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progressively absorbed into the wider Turkish economy. Whether either provide much of a springboard for sustainable economic development in the north, is something that has been questioned above. If sustainability simply means that current growth trends persisi into the future, there is no reason to doubt that the Turkish-Cypriot economy will continue to perform much as it has done. The size of the northern Cypriot economy and its very close relationship with Turkey (close to the extent that throughout the 1980s economic growth was almost identical, see Figure 6.9), means that regardless of policy and micro- economic performance on the island, economic growth rates are dépendent on décisions in Turkey. If however sustainability means the economic security of an independent Turkish-Cypriot economy, then it has yet to be achieved. Back in the 1960's, the CyprusMail quoted the Turkish-Cypriot newspaper Bozkurt as saying the Turkish-Cypriot "administration" had no say in Controlling exports, imports, monetary policy and issues, customs, prices and incomes, so could not claim state status and would not have such status unless it had control of these 2 . In most of these areas, very little changed following de facto division. Ail significant economic policy décisions affecting the Turkish-Cypriot economy are outside Turkish- Cypriot control. In the preceding pages, a comparative analysis of economic development in Cyprus has been constructed by comparing both the recent performance of the two de facto island économies with each other, and with various similar économies, across a range of key growth indicators. On the basis of those indicators, some unusual features of the Cypriot économies have come to light, which may raise questions about future sustainability. These may raise further questions as to how internationally competitive two competing and mutually hostile économies, on one small island, are likely to be. One unusual feature which came to light in comparative context, has already been mentioned: the rise in the Republic's level of international borrowing. 2 The Cyprus Mail, 5/11/1969. 350
So it is worth looking again at the key background indicator, per capita income (Figure 7.1). Initially in the north there appears to be a certain amount of catching-up, almost certainly the conséquence of the windfall gains discussed ab ove, and also the conséquence of growth from a very low base (also discussed above). When these phenomena were exhausted, Turkish-Cypriot per capita income feil absolutely, and subsequently its graduai rise is a fall relative to Greek-Cypriot per capita income, south oftheUN Buffer Zone. Figure 7.1 Per capita income in Cyprus 1975-1990, north & south ofthe UN Buffer Zone. $3,500 j C/3- Cfl $3,000 -- P t— as tH $2,500 -- 1 I $2,000 --
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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ABSTRACT This thesis examines the e
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Table Of Contents Page Change in ec
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List Of Figures 2.27 Revenue from t
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List Of Figures 5.25 Main destinati
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List Of Figures 7.8 The degree of o
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List Of Tables 6.7 All island, Gree
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This thesis will examine the econom
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Vassiliou's classic work 5 publishe
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As many questions raised by economi
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Figure 1.1 The structure of recent
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In terms of the topic of this thesi
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political landmark coincides with a
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were the mechanisms which encourage
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however, Chapter 5 concentrates on
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Defining the title The first priori
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such? Is northern Cyprus simply run
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unlike Greece in 1923, were already
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itself as having been literally und
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economic history, Christodoulou's s
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incurred as a resuit of eonfl ict.
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Christodoulou has concentrated his
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any credit for successful economic
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anking technology, administrative c
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(which usually has a regressive imp
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contribution did labour remittances
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having been inspired by Zetter's in
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econstruction also provided a means
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Conclusion In analysing the extent
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he drew distinct analogies with the
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in Cyprus. The main objective is a
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The war proved a watershed in many
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Uruguay, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago
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financial, property and business se
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By 1960 exports represented over 20
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Table 2.1 Domestic Exports FOB in 1
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the period (1960-73), the différen
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Figure 2.4 Principal exports as a p
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producing 12% of GDP. Tourism (rest
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considerably more than Turkey, whos
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income. Mining and quarrying (now m
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Figure 2.10 Principal exports as a
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Figure 2.12 The Destination of the
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Figure 2.14 Ambiguous indicators: T
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Figure 2.15 Sìze of manufacturing
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By 1980 the economy of the Republic
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The scale of the disruption in the
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Whether taking the optimists approa
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financing from financial markets pi
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grew rapidly. In the immediate afte
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One of the major problems facing th
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coming, only concerning policy make
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with particular bottlenecks affecti
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"We attributed this finding to the
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aiding the recovery from the coup a
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employment: rapidly rising real ear
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Until the intervention of public fi
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to pick the Republic of Cyprus as t
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of offshore companies registered in
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Figure 2.27 Revenue from the offsho
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Figure 2.29 The changing compositio
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The structure of the economy, the c
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CHAPTER 3. The foundations of Takis
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Famagusta enclaves would be over-ru
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The historical context of separate
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generally concentrated in the lower
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agreed Constitution. Seemingly Clar
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séparation of the communities bega
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UN. 37 Some additional supplies mus
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Seemingly, by 1970 the Nicosia encl
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was made on the basis of a fixed in
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derived from Turkish transfer payme
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Patrick has offered a more complica
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spare parts and maintenance materia
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Emphasising the growing divisions b
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Chamber, Rauf Denktash, said people
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Figure 3.2 Thepossible economic eff
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produced by them rises significantl
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Committee" was the area military co
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February 1975 the latter bodies set
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The first five-year pian, published
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CHAPTER 4. The construction of a Tu
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Whilst the Turkish-Cypriot leadersh
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of supply, and/or marketing, in key
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shipment of 2000 tons of foodstuffs
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Eti still operateci out of Nicosia,
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institutions in northern Cyprus amo
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with multipurpose co-operatives, a
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A few new co-operatives were formed
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loans. Savings Banks do have access
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espectively. The Famagusta branch w
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Cypriot) Government in the 1960s, t
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increasing costs 31 . This is perha
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packages imported raffinate, supply
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a monopoly respectively. Where ther
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Evkaf is an Islamic organisation fo
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Evkaf had a largely obscure economi
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Meanwhile a little noticed phenomen
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After the summer of 1974, the Turki
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monitored Ledra Place check-point,
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the early eighties, when Turkish ar
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Figure 4.3 Number of tourists from
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the situation that had existed prio
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stay arrivais or diminish with the
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competing with the longer establish
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flexibility of family business stru
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Ltd., Turkish-Cypriots eventually g
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dominateci by: textiles, footwear a
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force of national cohésion, change
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Figure 4.9 Main Citrus Exporters in
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Ismail Bozkurt (who secured 32.1% o
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Table 4.9 Citrus exports from north
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Ultimately the failure to act on pr
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CHAFTER 5: Re-establishing economic
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prospects of their respective de fa
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Figure 5.1 Change in Cypriot GDP as
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{0 perceive the de facto situation
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Turkey maintains that her objective
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parliament during the unstable peri
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case study, he argues that given en
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Specifically, it is analysis of nat
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imports (Figure 5.5). The extent to
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(which includes the increasingly im
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If "a leading sector in the process
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Just to put minds at rest that manu
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encouraged private sector action, t
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Figure 5.13 Gross domestic fixed ca
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major economic force, one that was
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they account for around a third of
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dominates international transfer pa
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a "development resource" 54 , rathe
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able to spearhead a revival aided,
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path, policy objectives moved to co
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overwhelming dependence on a genera
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In the difficult times that followe
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independence from total Turkish fin
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Figure 5.20 Orange production as a
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e exchanged for new "TRNC" (or, as
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Unlike the vineyards where most of
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Although not important in the initi
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Having said this, constant improvem
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compensation arrangements in the no
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some of the labour intensive stages
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Figure 5.24 Proportion of citrus ex
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to treat exports from the whole of
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seem more politically motivateci an
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Figure 6.1 Percentage change in GNP
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initially. The more immediate probl
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historical phenomena (large externa
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It has been argued that if politics
Page 301 and 302: share of National Income to somethi
Page 303 and 304: Figure 6.6 Communal income in 1980,
Page 305 and 306: Selecting peers as proxies for pan-
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Page 309 and 310: was that compatible data should be
Page 311 and 312: Figure 6.9 Micro Economies; average
Page 313 and 314: Figure 6.11 Micro Economies; averag
Page 315 and 316: Figure 6.13 The level of government
Page 317 and 318: Figure 6.14 "More Developed Medìte
Page 319 and 320: Figure 6.17 "More DevelopedMediterr
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Page 323 and 324: Figure 6.22 Structure of production
Page 325 and 326: Figure 6.26 Degree of openness in t
Page 327 and 328: economic growth 49 (variables 6-9:
Page 329 and 330: implication, developmental différe
Page 331 and 332: spectrum in 1980 at 38%. Perhaps le
Page 333 and 334: namely investment rates 54 (in phys
Page 335 and 336: instruments, the justification for
Page 337 and 338: Figure 6.28 Average annual growth i
Page 339 and 340: Figure 6.29 How Cyprusfared in 1980
Page 341 and 342: Figure 6.30 Total Cypriot income 19
Page 343 and 344: o.zö; may reveai someimng 01 ine e
Page 345 and 346: developments elsewhere. The relativ
Page 347 and 348: unified economy) of 1963, Cyprus is
Page 349 and 350: CHAPTER 7. Conclusion 348 Comparati
Page 351: Turkish-Cypriot economy stagnateci.
Page 355 and 356: stand out however, revealing enough
Page 357 and 358: Figure 7.3 Gross domestic investmen
Page 359 and 360: Figure 7.5 "TRNC netforeign trade a
Page 361 and 362: Figure 7.8 The degree of openness i
Page 363 and 364: control. There seems to be ampie ex
Page 365 and 366: The role of tourism in the economic
Page 367 and 368: seem to be able to grow in line wit
Page 369 and 370: Comparisons throughout this thesis
Page 371 and 372: The Cyprus Mail Hellenic Group. Nic
Page 373 and 374: I.M.F. International Financial Stat
Page 375 and 376: 1982. Fourth Emergency Economic Act
Page 377 and 378: "Turkish Federated State of Kibris"
Page 379 and 380: leadership of the two communities o
Page 381 and 382: "administrations" and key economic
Page 383 and 384: Bicak, H.A. (June) 1990. "The Impac
Page 385 and 386: Hudson, J. and Dyniotou-Jensen M. 1
Page 387 and 388: Mcdonald, R. 1989. The Problem of C
Page 389 and 390: Solsten, E. (ed.) 1993. Cvprus: A c
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