COST FP601 - FORMAN - Forest Management and the Water Cycle ...
COST FP601 - FORMAN - Forest Management and the Water Cycle ...
COST FP601 - FORMAN - Forest Management and the Water Cycle ...
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<strong>COST</strong> <strong>FP601</strong> - <strong>FORMAN</strong><br />
THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE WATERLOGGING DURATION<br />
IN LOWLAND HARDWOOD FORESTS PRIOR TO<br />
HYDROTECHNICAL AND FOREST MANAGERIAL ACTIVITIES<br />
BY USE OF MORPHOLOGY OF HYDROMORPHIC SOILS AND<br />
THE GROUNDWATER DATA SERIES<br />
Ivan Pilas, <strong>Forest</strong> Research Institute, Croatia
Pokupski bazen
Česma, Bolč-<br />
Velika
Turopoljski lug
Žutica
Žutica
Žutica
The research objectives:<br />
• To reconstruct soil waterlogging rate which<br />
ensure sustainable management of<br />
lowl<strong>and</strong> forests<br />
• To identify changes in waterlogging on<br />
sites influenced by forest management<br />
<strong>and</strong> hydrotechnical activities<br />
• To assess <strong>the</strong> different aspect of use of<br />
morphological properties of hydromorphic<br />
soils (relict indicators, transfer)
The research metods:<br />
• Ga<strong>the</strong>ring <strong>the</strong> groundwater data on piezometric stations:<br />
1,5 m<br />
Dubina u m<br />
0,5<br />
1,0<br />
P-7 P-2 P-1 P-0,5<br />
Betonsko<br />
punjenje<br />
Razina tla<br />
2,0<br />
3,0<br />
Tampon<br />
gline<br />
3,4 cm<br />
4,0<br />
5,0<br />
6,0<br />
Cijev od pocinčanog lima s perforacijama<br />
Šljunčani filter<br />
7,0
Pokupski bazen<br />
JA3<br />
JA4<br />
DR5<br />
DR6<br />
PI7<br />
PI8<br />
PI9<br />
DR10<br />
DR11<br />
DR12<br />
KA13<br />
KA14<br />
KA15<br />
1991<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
1996<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
1998<br />
1999<br />
2000<br />
2001<br />
2001<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
-600<br />
-500<br />
-400<br />
-300<br />
-200<br />
-100<br />
0<br />
100<br />
cm<br />
-600<br />
-500<br />
-400<br />
-300<br />
-200<br />
-100<br />
0<br />
100<br />
Česma<br />
K<br />
KC1<br />
I<br />
KC2<br />
KC3<br />
KC4<br />
KC5<br />
KC6<br />
KC7<br />
KC8<br />
KC9<br />
L<br />
M<br />
1991<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
1996<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
1998<br />
1999<br />
2000<br />
2001<br />
2001<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
-500<br />
-400<br />
-300<br />
-200<br />
-100<br />
0<br />
100<br />
cm<br />
-500<br />
-400<br />
-300<br />
-200<br />
-100<br />
0<br />
100<br />
Bolčanski lug - Velika<br />
KB1<br />
KB2<br />
KB3<br />
KB4<br />
KB5<br />
KL4<br />
KL5<br />
H<br />
1991<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
1996<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
1998<br />
1999<br />
2000<br />
2001<br />
2001<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
-600<br />
-500<br />
-400<br />
-300<br />
-200<br />
-100<br />
0<br />
100<br />
cm<br />
-600<br />
-500<br />
-400<br />
-300<br />
-200<br />
-100<br />
0<br />
100<br />
Varoški lug<br />
E<br />
F<br />
G<br />
KV1<br />
KV2<br />
KV3<br />
KV4<br />
1991<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
1996<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
1998<br />
1999<br />
2000<br />
2001<br />
2001<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
-450<br />
-400<br />
-350<br />
-300<br />
-250<br />
-200<br />
-150<br />
-100<br />
-50<br />
0<br />
50<br />
cm<br />
-450<br />
-400<br />
-350<br />
-300<br />
-250<br />
-200<br />
-150<br />
-100<br />
-50<br />
0<br />
50<br />
Turopoljski lug<br />
TL1<br />
TL2<br />
TL3<br />
TL4<br />
TL5<br />
TL6<br />
TL7<br />
1991<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
1996<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
1998<br />
1999<br />
2000<br />
2001<br />
2001<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
-600<br />
-500<br />
-400<br />
-300<br />
-200<br />
-100<br />
0<br />
100<br />
cm<br />
-600<br />
-500<br />
-400<br />
-300<br />
-200<br />
-100<br />
0<br />
100<br />
Žutica<br />
ZU1<br />
ZU2<br />
ZU3<br />
ZU4<br />
ZU5<br />
1991<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
1996<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
1998<br />
1999<br />
2000<br />
2001<br />
2001<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
-1200<br />
-1000<br />
-800<br />
-600<br />
-400<br />
-200<br />
0<br />
200<br />
cm<br />
-1200<br />
-1000<br />
-800<br />
-600<br />
-400<br />
-200<br />
0<br />
200<br />
Groundwater levels on 56 stations: 1990-2003
• Transformation of groundwater data to obtain yearly<br />
average waterlogging rate, WLR (percentage of<br />
saturation of soil layer at particular depth)<br />
WLR= Nx / Nt<br />
Nx – number of monthly average values above a particular soil depth<br />
Nt – total number of months in <strong>the</strong> 13-year period
• Obtaining soil morphological variables<br />
Redox<br />
concentrations<br />
Redox<br />
depletions<br />
-Soil augering, samples<br />
were taken from layers at<br />
every 10cm soil depth up<br />
to 200 cm in 3 repetitions,<br />
5 m distance from<br />
piezometer<br />
- Assessment of<br />
redoximorphic features in<br />
dry soil conditions under<br />
constant light
Sequences of iron depletion (Richardson & Daniels, 1993)
• Distribution of soil colour variables<br />
1800<br />
1600<br />
1400<br />
1200<br />
No. of obs.<br />
1000<br />
800<br />
600<br />
400<br />
200<br />
0<br />
10YR 2.5Y 5Y G2 G1<br />
Hue
• Prediction of WLR from soil color variables (Hue, Value, Redcon) <strong>and</strong><br />
soil layer using Generalized linear model (GLZ)<br />
Test of whole model sum of squares versus sum of squares of residuals using two modeling approaches<br />
Modeling approach<br />
Multiple<br />
R<br />
Multiple<br />
R²<br />
Sum of<br />
Squares<br />
Model<br />
Mean<br />
Squares<br />
Model<br />
Sum of<br />
Squares<br />
Residual<br />
Mean<br />
Squares<br />
Residual F p<br />
WLR (A) 0.483399 0.233675 467845.9 77974.32 1534280 457.5842 170.4043 0.00<br />
WLR (B) 0.662923 0.439467 879869.2 125695.6 1122257 334.8021 375.4325 0.00<br />
Univariate test of significance of WLR prediction using independent set of variables HUE, VALUE, REDCON<br />
<strong>and</strong> SOIL DEPTH<br />
Sum of<br />
Squares<br />
Degr. of<br />
Freedom<br />
Mean<br />
Squares F p<br />
Intercept 276176 1 276176.2 824.894 0.000000<br />
SOIL DEPTH 412023 1 412023.2 1230.647 0.000000<br />
VALUE 65487 1 65486.6 195.598 0.000000<br />
REDCON 9890 1 9889.5 29.538 0.000000<br />
HUE 65413 4 16353.2 48.844 0.000000<br />
Error 1122257 3352 334.8
• GLM predicted values <strong>and</strong> residuals
St<strong>and</strong> basal area (BA) in m 2 /ha on sites <strong>and</strong> hydromeliorative hydrographic network in Pokupsko<br />
basin <strong>and</strong> Cesma <strong>Forest</strong><br />
Relationship between st<strong>and</strong> basal area (BA) <strong>and</strong><br />
waterlogging residuals (resGLM) at 100cm depth<br />
Nonlinear relationship between D_HIDRO <strong>and</strong><br />
waterlogging residuals (resGLM) at 200 cm depth<br />
50<br />
30<br />
40<br />
20<br />
30<br />
10<br />
20<br />
resGLM200 = -25.0483+6.7037*log10(x)<br />
resGLM100 (cm)<br />
10<br />
0<br />
-10<br />
resGLM100 = 20.6491-0.8624*x; 0.95 Conf.Int.<br />
resGLM200 (cm)<br />
0<br />
-10<br />
-20<br />
-20<br />
-30<br />
-30<br />
-40<br />
-40<br />
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35<br />
BA (m 2 )<br />
-50<br />
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000<br />
D_HIDRO (m)
Spatial interpolation of residual waterlogging in percentages (resGLM) of sites in Pokupsko basin
Spatial interpolation of residual waterlogging in percentages (resGLM) of sites in Cesma forest
Spatial interpolation of residual waterlogging in percentages (resGLM) of sites in Turopoljski lug forest
Spatial interpolation of residual waterlogging in percentages (resGLM) of sites in Varoski lug forest
Spatial interpolation of residual waterlogging in percentages (resGLM) of sites in Zutica forest
• Visualisation of soil morphology (RGB overlays)
•Pedotransfer role of soil color: soil colour – soil properties<br />
pH (n-KCl) R 2 =0.61 pH (H 2<br />
O) R 2 =0.5<br />
Base saturation R 2 =0.7<br />
8,5<br />
pH(n-KCl)<br />
8,5<br />
pH(H 2 O)<br />
1200<br />
V %<br />
8,0<br />
7,5<br />
8,0<br />
7,5<br />
1000<br />
7,0<br />
7,0<br />
800<br />
Opažane vrijednosti<br />
6,5<br />
6,0<br />
5,5<br />
5,0<br />
opažane vrijednosti<br />
6,5<br />
6,0<br />
5,5<br />
Opažane vrijednosti<br />
600<br />
400<br />
4,5<br />
5,0<br />
200<br />
4,0<br />
3,5<br />
4,5<br />
4,0<br />
0<br />
3,0<br />
3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5<br />
Procijenjena vrijednosti<br />
95% pouzd.<br />
3,5<br />
4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5<br />
procijenjene vrijednosti<br />
95% pouzd.<br />
-200<br />
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200<br />
Procijenjene vrijednosti<br />
95% pouzd.<br />
Organic matter % R 2 =0.6<br />
Nitrogen (g/kg) R 2 =0.65<br />
140<br />
HUMUS %<br />
7<br />
N (g/kg)<br />
120<br />
6<br />
100<br />
5<br />
Opažane vrijednosti<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
Opažane vrijednosti<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
20<br />
1<br />
0<br />
0<br />
-20<br />
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120<br />
Procijenjene vrijednosti<br />
95% pouzd.<br />
-1<br />
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6<br />
Procijenjene vrijednosti<br />
95% pouzd.
Clay fraction (%) R 2<br />
=0.5 Bulk density (%) R 2<br />
=0.75<br />
90<br />
GLINA (%)<br />
80<br />
70<br />
Opažane vrijednosti<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65<br />
Procijenjene vrijednosti<br />
95% pouzd.<br />
Total porosity (%) R 2<br />
=0.5<br />
pF 0.15 MPa R 2<br />
=0.5<br />
80<br />
UKUPNA POROZNOST (vol%)<br />
34<br />
pF - 0.15 MPa (vol%)<br />
75<br />
32<br />
30<br />
70<br />
28<br />
Opažane vrijednosti<br />
65<br />
60<br />
55<br />
50<br />
Opažane vrijednosti<br />
26<br />
24<br />
22<br />
20<br />
18<br />
16<br />
45<br />
14<br />
40<br />
12<br />
10<br />
35<br />
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70<br />
Procijenjene vrijednosti<br />
95% pouzd.<br />
8<br />
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28<br />
Procijenjene vrijednosti<br />
95% pouzd.
•Clay content obtained from soil color