majeed, T., J.H. Waite Jr., S.W. Bougher<br />
and G.R. Gladstone. “Processes of Auroral<br />
Thermal Structure at Jupiter: Analysis of<br />
Multispectral Temperature Observations<br />
with the Jupiter Thermosphere General<br />
Circulation Model.” Journal of Geophysical<br />
<strong>Research</strong>, 114, (2009): E07005.<br />
Mason, R.L. and J.C. Young. “A Remedy Using<br />
Residuals.” Quality Progress, 42, (2009):<br />
52–54.<br />
McComas, D.J. “Exploring the Boundaries<br />
of Our Heliosphere: The Interstellar<br />
Boundary Explorer (IBEX) and Solar Probe.”<br />
Conference Proceedings, Future Perspectives<br />
of Space Plasma & Particle Instrumentation<br />
& International Collaborations,<br />
(2009): 223–227.<br />
McComas, D.J., F. Allegrini, P. Bochsler, M.<br />
Bzowski, M. Collier, H. Fahr, H. Fichtner,<br />
P. Frisch, H.O. Funsten, S.A. Fuselier, G.<br />
Gloeckler, M. Gruntman, V. Izmodenov, P.<br />
Knappenberger, M. Lee, S. Livi, D. Mitchell,<br />
E. Möbius, T. Moore, S. Pope, D. Reisenfeld,<br />
E. Roelof, J. Scherrer, N. Schwadron, R.<br />
Tyler, M. Wieser, M. Witte, P. Wurz and G.<br />
Zank. “IBEX – Interstellar Boundary<br />
Explorer.” Space Science Reviews, 146,<br />
(2009): 11–33, doi:10.1007/s11214-009-9499-4.<br />
McGinnis, R.N, A.P. Morris, D.A. Ferrill and<br />
C.L. Dinwiddie. “Deformation Analysis<br />
of Tuffaceous Sediments in the Volcanic<br />
Tableland near Bishop, California.” Lithosphere,<br />
(2009): 291–304.<br />
Mitchell, J.N. and E.J. Mitchell. “Airflow and<br />
CO 2<br />
in Robber Baron Cave.” Proceedings of<br />
the 15th International Congress on Speleology,<br />
(2009): 1,613– 1,619.<br />
Mitchell, J.N. and L.K. Palit. “Robber Baron:<br />
Restoring an Urban Cave Preserve.” Proceedings<br />
of the 15th International Congress<br />
on Speleology, (2009): 1,191–1,196.<br />
Möbius, E., H. Kucharek, G. Clark, M.<br />
O’Neill, L. Petersen, M. Bzowski, L. Saul,<br />
P. Wurz, S.A. Fuselier, V.V. Izmodenov, D.J.<br />
McComas, H.R. Müller and D.B. Alexashov.<br />
“Diagnosing the Neutral Interstellar Gas<br />
Flow at 1 AU with IBEX-Lo.” Space Science<br />
Reviews, 146, (2009): 149–172, doi:10.1007/<br />
s11214-009-9498-5.<br />
Mousis, O., J.I. Lunine, J.H. Waite Jr., B.A.<br />
Magee, W.S. Lewis, K.E. Mandt, D. Marquer,<br />
D. Cordier. “Formation Conditions of<br />
Enceladus and Origin of Its Methane Reservoir.”<br />
Astrophysical Journal, 701, (2009):<br />
L39–L42.<br />
Necsoiu, M., S. Leprince, D. Hooper, C.<br />
Dinwiddie, R. McGinnis and G. Walter.<br />
“Monitoring Migration Rates of an Active<br />
Subarctic Dune Field Using Optical Imagery.”<br />
Remote Sensing of Environment, 113,<br />
(2009): 2,441–2,447.<br />
Ni, Q.W., D.P. Nicolella, X. Wang, J.S. Nyman<br />
and Y.X. Qin. “The Characterization<br />
of Cortical Bone Water Distribution and<br />
Structure Changes on Age, Microdamage<br />
and Disuse by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.”<br />
A Practical Manual for Musculoskeletal<br />
<strong>Research</strong>, (2008): 691–727.<br />
Ogasawara, K., S. Livi, M. Al-Dayeh, F.<br />
Allegrini, M.I. Desai and D.J. McComas.<br />
“Avalanche Photodiode Arrays Enable<br />
Large-Area Measurements of Medium-<br />
Energy Electrons.” IEEE Transactions on<br />
Nuclear Science, (2009): 2,533–2,537.<br />
Orphal, D.L., C.E. Anderson Jr., T. Behner<br />
and D.W. Templeton. “Failure and Penetration<br />
Response of Borosilicate Glass During<br />
Multiple Short-Rod Impact.” International<br />
Journal of Impact Engineering, (2009):<br />
1,173–1,181.<br />
Parra, J.O., C.L. Hackert, E. Richardson and<br />
N. Clayton. “Porosity and Permeability<br />
Images Based on Crosswell Seismic Measurements<br />
Integrated with FMI Logs at the<br />
Port Mayaca Aquifer, South Florida.” The<br />
Leading Edge, Vol. 28, (2009): 1,212–1,219.<br />
Pickett, D.A., K.E. Pinkston and J.L. Myers.<br />
“Assessing Radionuclide Solubility Limits<br />
for Cement-Based, Near-Surface Disposal.”<br />
Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management<br />
XXXII, Vol. 1124, (2009): 351–356.<br />
Putzig, N.E., R.J. Phillips, B.A. Campbell,<br />
J.W. Holt, J.J. Plaut, L.M. Carter, A.F. Egan,<br />
F. Bernardini, A. Safaeinili and R. Seu.<br />
“Subsurface Structure of Planum Boreum<br />
from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Shallow<br />
Radar Soundings.” Icarus, (2009):<br />
doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.07.034.<br />
Riley, P. and D.J. McComas. “Derivation<br />
of Fluid Conservation Relations to Infer<br />
Near-Sun Properties of Coronal Mass Ejections<br />
from In Situ Measurements.” Journal<br />
of Geophysical <strong>Research</strong>, 114, (2009):<br />
A09102, doi: 10.1029/2009JA014436.<br />
Rouillard, A.P., J.A. Davies, R.J. Forsyth, N.P.<br />
Savani, N.R. Sheeley, A. Thernisien, T.L.<br />
Zhang, R.A. Howard, B. Anderson, C.M.<br />
Carr, S. Tsang, M. Lockwood, C.J. Davis,<br />
R.A. Harrison, D. Bewsher, M. Franz, S.R.<br />
Crothers, C.J. Eyles, D.S. Brown, I. Whittaker,<br />
M. Hapgood, A.J. Coates, G.H. Jones, M.<br />
Grande, R.A. Frahm and J.D. Winningham.<br />
“A Solar Storm Observed from the Sun to<br />
Venus using the STEREO, Venus Express,<br />
and MESSENGER Spacecraft.” Journal of<br />
Geophysical <strong>Research</strong>, 114, (2009): A07106,<br />
doi:10.1029/2008JA014034.<br />
Scherrer, J., J. Carrico, J. Crock, W. Cross,<br />
A. De Los Santos, A. Dunn, G. Dunn, M.<br />
Epperly, B. Fields, E. Fowler, T. Gaio, J. Gerhardus,<br />
W. Grossman, J. Hanley, B. Hautamaki,<br />
D. Hawes, W. Holemans, S. Kinaman,<br />
S. Kirn, C. Loeffler, D.J. McComas, A.<br />
Osovets, T. Perry, M. Peterson, Phillips, M.,<br />
S. Pope, G. Rahal, M. Tapley, R. Tyler, B. Ungar,<br />
E. Walter, S. Wesley and T. Wiegand.<br />
“The IBEX Flight Segment.” Space Science<br />
Reviews, 146, (2009): 35–73, doi:10.1007/<br />
s11214-009-9514-9.<br />
22<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
Schwadron, N.A., G. Crew, R., Vanderspek,<br />
F. Allegrini, M. Bzowski, R. DeMagistre, G.<br />
Dunn, H. Funsten, S.A. Fuselier, K. Goodrich,<br />
M. Gruntman, J. Hanley, J. Heerikuisen,<br />
D. Heirtlzer, P. Janzen, H. Kucharek,<br />
C. Loeffler, K. Mashburn, K. Maynard,<br />
D.J. McComas, E. Möbius, C. Prested, B.<br />
Randol, D. Reisenfeld, M. Reno, E. Roelof<br />
and P. Wu. “The Interstellar Boundary Explorer<br />
Science Operations Center.” Space<br />
Science Reviews, 146, (2009): 207–234,<br />
doi:10.1007/s11214-009-9513-x.<br />
Sun, A.Y., A.P. Morris and S. Mohanty.<br />
“Sequential Updating of Multimodal<br />
Hydrogeologic Parameter Fields Using<br />
Localization and Clustering Techniques.”<br />
Water Resources <strong>Research</strong>, 45, (2009):<br />
doi:10.1029/2008WR007443.<br />
Surampudi, B., A. Nedungadi, G. Ostrowski<br />
and A. Montemayor. “Design and<br />
Control Considerations for a Series Heavy<br />
Duty Hybrid Hydraulic Vehicle.” Society of<br />
Automotive Engineers, (2009): SAE paper<br />
No. 2009-01-2717.<br />
Waite, J.H. Jr., W.S. Lewis, B.A. Magee,<br />
J.I. Lunine, W.B. McKinnon, C.R. Glein,<br />
O. Mousis, D.T. Young, T. Brockwell, J.<br />
Westlake, M.J. Nguyen, B.D. Teolis, H.B.<br />
Niemann, R.L. McNutt, M. Perry and W.H.<br />
Ip. “Liquid Water on Enceladus from Observations<br />
of Ammonia and 40Ar in the<br />
Plume.” Nature, 460, (2009): 487–490.<br />
Walter, G.R. and M. Feng. “Feasibility of<br />
Producing Alternative Liquid Transportation<br />
Fuels from Landfill Gas Methane in<br />
China.” National Environmental Monitoring<br />
Conference, (2009): 1–10.<br />
Wiedenbeck, M.E., G.M. Mason, R.<br />
Gomez-Herrero, D. Haggerty, N.V. Nitta,<br />
C.M.S. Cohen, E.E. Chollet, A.C. Cummings,<br />
R.A. Leske, R.A. Mewaldt, E.C.<br />
Stone, T.T. von Rosenvinge, R. Müller-<br />
Mellin, M.I. Desai and U. Mall. “Multipoint<br />
Observations of 3He-rich Solar Energetic<br />
Particle Events using STEREO and ACE.”<br />
Proceedings of the 31st International Cosmic<br />
Ray Conference, (2009): SH.2.1.4.<br />
Wurz, P., S.A. Fuselier, E. Möbius, H.O.<br />
Funsten, P.C. Brandt, F. Allegrini, A.G.<br />
Ghielmetti, R. Harper, E. Hertzberg, P.<br />
Janzen, H. Kucharek, D.J. McComas, E.C.<br />
Roelof, L. Saul, J. Scheer, M. Wieser and Y.<br />
Zheng. “IBEX Backgrounds and Signal-to-<br />
Noise Ratio.” Space Science Reviews, 146,<br />
(2009): 173–206, doi:10.1007/s11214-009-<br />
9515-8.<br />
Te c h n i c a l Sta f f Activities<br />
Presentations<br />
Abbott, B.A., J.D. Kenney, D.R. Poole, G.C.<br />
Willden, A.P. Morris, R.N. McGinnis and<br />
D.A. Ferrill. “Precise Positioning with Wireless<br />
Sensor Nodes.” Paper presented at the<br />
2009 <strong>Institute</strong> of Electrical and Electronics<br />
Engineers (IEEE) International Conference<br />
on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, San<br />
Antonio, October 2009.<br />
A’Hearn, M.F., L.M. Feaga, A.J. Steffl, J.W.<br />
Parker, P.D. Feldman, H.A. Weaver, J.L. Bertaux,<br />
D.C. Slater and S.A. Stern. “The First<br />
Far Ultraviolet Spectrum of an Asteroid:<br />
ALICE Observations During Rosetta’s Flyby<br />
of (2867) Steins.” Paper presented at the<br />
40th Division for Planetary Science Meeting,<br />
Ithaca, N.Y., October 2008.<br />
Allsup, C. and K. Middelkoop. “E3: Economy,<br />
Energy, and Environment: Combining<br />
Assessment Methodologies.” Paper<br />
presented at the Society of Manufacturing<br />
Engineers (SME) Lean to Green Manufacturing<br />
Conference, Austin, Texas, September<br />
2009.<br />
Anderson, C.E. Jr., “Mine Blast Loading<br />
Experiments.” Paper presented at the Army<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving<br />
Ground, Md., August 2009.<br />
Anderson, C.E. Jr., “Mine Blast Loading<br />
Results.” Paper presented at the U.S. Army<br />
TARDEC, Detroit, September 2009.<br />
Barth, E.L. “Convective Clouds on Titan.”<br />
Paper presented at the European Planetary<br />
Science Conference (EPSC), Potsdam, Germany,<br />
September 2009.<br />
Barth, E.L. “Cloud Formation over Mountain<br />
Ranges on Titan.” Paper presented at the<br />
European Geophysical Union (EGU) Spring<br />
Meeting, Vienna, Austria, April 2009.<br />
Barth, E.L., S.C.R. Rafkin and W.M. Farrell.<br />
“The Electrodynamics of Mars Dust Disturbances.”<br />
Paper presented at the Mars Dust<br />
Cycle Workshop, NASA Ames <strong>Research</strong><br />
Center, Moffett Field, Calif., September<br />
2009.<br />
Bentley, B.J. “Performance Testing of Tractor<br />
Hydraulic Fluids to Simulate In-Use<br />
Conditions.” Paper presented at the Dalian<br />
Lubricants <strong>Technology</strong> and Economy<br />
Forum, Dalian, China, September 2009.<br />
Bertrand, A.R., T.A. Newton and T.B. Grace.<br />
“iNET System Management Scaling.” Paper<br />
presented at the International Telemetering<br />
Conference, Las Vegas, October 2009.<br />
Blais, M.S., W.S. Williamson and M.G.<br />
MacNaughton. “Carbon Analysis for GB.”<br />
Paper presented at World Wide Chemical<br />
Demilitarization Conference, Stratford<br />
Upon Avon, United Kingdom, June 2009.<br />
Brench, C.E. “Practical Shield Evaluation<br />
using Local Transfer Impedance Values.”<br />
Paper presented at the Central Texas<br />
Chapter of the IEEE EMC Society, Austin,<br />
Texas, September 2009.<br />
Brench, C.E. “Validation – Beyond the<br />
Numbers” Paper presented at the 25th<br />
International Review of Progess in Applied<br />
Computational Electromagnetics,<br />
Monterey, Calif., March 2009.<br />
Brench, C.E. “Model Partitioning for Solving<br />
Complex EMC Problems.” Paper presented<br />
at the 2009 IEEE International Symposium<br />
on EMC, Austin, Texas, August 2009.<br />
Brench, C.E. and B.L. Brench. “Application<br />
of the Feature Selective Validation Method<br />
to Test Site Evaluation.” Paper presented at<br />
the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on<br />
EMC, Austin, Texas, August 2009.<br />
Brench, C.E., D. Smith and H. Walker.<br />
“Demonstration on the Use of Transfer<br />
Impedance for Local Shield Evaluation.”<br />
Paper presented at the 2009 IEEE International<br />
Symposium on EMC, Austin, Texas,<br />
August 2009.<br />
Broiles, T.W., M.I. Desai, H.A. Elliott and<br />
D.J. McComas. “Three-Dimensional Structures<br />
of CIRs Over the Past Two Solar<br />
Cycles.” Paper presented at the Solar Heliospheric<br />
and Interplanetary Environment<br />
(SHINE) Workshop, Wolfville, Nova Scotia,<br />
August 2009.<br />
Brooks, M.J., C.F. Meyer, R.J. Thibodeaux<br />
and B.A. Abbott. “Automated System Vulnerability<br />
Testing of Cyber-physical Systems.”<br />
Paper presented at the Workshop<br />
on Future Directions in Cyber-physical<br />
Systems Security, Newark, N.J., July 2009.<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 23
Te c h n i c a l Sta f f Activities<br />
Burkhardt, G.L. and J.M. Leonard. “Inspection<br />
of Dissimilar Metal Welds in Nozzles<br />
using Ultrasonic Phased Array and Eddy<br />
Current — Robinson Nuclear Power Plant.”<br />
Paper presented at the 7th International<br />
Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural<br />
Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized<br />
Components, Yokohama, Japan, May 2009.<br />
Canup, R.M. “Formation of Terrestrial Planets.”<br />
Paper presented at the American Association<br />
for the Advancement of Science<br />
Meeting, Chicago, February 2009.<br />
Canup, R.M. “Formation of Gas Giant Satellites.”<br />
Paper presented at the American<br />
Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting,<br />
San Francisco, December 2008.<br />
Chocron, S., K.A. Dannemann, J.D. Walker,<br />
A.E. Nicholls and C.E. Anderson Jr. “Static<br />
and Dynamic Confined Compression of<br />
Borosilicate Glass.” Paper presented at<br />
the 9th International DYMAT Conference,<br />
Brussels, Belgium, September 2009.<br />
Cobb, A.C. and J.L. Fisher. “Nuclear Containment<br />
Vessel Inspection Using an Array<br />
of Guided Wave Sensors for Damage<br />
Localization.” Paper presented at the 36th<br />
Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative<br />
Nondestructive Evaluation, Kingston, R.I.,<br />
July 2009.<br />
Cobb, A.C., C.E. Duffer, C.J. Thwing and<br />
G.M. Light. “Overview of Applications of<br />
Magnetostrictive-Based Sensors for SHM.”<br />
Paper presented at the 7th International<br />
Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring,<br />
Stanford, Calif., September 2009.<br />
Cobb, A.E., J. Fisher and J.E. Michaels.<br />
“Model-Assisted Probability of Detection<br />
for Ultrasonic Structural Health Monitoring.”<br />
Paper presented at the 4th European-<br />
American Workshop on Reliability of NDE,<br />
Berlin, June 2009.<br />
Cohen, C.M.S., G.M. Mason, R.A. Mewaldt,<br />
E.E. Chollet, E.R. Christian, A.C. Cummings,<br />
M.I. Desai, A.W. Labrador, R.A. Leske, E.C.<br />
Stone, T.T. von Rosenvinge and M.E. Wiedenbeck.<br />
“Time-Dependent Composition<br />
in the December 2006 SEP Events.” Paper<br />
presented at the 31st International Cosmic<br />
Ray Conference, Lódz, Poland, July 2009.<br />
Davis, M.W., G.R. Gladstone, T.K. Greathouse,<br />
K.D. Retherford, M.H. Versteeg and<br />
R.K. Black. “Radiometric Performance Results<br />
of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter’s<br />
Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LRO/LAMP)<br />
Imaging Spectrograph.” Paper presented<br />
at the 2009 SPIE Optics + Photonics Exhibition<br />
2009, San Diego, August 2009.<br />
Desai, M.I., F. Allegrini, R. Livi, S. Livi, D.J.<br />
McComas, B. Randol and G.M. Mason.<br />
“The Entrance System for an Advanced<br />
Mass and Ionic Charge Composition<br />
Experiment (AMICCE) for Heliospheric<br />
Missions.” Paper presented at the 31st International<br />
Cosmic Ray Conference, Lódz,<br />
Poland, July 2009.<br />
Desai, M.I., M.A. Dayeh and G.M. Mason.<br />
“Origin of Suprathermal Ions Near 1 AU.”<br />
Paper presented at the 31st International<br />
Cosmic Ray Conference, Lódz, Poland,<br />
July 2009, and at the ‘Tails and ACRs’ International<br />
Space Science <strong>Institute</strong> (ISSI)<br />
International Team, Bern, Switzerland,<br />
August 2009.<br />
Desai, M.I., M.A. Dayeh, C.W. Smith, M.A.<br />
Lee and G.M. Mason. “Origin of Suprathermal<br />
Ions Near 1 AU.” Paper presented<br />
at the Solar Heliospheric and Interplanetary<br />
Environment (SHINE) Workshop,<br />
Wolfville, Nova Scotia, August 2009.<br />
Desai, M.I., M.A. Dayeh, F. Allegrini and<br />
G.M. Mason. “Origin of Quiet-time Suprathermal<br />
Ions Near 1 AU.” Paper presented<br />
at the Solar Wind 12 Conference, St. Malo,<br />
France, June 2009.<br />
Domyancic, L., D. Sparkman, H. Millwater,<br />
L.G. Smith and D. Wieland. “A Fast<br />
First-Order Method for Filtering Limit<br />
States.” Paper presented at the AIAA Non-<br />
Deterministic Approaches Conference,<br />
Palm Springs, Calif., May 2009.<br />
Dykes, S.G. and C.D. King. “Using Outbound<br />
Traffic Flows to Detect Malware<br />
and Characterize Adversaries.” Paper<br />
presented at the Malware and Bot <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Reverse Engineering Technical Exchange<br />
Meeting, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque,<br />
N.M., September 2009.<br />
Ebert, R.W., D.J. McComas, F. Bagenal, H.A.<br />
Elliott and P.W. Valek. “Low Energy (
Te c h n i c a l Sta f f Activities<br />
Grace, T.B., J.D. Kenney, M.L. Moodie and<br />
B.A. Abbott. “Key Components of the iNET<br />
Test Article Standard.” Paper presented at<br />
the International Telemetering Conference,<br />
Las Vegas, October 2009.<br />
Grosch, D., J.D. Walker, E. Christiansen<br />
and M. Bjorkman. “A Study of Low to Medium<br />
Velocity Impacts on Space Shield<br />
Designs.” Paper presented at the 60th<br />
Meeting of the Aeroballistics Range Association,<br />
Baltimore, Md., September 2009.<br />
Hamilton, V.E. “Comparing Hydration and<br />
Mineralogy on Mars: Merging HEND and<br />
TES.” Paper presented at the 2009 HEND<br />
Workshop, St. Petersburg, Russia, June 2008.<br />
Hamilton, V.E. “Martian Mineralogy:<br />
Global Mapping of Solid Solution Variation<br />
from MGS TES Data.” Paper presented<br />
at the Geological Society of America Annual<br />
Meeting, Houston, October 2008.<br />
Hamilton, V.E. and S.W. Ruff. “Mini-TES<br />
Spectra of Mazatzal and other Adirondack-class<br />
Basalts in Gusev Crater, Mars:<br />
Spectral/Mineralogical Evidence for<br />
Alteration.” Paper presented at the 40th<br />
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,<br />
Houston, March 2009.<br />
Hedrick, J. and S.G. Fritz. “Application of<br />
an Experimental EGR System to a Medium<br />
Speed EMD Marine Engine.” Proceedings<br />
of ICEF 2009 Internal Combustion Engine<br />
Fall Technical Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland,<br />
September 2009.<br />
Henkener, J.A. and M.L. Nuckols. “A<br />
Cooling System for Contaminated Water<br />
Diving Using Metal Hydrides.” Paper presented<br />
at Undersea Medicine Review 2009,<br />
Tampa, Fla., August 2009.<br />
Henkener, J.A. and M.L. Nuckols. “Thermal<br />
Protection of Divers’ Hands Using Super-<br />
Insulation Aerogel Materials.” Paper presented<br />
at Underwater Intervention 2009,<br />
New Orleans, March 2009.<br />
Henkener, J.A. and M.W. James. “Replacement<br />
HOV Hull Design and Fabrication<br />
Status.” Paper presented at Underwater Intervention<br />
2009, New Orleans, March 2009.<br />
Higashi, M., J. Nishida, Y. Asada, J.L. Fisher,<br />
H. Kwun, T. Goyen and A.R. Puchot. “Development<br />
of Piping Inspection <strong>Technology</strong><br />
by Using Guided Waves.” Paper presented<br />
at the 7th International Conference<br />
on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity<br />
for Nuclear and Pressurized Components,<br />
Yokohama, Japan, May 2009.<br />
Holladay, K.L. “Characterizing the Genetic<br />
Programming Environment for FIFTH (GPE5)<br />
on a High Performance Computing Cluster.”<br />
Paper presented at the ACM Genetic and<br />
Evolutionary Computation Conference,<br />
Montreal, July 2009.<br />
Holmquist, T., G. Johnson, S. Beissel and<br />
C. Gerlach. “Material Modeling, Numerical<br />
Algorithms and Computed Results for High<br />
Velocity Impact.” Paper presented at the Tokyo<br />
<strong>Institute</strong> of <strong>Technology</strong>, December 2008.<br />
Holmquist, T., G. Johnson, S. Beissel and C.<br />
Gerlach. “The Response of Ceramics Subjected<br />
to High-Velocity Impact.” Paper presented<br />
at the Tokyo <strong>Institute</strong> of <strong>Technology</strong>,<br />
December 2008.<br />
Hottenstein, P.D. “Distributed Crowd Simulation<br />
Lessons Learned.” Paper presented at the<br />
Fall 2009 Simulation Interoperability Workshop<br />
(SIW), Orlando, Fla., September 2009.<br />
Hottenstein, P.D. “Hydra: A Threat Detection,<br />
Analysis, and Assessment Platform Prototype.”<br />
Paper presented at the Washington,<br />
D.C. Chapter of <strong>Institute</strong> for Operations<br />
<strong>Research</strong> and Management Sciences (WIN-<br />
FORMS) Program, University of Maryland,<br />
College Park, Md., April 2009.<br />
Hottenstein, P.D. “MAICE Station Crowd<br />
Simulation and Analysis.” Paper presented<br />
at the Washington, D.C. Chapter of <strong>Institute</strong><br />
for Operations <strong>Research</strong> and Management<br />
Sciences (WINFORMS) Program, University<br />
of Maryland, College Park, Md., April 2009.<br />
Kozarev. K., M.A. Dayeh, N. Schwadron, L.<br />
Townsend and M.I. Desai. “Modeling SEP<br />
Fluxes and the Radiation Environment in the<br />
Inner Heliosphere with EMMREM.” Paper<br />
presented at the European Geosciences<br />
Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria,<br />
April 2009.<br />
Kwun, H., E. Mader and K. Krzywosz. “Guided<br />
Wave Inspection of Nuclear Fuel Rods.”<br />
Paper presented at the 7th International<br />
Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural<br />
Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized Components,<br />
Yokohama, Japan, May 2009.<br />
Light, G.L. and N. Muthu. “Wireless Structural<br />
Health Monitoring <strong>Technology</strong> for<br />
Heat Exchanger Shells.” Paper presented at<br />
the 7th International Conference on NDE in<br />
Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear<br />
and Pressurized Components, Yokohama,<br />
Japan, May 2009.<br />
Lu, L., C. Ordonez, E.G. Collins Jr. and E.M.<br />
Dupont. “Terrain Surface Classification for<br />
Autonomous Ground Vehicles Using a 2D<br />
Laser Stripe-Based Structured Light Sensor.”<br />
Paper presented at the 2009 IEEE/RSJ<br />
International Conference on Intelligent<br />
Robots and Systems (IROS), St. Louis, Mo.,<br />
October 2009.<br />
Marty, S.D. and J. Schmitigal. “Fire Resistant<br />
Fuel.” Paper presented at the Ground<br />
Vehicle Survivability Symposium (GVSS)<br />
at the U.S. Army Detroit Arsenal, Detroit,<br />
Mich., August 2009.<br />
Mason, G.M., M.I. Desai and R.A. Leske.<br />
“New Observations of CIRs.” Paper presented<br />
at the Solar Heliospheric and Interplanetary<br />
Environment (SHINE) Workshop,<br />
Wolfville, Nova Scotia, August 2009.<br />
Mason, G.M., M.I. Desai, U. Mall, A. Korth,<br />
R. Bucik, T.T. von Rosenvinge and K.D.<br />
Simunac. “CIR Observations at 1 AU from<br />
STEREO, Wind and ACE.” Paper presented<br />
at the Solar Heliospheric and Interplanetary<br />
Environment (SHINE) Workshop,<br />
Wolfville, Nova Scotia, August 2009.<br />
Mason, R.L., Y.M. Chou and J.C. Young.<br />
“Decomposition of Wilks’ Scatter Ratios<br />
Used in Monitoring Process Variability.”<br />
Paper presented at the 169th Annual Meeting<br />
of the American Statistical Association,<br />
Washington, August 2009.<br />
McDowell, M.L., V.E. Hamilton, S. Cady and<br />
P. Knauth. “Thermal Infrared and Visible to<br />
Near-Infrared Spectral Analysis of Chert<br />
and Amorphous Silica.” Paper presented at<br />
the 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,<br />
Houston, March 2009.<br />
McWilliams, G. and M. Brown. “Implementation<br />
of the 4D/RCS Architecture within<br />
the <strong>Southwest</strong> Safe Transport Initiative.”<br />
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems<br />
Engineering and <strong>Technology</strong> Symposium,<br />
Troy, Mich., August 2009.<br />
Mentzer, C., G. McWilliams and K. Kozak.<br />
“Dynamic Autonomous Ground Vehicle<br />
Re-Routing in an Urban Environment Using<br />
A Priori Map Information and LIDAR<br />
Fusion.” Paper presented in the Proceedings<br />
of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering<br />
and <strong>Technology</strong> Symposium (GV-<br />
SETS), Troy, Mich., August 2009.<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 25
Te c h n i c a l Sta f f Activities<br />
Michaels, J.E., T.E. Michaels and A.C.<br />
Cobb. “Ultrasonic Sensing of Structural<br />
State Awareness of Fastener Hole Fatigue<br />
Cracks.” Paper presented at the AeroMat<br />
2009 Conference and Exposition, Dayton,<br />
Ohio, June 2009.<br />
Michaels, T.I. “In Search of More Realistic<br />
Model Parameterizations of Aeolian Processes<br />
on Mars.” Paper presented at the<br />
Mars Dust Cycle Workshop, Moffett Field,<br />
Calif., September 2009.<br />
Monreal, R., C. Carmichael, G. Swift, C.<br />
Tseng, G. Allen, J. Trevino and G. Madias. “Interaction<br />
of Ionized Particles with Advanced<br />
Signal Processing Devices in Field Programmable<br />
Gate Arrays and Development of Mitigation<br />
Techniques.” Paper presented at the<br />
2009 Military and Aerospace Programmable<br />
Logic Devices (MAPLD) Conference, Greenbelt,<br />
Md., September 2009.<br />
Moodie, M.L., J.D. Kenney, T.B. Grace and<br />
B.A. Abbott. “iNET Standards Validation:<br />
End-to-End Performance Assessment.”<br />
Paper presented at the International Telemetering<br />
Conference, Las Vegas, October<br />
2009.<br />
Moodie, M.L., T.A. Newton and B.A.<br />
Abbott. “Network Telemetry Link Throughput<br />
Maximization Approaches.” Paper presented<br />
at the International Telemetering<br />
Conference, Las Vegas, October 2009.<br />
Moore, M.S., J.C. Price, A.R. Cormier and<br />
W.A. Malatesta. “Describing Telemetry<br />
Systems with the Metadata Description<br />
Language.” Paper presented at the International<br />
Telemetering Conference, Las Vegas,<br />
October 2009.<br />
Moore, M.S., J.C. Price, A.R. Cormier and<br />
W.A. Malatesta. “Metadata Description<br />
Language: the iNET Metadata Standard<br />
Language.” Paper presented at the International<br />
Telemetering Conference, Las Vegas,<br />
October 2009.<br />
Newton, T.A., J.D. Kenney, M.L. Moodie<br />
and T.B. Grace. “iNET Networking Standards<br />
Test Bed.” Paper presented at the<br />
International Telemetering Conference,<br />
Las Vegas, October 2009.<br />
Ni, Q.W., and S. Chen. “The Characterization<br />
and Comparison of Human Cortical<br />
Bone and Teeth Structural Changes by<br />
Low Field NMR.” Paper presented at the<br />
American Society of Mechanical Engineers<br />
(ASME) Summer Bioengineering Conference,<br />
Lake Tahoe, Calif., June 2009.<br />
Ogasawara, K., S.A. Livi and D.J.<br />
McComas. “Recent Advances in Avalanche<br />
Photodiodes for Particle Detection.” Paper<br />
presented at the 11th International Association<br />
of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy<br />
Scientific Assembly, Sopron, Hungary,<br />
August 2009.<br />
Ogasawara, K., S.A. Livi, D.G. Mitchell and<br />
T.P. Armstrong. “Properties of High-Energy<br />
Electrons at Dawn-Side Magnetosheath:<br />
Cassini Observations during the Earth<br />
Swing-by 1999.” Paper presented at the<br />
American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall<br />
Meeting, San Francisco, December 2008.<br />
Ogasawara, K., S.A. Livi, M.A. Dayeh, F.<br />
Allegrini, M.I. Desai and D.J. McComas.<br />
“Multi-Pixel Avalanche Photodiodes for<br />
Medium-Energy Electrons and its Application.”<br />
Paper presented at the Japan Geoscience<br />
Union Meeting, Makuhari, Japan,<br />
May 2009.<br />
Osborne, D. and I. Khalek. “Crankcase<br />
Emission Contributions to PM for Two Tier<br />
2 Line-Haul Locomotives.” Paper presented<br />
at the 2009 Internal Combustion Engine<br />
Fall (ICEF) Technical Conference, Lucerne,<br />
Switzerland, September 2009.<br />
Osterloo, M.M., V.E. Hamilton, F.S. Anderson<br />
and W.C. Koeppen. “THEMIS Detections<br />
of Forsterite-Fayalite Compositions<br />
within Terra Tyrrhena.” Paper presented at<br />
the 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,<br />
Houston, March 2009.<br />
Oxley, J.D. “Current Industrial Technologies<br />
for Microencapsulation of Flavors and<br />
Bioactives.” Paper presented at the Industrial<br />
Workshop on Microencapsulation of<br />
Flavors and Bioactives for Functional Food<br />
Applications, Minneapolis, Minn., September<br />
2009.<br />
Parra, J.O, P. Xu and D. Domaschk. “Dispersion<br />
Analysis and Inversion of Azimuthal<br />
Shear Anisotropy from Cross-Dipole Data.”<br />
Paper presented at the Society of Petrophysicists<br />
and Well Log Analysts (SPWLA)<br />
50th Annual Logging Symposium, The<br />
Woodlands, Texas, June 2009.<br />
Phillips, R.J., N.E. Putzig, J.W. Head, A.F.<br />
Egan, J.J. Plaut, A. Safaeinili, S.E. Smrekar,<br />
S.M. Milkovich, D.C. Nunes, B.A. Campbell,<br />
L.M. Carter, J.W. Holt, R. Seu and R. Orosei.<br />
“Subsurface Structure of the South Polar<br />
Layered Deposits, Mars.” Paper presented<br />
at the 40th Lunar and Planetary Science<br />
Conference, The Woodlands, Texas, March<br />
2009.<br />
Popelar, C.F. “Point-Counterpoint: Test to<br />
Failure vs. Model to Failure.” Paper presented<br />
at the FDA/NIH/NSF Workshop on<br />
Computer Methods for Cardiovascular<br />
Devices, Rockville, Md., June 2009.<br />
PourArsalan, M., L.W. Townsend, N.<br />
Schwadron, K. Kozarev, M.A. Dayeh and<br />
M.I. Desai. “Organ Dose and Organ Dose<br />
Equivalent Rate: Calculations from October<br />
26, 2003 Solar Energetic Particle (SEP)<br />
Event using Earth-Moon-Mars Radiation<br />
Environment Module (EMMREM).” Paper<br />
presented at the Health Physics Society<br />
(HPS) 54th Annual Meeting, Minneapolis,<br />
Minn., July 2009.<br />
Prikryl, J.D., R.N. McGinnis and R.T.<br />
Green. “Characterization of Karst Solutional<br />
Features Using High-Resolution Electrical<br />
Resistivity Surveys.” Paper presented at<br />
the 15th International Congress of Speleology<br />
(ICS 2009), Kerrville, Texas, July 2009.<br />
Puchot, A.R., C.E. Duffer, A.C. Cobb and<br />
G.M. Light. “Recent Innovations Using<br />
Magnetostrictive Sensors for Nondestructive<br />
Evaluation.” Paper presented at the<br />
SPIE Smart Structures/NDE, San Diego,<br />
March 2009.<br />
Puchot, A.R., C.E. Duffer, A.C. Cobb and<br />
G.M. Light. “Use of Magnetostrictive Sensor<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> for Inspecting Tank Bottom<br />
Floors.” Paper presented at the ASNT Fall<br />
Conference and Quality Testing Show, Columbus,<br />
Ohio, October 2009.<br />
Putzig, N.E., R.J. Phillips, J.W. Head, M.T.<br />
Mellon, B.A. Campbell, A.F. Egan, J.J. Plaut<br />
and L.M. Carter. “Shallow Radar Soundings<br />
of the Northern Lowlands of Mars.” Paper<br />
presented at the 2009 Geological Society of<br />
America Annual Meeting, Portland, Ore.,<br />
October 2009.<br />
26<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
Te c h n i c a l Sta f f Activities<br />
Putzig, N.E., R.J. Phillips, J.W. Head,<br />
M.T. Mellon, B.A. Campbell, A.F. Egan,<br />
J.J. Plaut, L.M. Carter and the SHARAD<br />
Team. “Do Shallow Radar Soundings<br />
Reveal Possible Near-Surface Layering<br />
Throughout the Northern Lowlands of<br />
Mars?” Paper presented at the 40th Lunar<br />
and Planetary Science Conference,<br />
The Woodlands, Texas, March 2009.<br />
Putzig, N.E., R.J. Phillips, R. Seu, D. Biccari,<br />
A. Safaeinili, J.W. Holt, J.J. Plaut,<br />
A.F. Egan, et al. “Subsurface Structure<br />
of Planum Boreum on Mars from Shallow<br />
Radar (SHARAD) Soundings.” Paper<br />
presented at the American Geophysical<br />
Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco, December<br />
2008.<br />
Rafferty, W.J. “TMAC-South Central at<br />
<strong>Southwest</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> Partners<br />
with CPS Energy and the Environmental<br />
Protection Agency to Help Implement<br />
the Nation’s First Energy Efficiency<br />
Program for Mid-Size Manufacturers.”<br />
Paper presented at the Southern Folger<br />
Detention Equipment Center, San Antonio,<br />
July 2009.<br />
Redfield, J.B. “Future of Transportation,<br />
Will It Be Green?” Paper presented at<br />
John Jay Science and Engineering Academy,<br />
Distinguished Lecture Series, San<br />
Antonio, September 2009.<br />
Redfield, J.B. “Residential PV: Is Not<br />
Equal to Max Energy.” Paper presented<br />
at the IEEE Solar <strong>Technology</strong> Workshop,<br />
Austin, Texas, September 2009.<br />
Reinhart, T.E. “Low Noise Off-Road<br />
Recreational Vehicles.” Paper presented<br />
at the Council of the Academies of Engineering<br />
and Technological Sciences<br />
(CAETS) as part of Inter-Noise 2009 Conference,<br />
Ottawa, Canada, August 2009.<br />
Retherford, K.D., S.A. Stern, D.C. Slater,<br />
G.R. Gladstone, M.W. Davis, J.W. Parker,<br />
A.J. Steffl, T.K. Greathouse, N.J. Cunningham<br />
and J.R. Spencer. “Ultraviolet Spectrograph<br />
Concepts for the Outer Planet<br />
Flagship Mission.” Paper presented at<br />
the 40th Division for Planetary Science<br />
Meeting, Ithaca, N.Y., October 2008.<br />
Retherford, K.D., S.A. Stern, D.C. Slater,<br />
G.R. Gladstone, M.W. Davis, J.W. Parker,<br />
M.H. Versteeg, A.J. Steffl, T.K. Greathouse<br />
and N.J. Cunningham. “SwRI’s ‘Alice’ Line<br />
of Ultraviolet Spectrographs.” Paper presented<br />
at the 2009 SPIE Exhibition, San Diego,<br />
August 2009.<br />
Riha, D.S., R.C. McClung and J.M. McFarland.<br />
“Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics<br />
Guidelines and Templates.” Paper presented<br />
at the International Conference<br />
on Structural Safety and Reliability (ICOS-<br />
SAR), Osaka, Japan, September 2009.<br />
Roth, L., J. Saur, K.D. Retherford, J.R. Spencer<br />
and D.F. Strobel. “Modeling the Interaction<br />
of Io’s Atmosphere-Ionosphere with<br />
the Jovian Magnetosphere Including the<br />
Moon’s Auroral Emission.” Paper presented<br />
at the Magnetospheres of the Outer Planets<br />
Meeting, Cologne, Germany, July 2009.<br />
Ruff, S.W. and V.E. Hamilton. “New Insights<br />
into the Nature of Mineralogic Alteration<br />
on Mars from Orbiter, Rover and Laboratory<br />
Data.” Paper presented at the 40th<br />
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,<br />
Houston, March 2009.<br />
Saur, J., P.D. Feldman, D.F. Strobel, K.D. Retherford,<br />
J.C. Gerard, D. Grodent, L. Roth<br />
and N. Schilling. “HST Observations of Europa’s<br />
Atmospheric Ultraviolet Emission.”<br />
Paper presented at the Magnetospheres of<br />
the Outer Planets Meeting, Cologne, Germany,<br />
July 2009.<br />
Saylor, K.J., P.B. Wood, W.A. Malatesta and<br />
B.A. Abbott. “TENA Performance in a Telemetry<br />
Network System.” Paper presented<br />
at the International Telemetering Conference,<br />
Las Vegas, October 2009.<br />
Sillanpää, I., D.T. Young, F. Crary, E. Kallio<br />
and R. Jarvinen. “Composition of Titan’s<br />
Wake – CAPS Study.” Paper presented at<br />
the Magnetospheres of Outer Planets<br />
Conference, Cologne, Germany, July 2009,<br />
and at the European Planetary Science<br />
Congress, Potsdam, Germany, September<br />
2009.<br />
Smith, L.G., D. Cope and H. Millwater. “Probabilistic<br />
Risk Assessment for Determining<br />
Critical Locations for Structural Health<br />
Monitoring.” Paper presented at the Integrated<br />
Structural Health Management<br />
Conference, Covington, Ky., August 2009.<br />
Steffl, A.J., F. Bagenal, M. Desroche, D.K.<br />
Haggerty, G.R. Gladstone, J.W. Parker, K.D.<br />
Retherford and S.A. Stern. “MeV Electrons<br />
in the Jovian Magnetosphere Detected by<br />
the Alice Ultraviolet Spectrograph Aboard<br />
New Horizons.” Paper presented at the<br />
Magnetospheres of the Outer Planets<br />
Meeting, Cologne, Germany, July 2009.<br />
Steffl, A.J., F. Bagenal, M.H. Burger, P.A.<br />
Delamere, G.R. Gladstone, J.W. Parker, K.D.<br />
Retherford and S.A. Stern. “The View of<br />
the Io Plasma Torus from Cassini and New<br />
Horizons.” Paper presented at the Magnetospheres<br />
of the Outer Planets Meeting,<br />
Cologne, Germany, July 2009.<br />
Stone, J.M. “Selection of Integrated Circuits<br />
for Space Systems — Programmatic<br />
Aspects Overview.” Paper presented at the<br />
2009 IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects<br />
Conference, Quebec City, July 2009.<br />
Surampudi, B., A. Nedungadi, G. Ostrowski<br />
and A. Montemayor. “Design and<br />
Control Considerations for a Series Heavy<br />
Duty Hybrid Hydraulic Vehicle.” Paper<br />
presented at the SAE Fuel and Lubricants<br />
Meeting, San Antonio, November 2009.<br />
Thomsen, M.L., P.N. Clark, K. Grube and<br />
L.G. Smith. “The A-10 Service Requirement<br />
Extension.” Paper presented at the USAF<br />
Aircraft Structural Integrity Program Conference,<br />
San Antonio, December 2008.<br />
Thwing, C.J. “Monitoring of F-16 CSC<br />
Laminated Bonded Repair of Bulkhead 479<br />
Using Magnetostrictive Sensor <strong>Technology</strong>.”<br />
Presented at the 2009 F-16 ASIP Trade<br />
Show, Fort Worth, Texas, June 2009.<br />
Wiedenbeck, M.E., G.M. Mason, R. Gomez-<br />
Herrero, D. Haggerty, N.V. Nitta, C.M.S.<br />
Cohen, E.E. Chollet, A.C. Cummings, R.A.<br />
Leske, R.A. Mewaldt, E.C. Stone, T.T. von<br />
Rosenvinge, R. Müller-Mellin, M.I. Desai<br />
and U. Mall. “Multipoint Observations of<br />
3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Events Using<br />
STEREO and ACE.” Paper presented at<br />
the 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference,<br />
Lódz, Poland, July 2009.<br />
Young, L.A. “Characterization and Evolution<br />
of Distant Planetary Atmospheres using<br />
Stellar Occultations.” Paper presented<br />
at the Third European Planetary Science<br />
Congress, Munster, Germany,<br />
September 2008.<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009<br />
27
Internal <strong>Research</strong><br />
Araujo, M. “Investigation of the Impact of<br />
Encryption Devices on the Performance of<br />
High-Data Rate, Low-Latency, Multicasting<br />
Networks.”<br />
Ballew, M. “Investigation of Model-Based<br />
Diagnostic Methods.”<br />
Basu, D., J. Stamatakos, R. Janetzke and S.<br />
Green. “Fluid-Dynamics Based Analysis of<br />
Landslides, Debris Flow, and Liquefaction-<br />
Induced Ground Displacement for Hazard<br />
Assessment.”<br />
Burkhardt, G. and J. Fisher. “Investigation<br />
of Conformable Eddy Current Probes<br />
for Inspection of Complex Geometry<br />
Structures.”<br />
Chell, G., Y.-D. Lee, W. Liang and V.<br />
Bhamidipati. “High-Strain, Multiaxial Stress<br />
and Non-Proportional Load Investigations<br />
for Cracked Pipes.”<br />
Chiang, K. and L. Yang. “Development of<br />
Distributed Node Electrodes for Corrosion<br />
Monitoring of Concrete Rebars.”<br />
Das, K., T. Mintz and S. Green. “Numerical<br />
Simulation of Multiphase-Flow-Enhanced<br />
Erosion-Corrosion Problems.”<br />
Dickinson, J. “Exploring the Viability of<br />
a Single-Board, Ultra-High Density Non-<br />
Volatile Mass Memory and Data Formatting<br />
Solution for Critical Space Applications.”<br />
Dinwiddie, C., G. Walter, M. Necsoiu, R.<br />
Green, D. Sims, S. Painter, S. Stothoff, A. Sun<br />
and O. Osidele. “Concept Study for a NASA<br />
Earth Venture-1 Airborne Investigation to<br />
Quantify the Stream Channel Component<br />
of Arid Land Recharge.”<br />
Dykes, S. “Security for the Common Man.”<br />
Fenske, R. and M. Grantz. “Multi-Scale<br />
Multivariate Outlier Detection for Energy<br />
Detection.”<br />
Howard, T., C. DeForest and K. Neal.<br />
“Concept Development for a Ground Radio<br />
Array for Space Weather Monitoring and<br />
Forecasting.”<br />
Ibarra, L., B. Dasgupta and K. Chiang. “Effect<br />
of Aging Concrete on Seismic Performance<br />
of Shear Wall Structures.”<br />
Te c h n i c a l Sta f f Activities<br />
Moore, M. and C. Meyer. “Advanced<br />
Situational Awareness Model and<br />
Visualization Environment.”<br />
Painter, S., W. Arensman and K. Pickens.<br />
“Development of Parallel Subsurface<br />
Multiphase flow Simulation Capability.”<br />
Pearcy, E., D. Turner, A. Glovan and D.<br />
Waiting. “Effects of Increased Atmospheric<br />
Carbon Dioxide on Environmental<br />
Transport of Radionuclides.”<br />
Rafkin, S., S. Anderson and K. Nowicki.<br />
“Capability Development of an Integrated<br />
Laser Hygrometer and Thermometer<br />
for In Situ Measurement in Planetary<br />
Atmospheres.”<br />
Ransom, D. and S. Green. “A Novel<br />
Approach for Improved Longitudinal<br />
Stability of Multi-Stage Launch Events.”<br />
Ray, C. and G. Bailey. “Design and<br />
Development of a Wet Clutch with Variable<br />
Cooling and Very Low Drag.”<br />
Sharp, J.M. and K. Holladay.<br />
“Determination of Thermal Properties for<br />
Structural Fire Modeling Using a Genetic<br />
Algorithm.”<br />
Walls, B. “A Power Efficient Avionics<br />
Architecture Tailored for Outer Planetary<br />
Missions Utilizing Next-Generation<br />
Advanced Stirling Radioisotope<br />
Generators.”<br />
Ward, B. “Dynamics of Discs and Planets.”<br />
Wilson, J. “Sharable Content Object Mass<br />
Transformation Proof of Concept.”<br />
Workman, M. and K. Kreder. “Investigation<br />
into Idle Reduction Technologies Using<br />
Intelligent Traffic Signal Controller<br />
Algorithms.”<br />
Wurpts, M. “Proof-of-Concept Web<br />
Services Interface for the Generalized<br />
Operations Simulation Environment.”<br />
Zhan, R. “Performance and Durability<br />
Study of the Particulate Oxidation Catalyst<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> — A Joint Program Between<br />
SwRI and SwARC.”<br />
Patents<br />
Alger, T.F. “Measurement of CN<br />
Emissions from Engine Spark Igniter for<br />
Characterization of Spark Igniter Energy.”<br />
U.S. Patent No. 7,528,607. May 2009.<br />
Alger, T.F. and B.W. Mangold. “Flexible<br />
Fuel Engines with Exhaust Gas<br />
Recirculation for Improved Engine<br />
Efficiency.” U.S. Patent No. 7,487,766.<br />
February 2009.<br />
Cerwin, S.A. “Signal Processing Methods<br />
for Ground Penetrating Radar from<br />
Elevated Platforms.” U.S. Patent No.<br />
7,528,762. May 2009.<br />
Couvillion, W.C. Jr., R. Lopez and J. Ling.<br />
“Virtual Reality System Locomotion<br />
Interface Utilizing a Pressure-Sensing<br />
Mat Attached to Movable Base<br />
Structure.” U.S. Patent No. 7,520,836. April<br />
2009.<br />
Dodge, L.G. and P.H. Kunkel. “System and<br />
Method for Dispensing an Aqueous Urea<br />
Solution into an Exhaust Gas Stream.”<br />
U.S. Patent No. 7,497,077. March 2009.<br />
Pilcher, M.E. Jr., B.E. Campion and<br />
B.A. Abbott. “Wireless System Using<br />
Continuous Wave Phase Measurement<br />
for High-Precision Distance<br />
Measurement.” U.S. Patent No. 7,504,992.<br />
March 2009.<br />
Wang, J. “Air Fraction Estimation for<br />
Internal Combustion Engines with Dual-<br />
Loop EGR Systems.” U.S. Patent No.<br />
7,512,479. March 2009.<br />
Webb, C.C. and C.A. Sharp. “NOx<br />
Augmentation in Exhaust Gas Simulation<br />
System.” U.S. Patent No. 7,550,126. June<br />
2009.<br />
Wei, R. “Magnetron Sputtering Apparatus<br />
and Method for Depositing a Coating<br />
Using Same.”U.S. Patent No. 7,520,965.<br />
April 2009.<br />
28<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009
RECENT Recent FEATURES Fea-<br />
Going Green (Summer 2009)<br />
David L. Ransom, P.E., and J. Jeffrey Moore, Ph.D.<br />
SwRI engineers design, build and test a<br />
prototype wind turbine array.<br />
Hybrids in Our Future (Summer 2009)<br />
Joe Redfield<br />
The manager of SwRI’s Advanced Vehicle<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> Section discusses the future of hybrid<br />
vehicles and their role in our transportation energy<br />
future.<br />
Before the Fall (Summer 2009)<br />
Michael P. Rigney, Ph.D.<br />
An SwRI-developed monitoring system helps<br />
nursing homes prevent patients from attempting<br />
to exit their beds without assistance.<br />
Reading the Rocks (Summer 2009)<br />
Jorge O. Parra, Ph.D., and Dawn Domaschk<br />
SwRI geophysicists have created a new algorithm that uses cross-dipole sonic<br />
data to estimate formation properties around the borehole.<br />
Model Behavior (Spring 2009)<br />
Gordon Johnson, Ph.D.<br />
SwRI researchers are developing an advanced computer code to simulate highvelocity<br />
impact.<br />
Designing a Unique Lab for Advanced Military Vehicles (Spring 2009)<br />
Michael Kluger and Felt A. Mounce<br />
A new Army facility will support the warfighter with next-generation ground<br />
vehicles.<br />
Countering Cosmic Collisions (Spring 2009)<br />
Walter F. Huebner, Ph.D., Wesley C. Patrick, Ph.D., and James D. Walker, Ph.D.<br />
Even relatively small space objects can cause damage to Earth.<br />
JETT Safety (Spring 2009)<br />
Matthew B. Ballew<br />
An SwRI-developed trending tool helps analyze jet engine performance data.<br />
Depainting By Numbers (Winter 2008)<br />
Dan H. Weissling<br />
An SwRI-developed robotic system removes coatings from off-airframe<br />
components of military aircraft.<br />
New Materials, New Methods (Winter 2008)<br />
Kwai S. Chan, Ph.D., Michael A. Miller, Ph.D. and Wuwei Liang, Ph.D.<br />
SwRI researchers are using advanced computational tools to develop and<br />
analyze nanomaterials.<br />
Enhancing Our World’s Energy Supply (Winter 2008)<br />
J. Jeffrey Moore, Ph.D. and David l. Ransom, P.E.<br />
SwRI engineers are developing new technology for subsea natural gas<br />
production.<br />
Digging Into Simulation (Winter 2008)<br />
J. Brian Fisher<br />
An SwRI-developed simulator helps train excavator operators safely and<br />
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• INTERPHEX, New York; April 20-22, 2010<br />
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• Offshore <strong>Technology</strong> Conference, Houston;<br />
May 3-6, 2010<br />
• Multiphase Measurement Roundtable, San Antonio;<br />
May 6-7 2010<br />
• Aircraft Airworthiness and Sustainment Conference,<br />
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• 83rd Annual International School of Hydrocarbon<br />
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• WINDPOWER Conference and Exhibition, Chicago;<br />
May 23-26, 2010<br />
• ASME Turbo Expo, Glasgow, Scotland; June 14-18, 2010<br />
• Controlled Release Society Exposition, Portland, Ore.;<br />
July 10-14, 2010<br />
• <strong>Institute</strong> of Food Technologists, Chicago;<br />
July 17-21, 2010<br />
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<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> • Winter 2009 29
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