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for free market activity, appears to challenge the sustainability of a unique and separate Turkish-Cypriot economy in northern Cyprus, forcing it to rely heavily on niainland Turkish subsidies. 225
CHAFTER 5: Re-establishing economic growth after war; a short run story. Related issues It is important to consider the interplay of politics on the economie direction taken by the two communities as they began their regionally distinct economic life. The choices and direction of economic development, both contrasted and reflected politicai realities. In the short run, large numbers of Turkish-Cypriots displaced from the south were resettled in rural areas in the north and in agriculture, seemingly to consolidate Turkish military advances. Many rural Greek-Cypriots displaced from their farms in the north, were temporally settled in and around urban areas, where they increasingly found work in factories or on building sites, reflecting the desired impermanence of de facto changes. After the events of 1974, the Turkish-Cypriot leaderships' long term politicai aspirations had been achieved. Their main outstanding politicai objective was to consolidate; develop de jure from de facto status, for the separate and newly continuous région under their control. Effectively, the island's minority community now had access to abundant land and fixed capital resources 1 . Its subsequent policy of assimilating its displaced population to land and labour applications was as much to do with politicai as economic objectives. After 1974, politicai motives converged with attempts to stimulate economic growth in the areas under Turkish-Cypriot 1 Scott J. "Property Values; Ownership, Legitimacy and Land Markets in Northern Cyprus", in HannC.M. 1998. Property Relations: Renewing the Anthropological Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 147. 226
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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ABSTRACT This thesis examines the e
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Table Of Contents Page Change in ec
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List Of Figures 2.27 Revenue from t
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List Of Figures 5.25 Main destinati
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List Of Figures 7.8 The degree of o
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List Of Tables 6.7 All island, Gree
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This thesis will examine the econom
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Vassiliou's classic work 5 publishe
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As many questions raised by economi
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Figure 1.1 The structure of recent
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In terms of the topic of this thesi
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political landmark coincides with a
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were the mechanisms which encourage
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however, Chapter 5 concentrates on
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Defining the title The first priori
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such? Is northern Cyprus simply run
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unlike Greece in 1923, were already
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itself as having been literally und
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economic history, Christodoulou's s
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incurred as a resuit of eonfl ict.
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Christodoulou has concentrated his
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any credit for successful economic
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anking technology, administrative c
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(which usually has a regressive imp
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contribution did labour remittances
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having been inspired by Zetter's in
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econstruction also provided a means
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Conclusion In analysing the extent
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he drew distinct analogies with the
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in Cyprus. The main objective is a
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The war proved a watershed in many
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Uruguay, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago
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financial, property and business se
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By 1960 exports represented over 20
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Table 2.1 Domestic Exports FOB in 1
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the period (1960-73), the différen
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Figure 2.4 Principal exports as a p
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producing 12% of GDP. Tourism (rest
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considerably more than Turkey, whos
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income. Mining and quarrying (now m
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Figure 2.10 Principal exports as a
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Figure 2.12 The Destination of the
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Figure 2.14 Ambiguous indicators: T
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Figure 2.15 Sìze of manufacturing
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By 1980 the economy of the Republic
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The scale of the disruption in the
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Whether taking the optimists approa
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financing from financial markets pi
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grew rapidly. In the immediate afte
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One of the major problems facing th
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coming, only concerning policy make
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with particular bottlenecks affecti
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"We attributed this finding to the
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aiding the recovery from the coup a
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employment: rapidly rising real ear
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Until the intervention of public fi
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to pick the Republic of Cyprus as t
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of offshore companies registered in
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Figure 2.27 Revenue from the offsho
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Figure 2.29 The changing compositio
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The structure of the economy, the c
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CHAPTER 3. The foundations of Takis
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Famagusta enclaves would be over-ru
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The historical context of separate
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generally concentrated in the lower
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agreed Constitution. Seemingly Clar
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séparation of the communities bega
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UN. 37 Some additional supplies mus
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Seemingly, by 1970 the Nicosia encl
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was made on the basis of a fixed in
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derived from Turkish transfer payme
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Patrick has offered a more complica
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spare parts and maintenance materia
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Emphasising the growing divisions b
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Chamber, Rauf Denktash, said people
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Figure 3.2 Thepossible economic eff
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produced by them rises significantl
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Committee" was the area military co
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February 1975 the latter bodies set
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The first five-year pian, published
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CHAPTER 4. The construction of a Tu
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Whilst the Turkish-Cypriot leadersh
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of supply, and/or marketing, in key
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shipment of 2000 tons of foodstuffs
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Eti still operateci out of Nicosia,
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institutions in northern Cyprus amo
Page 175 and 176: with multipurpose co-operatives, a
Page 177 and 178: A few new co-operatives were formed
Page 179 and 180: loans. Savings Banks do have access
Page 181 and 182: espectively. The Famagusta branch w
Page 183 and 184: Cypriot) Government in the 1960s, t
Page 185 and 186: increasing costs 31 . This is perha
Page 187 and 188: packages imported raffinate, supply
Page 189 and 190: a monopoly respectively. Where ther
Page 191 and 192: Evkaf is an Islamic organisation fo
Page 193 and 194: Evkaf had a largely obscure economi
Page 195 and 196: Meanwhile a little noticed phenomen
Page 197 and 198: After the summer of 1974, the Turki
Page 199 and 200: monitored Ledra Place check-point,
Page 201 and 202: the early eighties, when Turkish ar
Page 203 and 204: Figure 4.3 Number of tourists from
Page 205 and 206: the situation that had existed prio
Page 207 and 208: stay arrivais or diminish with the
Page 209 and 210: competing with the longer establish
Page 211 and 212: flexibility of family business stru
Page 213 and 214: Ltd., Turkish-Cypriots eventually g
Page 215 and 216: dominateci by: textiles, footwear a
Page 217 and 218: force of national cohésion, change
Page 219 and 220: Figure 4.9 Main Citrus Exporters in
Page 221 and 222: Ismail Bozkurt (who secured 32.1% o
Page 223 and 224: Table 4.9 Citrus exports from north
Page 225: Ultimately the failure to act on pr
Page 229 and 230: prospects of their respective de fa
Page 231 and 232: Figure 5.1 Change in Cypriot GDP as
Page 233 and 234: {0 perceive the de facto situation
Page 235 and 236: Turkey maintains that her objective
Page 237 and 238: parliament during the unstable peri
Page 239 and 240: case study, he argues that given en
Page 241 and 242: Specifically, it is analysis of nat
Page 243 and 244: imports (Figure 5.5). The extent to
Page 245 and 246: (which includes the increasingly im
Page 247 and 248: If "a leading sector in the process
Page 249 and 250: Just to put minds at rest that manu
Page 251 and 252: encouraged private sector action, t
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5.13 Gross domestic fixed ca
Page 255 and 256: major economic force, one that was
Page 257 and 258: they account for around a third of
Page 259 and 260: dominates international transfer pa
Page 261 and 262: a "development resource" 54 , rathe
Page 263 and 264: able to spearhead a revival aided,
Page 265 and 266: path, policy objectives moved to co
Page 267 and 268: overwhelming dependence on a genera
Page 269 and 270: In the difficult times that followe
Page 271 and 272: independence from total Turkish fin
Page 273 and 274: Figure 5.20 Orange production as a
Page 275 and 276: e exchanged for new "TRNC" (or, as
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Unlike the vineyards where most of
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Although not important in the initi
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Having said this, constant improvem
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compensation arrangements in the no
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some of the labour intensive stages
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Figure 5.24 Proportion of citrus ex
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to treat exports from the whole of
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seem more politically motivateci an
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Figure 6.1 Percentage change in GNP
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initially. The more immediate probl
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historical phenomena (large externa
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It has been argued that if politics
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share of National Income to somethi
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Figure 6.6 Communal income in 1980,
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Selecting peers as proxies for pan-
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growth potential to Cyprus in 1960,
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was that compatible data should be
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Figure 6.9 Micro Economies; average
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Figure 6.11 Micro Economies; averag
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Figure 6.13 The level of government
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Figure 6.14 "More Developed Medìte
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Figure 6.17 "More DevelopedMediterr
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Cypriot growth rate, should not dis
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Figure 6.22 Structure of production
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Figure 6.26 Degree of openness in t
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economic growth 49 (variables 6-9:
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implication, developmental différe
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spectrum in 1980 at 38%. Perhaps le
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namely investment rates 54 (in phys
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instruments, the justification for
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Figure 6.28 Average annual growth i
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Figure 6.29 How Cyprusfared in 1980
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Figure 6.30 Total Cypriot income 19
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o.zö; may reveai someimng 01 ine e
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developments elsewhere. The relativ
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unified economy) of 1963, Cyprus is
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CHAPTER 7. Conclusion 348 Comparati
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Turkish-Cypriot economy stagnateci.
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So it is worth looking again at the
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stand out however, revealing enough
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Figure 7.3 Gross domestic investmen
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Figure 7.5 "TRNC netforeign trade a
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Figure 7.8 The degree of openness i
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control. There seems to be ampie ex
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The role of tourism in the economic
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seem to be able to grow in line wit
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Comparisons throughout this thesis
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The Cyprus Mail Hellenic Group. Nic
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I.M.F. International Financial Stat
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1982. Fourth Emergency Economic Act
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"Turkish Federated State of Kibris"
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leadership of the two communities o
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"administrations" and key economic
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Bicak, H.A. (June) 1990. "The Impac
Page 385 and 386:
Hudson, J. and Dyniotou-Jensen M. 1
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Mcdonald, R. 1989. The Problem of C
Page 389 and 390:
Solsten, E. (ed.) 1993. Cvprus: A c
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