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made share holders in this the dominant citrus exporter 83 , however, although at least one growers' association has been an active exporter from the northern Cypriot market (Guzelyurt Narenciyeciler Koop - which exported relatively significant quantities in the 91/92 and 92/93 season) this is not the dominant organisation at the marketing end of the citrus industry and was non-existent in the immediate aftermath of 1974. Some Turkish-Cypriot farmers were used to dealing with public sector organisations for marketing purposes (the Grain Commission), though most of the re-settled farmers in the citrus industry would have been part of an integrated co-operative marketing and production network. Producing oranges rather than grapes (a key Turkish-Cypriot economic activity before 1974), marketing through the public rather than the co-operative sector, made the transition less smooth than it first appeared 84 . Figure 5.21 Output per Hectare in northern Cyprus of orange & total citrus production in metric tornes, 1975-1990. 1975 Source: "Statistical Yearbooks", 1978-90 (Agriculture Section) "State" Planning Organisation, north Ntcosia. 83 Interview with Ozalp Sarica, op. cit. u ibid. 275
Unlike the vineyards where most of the new farmers carne from, working citrus orchards is more labour intensive. Vineyards have long dead periods, such as immediately after winter pruning; the vine's roots are deep, so many varieties cultivated in Cyprus did not need regular irrigation, if any. The two heavy work periods for the vineyard keeper are pruning and, above all, picking in August. Although some of the Turkish-Cypriot resettled labour carne from the Paphos hill regions which traditionally grew table grapes, demanding a fuller working year, the citrus orchards needed to be constantly tended, particularly after a period of neglect (summer of 1974 until late 1975, early '76). So even when the Morphou area had been re-populated there was much re-skilling necessary both to bring yields and particularly quality back to pre 1974 levels. Throughout the entire period quality suffered tremendously until at least 1977, the proportion of the crop falling into industrial class was rising and out-weighing that proportion of the crop destined for export though, as quality remained a problem, new markets were found for industrial class oranges 85 . Yields however did gradually improve (see Figure 5.21), though at the expense of the acreage under cultivation (see Figure 5.22). In the early stages, citrus growers sold at fixed prices mostly to the public sector company Cypruvex though periodically prívate sector companies, such as Sunzest, marketed a proportion of the crop. Prívate sector contractors collected the crop and delivered it to the exporter (Cypruvex or Sunzest) who packed it, marketed it and organised insurance and transport of the produce to the market, usually an export market. Citrus growers did however need cash advances to pay for inputs which they purchased either from local co-operatives or prívate merchants. So, acting much like a co-operative or marketing board, Cypruvex provided its growers with part of the valué of the current crop in advance, in which case the grower is contracted to sell a set quantity of a particular quality citrus product to Cypruvex. S5 ibid. 276
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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ABSTRACT This thesis examines the e
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Table Of Contents Page Change in ec
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List Of Figures 2.27 Revenue from t
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List Of Figures 5.25 Main destinati
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List Of Figures 7.8 The degree of o
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List Of Tables 6.7 All island, Gree
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This thesis will examine the econom
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Vassiliou's classic work 5 publishe
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As many questions raised by economi
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Figure 1.1 The structure of recent
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In terms of the topic of this thesi
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political landmark coincides with a
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were the mechanisms which encourage
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however, Chapter 5 concentrates on
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Defining the title The first priori
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such? Is northern Cyprus simply run
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unlike Greece in 1923, were already
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itself as having been literally und
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economic history, Christodoulou's s
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incurred as a resuit of eonfl ict.
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Christodoulou has concentrated his
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any credit for successful economic
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anking technology, administrative c
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(which usually has a regressive imp
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contribution did labour remittances
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having been inspired by Zetter's in
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econstruction also provided a means
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Conclusion In analysing the extent
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he drew distinct analogies with the
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in Cyprus. The main objective is a
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The war proved a watershed in many
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Uruguay, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago
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financial, property and business se
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By 1960 exports represented over 20
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Table 2.1 Domestic Exports FOB in 1
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the period (1960-73), the différen
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Figure 2.4 Principal exports as a p
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producing 12% of GDP. Tourism (rest
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considerably more than Turkey, whos
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income. Mining and quarrying (now m
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Figure 2.10 Principal exports as a
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Figure 2.12 The Destination of the
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Figure 2.14 Ambiguous indicators: T
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Figure 2.15 Sìze of manufacturing
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By 1980 the economy of the Republic
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The scale of the disruption in the
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Whether taking the optimists approa
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financing from financial markets pi
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grew rapidly. In the immediate afte
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One of the major problems facing th
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coming, only concerning policy make
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with particular bottlenecks affecti
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"We attributed this finding to the
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aiding the recovery from the coup a
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employment: rapidly rising real ear
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Until the intervention of public fi
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to pick the Republic of Cyprus as t
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of offshore companies registered in
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Figure 2.27 Revenue from the offsho
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Figure 2.29 The changing compositio
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The structure of the economy, the c
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CHAPTER 3. The foundations of Takis
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Famagusta enclaves would be over-ru
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The historical context of separate
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generally concentrated in the lower
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agreed Constitution. Seemingly Clar
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séparation of the communities bega
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UN. 37 Some additional supplies mus
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Seemingly, by 1970 the Nicosia encl
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was made on the basis of a fixed in
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derived from Turkish transfer payme
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Patrick has offered a more complica
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spare parts and maintenance materia
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Emphasising the growing divisions b
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Chamber, Rauf Denktash, said people
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Figure 3.2 Thepossible economic eff
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produced by them rises significantl
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Committee" was the area military co
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February 1975 the latter bodies set
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The first five-year pian, published
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CHAPTER 4. The construction of a Tu
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Whilst the Turkish-Cypriot leadersh
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of supply, and/or marketing, in key
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shipment of 2000 tons of foodstuffs
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Eti still operateci out of Nicosia,
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institutions in northern Cyprus amo
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with multipurpose co-operatives, a
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A few new co-operatives were formed
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loans. Savings Banks do have access
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espectively. The Famagusta branch w
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Cypriot) Government in the 1960s, t
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increasing costs 31 . This is perha
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packages imported raffinate, supply
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a monopoly respectively. Where ther
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Evkaf is an Islamic organisation fo
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Evkaf had a largely obscure economi
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Meanwhile a little noticed phenomen
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After the summer of 1974, the Turki
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monitored Ledra Place check-point,
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the early eighties, when Turkish ar
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Figure 4.3 Number of tourists from
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the situation that had existed prio
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stay arrivais or diminish with the
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competing with the longer establish
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flexibility of family business stru
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Ltd., Turkish-Cypriots eventually g
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dominateci by: textiles, footwear a
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force of national cohésion, change
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Figure 4.9 Main Citrus Exporters in
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Ismail Bozkurt (who secured 32.1% o
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Table 4.9 Citrus exports from north
Page 225 and 226: Ultimately the failure to act on pr
Page 227 and 228: CHAFTER 5: Re-establishing economic
Page 229 and 230: prospects of their respective de fa
Page 231 and 232: Figure 5.1 Change in Cypriot GDP as
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Page 235 and 236: Turkey maintains that her objective
Page 237 and 238: parliament during the unstable peri
Page 239 and 240: case study, he argues that given en
Page 241 and 242: Specifically, it is analysis of nat
Page 243 and 244: imports (Figure 5.5). The extent to
Page 245 and 246: (which includes the increasingly im
Page 247 and 248: If "a leading sector in the process
Page 249 and 250: Just to put minds at rest that manu
Page 251 and 252: encouraged private sector action, t
Page 253 and 254: Figure 5.13 Gross domestic fixed ca
Page 255 and 256: major economic force, one that was
Page 257 and 258: they account for around a third of
Page 259 and 260: dominates international transfer pa
Page 261 and 262: a "development resource" 54 , rathe
Page 263 and 264: able to spearhead a revival aided,
Page 265 and 266: path, policy objectives moved to co
Page 267 and 268: overwhelming dependence on a genera
Page 269 and 270: In the difficult times that followe
Page 271 and 272: independence from total Turkish fin
Page 273 and 274: Figure 5.20 Orange production as a
Page 275: e exchanged for new "TRNC" (or, as
Page 279 and 280: Although not important in the initi
Page 281 and 282: Having said this, constant improvem
Page 283 and 284: compensation arrangements in the no
Page 285 and 286: some of the labour intensive stages
Page 287 and 288: Figure 5.24 Proportion of citrus ex
Page 289 and 290: to treat exports from the whole of
Page 291 and 292: seem more politically motivateci an
Page 293 and 294: Figure 6.1 Percentage change in GNP
Page 295 and 296: initially. The more immediate probl
Page 297 and 298: historical phenomena (large externa
Page 299 and 300: It has been argued that if politics
Page 301 and 302: share of National Income to somethi
Page 303 and 304: Figure 6.6 Communal income in 1980,
Page 305 and 306: Selecting peers as proxies for pan-
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Page 311 and 312: Figure 6.9 Micro Economies; average
Page 313 and 314: Figure 6.11 Micro Economies; averag
Page 315 and 316: Figure 6.13 The level of government
Page 317 and 318: Figure 6.14 "More Developed Medìte
Page 319 and 320: Figure 6.17 "More DevelopedMediterr
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Page 323 and 324: Figure 6.22 Structure of production
Page 325 and 326: Figure 6.26 Degree of openness in t
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economic growth 49 (variables 6-9:
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implication, developmental différe
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spectrum in 1980 at 38%. Perhaps le
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namely investment rates 54 (in phys
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instruments, the justification for
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Figure 6.28 Average annual growth i
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Figure 6.29 How Cyprusfared in 1980
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Figure 6.30 Total Cypriot income 19
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o.zö; may reveai someimng 01 ine e
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developments elsewhere. The relativ
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unified economy) of 1963, Cyprus is
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CHAPTER 7. Conclusion 348 Comparati
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Turkish-Cypriot economy stagnateci.
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So it is worth looking again at the
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stand out however, revealing enough
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Figure 7.3 Gross domestic investmen
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Figure 7.5 "TRNC netforeign trade a
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Figure 7.8 The degree of openness i
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control. There seems to be ampie ex
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The role of tourism in the economic
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seem to be able to grow in line wit
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Comparisons throughout this thesis
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The Cyprus Mail Hellenic Group. Nic
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I.M.F. International Financial Stat
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1982. Fourth Emergency Economic Act
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"Turkish Federated State of Kibris"
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leadership of the two communities o
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"administrations" and key economic
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Bicak, H.A. (June) 1990. "The Impac
Page 385 and 386:
Hudson, J. and Dyniotou-Jensen M. 1
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Mcdonald, R. 1989. The Problem of C
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Solsten, E. (ed.) 1993. Cvprus: A c
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