CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11 - Central Soil Salinity Research ...

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Annual Report
2010-2011
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
Karnal - 132 001 INDIA

Citation
Annual Report, 2010-2011, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, India
Edited by
D.K. Sharma, S.K. Gupta, Randhir Singh and Pradip Dey
Assistance
Madan Singh
Cover Photos
Institute Research Activities
Photography
D.B. Thapa
Published by
Director, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 India
Telephone : +91-184-2290501; Gram : Salinity; Fax: +91-184-2290480, 2292489
Email : director@cssri.ernet.in; Website : www.cssri.org
Printing
Intech Printing & Publishers
# 353, Ground Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132 001
Ph. 0184-4043541, 3292951, Email : jobs.ipp@gmail.com

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
PREFACE
Food and nutritional security of the ever increasing population calls for sustained productivity
from the limited land and water resources, which is further thwarted by the multiplicity of resource
degradation problems. Salt affected soils alone have assumed significant global dimension, as
about 1000 million ha area in more than hundred countries is affected by this menace. India, with
6.73 million ha of salt affected lands, suffers huge economic losses. Besides, rapid salinization and
sodication of land in the irrigated landscape is inflicting unacceptable environment damages. Poor
quality ground water, shrinking biological diversity and threat of the global climatic change have
added new dimensions to the already complex problem of rational management of soil and water in
salt affected environment. As such, we have to strive to develop technologies that are acceptable to
the farmers both in economic and the environment terms.
The year 2010-11 at CSSRI has been an eventful year, wherein we not only pursued the on-going
research programmes to develop cost-effective and eco-friendly technologies but also indulged in
thinking, discussing and planning new research agenda to ensure sustainable productivity in the
saline environment. Some of the significant research achievements for the year relate to: development
of decision support system for enhancing productivity in irrigated saline environment, utilization
of bio-sludge from the fertilizer industry for vegetables production, sustainable land and water
management in coastal eco-system, selection of salt-tolerant varieties of rice in Sundarbans through
PPP mode and technology of direct seeded rice under reclaimed sodic soils. The resource conservation
technologies being developed at the institute attracted large number of dignitaries and farmers from
far and near.
The newly constituted Research Advisory Committee (RAC) under the Chairmanship of
Dr. Pratap Narain, Former Vice-Chancellor of Rajasthan Agricultural University and Ex-Director
CAZRI, Jodhpur, met during October 22-23, 2010 to review the research programmes of the institute
and offered very valuable suggestions for future research agenda. Some of the researchable issues
identified by RAC included: development of technologies for groundwater recharge under saline
environment, bio-remediation and phyto-remediation measures to manage poor quality water
including waste waters, shifting the focus of multi-enterprise model to major enterprises in the context
of agro-social conditions, upgradation of monitoring and evaluation activities in phased manner,
reclamation and management of waterlogged sodic/saline soils and impact of climate change on
crops grown in salt affected environment. The newly constituted QRT under the chairmanship of
Dr. S.S. Khanna Former Advisor (Agriculture), Planning Commission, GoI, New Delhi also had its
first meeting on November 4, 2010 in the presence of Dr. A.K. Singh DDG (NRM) at New Delhi.
The second meeting was held during December 22-24, 2010 at CSSRI, where a comprehensive plan
was prepared to complete the task in a time bound manner. Staff Research Council meeting was
organized during December 6-10, 2010. The progress of each project was reviewed and new research
programmes formulated keeping in view the RAC recommendations.
The Kharif and Rabi Kisan Melas were organized. While Dr. R. S. Paroda, Former DG, ICAR and
Chairman, Haryana Kisan Aayog addressed the farmers in the Kharif Kisan Mela, Dr. N.K. Tyagi,
Member, ASRB, New Delhi addressed them during the Rabi Kisan Mela. Coinciding with the Rabi
mela, CSSRI organized the institute 42nd Foundation day on March 1, 2011. The foundation day
lecture on “Water for Food and Environment: An Overview” was delivered by Dr. N.K.Tyagi. He
also distributed the CSSRI excellence awards to the winners on this occasion. Besides, a number of
workshops/training programmes were organized during the year.
i

Preface CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
We had the privileges of welcoming a number of distinguished visitors, notable amongst them
being Dr. Robert S. Zeigler, Director General, IRRI, Philippines and Dr. Thomas Lumpkin, Director
General, CIMMYT, Mexico. They evinced keen interest in resource conservation technologies.
Dr. Paroda during his visit to the institute had a very fruitful meeting with the farmers’ representatives.
We utilized the presence of key national and international visitors in showcasing our research
achievements and discussing the on-going and future programmes.
CSSRI in recent times was quite handicapped in conducting field experiments as salt affected lands
under its control have been reclaimed. During the year, Government of Haryana approved the
leasing of land by Panchayat of the Nain village near Panipat. According to the agreement, 10.45 ha of
Panchayat land are leased to CSSRI for a period of 10 years.
Dr. R.S. Tripathi joined as Head, Division of Technology Evaluation and Transfer. Several colleagues
got promoted while several scientists, technical, administrative and supporting staff retired
from service after rendering valuable service to the institute. We congratulate those promoted
and wish happy and healthy retired life to the superannuated staff. Upon the superannuation of
Dr. Ram Ajore, Director (A) on 30.06.2010, Dr. S.K. Gupta worked as Director (A) up to 20.10.2010. I
place on record his significant contributions in the administrative and research set-up of the institute.
Dr. S. Ayyappan, Secretary, DARE and DG, ICAR decided to organize the ICAR Regional Committee
V Meeting and KVK’s interface meet at CSSRI, Karnal during January 10-11, 2011. The event could
be successfully organized with guidance from hon’ble DG, Dr. K.M.L. Pathak, DDG (AS) and with
active cooperation of the staff of the institute.
The institute received a number of awards from ICAR and other organizations during the year. The
institute was bestowed with the Sardar Patel Best Institute Award – 2009 by the Council. Ganesh
Sankar Vidhyarthi Puruskar was also given to the institute for its publication Krishi Kiran. Ministry
of Water Resource, Govt. of India awarded the institute for its outstanding research work on
groundwater recharge. Individual honors were bestowed upon several scientists of the institute in
the form of fellowships/gold medals. CSSRI excellence awards were also given in scientific, technical,
administrative and supporting categories. I congratulate all the award winners on their achievement
and wish them best for future advancement.
Institute made significant impact in promoting Hindi in all its programmes. The Institute hosted the
‘Rashtriya Krishi Vigyan Goshti’ to popularize research publications in Hindi. A city based workshop
on Hindi was also organized during the year.
The guidance and support received from Dr. S. Ayyappan, Secretary, DARE and DG, ICAR,
Dr. A.K. Singh DDG (NRM) and Dr. P.S. Minhas ADG (Soils and WM) is gratefully acknowledged.
Dr. S.K. Gupta, Sh. Randhir Singh and Dr. Pradip Dey, shared the major responsibility of synthesizing,
editing and getting the annual report printed. Dr. R.K. Yadav and Dr. R.L. Meena helped in Hindi
translation of the executive summary. I appreciate the efforts made by them and other colleagues
who provided the material for timely publication of the report.
I believe that the information cited in this report would provide readers some glimpses of the CSSRI
achievements during the year. I would be happy to receive any suggestions/comments from readers
for its improvement in future.
June 30, 2011
D.K. Sharma
Director
ii

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
CONTENTS
Preface
i-ii
lkjka'k 1
Executive Summary 8
Introduction 14
Research Achievements 19
Database on Salt Affected Soils 21
Reclamation and Management of Alkali Soils 26
Management of Water Logging/Saline Soils 41
Management of Marginal Quality Water 53
Crop Improvement for Salinity, Alkalinity and Waterlogging Stresses 57
Agroforestry in Salt Affected Soils 74
Reclamation and Management of Alkali Soils of Central and Eastern Gangatic Plains 79
Reclamation and Management of Salt Affected Vertisols 89
Reclamation and Management of Coastal Saline Soils 95
Aicrp on Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture 109
Technology Assessed and Transferred 117
General/ Miscellaneous 119
Trainings in India and Abroad 121
Deputation of Scientists Abroad 123
Awards and Recognitions 124
Linkages and Collaborations 126
List of Publications 128
Participation in Conference/Seminar/Symposium/Workshops 139
List of On-going Projects 141
Cosultancies, Patents and Commercialisation of Technologies 146
Institutional Activity 147
Workshop, Seminar, Training, Foundation Day and Kisan Mela Organised 151
List of Scientific, Technical and Administrative Personnel 159
CSSRI Staff Position 161
Weather Report 2010 162
Author Index 166
iii

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
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dh LFkkiuk yo.kxzLr e`nkvksa ,oa fuEu xq.koÙkk
okys ty ds lq/kkj rFkk —f’k esa mi;ksx lacaf/kr
vk/kkjHkwr ,oa O;ogkfjd vuqla/kku ,oa çca/ku gsrq
lu~ 1969 esa dh xbZA bl fo’k; ij vuqla/kku ds
fy, ;g laLFkku vUrjkZ’Vªh; Lrj ij fo[;kr ,d
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fd;k x;k gSA ns”k dh fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa yo.kxzLr e`nkvksa ds lq/kkj ,oa izca/ku rFkk fuEu
xq.koÙkk ty ds —f’k esa mi;ksx laca/kh ykHknk;d
rduhd fodflr djus esa dsUnzh; e`nk yo.krk
vuqla/kku laLFkku dk fo”ks’k ;ksxnku jgk gSA catj
tehu ds ekfyd xjhc fdlkuksa dh vkthfodk
lqj{kk ,oa thou Lrj lq/kkj ds jk’Vªh; tukns”k
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dk;ZØeksa esa HkwlosZ{k.k ,oa vko”;d iz;ksx”kkyk
ifj{k.kksa }kjk yo.kxzLr Hkwfe;ksa ds vkadM+s
,d= djuk] ftIle }kjk lq/kkjh xbZ e`nkvksa ds
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lalk/ku laj{k.k rduhd dk bu e`nkvksa ds izca/ku
gsrq leqfpr fodkl djuk] fuEu xq.koÙkk ty ds
—f’k esa mi;ksx ds fy, mfpr rduhd fodflr
djus] miyC/k ikuh ds cgqmÌs”kh; —f’k ds fofHkUu
?kVdksa esa leqfpr mi;ksx laca/kh rduhd dk
fodkl djuk rFkk bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy, mfpr
—f’k&okfudh] —f’k&ckxokuh o tSfod mipkj
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esa tykØkUr yo.kxzLr e`nk lq/kkj ,oa izcU/k] ty
fudkl dh o`gn ifj;kstukvksa dh fuxjkuh ,oa
ewY;kadu] yo.kksa vkSj ty larqyu ds {ks=h; ekWMy
cukus ,oa mudk mi;ksx] uydwi ty xq.koÙkk dh
fuxjkuh vkSj Hkwty iquHkZj.k rduhd laca/kh “kks/k
dk;ZØe pyk, tkrs gSaA Qly lq/kkj izHkkx esa /kku]
xsg¡w vkSj ljlksa dh vf/kd mit nsus okyh yo.k]
{kkj ,oa tyeXurk jks/kh ;k lgu”khy thu:iksa
dk ijEijkxr ,oa nwljh uohure rduhdksa
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fd;k tkrk gSA rduhd ewY;kadu ,oa çlkj izHkkx
dk dk;Z laLFkku }kjk fodflr rduhdksa dk
fdlkuksa rFkk vke tu ds thou;kiu] vkthfodk
lqj{kk] jkstxkj l`tu ,oa] xjhch mUewyu vkfn ij
izHkko dk ewY;kadu dj rnksijkUr bu rduhdksa
ds ckjs esa jk; dks laLFkku ds laKku esa ykuk gSA
fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh yo.kxzLr e`nkvksa
rFkk fuEu xq.koÙkk ty laca/kh fo”ks’k leL;kvksa ds
lek/kku dh fn”kk esa dk;ZØeksa ds fy, laLFkku
us rhu {ks=h; vuqla/kku dsUnz LFkkfir fd;s gSaA
leqnzrVh; yo.krk izcU/ku gsrq dsfuax VkÅu ¼if”pe
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ÅFkys Hkwty ifjfLFkfr okyh yo.k izHkkfor e`nk
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;g {ks=h; dsUnz LFkkfir fd;s x,s gSaA yo.kxzLr
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,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; lefUor ifj;kstuk Hkh laLFkku
ds eq[;ky; esa fLFkr gSA bl ifj;kstuk ds vUrZxr
iwjs ns”k ds fofHkUu —f’k ikfjfLFkfrdh {ks=ksa esa vkB
dsUnz] vkxjk ¼mÙkj çns”k½] ckiVyk ¼vkU/kz çns”k½]
chdkusj ¼jktLFkku½] xaxkoVh ¼dukZVd½] fglkj
¼gfj;k.k½] bankSj ¼e/; çns”k½] dkuiqj ¼mÙkj çns”k½
vkSj f=pqjkiYyh ¼rfeyukMw½ esa dk;Zjr gSaA laLFkku
dh o’kZ 2010&11 dh izeq[k miyfC/k;ksa dk laf{kIr
fooj.k fuEukuqlkj gSA
/kku&xsgw¡ Qly i¼fr esa lalk/ku laj{k.k rduhsd
fla/kq&xaxk ds eSnkuh {ks=ksa dh gYds xBu
okyh e`nkvksa esa yxkrkj /kku&xsgw¡ Qly pØ
viukus ds dkj.k çk—frd lalk/kuksa ij foifjr
çHkko gqvk gSA /kku&xsgw¡ Qly iz.kkyh dh
mit c

lkjka’k
CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
de tqrkbZ rFkk /kku ds vo”ks’k [ksr esa feykus
ds mijkUr dh xbZ gksA tcfd “kwU; tqrkbZ okys
[ksrksa esa xsgw¡ dh iSnkokj ¼5-54 Vu@gsDVs;j½ nwljs
LFkku ij jghA Qly vo”ks’kksa dks [ksr esa feykus
ls xsgw¡ dh iSnkokj esa 7 izfr”kr c

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
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[kkjfp;k esa tyeXurk ds izfr vPNh lgu”khyrk
ntZ dh xbZA Hkkjrh; ,oa vkLVªsfy;k dh xsgw¡
iztkfr;ksa esa tyeXurk ds izfr {kkjh; e`nk esa dkQh
fHkUurk ikbZ xbZA v/;;u ds nkSjku ik;k x;k
fd ihchMCyw 525@dsvkj,y 99 esa tyeXurk ,oa
jrqvk chekjh ds izfr dkQh lgu”khyrk gS rFkk bu
ij xgu v/;;u dh vko”;drk gSA
ukbVªks&bVhih bdkbZ ls fu"dkflr tSfod Lyt ,oa
mipkfjr vif'k"V dk ofVZlksy esa Qly mRiknu gsrq
mi;ksx
i;kZoj.k iznw’k.k ,d eq[; leL;k gS tksfd Rofjr
vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] “kgjhdj.k rFkk thou “kSyh esa
cnyko ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gSA vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ls
mRiUu Bksl ,oa rjy vo”ks’k Hkh i;kZoj.k çnw’k.k
ls tqM+h gqbZ gkfudkjd leL;kvksa dk dkj.k gSA
xqtjkr ueZnk oSyh QfVZykbTkj dEiuh] Hk:p dh
ukbVªks&bVhih bdkbZ ls mRiUu tSfod Lyt dk
Qly o`f) ,oa e`nk xq.kksa ij tSfod [kknksa ds
lkFk rqyukRed izHkko dk v/;;u djus ds fy,
laHkkoukvksa dh ryk”k dj mudh O;ogkfjdrk dh
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ds lkFk mi;ksx djus ij izHkko tkapus ds fy,
iz{ks= iz;ksx yxk;s x;sA ifj.kkeksa ls ;g Kkr
gqvk gS fd tSfod Lyt esa eq[; iks’kd rRoksa tSls
u=tu] QkLQksjl bR;kfn dh mifLFkfr ls dkj.k
;g ,d vkn”kZ oSdfYid iks’kd rRo lzksr gS tks
fd Qly dh vkaf”kd iks’kd rRoksa dh t:jrksa dks
iwjk djrh gSA v/;;u ls ;g fu’d’kZ fudyrk gS
fd tSfod Lyt dk mi;ksx e`nk xq.kksa dks c

lkjka’k
CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
izfr”kr½ cgqr gh de ik;h x;hA mPp Hkwfe n”kkvksa
eas o`{kksa dh Å¡pkbZ ,oa rus dk O;kl loksZre ik;k
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izdkj] mldh xq.koÙkk] vof/k] ck;ksekl mRiknu
o ikni yEckbZ vkfn Hkh lfEefyr Fks] ftUgksaus
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lqUnj ou {ks= esa izfrHkkxh fdLeksa dk pquko fofHkUu
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izHkko
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mÙke rjhdksa esa ls gSA blds dbZ ykHk gS tSls ykxr
de djuk] mit dks fLFkj cuk;s j[kuk] ykHk c

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
lkjka’k
ikfjfLFkfrdh ds orZeku ifjn`”;½ ij ,d jk’Vªh;
laxks’Bh dk vk;kstu dsysaxsVh] xksvk esa fd;k
x;k
• lesfdr ty çca/ku ,oa fuEu xq.koŸkk ty dk
—f’k esa mi;ksx ij 23 ls 30 uoEcj 2010 ds
nkSjku ,d vkB fnolh; ekWMy çf”k{k.k dk;ZØe
dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k ftlesa 10 jkT;ksa ds 21
vf/kdkfj;ksa us Hkkx fy;k
• —f’k esa fuEu xq.koŸkk ty ds mi;ksx ij 1
ls 14 fnlEcj 2010 ds nkSjku vÝks&,f”k;u
xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; ¼,,vkjMhvks½ ds lnL;
ns”kksa ds çfrHkkfx;ksa ds fy, ,d vUrjkZ’Vªh;
çf”k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA blesa
eysf”k;k] ;eu] lhfj;k] bjkd] vkseku] ekWjhll
,oa ckaXykns”k ds lkr çfrHkkfx;ksa us Hkkx fy;k
• fnlEcj 28] 2010 dks ikni fdLeksa ds cpko
,oa fdlkuks ds vf/kdkj ij ,d fdlku çf”k{k.k
,oa tkx:drk dk;ZØe dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k
ftlesa yxHkx 100 fdlkuksa ,oa oSKkfudksa us
Hkkx fy;kA\
• ekpZ 1] 2011 dks laLFkku dk 42ok¡ LFkkiuk
fnol euk;k x;kA bl fnol ij Ñf’k oSKkfud
p;u eaM+y ds lnL; MkWñ ,u- ds- R;kxh eq[;
vfrfFk ds :Ik esa mifLFkr jgs rFkk LFkkiuk
Hkk’k.k fn;k
[ksr izn'kZfu;k¡ vkSj Hkze.k
yo.kxzLr e`nkvksa dk lq/kkj rFkk —f’k esa [kkjs ikuh
dk mi;ksx ds lacaf/kr {ks=ksa esa 7 [ksr izn”kZfu;k¡
yxkbZ xbZA bu izn”kZfu;ksa esa fdlkuksa rFkk foLrkj
fo”ks’kKksa us çn”kZu LVkYl dk Hkze.k fd;k rFkk
laLFkku }kjk fodflr rduhfd;ksa ls çHkkfor gq;sA
o’kZ ds nkSjku laLFkku esa ns”k rFkk fons”k ls 716
fdlku 7 nyksa esa] 82 foLrkj dk;ZdrkZ 10 nyksa
esa] 489 —f’k Lukrd f”k{kkFkhZ 7 nyksa esa rFkk 10
oSKkfud 2 nyksa esa Hkkjr ,oa fons”k ls laLFkku dk
Hkze.k fd;kA
Hkkxhnkj fdlkuksa (LVsdgkWYMlZ) ds fy, ijke'kZ
lsok,¡
laLFkku }kjk ,d fu%”kqYd nqjHkk’k ¼18001801014½
lsok dk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gS ftlesa yo.kh;
,oa {kkjh; e`nkvksa ds lq/kkj ,oa çca/ku] fuEu
xq.koŸkk ty mi;ksx rFkk fofHkUu Qlyksa dh yo.k
lgu”khy çtkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa fdlku dh leL;kvksa
dk lek/kku nwjHkk’k ds ek/;e ls oSKkfudksa }kjk
fn;s tkrs gSaA
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eq[; laLFkku djuky esa lgHkkxh dk;ZØe
varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx
• ck;kslsQksj ck;kslSykbu ¼—f’k½ okfudh% yo.kh;
ijrh tehu dk uohuh—r ÅtkZ] tSo inkFkZ vkSj
pkjs ds mRiknu }kjk funkuA ¼;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u
}kjk izk;ksftr½
• /kku dh vtSfod ncko lgu”khy çtkfr;ksa dk
eq[; D;w Vh ,y ds lkFk lq[kk tyeXurk
,oa yo.k lgu”khy çtkfr;ksa dk ekjdj
¼Marker½ dh lgk;rk ls çtuuA ¼foKku ,oa
çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx] ubZ fnYyh&vkbZvkjvkjvkbZ
}kjk izk;ksftr½
• vÝhdk vkSj nf{k.k ,f”k;k ds xjhc fdlkuksa ds
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CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
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CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
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CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI),
Karnal, established in 1969, is a premier research
institute of international status involved in
conducting basic and applied researches on the
reclamation and management of salt affected
soils and use of poor quality water in agriculture.
Nearly 6.73 million hectare soils in India are salt
affected and categorised into two broad groups:
alkali and saline soils. CSSRI has played a vital
role in developing viable technologies for the
amelioration of saline and alkali soils and use of
poor quality irrigation water in different agroecological
regions of the country. With a national
mandate, the institute has played a crucial role in
improving the livelihood security of millions of
resource poor farmers owning degraded lands.
Recent estimates indicate that more than 1.85
million ha salt affected area has been reclaimed
which is contributing about 15 million tonnes
additional food grains to the central pool. Multidisciplinary
research programmes at the main
institute are conducted through four divisions.
The major activities of the Division of Soil and
Crop Management (DSCM) comprise of the
collection and compilation of database on salt
affected soils with adequate laboratory and
field work; development of technologies for the
optimal management of gypsum amended alkali
soils; development of resource conservation
technologies for reclaimed alkali soils; use of
saline and other poor quality water for crop
production, multiple use of water for multienterprize
agriculture and development and
promotion of agro-forestry systems in saline and
alkali soils besides phyto and bioremediation
approaches for salt affected soils and waters.
Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
(DIDE) is addressing the issues relating to
reclamation and management of waterlogged
saline soils, monitoring and evaluation of
large scale drainage projects, development and
application of regional salt and water balance
models, monitoring water quality of tube wells
and development of technologies for ground
water recharge. Division of Crop Improvement
(DCI) focusses on the development of high
yielding genotypes of rice, wheat and mustard
tolerant to salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging
stresses following conventional as well as
modern molecular, physiological and genetic
engineering approaches. The Division of
Technology Evaluation and Transfer (DTET) is
involved in providing feedback on the scope,
limitations and constraints and impact analyses
of institute technologies in terms of livelihood
security, employment generation and poverty
alleviation. To address the specific research
needs of different agro-climatic regions, the
institute has three Regional Research Stations
at Canning Town (West Bangal), Bharuch
(Gujarat) and Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) to
deal with the problems of coastal salinity, salt
affected vertisols and alkali soils of the central
and eastern Indo-Gangetic plains with high
water table, respectively. The Coordinating Unit
of AICRP on Management of Salt Affected Soils
and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture is also
located at the main institute and is functioning
through eight research centres at Agra (Uttar
Pradesh), Baptala (Andhra Pradesh), Bikaner
(Rajasthan), Gangawati (Karnataka), Hisar
(Haryana), Indore (Madhya Pradesh), Kanpur
(Uttar Pradesh) and Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu)
representing different agro-ecological regions of
the country. Significant research achievements
of the institute during 2010-11 are summarised
below:
Evaluation of resource conservation
technologies in rice–wheat cropping system
In the Indo-Gangetic plains, continuous ricewheat
cropping sequence in light textured soils
has weakened the natural resources. A long-term
experiment was initiated to address some of the
problems faced by the farmers in managing the
natural resources for increasing the rice-wheat
productivity. In rabi, the maximum yield of
wheat was recorded when wheat was sown in
reduced tillage with rice residue incorporation
(5.58 t ha -1 ) followed by zero tillage (5.54 t ha -1 ).
Residual effects of crop residue incorporation
increased the wheat grain yield by 7.0 per cent
8

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Executive summary
in conventional wheat sowing and 6.0 per cent
under reduced tillage cultivation. Sowing of
wheat in zero tillage in rice residue increased
the grain yields by 8.0 per cent in comparison to
wheat in zero tillage without residue. The results
revealed that crop residue incorporation or
retention increased the grain yields by improving
the soil health. During kharif season, the yield of
rice (cv.Ariz 6179) ranged from 5.5 to 8.6 t ha -1
in different treatments. The maximum yield was
obtained in conventional rice transplanting after
sesbania green manuring (8.6 t ha -1 ) followed by
conventional transplanting with wheat residue
incorporation (8.2 t ha -1 ). The maximum water
productivity was obtained in conventional rice
transplanting after sesbania green manuring (0.59
kg m -3 ). Maximum water saving of applied water
was recorded in direct seeded rice + sesbania (34.0
%) followed by direct seeded rice in different
treatments (29.0 %). The water saving in raised
bed transplanting was 21.0 per cent.
Efficient use of organic waste material as
mulching in maize-wheat cropping system in
reclaimed sodic soils
Performance of maize-wheat was evaluated
under various planting methods and mulching
with different waste materials. Planting method
did not have any effect on grain and straw yield
of wheat and maize crops. The productivity
of maize-wheat system was almost same (8.10
t ha -1 ) under flat and bed planting methods but
bed planting saved 24 per cent irrigation water
over flat planting. The grain yield of wheat was
significantly higher when mulching was done
with Jatropha (4.48 t ha -1 ) over no mulching (4.05 t
ha -1 ). In the case of maize, mulching with brassica
(4.18 t ha -1 ), sesbania (4.12 t ha -1 ) and Jatropha
(4.05 t ha -1 ) produced significantly higher grain
yield over no mulching (3.47 t ha -1 ). Mulching
registered higher water productivity than no
mulching in maize-wheat cropping system.
Microbial bioremediation of wastewater for
heavy metals
Biomass of microbes acts as adsorbent to
remove heavy metals from wastewater. The
ability to remove heavy metals from wastewater
varies greatly among microbes. Trichoderma
longibrachiatum showed higher Pb (80.50%)
removal capacity at 3 per cent inoculum size and
Cd (89.85%) and Ni (59.20%) removal capacity
at 2 per cent inoculum size. Bacilus cereus
showed higher Pb (55.90%) and Ni (40.75%)
removal capacity at 2.5 per cent inoculum size.
Bacilus sp. showed higher Cd (39.60%) removal
capacity at 0.5 per cent inoculum size from
nutrient broth containing 20 ppm of Cd. There
was higher removal of Cr, Cu and Ni from
industrial effluents by microbial consortium in
combination with press mud.
Effect of water and salinity stress on the
performance of tree species
Soil pH, water quality and irrigation schedules
did not influence the height, collar diameter
and total biomass of different tree species viz;
Prosopis alba, Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica,
Tamarix articulata, and Eucalyptus significantly
upto first six months. Thereafter, these growth
parameters varied significantly. After one
year of growth and development, irrigation
scheduled at IW/CPE ratio 1.0 and above
gave significantly higher collar diameter, total
biomass and height of different trees. Irrigation
with normal water recorded better growth
and developmental parameters as compared
to irrigation with saline water of 5 dS m -1 . No
significant differences were noticed in soil
organic carbon, NO 3
-N and NH 4
-N status of
the soils growing these trees. Growth and
development of Eucalyptus was influenced by
irrigation schedules and not by the water quality.
While predicting the salt dynamics through the
soil profiles, it was observed that the Gapon’s
selectivity coefficient performs far much better
than the other approaches in establishing the
ESR-SAR relationships through the soils of
varying pH and compositions. For predicting
the sodium dynamics through the soils columns
conceptual layer model performed better than
the mechanistic model.
Wheat improvement for waterlogging, salinity
and element toxicities
Waterlogging reduces the grain yield and
biomass in sodic soils. However, there was
9

Executive summary CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
differential response of waterlogging with
respect to different genotypes. The genotypes
KRL 3-4, KRL 99 and Kharchia 65 showed good
waterlogging tolerance in microplots as well
as under field conditions. Among Indian and
Australian genotypes, a lot of variability was
observed with respect to waterlogging tolerance
in sodic soils. Out of the three populations
studied in sodic soils, the performance of
PBW 525/KRL 99 was the best with respect to
phenotypic performance under waterlogging
and resistance to rusts. This population will be
advanced further as per modified sub surface
drainage protocol.
Using biological sludge from Nitro-ETP plant
and treated effluent for crop production on
vertisols
Environmental pollution is the major problem
associated with rapid industrialisation,
urbanisation and changing life styles.
Industrialisation also causes serious problems
relating to environmental pollution by
producing solid/liquid wastes. An attempt has
been made to explore and identify the feasibility
of using biological sludge generated from
Nitro-ETP plant of Gujarat Narmada Valley
Fertilizer Company, Bharuch in comparison
to organic manures (OM) and their effect on
crop performance and soil properties. Field
experiments were conducted with cowpea,
cluster bean, Amaranthus and okra to ascertain
the response of biological sludge alone and in
combination with organic manures viz; farm
yard manure (FYM) and vermi compost (VC).
The results showed that the biological sludge
due to the presence of important nutrients like
nitrogen, phosphorus etc. form ideal alternative
nutrient source that meet the partial nutrient
requirement of the crops. The studies revealed
that the use of biological sludge helped in
improving the soil properties.
Use of available brackish and fresh water in
the coastal areas for integrated cultivation of
crops and fishes
A study was undertaken to increase the crop
productivity and cropping intensity in the
coastal area through rainwater harvesting and
integrated crop-fish cultivation by utilizing
natural water resources. For this purpose, an
area of 2 ha at CSSRI, RRS, Canning town farm
was reshaped into five different land shaping
models namely Paddy-cum-fish (PCF), PCFbrackishwater
fishery, Farm pond, Deep ridge
and furrow, Shallow furrow and medium ridge.
Based on the experiments conducted during
2009-10, economics of various land shaping
models were calculated and the farm pond
model emerged as the most profitable land
shaping model with highest Benefit-Cost ratio
of 2.33 followed by paddy-cum-fish, deep ridge
and furrow ridge, shallow furrow and medium
ridge and paddy-cum-brackish water fish. All
the land shaping models generated higher net
returns over the control. Integrated crop-fish
cultivation through land shaping has substantial
scope in coastal agriculture. Besides, increasing
productivity of land and water, It increases
income of the farmers, provided irrigation
facility, resulted in reduction of salinity buildup
in soil and improved drainage condition.
Effect of waterlogging on tree species for agroforestry
system in coastal salt affected soils
Diversification of agriculture through
introduction of agroforestry systems in lowlying
salt affected areas may enhance the farm
income vis-a-vis livelihood security of the
farming communities of the coastal region.
However, growing of tree species in most of the
coastal land is quite impossible as it remains
waterlogged for 5 months during monsoon and
post-monsoon periods. Therefore, for growing
tree species, low-lying land was reshaped
to different heights under this experiment.
Seven tree species viz; Eucalyptus sp., Acacia
auriculiformis, Casuarina sp., Syzygium cumini,
Heritiera fomes, Brugeria gymnorhiza and
Xylocarpus mekongensis were evaluated for
their suitability under 4 waterlogged situations
(during Kharif ) viz; lowland (upto 50 cm
waterlogging), medium lowland (upto 25 cm
waterlogging), medium upland (5 cm above
water level) and upland (35 cm above water
level). Waterlogging during kharif season affected
the growth of all the tree species evaluated.
However, Syzygium, Casuarina, Heritieria and
Xylocarpus survived initially but died gradually
up to 4 th year of experiment under low land
10

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Executive summary
situation where continuous waterlogging
prevailed throughout the kharif season. Though
Acacia, Eucalyptus and Brugeria survived even in
5 th year of experimentation, their survival rate
was very low (20-30%). The height and diameter
of these tree species increased gradually from
low land to upland situations, the highest being
in upland situation.
Stress tolerant rice for poor farmers in coastal
region of West Bangal
Selection of salt tolerant rice varieties in
kharif season in coastal region was conducted
under participatory mode involving farmers,
farm women and scientists. Farmers showed
considerable wisdom in selection of varieties.
Choice of varieties was not driven by the yield
factor alone. Several other factors such as grain
type and quality, duration, straw yield and
plant height were also major factors influencing
selection of the rice varieties. Participatory
Varietal Selection was conducted at different
locations (Canning, Chandkhali, Nikarighata,
Nimpith and Koikhali) in Sundarbans region.
From the analysis, it was found that the most
preferred rice varieties were CSRC (S) 21-2-5-
B-1-1 and Gitanjali in kharif and Bidhan-2 and
Canning 7 in rabi season.
Economic impact of zero tillage technology in
reclaimed sodic soils
Zero tillage technology is probably one of the
best ways to reduce the cost of cultivation and
sustaining productivity of natural resources like
soil and water. It reduces input cost, sustains
yield, enhances profitability, improves soil
nutrients and offers benefits of retained surface
residues and reduced soil and water losses.
Results of the study, based on zero tillage
practice adopted at CSSRI farm during the
year 2009-10 for 11 crops, indicated that on an
average there was 40% saving of human labour,
60 % saving of machine power, 25 % saving
of irrigation water in zero as compared to
conventional tillage. On an average, there was
30 per cent reduction in the cost of cultivation
under zero tillage as compared to conventional
method of crop production.
Awards and recognition
• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR) has bestowed its prestigious Sadar
Patel Best Institute Award -2009 to the
Institute
• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR) has bestowed its prestigious Ganesh
Sankar Vidhyarthi Hindi Krishi Patrika
Pursakar–2009 to the magazine Krishi Kiran
(Vol. 3) published by CSSRI, Karnal
• The Institute has been bestowed with the
National Groundwater Augmentation Award
(2011) on Enhancement of Groundwater
Recharge and Water Productivity in
North West India by the Ministry of Water
Resources (Govt. of India).
Workshop, Seminar,Training, Foundation Day
and Kisan Mela organised
st
• 41 Foundation day of the Institute was
celebrated on August 18, 2010. Dr. B.
Mishra, Vice-Chancellor, Sher-e-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and
Technology, Jammu was the Chief Guest.
42 nd foundation day was also celebrated
on March 1, 2011. Dr. N.K. Tyagi, Member,
ASRB was the Chief Guest
• A kharif kisan mela on 8 th October, 2010 and rabi
kisan mela on March 1, 2011 was organized.
More than 1500 farmers and students
benefited from these melas. Seeds of different
crop varieties were sold during the melas
• Two days awareness programme for the
farmers of Palwal (Haryana) was organised
on Reclamation Technologies for Salt
Affected Soils during October 25-26, 2010.
Thirty farmers were participated in this
programme
• A National Symposium on Recent Outlook
on Sustainable Agriculture, Livelihood
Security and Ecology of Coastal Region’
was organized by The Indian Society of
Coastal Agricultural Research (ISCAR)
from October 27-30, 2010 at Calangute, Goa
11

Executive summary CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
in collaboration with Dr Balasaheb Sawant
Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Ratnagiri,
Dapoli, Maharashtra (Host University)
• A model training course on Integrated
Water Resources Management and Use
of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture for
Subject-Matter-Specialist/Officers of State
Development Departments was organized
from November 23-30, 2010. In this training,
21 officers from 10 states were participated
• International training programme on Use
of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture for
AARDO (Afro-Asian Rural Development
Organization) was organized from December
1-14, 2010. Seven delegates from Malaysia,
Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Oman, Mauritius, and
Bangladesh were participated
• A farmers training and awareness
programme on the Protection of Plant
Varieties and Farmers Right was organized
on December 28, 2010 in which about 100
farmers and scientists participated
Field exhibitions and visits
Seven exhibitions on reclamation and
management of salt affected soils and use of poor
quality waters in agriculture were organized.
Farmers and extension personnel visited the stalls
and acquainted themselves with technologies
developed by the Institute. During the year, 716
farmers in 17 groups, 82 extension personnel in
10 groups, 489 agriculture graduates in 7 groups
and 10 scientists in 2 groups from India and
abroad visited the Institute.
Advisory services to the stakeholders
A toll free telephone number 18001801014 is
in operation at the institute. Large number of
queries related to reclamation and management
of sodic and saline soils, use of poor quality
water and salt tolerant varieties of different
crops are being raised by the farmer. They are
being replied by the institute’s scientists.
National and International Collaborative
Projects
International Collaborations
• BIOSAFOR-BIOSALINE (AGRO)
FORESTRY: Remediation of saline
wastelands through production of
renewable energy, biomaterials and fodder
(Funded by European Union)
• Stress tolerant rice for poor farmers of Africa
and South Asia (Funded by IRRI-BMGF)
• Enhancing and stabilizing the productivity
of salt affected areas by incorporating
genes for tolerance of abiotic stresses in rice
(Funded by BMZ-IRRI)
• Wheat improvement for waterlogging,
salinity and element toxicities in Australia
and India (sponsored by ACIAR, Australia)
• Cereal systems initiative for South Asia
(CSISA) (sponsored by IRRI Philippines
and CIMMYT Mexico)
• Marker assisted breeding of abiotic stress
tolerant rice varieties with major QTL for
drought, submergence and salt tolerance
(DBT-India-IRRI)
National Collaborations
• Transgenics in crops-salinity tolerance
in rice: functional genomics component
(Funded by ICAR)
• Monitoring and evaluation of large-scale
subsurface drainage projects in the state of
Haryana( Funded by Haryana Operational
Pilot Project, DOA, Haryana)
• Development and evaluation of salt tolerant
transgenic rice (Funded by Department of
Bio-technology)
• Farmers’ participatory research on
enhancing groundwater recharge and water
productivity in North-West India (Funded
by Ministry of Water Resources, GOI)
• Control of waterlogging and salinity
through agroforestry interventions (Funded
by INCID)
• Multi-locational evaluation of bread wheat
germplasm (Funded by NBPGR)
• AMAAS-Application of micro-organism in
agriculture and allied sectors (Funded by
ICAR)
• Intellectual property management and
transfer/commercialization of agricultural
technology system (Funded by ICAR)
12

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Executive summary
• Development of spectral reflectance
methods and low cost sensors for real
time applications of variable rate inputs in
precision farming (Funded by NAIP)
• Network project on improvement of
salt tolerance in wheat using molecular
approach (DWR-CSSRI)
• Decision support system for enhancing
productivity in irrigated saline environment
using remote sensing modelling and GIS
(Funded by NAIP)
Collaborative programmes at Regional
Research Station, Canning Town
International Collaborations
• International collaborative programme on
testing rice germplasm for coastal salinity
(IRSSTN) with IRRI, Philippines
• Advanced cultures on rice for shallow
and deep water situations with IRRI,
Philippines
• IRRI-BMZ Project on incorporation of salt
tolerance gene in rice
National Collaborations
• Coastal salinity tolerant varietal trial
(CSTVT) with DRR, Hyderabad
• Strategies for sustainable management
of degraded coastal land and water for
enhancing livelihood security of farming
communities (NAIP GFF Funding )
Collaborative programmes at Regional
Research Station, Lucknow
International Collaborations
• Stress tolerant rice for poor farmers of Africa
and South Asia (Funded by IRRI-BMGF)
National Collaborations
• Holistic approach for improved livelihood
security through livestock based farming
system in Barabanki and Rai Bareily districts
of U.P. ( Funded by NAIP)
Collaborative programmes at Regional
Research Station, Bharuch
National Collaborations
• Feasibility study using biological sludge
from Nitro-ETP Plant and treated effluent
from Environmental Control Unit 1 of
GNFC for crop production on Vertisols
(GNVFC, Bharuch)
• Feasibility studies on the use of treated
effluent from Aniline-TDI Plant of GNFC
Unit II in diverse crop interventions on
Vertisols (GNVFC, Bharuch)
Consultancies and Contractual Research
The institute scientists conducted following
consultancies during theyear under report
• Subsurface drainage for heavy soils of
Maharashtra : CSSRI, Karnal- Rex-Poly
Extrusion Pvt. Ltd., Sangli, Maharashtra
• Feasiability study using biological sludge
from Nitro-ETP Plant and treated effluent
from environmental control unit 1 of GNFC
for crop production on vertisols : CSSRI,
RRS, Bharuch- The Gujarat Narmada Velley
Fertiliser Co. Ltd. Narmada Nagar, Bharuch,
Gujarat
• Feasiability studies on the use of treated
effluent from Aniline-TDI Plant of GNFC
Unit-11 in diverse crop interventions on
vertisols : CSSRI, RRS, Bharuch- The Gujarat
Narmada Velley Fertiliser Co. Ltd. Narmada
Nagar, Bharuch, Gujarat
Publications
The Institute scientists published 40 research
papers in peer reviewed journals, 35 book
chapters, 4 books, 9 bulletins/folders, 38 popular
articles besides 47 papers were presented in
seminar/symposia and conferences.
Scientists visits abroad, retired and joined
To upgrade the knowledge and skills, 12 scientists
of the institute visited different countries viz;
USA, Australia, Thailand, Canada, United
Kingdom, Tanzania, Brazil, Spain, Germany,
Bangladesh and Vietnam. Two scientists have
superannuated and 2 joined during the period
under report.
13

Introduction CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
INTRODUCTION
Historical Perspective
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI)
is a premier research institute dedicated to
pursue interdisciplinary research on salinity/
alkalinity management and use of poor quality
irrigation waters in different agro-ecological
zones of the country. The Govt. of India
constituted an Indo-American Team to assist
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to
develop a comprehensive water management
programme for the country. As a follow up
of these recommendations, it was decided to
establish the Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute under Fourth Plan period. The Institute
started functioning at Hisar (Haryana) on 1 st
March, 1969. Later on, it was decided to shift
this Institute to Karnal during October, 1969. In
February 1970, the Central Rice Research Station,
Canning Town, West Bengal was transferred to
CSSRI, Karnal to conduct research on problems
of coastal salinity. Another Regional Research
Station for carrying out research on problems
of inland salinity prevailing in the black soil
region of western parts of the country started
functioning at Anand (Gujarat) from February,
1989. As per recommendation of the QRT, the
station was shifted from Anand to Bharuch
in April 2003. Keeping in view the need of
undertaking research for situations under
surface drainage congestion, high water table
conditions, relatively heavy textured soils,
and indurated pan for managing alkali soils of
Central and Eastern Gangetic Plains, another
Regional Station was established during
October, 1999 at Lucknow. The Coordinating
Unit of AICRP on Management of Salt Affected
Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture
is located at the Institute with a network of
eight research centres located in different agroecological
regions of the country (Agra, Bapatala,
Bikaner, Gangawati, Hisar, Indore, Kanpur
and Tiruchirapalli). The Coordinating Unit of
AICRP on Water Management functioned at the
Institute from early seventies till it was shifted
to Rahuri (Maharastra) in 1990.
The Institute has grown into an internationally
recognised esteemed centre of excellence in
salinity research. Multidisciplinary research
activities at the main institute are being
strengthened through four research divisions.
The major research activities in the Division of
Soil and Crop Management include preparation
and digitization of database on salt affected
soils besides periodic assessment of state of
soil resources, developing technologies for the
optimal management of gypsum amended alkali
soils and the use of high RSC and saline waters for
crop production. In the post reclamation phase,
focus is on developing resource conservation
technologies and development of farming
system models for resource poor farmers. Agroforestry
on salt affected soils is another area of
focus besides the production and evaluation of
bio-fuel and bio-energy efficient plants from salt
affected soils. Development and propagation
of individual farmer based groundwater
recharge technologies, subsurface drainage for
amelioration of waterlogged saline soils and
decision support systems for ground water
contaminations are some of the major issues
being addressed in the Division of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering. Development of high
yielding genotypes of rice, wheat and mustard
tolerant to salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging
stresses by following conventional breeding and
modern molecular and physiological approaches
are the major concerns of the Division of Crop
Improvement. The Division of Technology
Evaluation and Transfer is studying constraints
in the adoption of land reclamation technologies
and their impact on rural development.
The Institute has developed technologies for
the reclamation of alkali soils with the addition
of chemical amendments, reclamation of saline
soils through subsurface drainage, development
and release of salt tolerant crop varieties of rice,
wheat and mustard and the reclamation of salt
affected soils through salt tolerant trees. As such,
nearly 1.5 million ha salt affected lands have been
reclaimed and put to productive use. It has been
estimated that reclaimed area is contributing
14

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Introduction
more than 15 million tonnes foodgrains to the
national pool. For waterlogged saline soils,
subsurface drainage technology developed by
the Institute initially for Haryana has been widely
adopted and replicated in Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharastra and Karnataka.
About 60,000 ha waterlogged saline areas have
been reclaimed using this technology. Artificial
groundwater recharge is another area of interest
for regions with depleting wter table. Besides,
the technologies are also being developed for
the salt affected areas of vertisols and coastal
regions of the country.
An International Training Centre to impart
training at national and international level was
established during 2001 under Indo-Dutch
collaborative research programme. The Institute
has developed Post Graduate Education
programme in association with State Agricultural
Universities (SAUs), Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT) and other Universities, which
has contributed to the growth of the Institute
substantially. The Institute has several national
and international projects to fund its research
and development activities. The notable
programmes include: IRRI sponsored rice
improvement programme, ACIAR sponsored
programme for wheat improvement and IRRI,
Philippines and CIMMYT, Mexico sponsored
programme of cereal based systems.
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal
has created state of the art facilities of sodic
and saline micro-plots. Depending upon the
objectives, desired stress levels of sodicity and
salinity can be created in this facility for screening
and better genotypic comparisons. Similarly, an
environmentally controlled glass house facility
is in place for growing crops and screening their
genetic resources during off-season. This allows
precise screening under saline hydroponics and
advancement of breeding generation. Transgenic
Green House facility has been created at CSSRI
in the year 2008 under Indo-US ABSPII program.
A central laboratory with modern equipments
has been established at the institute.
Mandate
The mandate of the Institute, as approved by
the ICAR, is as follows:
• To undertake basic and applied research
for generating appropriate agrochemical/
biological/hydraulic technologies for
reclamation and management of salt
affected soils and use of poor quality
irrigation waters for sustainable production
in different agro-ecological zones
• To evolve, evaluate and recommend
strategies that promote adoption of
preventive/ameliorative technology
• To be a nucleus of research on salinity
management and coordinate/support
the network of research with universities,
institutions and agencies in the country
for generating and testing location specific
technologies
• To act as a centre for training in salinity
researches in the country and region and
provide consultancy
• To act as repository of information on
resource inventories and management of
salt affected soils and waters
• To collaborate with relevant national and
international agencies in achieving the
above goals
Organogram
The current organisational set up for
implementing its research programmes is
shown below.
Experimental Farm
Research Farm, Karnal
Agricultural farm at CSSRI, Karnal has a total
area of 82 ha. A motorable road has been laid
all along the boundary of this farm for regular
monitoring, upkeep and proper watch and
ward. Whole area of the farm under cultivation
has been divided and laid out in standard plot
size of 1.0 ha and each plot is connected with
road for easy accessibility, underground water
conveyance and lined channels for irrigation.
15

Introduction CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Eight tube wells have been installed in the farm
to meet irrigation water requirement of general
agriculture, research experiments and water
supply in the campus and laboratories. All
essential farm machinery and implements are
available, most farm operations are mechanized.
To achieve the optimization of water and other
inputs, all the plots are precisely leveled with
laser leveler at regular intervals. Combination
of different cropping systems is being practiced
to optimize land use in the farm. Agro-forestry
system comprising an array of tree species in
combination with various arable crops covers an
area of 6.5 ha. Area under research experiments
during the year was 20.0 ha, while general
crops covered an area of 17.5 ha. Out of the area
under general crops, an area of 8.5 ha was put
under seed production. To reduce the emission
of GHGs, most of the area has been put under
minimum tillage and no burning of residue is
practiced. The productivity levels at the farm
are high at evidenced from the following data.
Among machinery and implements, the
farm has multi-purpose crop thresher, turbo
seeder, zero-till machine, laser leveler, tractors,
Organisational set up of CSSRI
Productivity of crops at CSSRI farm
Crop Variety Av. yield (t ha -1 )
Rabi 2009 - 10
Wheat KRL 19 4.20
PBW 550 4.40
HD 2894 4.49
DBW 17 4.32
PBW 343 4.14
Mustard CS 54 1.57
CS 56 1.38
Gram HC 1 1.72
Kharif 2010
Paddy PUSA 44 5.34
P 1121 3.37
CSR 30 1.89
HKR 47 6.50
hydraulic trolley, cleaner, shrub master and
maize thresher etc. During the period under
report, the farm unit has produced 26.6 and
18.5 tonnes of quality seed of wheat and rice,
respectively. Revenue of more than 85 lakhs was
generated during the year 2010-11 from sale of
farm produce and others.
16

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Introduction
Horticultural crops such as guava, mango,
ber, aonla, jamun and litchi etc. covered an area
of 7.6 ha, while fish ponds occupy another 2.5
ha. An herbal garden with about 120 species
of medicinal/aromatic herbs, shrubs and trees
has also been established and maintained in
an area of 1.4 ha for germplasm conservation.
Remaining area of 26.5 ha is permanently
covered under glass house, net houses, microplots,
laboratories, offices, residences, oxidation
pond, roads and landscape. Landscape of the
whole area is looked after by farm unit.
CSSRI, Research Farm, Hisar
Hisar experimental farm is located on National
Highway No. 10 near air strip of the town. This
farm covers an area of 8.0 ha. The experiments
on alternate cropping systems for development
of suitable land use plans for rainfed saline
groundwater regions are being conducted at
Hisar. For meeting the saline water requirement,
two shallow tubewells have been installed. One
of the tubewell has low salinity (4-5 dS m -1 ) water
while the second has water of high salinity (9-10
dS m -1 ). Performance evaluation of fruit and
forestry trees, medicinal and aromatic plants
and different types of cactus, Prosopis, grasses,
castor and Indian mustard with saline irrigation
are being carried out.
Finances
Summary of allocation and expenditure during
the year 2010-11 under plan and Non-plan
budget along with externally funded schemes is
presented below:
Budget
Sanctioned
amount
/receipts
(Rs. in lakhs)
Actual
expenditure
Non-plan 1763.00 1762.83
Plan 315.00 314.49
AICRP
(Non-plan)
AICRP
(Plan)
31.00 30.94
325.00 324.99
Total 2434.00 2433.25
Staff
The total staff strength of the institute is 370.
The category wise details are
Category of post Sanctioned In position
Scientific 81 44
Technical 117 108
Administrative 58 52
Skilled Supporting
Staff
Library
114 91
Total 370 295
The Institute library is well furnished and
equipped with 4 computers. The library has
total collection of 14684 books including Hindi
books. A separate section is being maintained
for Hindi books. There are 7967 bound volumes
of the Journals. It has a rich collection of special
publications of FAO, IRRI, UNESCO, ILRI, ICID,
IFPRI, ASA and ASAE, which fulfils the needs
of scientists, researchers, teachers and students.
It subscribes to 85 Journals, out of which 63 are
National and 22 International. Thirteen foreign
journals are being received free online with
our paid subscription for print version. Fifteen
journals are being received on gratis. About 152
theses on the subjects relating to soil science,
agriculture engineering, water management,
etc. are available. Annual reports from different
Institutes and Agricultural Universities are
being received from time to time. Readers are
updated on fresh arrivals in the library on
weekly basis. Total membership of library is 100
including scientists, technical, administrative
and research scholars, etc.
The library works as a repository center where
Institute’s publications such as Salinity News,
Technical Bulletins, Annual Reports, Brochures,
etc. are stocked and sent to Research Institutes,
Agricultural Universities, NAAS, QRT and RAC
members, etc. and also distributed amongst the
visiting farmers. The library also have 10 priced
publications which are supplied on payment
basis. The library provides services like Internet
surfing, exploring, downloading and literature
search through CDs like SOIL, AGRIS and Plant
17

Introduction CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Gene. Internet access facility through CERA
consortium for journals is also available. Interlibrary
loan facility is also provided as per
requirements. The library has been modernized,
barcoded and computerized by using advanced
software LS Ease/LIBSYS version 6.0.
Laboratories
Well equipped laboratories for undertaking
research on various aspects of salinity
management are in place with some of the
advanced facilities like Atomic Absorption
Spectro-photometer, Inductively coupled
plasma (ICP), Carbon-Nitrogen-Hydrogen-
Sulpher Analyser (CNHS), Ion Chromograph,
UV VIS Spectrophotometer, HPLC, Radio meter,
Kjeltek N- analyser, EM Salinity Probe, Neutron
Moisturemeter, Scientillation Counter, Growth
Chamber etc. Large number of screen houses
and microplots are also available for precision
experimental works. The facilities of image
processing and interpreting satellite imageries
and geographical information system are also
available. Recently, a multimedia laboratory
has also been established to cater to the need of
photographic and image processing and power
point presentation etc.
Allied Facilities
A conference hall, seminar room and an
auditorium with modern facilities are available
for scientific meetings and group discussions.
The institute has a museum with exhibits
depicting salient research findings and the latest
technologies developed at the institute. The
museum is being upgraded with addition of new
exhibits and state of art display infrastructure/
material. An international guest house and a
scientists hostel with boarding facilities caters to
the need of scientists and other visitors. Besides,
there is an extension hostel for students and
trainees. A dispensary with physiotherapy unit
is also available in the institute. A sports complex
consisting of playgrounds for football, hockey,
cricket, volley ball, lawn tennis court etc. besides
indoor facilities for table tennis, chess, carom and
badminton are available in the institute. The staff
recreation club functions to meet the recreational
requirements of the staff. Besides this, a Staff
Welfare Club is also functioning actively for the
welfare of the CSSRI staff.
18

Research Achievements

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
DATABASE ON SALT AFFECTED SOILS
Digital Database of Salt Affected Soils
using Geographic Information System (A.K.
Mandal)
Geo-referenced maps of salt affected soils
in digital format are more useful than
analogue maps printed on cartographic
sheets. Digitization of salt affected soils was
accomplished for fifteen states based on the
salt affected soils maps (NRSA and associates
1997) on 1:250,000 scale using ILWIS software.
These maps were compiled in GIS to prepare a
digital mosaic of salt affected soils map for the
country scale (Fig. 1). The map legend consists
of codes and descriptions for soils depicting
nature of salts. The criteria for categorizing soil
salinity was the ranges of ECe (4-8, 8-30 and
>30 dS m -1 ), pHs (9.0) and
ESP (40) values. Different codes
were used to describe the physiographic units.
Fifteen categories of soils identified includes
three categories of saline (s 1
, s 2
and s 3
), three of
sodic (n 1
, n 2
and n 3
) and nine of saline-sodic soils
(s 1
n 1
, s 1
n 2
, s 1
n 3
, s 2
n 1
, s 2
n 2
, s 2
n 3
, s 3
n 1
, s 3
n 2
and s 3
n 3
).
Keeping in view the scale limitation and the
soil management aspects, these categories were
merged and two categories of salt affected soils
viz; saline and sodic were made. An area of 6.73
million ha (Table 1) was estimated salt affected,
of which 3.77 and 2.95 million ha are sodic and
saline, respectively.
Saline soils: Saline soils are distributed in
inland and coastal regions associated with arid/
semi-arid and humid climates. These soils are
commonly found in Andhra Pradesh, West
Bengal, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Andaman and
Nicobar islands on the east coast covering an
area of 756239 ha (11.2%) and Gujarat, Kerala,
Karnataka and Maharashtra on the west coast of
India covering 634958 ha (9.4%). The presence
of heavy textured soil, poor drainage condition,
poor quality of ground water and lack of
good quality irrigation water enhance salinity
development in this region.
Sodic soils: These soils are occurring in various
physiographic units such as aeofluvial/aeolian/
arid (B), coastal (D), alluvial (A) and others
(H) plains in north-west India and peninsular
(F) plains in central and southern India. Data
showed the distribution of salt affected soils
in diverse physiographic regions and agroclimatic
conditions and the soil characteristics
are variable and complex in nature.
Nationwide Mapping of Land Degradation
using Multi-temporal Satellite Data (A.K.
Mandal)
Mapping and characterization of salt affected
soils in Haryana using remote sensing
Fig.1 : Salt affected soils in India
The Cheeka block of Kurukshetra district was
surveyed for the assessment of land The IRS
LISS III data for Feb.-March, May-June and
October-November 2005-06 were interpreted
visually and incidences of waterlogging and soil
salinization/alkalization on bare soil surface and
stressed vegetation cover were identified. Based
on the visual interpretation of IRS data, ground
truth was conducted to verify and authenticate
interpreted units. Based on the ground truth
21

Database on salt affected soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 1: Distribution of salt affected soils in physiographic regions in different states of India
Physiographic units
Sr.
N.
States
1. Andhra
Pardesh
2.
Andaman
& Nicobar
Alluvial
plain
(A)
Aeo-fluvial/
Aeolian/
Arid
plain (B)
Deltaic
plain
(C)
Coastal
plain
(D)
Mud flats/
Mangrove
Swamps
(G)
Peninsular
plain
(F)
Others
(H)
Total
Area
(ha)
- - - 56423 25111 192673 - 274207
- - - 12366 64634 - - 77000
3. Bihar 153153 - - - - - - 153153
4 Gujarat 510951 285574 - 462315 - - 963160 2222000
5. Haryana 232556 - - - - - - 232556
6. Karnataka 148922 - - 586 - 521 - 150029
7. Kerala - - - 20000 - - - 20000
8. Maharashtra - - 43023 6719 283 599757 496 606759
9.
Madhya
Pradesh
- - - - - 139720 - 139720
10. Orissa - - - 79543 24572 - - 147138
11. Punjab 151717 - - - - - - 151717
12. Rajasthan - 338128 - - - - 36814 374942
13. Tamil Nadu - - - 16805 - 351210 - 368015
14.
15.
Uttar
Pradesh
West
Bengal
1368960 - - - - - - 1368960
- - 109613 - 331659 - - 441272
Total 2566259 623702 152636 654757 446259 1283881 999974 6727468
data and discussion with the local farmers
a considerable area of soil salinization/
alkalization underlain by poor quality GW was
identified in the Ghaggar flood plain covering
Khusal Majra, Nandgarh, Hansu Majra, Bhatia,
Majri, Kheri Daban and its adjoining villages.
Results revealed that the soils were slight to
moderately sodic and the presence of calcium
carbonate nodules and kankar layer was found
at a depth below the surface horizon (Table
2). The satellite data revealed signatures of
temporary water stagnation as evidenced by the
high water absorption on the satellite imagery in
rabi season. A discussion with the local farmers
revealed that the application of poor quality
(alkali) ground water also reduced infiltration
rate affecting germination and growth of wheat
crop. The CaCO 3
content was higher in Pedon 1
increasing from 4.4 to 9.5 per cent with depth.
High concentration of sodium was observed
in Pedon 5 indicating surface accumulation of
sodium salts in a lower topographic position
with runoff material. The Ca+Mg content was
moderate, ranging from 6.0 to 15.0 in Pedon
5 but low in other pedons. The bicarbonate
contents are low to moderate in all the pedons.
Appreciable amount of chloride at surface to
13.5 cm depth in Pedon 5 showed dominance of
sodium chloride. The other pedons with low to
moderate ECe and pHs are slight to moderately
sodic nature. The CEC values ranged from 16.8
to 21.2 cmol kg -1 in pedon 1, 18.1 to 23.4 in Pedon
2, 15.2 to 17.9 in pedon 4 indicating the presence
of fine textured soils. The OC contents are, in
general, high at surface and low below it. These
22

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Database on salt affected soils
Table 2 : Characteristic of selected salt affected soils in Kurukshetra district of Haryana
Soil
ECe
Ca
Na K
Cl HCO
depth pHs (dS
+Mg
3 CEC
Sand Silt Clay Texture
(cmol
ESP
(%) (%) (%)
(cm)
m -1 ) -----------------me L -1 ------------------ kg -1 )
Pedon 1: Village Landalheri Distrct Kurukshetra 30 o 08’56.3”N 76 o 24’37.2”E
O.C.
(%)
CaCO 3
(%)
0-15 9.4 1.2 13.3 0.1 1.5 5.0 5.0 19.2 47.1 28.1 24.8 53.1 Sil 0.60 4.4
15-30 9.6 1.4 15.7 0.1 1.0 4.0 6.0 16.8 38.5 24.8 36.7 66.7 Sicl 0.20 8.1
30-60 9.7 1.6 18.5 0.1 1.0 4.5 7.0 20.0 38.0 33.3 28.8 69.0 Sicl 0.10 5.2
60-90 9.6 1.7 19.5 0.1 2.5 3.0 6.0 21.2 35.9 39.7 24.5 58.5 Sil 0.20 9.5
Pedon 2: Village Majri Distrct Kurukshetra 29 o 59’35.2”N 76 o 13’41.6”E
0-15 9.1 1.4 10.6 0.08 3.0 8.5 3.3 23.4 50.2 27.0 22.8 40.2 Sil 0.47 2.1
15-30 8.5 4.0 29.8 0.07 4.0 20.0 3.5 21.0 46.0 31.3 22.6 26.6 Sil 0.33 1.6
30-60 8.5 3.1 25.3 0.08 4.0 16.0 3.5 18.1 47.2 32.3 20.5 26.5 Sil 0.07 1.9
60-90 8.5 2.6 22.1 0.05 4.5 14.0 5.3 18.4 51.7 28.2 20.1 22.8 Sil 0.03 2.1
Pedon 3: Village Kamheri Distrct Kurukshetra 30 o 06’58.00”N 76 o 21’57.3”E
0-15 9.0 1.5 14.4 0.0 3.0 4.5 2.5 13.3 53.8 21.7 24.4 51.1 l 0.60 3.0
15-30 9.1 1.9 21.0 0.1 3.0 3.0 3.8 12.3 23.1 29.0 47.8 63.4 sic 0.40 3.0
30-60 9.1 2.6 26.6 0.0 3.0 3.0 4.3 14.4 53.1 19.1 27.8 52.8 cl 0.40 2.3
60-90 9.2 2.5 24.5 0.0 3.0 3.5 3.8 14.4 50.8 18.5 30.7 52.8 cl 0.10 1.4
Pedon 4: Village Tatiana Dist Kurukshetra 30 o 05’04.8”N 76 o 20’34.7”E
0-15 8.2 1.8 20.0 0.1 4.0 5.5 3.5 17.9 45.7 24.5 29.8 40.2 cl 0.60 1.4
15-30 8.5 1.1 11.0 0.1 1.5 4.5 1.5 12.3 61.9 17.9 20.1 42.3 l 0.40 1.5
30-60 8.7 1.2 13.2 0.1 4.5 4.5 3.8 19.5 59.2 20.7 20.2 38.9 l 0.30 1.4
60-90 9.0 1.4 15.1 0.1 4.0 5.5 3.5 15.2 59.4 20.5 20.1 52.6 l 0.30 1.2
Pedon 5: Village Baopur Dist Kurukshetra 30o05’43.1”N 76o22’59.3”E
0-30 7.8 5.6 45.6 0.2 9.5 24.5 4.3 14.7 39.5 41.0 31.9 27.0 sicl 0.50 1.5
30-60 7.7 4.4 36.3 0.1 6.0 14.5 3.0 16.3 29.4 32.0 32.8 35.2 sicl 0.40 0.8
60-90 7.5 4.8 37.8 0.1 15.0 13.5 1.5 15.7 35.7 26.1 36.7 37.2 sicl 0.50 0.8
90-120 7.4 3.8 30.5 0.1 12.0 14.5 1.5 19.5 28.7 22.0 35.6 42.4 sic 0.50 0.7
*{cmol (p + ) kg -1 }
soils need proper soil and water management
and application of gypsum for amelioration
before initiating agricultural production. The
area lacked good quality irrigation to flush out
excess salts deposited from the application of
poor quality ground water. Suitable salt tolerant
varieties may also be practiced for sustained
agriculture particularly in the rabi season.
Salt inflictions and seasonal waterlogging
causing land degradation in a part of
Kurukshetra district of Haryana
Mapping Salt Affected, Waterlogged Soils
in Rohtak, Jhajjar and Bhiwani Districts of
Haryana using Remote Sensing and GIS
(Madhurama Sethi , M.L Khurana, S.K. Gupta
and D.S. Bundela)
IRS P-6, LISS III images of 2006 and 2007 (Fig.
2) with a resolution of 23.5 m were used to map
and identify salt affected soils of Jhajjar District,
Haryana. The (SOI) topographic maps on
1:50000 scale were used for geo referencing and
base map preparation. The study area lies
23

Database on salt affected soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Fig.2 : IRS P6 LISS III image (7 February, 2006) of
Jhajjar district
between 28 ˚ 33’ to 28 ˚ 42’ N and 76˚ 28’ to
76 ˚ 84’ E . GPS assisted ground truth was
conducted to collect soil samples from different
sites (Fig. 3). The area represents alluvial
plain and undulating dunes with an average
elevation of 222 m above mean sea level. The
soil texture varied from sandy to clay with a
variable composition. The soil of Sahlawas and
Mattanhail Blocks pertaining to salinity and
waterlogging affected areas are sandy to sandy
loam in texture.
The pHs ranged from 6.7 to 9.3 and ECe from
0 .69 to 99.4 dS m -1 at 0-15 cm depth (Fig. 4).
The Na, K, Ca+Mg values were transferred to
GIS for further processing. Both salinity and
waterlogging were identified on the images.
Fig.3 : Location of soil samples by GPS of Jhajjar district
Fig. 4 : Soil characteristics of Jhajjar district
Spectral signatures of each sample site were
collected and the ISODATA algorithm was
used to cluster the pixels into similar classes. 6
x 6 pixels for each class were isolated based on
spectral signature. Training sites were decided
for different classes with maximum likelihood
algorithm for supervised classification (Fig.5).
degradation.
The salt affected classes of severely salt affected/
barren soil covered 159.53 km 2 . Moderately salt
affected lands supporting agriculture covered
621.58 km 2 . Waterlogged and saline soils cover
Fig.5 : Supervised classification of IRS P6 LISS III
satellite image of Jhajjar district
24

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Database on salt affected soils
Table 3 : Land classification of Jhajjar area
Land cover Classes Area (km 2 )
Severely salt affected/barren 159.53
Moderately salt affected 621.58
Waterlogged and saline soils 129.87
Normal cropped 826.23
Sand 74.16
Water bodies 18.09
Total Area 1829 .46
129.87 km 2 (Table 3). The classification produced
an accuracy of 87.25 per cent.
Supervised classification of IRS data showed
accuracy of 87.25 per cent for mapping salt
affected soils in Jhajjar district.
Development of Spectral Reflectance
Methods and Low Cost Sensors for Real-
Time Application of Variable Rate Inputs in
Precision Farming (Madhurama Sethi, D.S.
Bundela, R.K.Yadav)
Three sites were chosen at Village Waiser in
Panipat, Jagsi in Sonepat and Kahni in Rohtak
districts (Fig. 6).
QUICKBIRD imagery and IRS P-6 data were
used for the identification of salt affected areas.
These images were geo-referenced using the SOI
topography supported by the village cadastral
map.
Soil samples were collected during kharif from
0-15 cm depth using the YUMA GPS. The
samples were analysed for pH, EC, Na, K,
Ca+Mg. The data were uploaded into the GIS
for mapping and database generation.
The texture of the soils ranged from loam to clay
loam at Waiser village. The pHs ranged from 7.2
to 9.1. The ECe ranged from 0.5 to 7.5 dS m -1 .
The ESP ranged from 1.4 to 31 per cent. The
carbonate is absent and bicarbonate is low.
GPS data were overlaid on the rectified satellite
image. A geo-database was created with all layers
viz; canals, roads, drainage and soil sampling
points. The krigged maps were generated on
areas for different soil parameters at different
depths. The laboratory measured reflectance
spectra of soils indicated that soils are rich in
chloride and sulfate salts than carbonate and
bicarbonate. (Fig. 7)
Krigged maps for different soil parameters
were generated using remote sensing data,
GIS and ground truth
Fig. 6 : Project study sites in Haryana
Fig. 7 : Spectral behaviour of selected salt affected soils
25

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ALKALI SOILS
Evaluation of Resource Conservation
Technologies in Rice–Wheat Cropping System
(Ranbir Singh , Gurbachan Singh, S.K. Sharma,
P.K. Joshi , P. Dey and S.K. Chaudhari)
Performance of rice-wheat sequence is being
evaluated under various resource conservation
techniques to address some of the problems faced
by the farmers in managing natural resources for
increasing rice-wheat productivity. Experiment
initiated during kharif 2006 was continued. After
rice crop, wheat (cv. PBW-343) was sown in the
second week of November adopting different
crop establishment techniques. The results are
presented in Table 4.
Amongest the treatments tested, highest yield
of wheat (5.58 t ha -1 ) was recorded in reduced
tillage with rice residue incorporation followed
by zero tillage (Sesbania green manuring before
rice). Permanent raised beds yielded 4.38 t ha -1 ,
which was significantly lower as compared to
other crop establishment techniques. Wheat
grain yield was greater in zero tillage with
rice residue retention, as rice residue creates
mulch condition from the seed germination up
to grain formation and might have maintained
favourable hydro-thermal regime. Residual
effects of crop residue incorporation increased
the wheat grain yields by 7.0 per cent over
conventional sowing with crop residue and 6.0
per cent under reduced tillage cultivation with
crop residue incorporation. Sowing of wheat in
zero tillage in rice residue increased the grain
yield by 8.0 per cent in comparison to wheat in
zero tillage without residue. The results revealed
that crop residue either incorporated or retained
increased the grain yield and improved the soil
health.
During kharif season, rice (cv. Ariz 6179) was
cultivated with different crop establishment
techniques (Table 5). Direct seeding of rice
was done on 5 th June, 2010 with a zero tillage
machine, whereas transplanting was done
on 10 th July, 2010. The maximum yield was
obtained in conventional rice transplanting after
Sesbania green manuring (8.63 t ha -1 ) followed
by conventional transplanting with wheat
residue incorporation (8.28 t ha -1 ). There was
significant difference in yield of puddled and
un-puddled transplanted rice. Direct seeded
rice in standing wheat stubbles gave the yield
of 5.75 t ha -1 , whereas direct seeded rice with
Table 4 : Effect of different crop establishment techniques on grain and straw yield of wheat (2009-10)
Crop establishment techniques
Straw
yield
(t ha -1 )
Grain
yield
(t ha -1 )
Relative
yield
(%)
Conventional sowing without residue 6.48 5.16 100.0
Conventional sowing after rice residue incorporation 6.65 5.48 106.2
Sowing in reduced tillage after direct seeded rice without residue
incorporation
6.28 5.26 101.9
Sowing in reduced tillage after direct seeded rice with residue
incorporation
6.59 5.58 108.1
Sowing in zero tillage without residue 6.17 4.63 89.7
Sowing in zero tillage in rice residue 6.39 4.96 96.1
Sowing on old rice beds 6.03 4.38
Sowing on fresh beds after un-puddle rice 6.35 5.23 99.0
Sowing in zero tillage (Sesbania brown manuring in rice) 6.71 5.35 103.0
Sowing in zero tillage (Sesbania green manuring before rice) 6.85 5.54 105.0
CD (p = 0.05) 0.27 0.31 -
26

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils
Wheat crop sown with conventional tillage (left) and reduced tillage (right) without residue
Table 5 : Effect of different crop establishment techniques on yield and water productivity of rice (2010)
Crop establishment techniques
Grain
yield a
(t ha -1 )
Water
applied
(m)
Rainfall
(m)
Water
productivity
(Kg m -3 )
Applied
water
saving (%)
Conventional rice transplanting
without residue
Conventional rice transplanting with
residue incorporation
7.91 0.53 0.94 0.54 -
8.28 0.53 0.94 0.57 -
Direct seeded rice without residue 6.48 0.38 1.00 0.47 29.0
Direct seeded rice after wheat residue
incorporation
6.80 0.38 1.00 0.50 29.0
Direct seeded rice in zero tillage 6.15 0.38 1.00 0.45 29.0
Direct seeded rice in zero tillage in
wheat residue
5.75 0.38 1.00 0.42 29.0
Rice transplanting on raised beds 5.58 0.42 0.94 0.45 21.0
Rice transplanting in un-puddle
condition
7.43 0.53 0.94 0.51 -
Direct seeded rice + Sesbania 6.77 0.35 1.00 0.51 34.0
Conventional rice transplanting after
Sesbania green manuring
8.63 0.53 0.94 0.59 -
CD (p = 0.05) 0.33 - - -- --
a
Grain yield at 14% moisture
Sesbania brown manuring yielded 6.77 t ha -1 .
During this season, erratic results were obtained
in direct seeded rice due to relatively high weed
menifestation. Majority of grasses comprised
of Cyprus rotundus (motha), Echinochloa crusgali
(Barta), Echinochloa colonum (Sanmak), makra
etc grew profusely because of high rainfall. The
gross water productivity in different treatments
ranged from 0.42 to 0.59 kg m -3 . The maximum
water productivity was obtained in conventional
rice transplanting after Sesbania green manuring
(0.59 kg m -3 ). Lower water productivity in direct
seeded rice was due to weed infestation during
the crop season. Irrigation was applied when
soil surface became little dry in direct seeded
rice techniques. Maximum water saving of
applied water was recorded in direct seeded
rice + Sesbania (34.0%) followed by direct
27

Reclamation and management of alkali soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Conventional rice transplanting without residue (left) and with wheat residue incorporation (right)
seeded rice in different treatments (29.0%). The
water saving in raised bed transplanting was
21.0 per cent. After four years of experiment,
positive improvement in soil physico-chemical
and biological properties (soil organic carbon,
available N, available P and saturated hydraulic
conductivity, bulk density, soil dispersion and
available water content) was observed when the
crop was sown with residue incorporation as
compared to without crop residue incorporation.
Soil aggregate percentage increased with
organic carbon (Fig. 8). Soil aggregation
in different crop establishment techniques
varied from 5.20 to 40.52 per cent. Maximum
soil aggregates (40.52%) were recorded in
conventional rice transplanting after Sesbania
green manuring followed by direct seeded rice
Wheat sowing in zero and reduced tillage with
crop residue seems to be a promising option for
sustained wheat yield. Wheat yield increased
with residue incorporation or retention in zero
tillage technique. Direct seeded rice saved
29.0 to 34.0 per cent applied water in different
treatments with marginal reduction in yield as
compared to conventional transplanting
after wheat residue incorporation (32.08%) and
minimum soil aggregates (5.2%) were recorded
in conventional rice transplanting without
residue.
Efficient Use of Organic Waste Material as
Mulching in Maize-Wheat Cropping System
in Reclaimed Sodic Soils (H.S. Jat, Ranbir Singh
and Gurbachan Singh)
Performance of maize-wheat system is being
evaluated under conservation tillage practices.
Experiment initiated during kharif 2009 was
continued during kharif 2010. The results
indicated that the planting methods did not have
any effect on grain and straw yield of wheat and
maize crops (Table 6). Overall productivity of
maize-wheat system was more or less similar
(8.18 and 8.07 t ha -1 ) under flat and bed planting
techniques.
Fig. 8 : Effect of resource conservation techniques (RCT)
on soil aggregates and organic carbon content in
0-15 cm soil layer
Application of organic waste as mulching
materials influenced the yield of both crops. The
data indicated that the grain yield of wheat was
28

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils
Table 6 : Effect of planting and organic waste mulching on yield of wheat and maize crops
Treatments
significantly higher when mulching was done
with Jatropha (4.48 t ha -1 ) over no mulching (4.05
t ha -1 ). Rest of the treatment had no significant
effect on grain yield of wheat. The same trend
was observed with straw yield of wheat. In
the case of maize, mulching with Sesbania (4.12
t ha -1 ), Brassica (4.18 t ha -1 ) and Jatropha (4.05
t ha -1 ) produced significantly higher grain
yield over no mulching. The higher water
Wheat yield (t ha -1 ) Maize yield (t ha -1 )
Grain Straw Grain Straw
Flat planting 4.33 5.77 3.85 5.29
Bed planting 4.14 5.32 3.93 5.50
SEm ± 0.68 1.50 0.81 1.49
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS
T 1
- No mulching 4.05 5.20 3.47 4.98
T 2
- Sesbania rostrata 4.46 5.81 4.12 5.39
T 3
- Brassica juncea 4.26 5.64 4.18 5.35
T 4
- Prosopis juliflora 4.01 5.20 3.71 5.43
T 5
- Jatropha curcas 4.48 5.84 4.05 5.78
T 6
– Leuceana leucocephala 4.14 5.58 3.80 5.44
SEm ± 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.25
CD (p=0.05) 0.41 0.61 0.41 0.76
Table 7 : Influence of planting methods and mulching on irrigation water productivity and saving in maizewheat
cropping system
Treatments
Irrigation water productivity (kg m -3 )
Maize Wheat Maize-wheat
Irrigation
water saving
(%)
Flat planting 1.91 0.97 1.26 -
Bed planting 2.60 1.22 1.64 24.11
SEm ± 0.08 0.05 0.08
CD (p=0.05) 0.24 0.15 0.24
T 1
- No mulching 1.93 1.01 1.30 -
T 2
- Sesbania rostrata 2.37 1.16 1.53 3.62
T 3
- Brassica juncea 2.38 1.10 1.50 3.10
T 4
- Prosopis juliflora 2.09 1.02 1.36 1.90
T 5
- Jatropha curcas 2.29 1.13 1.49 1.38
T 6
- Leuceana leucocephala 2.16 1.05 1.39 1.90
SEm ± 0.06 0.05 0.07
CD (p=0.05) 0.18 0.15 0.21
productivity (Table 7) of maize and wheat was
recorded in bed planting (2.60 and 1.22 kg m -3 ) as
compared to flat planting (1.91 and 0.97 kg m -3 ).
In maize-wheat cropping system, higher water
productivity was observed with bed planting
(1.64 kg m -3 ) over flat planting (1.26 kg m -3 ).
Application of mulching registered higher water
productivity than without mulching treatments
in maize-wheat cropping system. Bed planting
29

Reclamation and management of alkali soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Flat planting of maize crop Bed planting of maize crop Bed planting of Wheat crop
Fig. 9: Soil Moisture as influenced by planting methods
and mulching
method in maize-wheat cropping system saved
24.11 per cent irrigation water over flat planting
but there was a negligible (1.38 to 3.62%) saving
of water with various mulching treatments.
Soil moisture in 0-15 cm depth at harvest was
significantly higher under flat planting (12.65%)
over bed planting (10.45 %). But the reverse trend
was observed in 15-30 cm depth (Fig.9). Under
different mulching treatments, application of
Brassica mulching registered the higher soil
moisture (12.80%) over no mulching at 0-15 cm
depth. At 15-30 cm depth, Brassica mulching
registered 14.75 per cent soil moisture and at
par with Jatropha and Sesbania. However, at 30-
60 cm depth, Brassica mulching recorded the
higher soil moisture (14.90%) over no mulching
(13.50%).
Sesbania, Brassica and Jatropha proved to be very
good mulching materials for higher productivity
of maize-wheat sequence. Bed planting saved 24
per cent irrigation water over flat planting.
Diagnosis, Definition and Interventions for
Salt-Affected Soils of Indo-Gangetic Plains in
Participatory Appraisal (R.K. Yadav, Khajanchi
Lal, Neeraj Kulshrestha, Sharad Kumar Singh
and Satyendra Kumar)
The field experiments were initiated on
farmers’ fields in Ghaggar plains of Punjab
and Haryana during 2008 where the problem
of poor grain filling in rice and wheat crops
was reported. The experiments were continued
during the report period. Morpho-physicochemical
characteristics of soils of the site
showed that soil is silty clay, moderately
sodic, deep to very deep, poorly drained and
cracking with low AWC. Groundwater used
for irrigation has RSC ranging from 3.5 to 6.0
me L -1 . Some prospective physical, chemical
and agronomic strategies are being evaluated
in an integrated manner. Laser leveling and
chiseling at 3 m distance comprised physical
interventions. Application of recommended
dose of NPK (chemical) for respective crops;
recommended dose of NPK (chemical) + 100%
GR; recommended dose of NPK (chemical) +
groundwater RSC neutralization; 50% NPK
(chemical) + 50% through rice straw + 50% GR
and 50% NPK (chemical) + 50% through FYM
+ 50% GR comprised the chemical measures.
Agronomic strategies included cultivation of
paddy in puddle condition, zero till DSR, DSR in
tilled field at optimum moisture and broadcast
sowing of pre-germinated seed in dry tilled
irrigated conditions, while wheat was sown as
conventional, zero till, broadcast in prepared
seed bed and broadcast at last irrigation in
paddy.
30

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils
Soil chiseling recorded higher in yields of
wheatand rice by 10-15 and 4-7 per cent,
respectively. During the last year, respective
yield increase was 13-18 and 10-11 per cent.
Laser land leveling enhanced the wheat yield
by 22 per cent and rice by 8-11 per cent (Table 8)
besides 15-18 per cent irrigation water saving in
wheat this year. Passing of groundwater through
gypsum beds for RSC neutralization to 2.0
Table 8 : Effect of different physical, chemical and agronomic interventions on grain yield of wheat and
rice
Treatments
Wheat yield (t ha -1 ) Rice yield (t ha -1 )
PBW 550 PBW 502 DBW 17 CSR 30 PAU 201
Chiseling (10.2 ha) 4.17 4.07 3.99 1.99 5.11
Without chiseling 3.53 3.61 3.40 1.85 4.91
% increase 15 11 10 7 4
Laser level (1.2 ha) 4.43 4.28 4.17 2.06 5.33
Without leveling 3.42 3.31 3.34 1.91 4.77
% increase 23 23 20 8 11
Gypsum bed use (16.8 ha) 4.52 4.33 -- 2.51 5.37
Without gypsum bed 3.48 3.30 -- 2.18 4.93
% increase 32 30 -- 13 8
Farmers’ practice 3.43 3.28 3.11 1.97 4.65
100% NPK Zn 3.97 3.76 4.02 2.09 5.20
100% NPK Zn + 100% GR 4.63 4.43 4.34 2.62 5.59
50%NPK+50% rice straw + 100 GR 4.21 3.82 3.86 2.01 4.87
50%NPK+50% FYM + 100 GR 4.38 3.98 4.05 2.31 5.05
CD (p=0.05) 0.26 0.22 0.18 0.17 0.21
Table 9 : Effect of agronomic interventions on grain yield of rice and wheat
Rice
Wheat
Rice grain yield (t ha -1 ) Wheat grain yield (t ha -1 )
CSR
30
PAU
201
CSR
30*
PBW
550
PBW
502
DBW
17
PBW
550*
Puddled transplant Conventional 2.30 4.90 2.85 4.13 4.13 4.24 4.88
Puddled transplant Broadcast in paddy 2.08 4.47 3.02 3.85 3.79 3.65 3.71
Puddled transplant Zero till sowing 2.23 5.30 2.71 3.97 4.08 3.97 4.43
Puddled transplant
Unpuddled
transplant
DSR at optimum
moisture
BC pre-germination
+ dhaincha
Puddled
transplant
Broadcast in cult/irrg
field
2.11 5.15 2.88 3.90 3.75 3.79 4.05
Broadcast in paddy 2.03 4.63 2.77 3.78 3.58 3.69 3.42
Zero till sowing 1.40 3.67 2.24 3.75 3.83 3.80 4.30
Zero till sowing 1.43 -- 1.58 3.83 -- 3.89 4.56
Turboseeding in
combine harvested
paddy
2.12 4.87 -- 4.21 4.26 4.18 --
Zero till DSR Zero till sowing 1.45 3.82 1.5.9 3.86 3.76 3.94 4.42
CD (p=0.05) 0.32 0.38 0.45 0.32 0.28 0.31 0.43
The values with * are the yields recorded in controlled conditions in experiment at CSSRI, Karnal ; BC-Broadcasting
31

Reclamation and management of alkali soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
me L -1 before applying to crops had significant
impact on wheat yields only.
On an average, different interventions produced
32 and 11 per cent higher grain yields of
wheat and rice, respectively. Among chemical
interventions, though all proved better in
comparison to farmers’ practice but application of
recommended (soil test basis) dose of NPK + Zn
in chemical form with addition of 100 % Gypsum
Requirement (GR) was found to be the best. This
treatment significantly increased the grain yields
of both the crops over all other treatments. It was
followed by 50%NPK +50% FYM + 100% GR
and 50%NPK +50% FYM + 100% GR. As far as
agronomic interventions are concerned (Table
9), rice yield recorded in puddle and unpuddled
transplant were at par but superior over DSR
(direct seeded rice) in tilled plots at optimum
moisture and zero till DSR.
The grain yield of wheat obtained under
conventional cultivation, turboseeding in
combine harvested, zero till conditions after
puddle or unpuddle transplant was at par,
but better than zero till sowing with seedcum-fertilizer
drill under combine harvested
conditions, broadcast sowing at last irrigation
and broadcast sowing in cultivated and irrigated
conditions. There was a net saving of water
equivalent to 3 irrigations each of 3.0 cm depth
in the case of DSR and unpuddle transplant in
comparison to puddle transplant rice. Deeper
(4-7 cm) and wider (3-5 cm) cracks in puddle
fields in comparison to 2-5 cm deep and 1.5-3
cm wide in unpuddle transplant, and only 1-2
cm deep and < 1 cm wide in DSR were recorded
at the harvest of paddy.
Effect of Different Land Use System on
Carbon Sequestration, Soil Physico-Chemical
Properties and Capacity of these Soils for
Sustaining Crop Growth under Salt Affected
Soil (P. Dey, H.S. Jat, Anil R. Chinchmalatpure
and D. Burman)
Yield plateau in rice-wheat system along with
diminishing factor productivity is a serious
problem engulfing agriculture. Identification of
efficient and sustainable land use system has,
therefore, assumed greater significance under
these circumstances. Soil organic carbon (SOC)
is an index of soil fertility and crop productivity.
To determine SOC, horizon-wise soil samples
from profiles were collected and compared for
reclaimed sodic soil of Karnal, Haryana with
that of sodic vertisol of Bharuch, Gujarat. The
results showed that SOC decreases more rapidly
with depth in reclaimed sodic soil than that of
sodic Vertisols (Fig. 10). Since pedoturbation is
a common phenomenon in sodic Vertisols, the
SOC in the profile get uniformly distributed.
Thus, SOC was found to be more evenly
distributed in sodic Vertisols of Western part of
India than that of reclaimed sodic soils of North-
West Indian conditions.
A pot culture experiment was conducted to study
the nutrient supplying potential of soils under
different land use systems with rice as a test
crop. It was observed that soils are, in general,
deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus and plants
exhibit deficiency symptoms. Amongst different
land use systems, aonla-based system was found
to produce higher grain yield/pot.
Soil organic matter sustainability under different
systems was also estimated for the sodic Vertisols
under three different land uses comprising of
agriculture, woody perennials and pasture-based
systems (Fig. 11). Pasture-based and woody
perennial based systems recorded higher value
of soil organic matter sustainability than the
agriculture-based systems in sodic Vertisols.
The study of weed dynamics (Table 10) revealed
that weed dry weight was lowest in rice-wheat
system (0.33 t ha -1 ). Among different land use
systems, highest weed dry weight was recorded
in Casuarina (1.33 t ha -1 ), followed by Prosopisbased
(1.31 t ha -1 ) and Eucalyptus-based (1.24 t
ha -1 ) systems. Higher weed dynamics in original
sodic land was due to less competition with any
crop/trees since it is kept fallow. In general,
the systems having comparatively higher
canopy coverage promote more annual weeds
as compared to perennials whereas, the system
having lesser canopy cover promote more
pernnial than annual weeds.
32

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils
Fig. 10 : Changes in soil organic carbon in reclaimed sodic soil (A) profile of Vertisol (B)
Fig. 11 : Soil organic matter stability under different land
use systems
Table 10 : Weed dynamics and biomass production
during kharif in different land use
systems
Land use
systems
No. of
weeds m -2
Fresh wt.
of weeds
(t ha -1 )
Dry wt.
of weeds
(t ha -1 )
Guava based 10.58 3.08 1.19
Aonla based 10.41 3.66 1.15
Casurina based 8 3.89 1.33
Prosopis based 9.12 4.35 1.31
Eucalyptus
based
7.85 2.80 1.24
Rice-wheat 4.31 1.19 0.33
Soybean-wheat 6.89 1.80 0.57
Original land 10.25 5.27 2.07
Integrated Nutrient Supply and Management
System for Sustainable Crop Production
in Alkali Soils (N.P.S.Yaduvanshi and
S.K.Chaudhari)
A long-term field experiment initiated in 1994
to evaluate the use of chemical fertilizers and
organic manure on a gypsum amended alkali
soil (pH 8.7 and ESP 18) was continued. The
treatments consisted of T 1
- Control (without
organic and inorganic fertilizer), T 2
- N 180
P 22
K 0
Zn 5
, T 3
-N 180
P 39
K 63
Zn 5
, T 4
-N 100
P 16
K 28
+ moong,
T 5
- N 100
P 16
K 28
+ GM before rice transplanting,
T 6
-N 100
P 16
K 28
+ FYM before rice transplanting,
T 7
- N 100
P 16
K 28
+ wheat straw before rice
transplanting, T 8
-N 100
P 16
K 28
+ rice straw
before wheat sowing, T 9
-N 150
P 26
K 42
S 30
Zn 7
Mn 7
, T 10
- N 150
P 26
K 42
S 30
Zn 7
Mn 0
. The experiment
was conducted in randomized block design
with four replications. The farm yard manure
(FYM) and wheat residue were incorporated
at 15 and 30 days before transplantating of
rice, respectively. The green manure crop of
dhaincha and moong as pulse crop were sown
in-situ during May. A 50 days old sesbania crop
was harvested, weighed and incorporated into
the soil by power tiller. The moong crop was
incorporated after two pickings. Rice cv Pusa-
44 (30 days old seedlings) was transplanted
in standing water in the first week of July
using 2 seedlings/hill at a spacing of 20 cm x
15 cm. One third of N and full doses of P and
K, S, Zn and Mn were applied at the time of
transplanting as per treatment. The remaining
nitrogen was broadcasted in two equal splits
at 3 and 6 weeks after transplanting. The crops
were grown under irrigated condition.
Results showed that the application of N 100
P 16
K 28
+ green manuring or moong or FYM, N 150
P 26
K 42
Zn 7
S 30
Mn 7
and N 150
P 26
K 42
Zn 7
S 30
Mn 0
were
significantly superior in comparison to farmers’
practice (N 180
P 22
K 0
Zn 5
) (Table 11). The highest
yield was obtained with the application of N 150
P 26
K 42
Zn 7
S 30
Mn 7
. There was no response to K
and Mn application.
33

Reclamation and management of alkali soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 11 : Effect of different integrated nutrient
management treatments on yield of rice
and wheat
Treatments
Grain yield (t ha -1 )
Wheat
2009-10
Rice 2010
N 0
P 0
K 0
1.96 2.26
N 180
P 22
K0Zn 5
(FP) 4.33 5.49
N 180
P 39
K 63
Zn 5
4.68 5.72
N 100
P 16
K 28
+ Moong 4.72
5.89 + 1.2
(Moong)
N 100
P 16
K 28
+ GM 4.40 6.18
N 100
P 16
K 28
+ FYM 4.03 5.87
N 100
P 16
K 28
+ WS 4.06 5.59
N 100
P 16
K 28
+ RS 4.24 5.62
N 150
P 26
K 42
S 30
Zn 7
Mn 7
4.51 6.35
N 150
P 26
K 42
S 30
Zn 7
Mn 0
4.28 6.02
CD (P= 0.05) 0.33 0.38
FP - Farmers’ practice
Soil physico-chemical properties under INM
treatments
Data on the effect of INM treatments on soil
bulk density, hydraulic conductivity and water
retention are presented in Table 12. Various
INM treatments did not influence soil bulk
density, saturated hydraulic conductivity and
water retention at 33 kPa and 1500 kPa soilwater
suction significantly after rice harvesting
during 2010. Three seasons’ average values
revealed that the incorporation of green manure
or application of FYM lowered the soil bulk
density and increased the saturated hydraulic
conductivity as compared with the mineral
fertilizer application, though the change was
statistically non-significant. Incorporation of
rice and wheat straw were not equally effective
as that of green manure and FYM in changing
the soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic
conductivity. In general, saturated hydraulic
conductivity values of the bottom layer were
lower than the upper layer, mainly due to
depth-wise increase in the bulk density and the
clay content. Incorporation of green manure
and application of FYM brought considerable
improvement in water retention at 33 kPa soilwater
suction, which was statistically superior
over mineral fertilizer application after wheat
and rice 2010. However, the incorporation of
green manure or application of FYM slightly
increased the water retention at 1500 kPa soilwater
suction as compared with the mineral
fertilizer application, though the change was
statistically non-significant. Addition of organic
sources increased soil organic carbon, available
N, P, K and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu)
and decreased soil pH. Combining chemical and
organic sources with judicious fertilizer use is
the most effective strategy for maintaining soil
productivity and sustaining crop yields.
Maximizing rice yield through early stage
nursery transplanting in partially puddled
conditions
The experiment was initiated with the objectives
to maximize rice yield by early stage nursery
transplanting with recommended practices
during 2010. The treatments consisted of. T 1
-
Recommended practice (30 days nursery), T 2
-
15 days nursery (without sesbania), T 3
- 15 days
nursery (0 day sesbania) and, T 4
- 15 days nursery
(7 days sesbania). Rice variety Pusa-44 nursery
was sown as per treatments. Rice (30 days old
seedlings) was transplanted in standing water
in first week of July using 2 seedlings/hill at a
spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm. The fertilizer applied
at the time of transplanting as per treatments.
The remaining nitrogen was broadcasted as
per treatments. Transplanting of 15 days old
nursery significantly increased the rice yield as
compared to recommended age. Transplanting
of 15 days nursery with sesbania at 0 and 7
days significantly decreased the rice yield as
compared to transplanting of 15 days nursery
without sesbania. Transplanting of 15 days old
nursery with sesbania at 7 days slightly increased
the rice yield in comparison to 0 day of sesbania
(Table 13).
34

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils
Table 12 : Effect of INM treatments on soil physical properties
INM treatments
Soil depth
(cm)
Bulk density
(mg m -3 )
Saturated
hydraulic
conductivity
(mm h -1 )
Water
retention(θ v
)
(cm 3 cm -3 ) at
33 kPa
Water
retention(θ v
)
(cm 3 cm -3 ) at
1500 kPa
N 0
P 0
K 0
15-30 1.42 1.5 0.24 0.14
0-15 1.42 1.7 0.23 0.16
30-60 1.43 -- 0.23 0.15
N 180
P 22
K 0
Zn 5
(FP)
0-15 1.42 1.7 0.23 0.15
15-30 1.42 1.8 0.25 0.14
30-60 1.42 -- 0.24 0.16
N 180
P 39
K 63
Zn 5
15-30 1.42 1.4 0.23 0.15
0-15 1.41 1.7 0.22 0.15
30-60 1.43 -- 0.21 0.15
N 100
P 16
K 28
+ moong
0-15 1.40 1.9 0.28 0.16
15-30 1.40 1.9 0.25 0.16
30-60 1.40 -- 0.25 0.15
0-15 1.38 2.3 0.34 0.17
N 100
P 16
K 28
+ GM
15-30 1.39 2.2 0.32 0.16
30-60 1.39 -- 0.33 0.15
N 100
P 16
K 28
+ FYM
0-15 1.38 2.5 0.36 0.18
15-30 1.38 2.4 0.36 0.17
30-60 1.39 -- 0.34 0.16
N 100
P 16
K 28
+ WS
0-15 1.40 2.0 0.27 0.15
15-30 1.41 1.7 0.27 0.15
30-60 1.42 -- 0.27 0.15
N 100
P 16
K 28
+ RS
0-15 1.42 1.9 0.24 0.16
15-30 1.43 1.9 0.24 0.15
30-60 1.42 -- 0.23 0.15
N 150
P 26
K 42
S 30
Zn 7
Mn 7 15-30 1.41 1.4 0.22 0.15
0-15 1.41 1.5 0.23 0.15
30-60 1.42 -- 0.23 0.14
N 150
P 26
K 42
S 30
Zn 7
Mn 0
15-30 1.41 1.3 0.23 0.15
0-15 1.39 1.3 0.24 0.15
30-60 1.41 -- 0.23 0.15
CD(0.05) Treat. NS NS 0.11 NS
Depth NS NS NS NS
35

Reclamation and management of alkali soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 13 : Effect of different treatments on yield of
rice
Treatments Rice yield (t ha -1 )
T 1
- Recommended practices
(30 days nursery)
T 2
- 15 days nursery (without
sesbania)
T 3
- 15 days nursery (0 day
sesbania)
T 4
- 15 days nursery (7 days
sesbania)
5.05
5.57
4.28
4.54
CD (p= 0.05) 0.33
Productive Utilization of Inland Sodic/Saline
Soil and Water for Aquaculture in relation to
Farming System Research (S.K Singh)
The productivity of fish biomass based on
supplementary feed (down size farm grain@1-5%
of body weight of fish) from the new pond (0.1 ha)
and an old pond (0.4 ha) was 2.98 and 3.86 t ha -1
after one year of cultivation at 800±250 g mean
weight of the species. After eighteen months of
culture, the production from ponds was found
to be 3.10 and 4.20 t ha -1 year -1 , respectively.
The species recovery from the ponds after
harvest were found in the order of Cyprinus
carpio (Common carp) > Ctenopharyngodon idella
(Grass carp) >Catla catla (Catla) > Labeo rohita
(Rohu) > Cirrhinus mrigal (Mrigal). The major
phsico-chemical and hydrobiological parameter
of pond soil and water is given in the Table 14
and 15. On the bund of the new pond, elephant
foot yam (Zimikand) (Amorphallus paeonifolius)
was grown to the level of 3-5 times of initial
plantation under farming system practices in
sodic soil condition along with fish culture
activity in the pond. From both the ponds, the
revenue of ` 83,973 was generated through
Table 15 : Physico-chemical and biological
parameters of the pond water
Parameters New pond Old pond
Pond water area (ha) 0.1 0.4
Mean water depth (m) 0.90
(0.75-1.25)
1.2
(0.85-1.60)
Water transparency (cm) 10.0-18.6 6.8-24.0
Water temperature ( 0 C) 10-38 10-38
Water pH 7.2-9.1 7.0-9.3
D.O.(mg L -1 ) 1.0-6.2 2.8-8.3
Free CO 2
(mg L -1 ) 0.0-20.0 0.0-16.0
Alkalinity (mg L -1 ) 196-260 128-160
Hardness (mg L -1 ) 110-160 88-120
DOM (mg L -1 ) 2.0-4.4 3.6-6.2
EC (dS m -1 ) 0.50-0.92 0.30-0.78
Planktonic productivity
(ml/100 L water)
0.5-1.5 0.25-1.75
Bottom biota (No m -2 ) Nil 0-01
Fish production after
18 month (t ha -1 year -1 )
3.10 4.20
B:C 2.70 5.60
DO - Dissolved oxygen; DOM - Dissolved organic matter
fish sale. The B:C for the new pond was 2.7 for
fish and 2.88 (0.2ha) for vegetable cultivation,
whereas overall B:C for old fish pond was 5.6.
The fresh stocking of ponds with different type
of carp fish fingerling (5-15g size) i.e.Catla catla
(Catla), Labeo rohita (Rohu), Cirrhinus mrigala
(Mrigal), Hypopthalmicthys molitrex (Silver carp),
Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp), Cyprinus
carpio(Common carp) at the rate of 10,000 ha -1
was done December, 2010.
Table 14 : Soil characteristics of fish ponds
Soil characteristics
Plot of the new
pond
Bottom of the
new pond
Marginal area of dyke
of old pond
Bottom of the
old pond
pH 8.1-9.37 7.77-7.91 7.0-8.1 7.0-7.66
EC e
(dS m -1 ) 0.20-0.44 0.45-0.64 0.28-0.89 0.30-0.69
Organic carbon (%) 0.13-0.48 0.42-0.48 0.03-0.56 0.56-0.83
36

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils
Studies on Multi-enterprise Agriculture
on Reclaimed Sodic Land for Sustaining
Livelihood (Gurbachan Singh, J.C. Dagar, H.S.
Jat, R.S. Tripathi, N.P.S. Yaduvanshi, Lalita
Batra, P.C. Sharma, R.S. Pandey, S.K. Chaudhari,
S.K. Singh, S.S. Kundu and N.S. Sirohi)
A multienterprise agriculture project was
initiated on 2.0 ha reclaimed alkali land at
the experimental farm of CSSRI, Karnal with
interdisciplinary approach to develop farming
options/capsules. The project was initiated in
2006 with a broad idea of sustainable use of
natural resources.
Multienterprise components
Multienterprise agriculture model is an
integration of various components grouped
in two categories i.e. crop components and
subsidiary components. Crop components gave
the income on half yearly basis while subsidiary
components generate the income on regular
basis. Total revenue of ` 3,54,828 was generated
in the multienterprise model after expending `
1,02,357 (Table 16) resulting in a net income of
` 2,52, 471. Crop components generated a net
annual income of ` 1,07, 388 and subsidiary
components ` 1,45,083. Subsidiary components
generated a daily net income of ` 397 with an
expenditure of ` 201.
Crop components
The profitability of different crops under crop
components was worked out on the basis of
minimum support price of marketable produce
for the year 2009-10 (Table 17). Horticulture
and fodder-based systems were found to be
more remunerative than other crop production
systems. In horticulture production system,
the highest net income of ` 1,10,316 ha -1 was
recorded with a B:C of 5.35 followed by vegetable
production system (` 80,683 ha -1 ). However, the
lowest return was recorded with floriculture
production system (` 37,202 ha -1 ) with a B:C
ratio of 1.83.
In case of grain production, the highest system
productivity in terms of rice equivalent yield
(9.74 t ha -1 ) was recorded by rice-wheat and
maize-wheat-moong cropping systems with a
B:C of 3.87 and 3.15, respectively. However, the
highest net income (` 74,596 ha -1 ) was observed
with rice-wheat cropping system (Table 18).
The lowest rice equivalent yield (6.24 t ha -1 )
was observed with soybean-maize cropping
system with a net return of ` 43,565 ha -1 . Under
grain production components, rice-wheat and
maize-wheat-moong cropping systems were
compatible with each other and profitable in
comparison to other cropping systems.
Subsidiary components
Milk production unit could be considered as
‘core unit’ of multienterprise, which gave regular
income (` 10216 month -1 ) and employment to
the farmer’s family. Average monthly milk
productions from animals are presented in
Fig 12. The variation in milk production was
governed by the lactation period of the animals.
In the month of December, highest milk (790 L)
was produced, whereas lowest milk production
(33 L) was recorded in the month of July 2010.
A good volume of milk (414 L month -1 ) was
recorded throughout the year. The highest net
income (` 2,54,871 2ha -1 ) was recorded with
multienterprise agriculture model with a B:C
ratio of 2.47 closely followed by horticulture
based production system (` 2,20,633 2ha -1 ) with
a B:C of 5.35. Horticulture based system in
which the vegetable crops were grown with the
fruit plants of guava proved to be economic and
highly beneficial to the farmers.
Fig 12 : Monthly trend s of milk production (L m -1 )
during the year (2010 )
37

Reclamation and management of alkali soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 16 : Revenue generation, expenditure and net income in multienterprise agriculture model
Multi-enterprise components
Revenue
generation (`)
Expenditure
(`)
Net
income (`)
B:C
ratio
Crop Components
Fodder production - 0.4 ha 21712 3585 18127 5.06
Grain production- 0.8 ha 56775 13155 43621 3.32
Floriculture production-0.2 ha 11511 4071 7440 1.83
Horticulture based-0.2 ha 26190 4126 22063 5.35
Vegetable production- 0.2 ha 20020 3883 16137 4.16
Sub-total 136208 (373) 28820 (79) 107388 (294) 3.73
Subsidiary Components
Milk + compost + biogas 135271 38127 97144 2.55
Fruits & vegetables on pond dykes 23476 2400 21076 8.78
Fish 27527 1500 26027 17.35
Poultry & ducks 29326 30110 -784 -
Mushroom 1500 1200 300 0.25
Bee-keeping 1520 200 1320 6.90
Sub total 218620 (599) 73537 (201) 145083 (397) 1.97
Total 354828 (972) 102357 (280) 252471 (692) 2.47
Note : Figures in parenthesis indicate per day income
Table 17 : Economics of different crop components grown
Crop Components
Gross income
(` ha -1 )
Operational cost
(` ha -1 )
Net income
(` ha -1 )
Fodder production 54280.00 8962.00 45318.00
Grain production 70969.25 16443.50 54525.75
Floriculture production 57556.92 20354.50 37202.42
Horticulture based 130947.50 20631.00 110316.50
Vegetable production 100100.00 19416.90 80683.10
Horticulture + vegetable system
Wheat crop
38

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils
Table 18 : Productivity and profitability of different cropping systems in multi-enterprise agriculture
Cropping systems
Productivity
(t ha -1 )
Operational
cost
(` ha -1 )
Gross
income
(` ha -1 )
Net
income
(` ha -1 )
B:C
ratio
Rice
equivalent
yield (t ha -1 )
Rice-wheat 9.32 19274 93870 74596 3.87 9.74
Rice 5.22 9806 49590 39784 4.06 5.22
Wheat 4.10 9468 44280 34812 3.68 4.52
Moong-maizewheat
9.28 23014 95490 72476 3.15 9.74
Moong 0.40 3769 11040 7271 3.51 1.13
Maize 4.75 8845 39900 31055 3.51 4.07
wheat 4.13 10400 44550 34150 3.28 4.55
Soybean-maize 6.28 17602 61167 43565 2.48 6.24
Soybean 1.53 8203 21267 13064 1.59 2.17
Maize 4.75 9400 39900 30500 3.24 4.07
Pigeonpea-maize 1.45+37.5* 13749 70850 57101 4.22 7.23
Maize (fodder) 37.50 7864 37500 29636 3.77 3.83
Pigeonpea 1.45 5885 33350 27465 4.67 3.40
*Fodder yield
Recycling of FYM within the system
About 43.46 t of cow dung was obtained from 5-6
animals during the study period. Out of which,
15.93 t was used for generating biogas, 26.89 t
for composting, 0.13 t for vermi-composting and
0.52 t was added to the fish pond as fish feed.
The dung used in biogas plant, after production
of biogas, was also added into the compost pits.
A major part of urine of animals was added
directly into the fish pond.
Soil biological quality
After 3 years of cropping, greater microbial
biomass carbon microbial nitrogen flush
and dehydrogenase activity was observed
under sorghum-berseem (268.6, 19.6 and 59.9,
respectively) cropping system as compared
to all other systems (Table 19). However, acid
phosphatase activity was higher (184.5) in ricewheat
cropping system. This indicates that the
fodder production component is highly efficient
in providing suitable micro climate to microorganisms.
The lowest microbial nitrogen (16.5
mg kg -1 ) and dehydrogenase activity (21.2 µg
TPF g -1 soil) was observed under floriculture
production system.
Fish production and water quality of pond
The ongoing experimental trial for rearing
of different type of fish fingerlings viz;Catla
catla (Catla), Labeo rohita (Rohu), Cirrhinus
mrigala (Mrigal), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass
carp), Cyprinus carpio (Common carp) was
undertaken in this pond model (0.2 ha). Post
stocking management of the pond in relation to
multienterprise agriculture was done for natural
productivity in terms of pond fertilization
mainly with duck droppings and cow dung
generated in the model. The fresh stocking of
pond with different type of carp fish fingerling
(10-15g size) @ 10,000 ha -1 was done during the
period under report. The fish productivity after
39

Reclamation and management of alkali soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 19 : Microbial properties under different production systems of crop components
Cropping systems
Microbial
biomass
carbon
(mg kg -1 )
Microbial
nitrogen
flush
(mg kg -1 )
Dehydrogenase
activity
(µg TPF g -1 soil)
Acid
phosphatase
activity
(µg PNP g -1
soil)
Grain production (Rice-Wheat) 255.6 ± 40.6 18.5 ± 3.2 24.6 + 3.2 184.5 + 12.5
Fodder production (Sorghumberseem)
Horticulture production (Guava+
Banana + tomato + Bhindi)
Vegetable production (Bottle guard -
Cauliflower)
Floriculture production (Baby corn -
marigold - gladiolus)
268.6 ± 23.5 19.6 ± 3.6 59.9 + 6.0 91.3 + 7.7
180.2 ± 15.6 18.9 ± 2.2 21.9 + 2.4 121.6 + 16.2
179.5 ± 25.2 17.6 ± 3.9 24.6 + 3.5 105.7 + 15.4
194.8 ± 19.1 16.5 ± 1.9 21.2 + 2.6 134.4 + 9.2
one year cultivation, at the level 750± 250g mean
weight of the overall species from the pond, was
3.5 t ha -1 and finally after eighteen months at the
level of 3.58 t ha -1 year -1 . The species recovery
from the ponds after harvest were found in the
order of Cyprinus carpio > Ctenopharyngodon idella
> Catla catla > Labeo rohita > Cirrhinus mrigal. The
major physico-chemical and hydrobiological
parameters of pond soil and water are given in
Table 20 and 21.
Table 20 : Soil parameters of multienterprise pond
Marginal area Bottom area
Parameters
of pond of pond
Soil pH 7.92-9.74 7.54-7.79
EC (dS m -1 ) 0.28-1.05 0.48-0.94
Organic
carbon (%)
0.10-0.50 0.35-1.53
Multienterprise model generates employment
for the farmers’ family and provide regular
income of ` 397 day -1 from the subsidiary
components in addition to seasonal income
from crop components.
Table 21 : Physico-chemical and biological
parameters of water
Parameters
Values
Pond water area (ha) 0.2
Mean water depth (m) 1.25 (0.9-1.5)
Water transparency (cm) 8.0-16.0
Water temperature ( 0 C) 10-38
Water pH 7.0-9.0
D.O.(mg L -l ) 1.5-7.2
Free CO 2
(mg L -l ) 0.0-12.0
Alkalinity (mg L -l ) 210-280
Hardness (mg L -l ) 130-200
DOM (mg L -l ) 4.0-8.0
EC(dS m -1 ) 0.63-0.82
Planktonic productivity
(ml100 -l water)
0.5-2.0
Bottom biota (No m -2 ) 01
Fish production after eighteen
month (t ha -1 year -1 )
3.58
B:C 5.8
40

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
MANAGEMENT OF WATER LOGGING/SALINE SOILS
Guidance in Identification of Problem Areas
and Design and Evaluation of Subsurface
Drainage Projects in Haryana (S.K. Gupta, Anil R.
Chinchmalatpure, R.S. Tripathi and R.L. Meena)
Pump-cum-gravity outlet
For minimizing the cost of pumping, gravitycum-pumped
outlets have been provided at
few places wherever technically feasible. A
desk study revealed that under the prevailing
water-table conditions in the Beri area as much
as 75 per cent of the cost of pumping could be
saved with this provision (Table 22). In fact,
with such a system, there would be no need to
pump for water and salt balance purposes as the
requirement could be fully met with the gravity
flow. Pumping for irrigation purpose would only
be needed for which farmers have no hesitation
in investing on pump and operational cost.
Modelling water-table, salinization and
desalinization
Wasim model was used to assess the post
drainage situation of the water-table under wet
(25% above normal rainfall), normal and dry
rainfall (25% below normal rainfalls) years. Two
years data for each case were used assuming
that 2 years of above normal rainfall would be
followed by 2 years of normal (485 mm) and 2
years of below normal rainfall. The predictions
shown in Fig. 13 revealed that at no time water
table reaches 30 cm below the ground level with
drainage provision. Since, the total rainfall and
rainfall storms determine the rise of the watertable,
water-table in normal and above normal
rainfall for this particular case were not very
different. However, the water-table during dry
years remained lower than normal or above
Table 22 : Variation of discharge through orifice at different heads and volume drained by gravity and
pumping
Months Water
table
depth
(Av.
2004-07)
(cm)
Depth
of
orifice
(cm)
Height
above
orifice
(cm)
Diameter
of orifice
(cm)
Discharge
through
orifice
(L s -1 )
Discharge
through
pumping
(L s -1 )
Volume
drained by
pump per
day (m 3
day -1 ) (8h
day -1 )
Volume
drained
by orifice
(m 3 day -1 )
(24h day -1 )
Jan 50.0 65.0 15.0 7.2 4.3 10.0 288.0 367.9
Feb 55.0 65.0 10.0 7.2 3.5 10.0 288.0 300.4
Mar 50.0 65.0 15.0 7.2 4.3 10.0 288.0 367.9
Apr 65.0 65.0 0.0 7.2 0.0 10.0 288.0 0.0
May 73.0 65.0 0.0 7.2 0.0 10.0 288.0 0.0
Jun 80.0 65.0 0.0 7.2 0.0 10.0 288.0 0.0
Jul 63.0 65.0 2.0 7.2 1.6 10.0 288.0 134.4
Aug 54.0 65.0 11.0 7.2 3.6 10.0 288.0 101.6 *
Sep 41.0 65.0 24.0 7.2 5.4 10.0 288.0 155.1 *
Oct 36.0 65.0 29.0 7.2 5.9 10.0 288.0 165.0 *
Nov 37.0 65.0 28.0 7.2 5.8 10.0 288.0 502.7
Dec 38.0 65.0 27.0 7.2 5.7 10.0 288.0 493.6
Total 642.0 780.0 161.0 86.4 40.0 120.0 3456.0 2588.8
Average 53.5 65.0 13.4 7.2 3.3 10.0 288.0 215.7
*submerged orifice for 20 days
41

Management of water logging/saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
pre-sowing irrigation on short-term basis.
However, over the long-term, above normal
rainfall would take care of salinity build-up.
Fig. 13 : Groundwater table behaviour in wet, normal
and dry years under drainage
normal rainfall years. It appears that under the
drainage situation, chances of aeration problem
are quite less.
Although, the provision of drainage helps in
reclaiming the land but reuse of drainage effluent
for crop production during the rabi season may
cause soil salinization. On the other hand,
desalinization would occur during the monsoon
season. To see the variation in soil salinity under
this situation, a case study was prepared for the
wheat crop wherein saline water (5 dS m -1 ) was
used to apply 4 irrigations following pre-sowing
irrigation with fresh water. The soil salinity at
the time of wheat harvest reached at a level of 2.5
dS m -1 (EC 2
), which is not detrimental to wheat
crop at this stage. The soil salinity remained at
that level and decreased with on-set of monsoon
season (Fig. 14). Several combinations of such
exercises revealed that :
There is no build-up of soil salinity on a longterm
basis
Salinity build-up on year-to-year basis may
occur depending upon the amount of rainfall.
This may be taken care of by applying a heavy
Fig.14 : Soil salinization and desalinization in saline
water irrigated land with subsurface drainage
From these studies, it could be concluded that
drainage helped in controlling the water- table
and facilitated the reuse of drainage water.
Besides, it is also concluded that Wasim Model
could be used in monitoring and evaluation
of various management options that could
be applied to manage drained lands to get
maximum advantage of land drainage with
minimum cost.
Farmers’ Participatory Action Research
Programme (FPARP) on Enhancing
Groundwater Recharge and Water Productivity
(S.K. Kamra, Satyendra Kumar, R.K. Yadav,
Sharad K. Singh, Pragati Maity, Ram Ajore,
Gurbachan Singh)
The sustainability of agriculture in northwestern
states is threatened due to alarming
decline of water-table, increase in pumping cost
and deterioration in groundwater quality. The
groundwater decline can be deferred to some
extent by enhancing artificial recharge using
rain and excess canal water through surface
spreading and well injection techniques. It helps
in utilizing flood water that otherwise goes
waste or causes damage to standing crops and
also in improving groundwater quality. Well
injection techniques are getting accepted due to
failure or delay in arrival of natural or artificially
recharged water to deeper aquifer zones with
surface methods.
Farmers’ Participatory Action Research
Programme (FPARP) on Enhancing
Groundwater Recharge and Water Productivity
was continued at CSSRI, Karnal and Regional
Research Stations, Bharuch and Lucknow
during 2010. During this period, innovative
groundwater recharge, pond renovation,
integrated farming systems, laser leveling
technologies and irrigation interventions have
been implemented at 93 village sites in Haryana,
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. These
include injection well type recharge structures
installed and evaluated at 52 farmers’ fields (32
42

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Management of water logging/saline soils
in Haryana, 5 in Punjab, 3 in Uttar Pradesh and
12 in Gujarat). These are based on well injection
technique and involve passing of excess rain
and canal water under gravity through a bore
well to subsurface sandy zones coupled to a
recharge filter consisting of layers of coarse
sand, small gravel and boulders in a small brick
masonry chamber. Design features of recharge
structures installed in Haryana and Punjab have
been discussed in earlier reports, broad feature
and cost of main technologies/interventions for
whole project are summarized in Table 23.
Individual farmers can construct recharge
structures at any low lying location where
runoff gets accumulated and adversely affects
the production of rice during monsoon rains
and of wheat during occasional winter rains.
The temporal changes in depth, EC and RSC
of groundwater at two representative sites in
Haryana are presented in Fig. 15. It is seen that
recharge events, indicated by arrows, cause both
a rise in water-table depth and reduction in EC
and sometimes also of RSC of groundwater.
The capital investment cost has been worked
out @ ` 3.5 to Rs. 2.1 m -3 recharge water for
locations collecting runoff from 12- 20 ha area.
The recharge structures, with intake rate of 4-6
litre sec -1 , have proven highly effective in these
states in augmenting groundwater, improving
Table 23 : Features of recharge structures and
interventions
Structure
Depth
(m)
Thickness
of sandy
layers (m)
Cost
(`)
Recharge shaft 30- 46 10- 18
35000-
48000
Recharge cavity 40- 55 NA
35000-
45000
Recharge cavitycum
- strainer well
50 25 55000-
58000
Recharge well 25- 45 15- 18
Laser leveling and
improved irrigation
methods
Pond renovation - -
22000-
31000
- - 4000-
5000/ha
10000-
20000
Fig. 15 : Temporal changes in depth, EC and RSC of
groundwater at two recharge sites (Dera
Yatriwala and Dera Gujran) in Haryana
its quality (salinity, alkalinity and fluoride
concentration) and enhancing farmers’ income
by saving submerged crops by recharge of
excess water. The recharging of water resulted
in 0.6- 3.3 m and 0.3 to 3.3 m rise in water table
at different sites in Haryana and Punjab during
rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010, respectively.
The corresponding reduction in salinity and
RSC of groundwater at different sites ranged
from 0.2-2.4 and 0.1- 0.8 dS m -1 and 0-6.6 and
0-8.3, respectively during these two years.
The payback period of 30- 45 m deep recharge
structures, costing ` 30,000- 50,000, has been
estimated to be 1-2 years only. Similarly,
recharge through recharge wells in alluvial and
rocky regions of Bharuch district of Gujarat
resulted in prolonged availability and reduction
in groundwater salinity and consequent, 15 to 40
per cent increase in income from fruit (banana,
papaya and mango) plantations. Further,
recharge of excess canal water through recharge
cavities at 3 sites in Unnao district of UP reduced
fluoride concentration of groundwater from 2.0
ppm to 1.2 ppm, i.e below prescribed limit of 1.5
ppm for drinking water.
Field and lab studies are in progress to devise
improved designs of recharge filters, including
radial and biological filters to minimize clogging
problem. Thickness of upper sand layer of
43

Management of water logging/saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Groundwater recharge structures recharging excess rainwater and saving submerged crops at two sites in Haryana
recharge filter has been found to be a primary
factor influencing clogging, while size of gravel
in the middle layer also controls effectiveness of
sand as a filter.
Laser levelling was implemented at 25 sites
in Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
Comparative studies on the depth and uniformity
of water application and crop yields in one acre
conventionally leveled and laser leveled fields at
selected sites in Haryana indicated that the laser
leveling is an effective technology that can save
upto 20 per cent irrigation water requirement
and increase yield and water productivity of
both rice and wheat by about 10 and 35 per cent,
respectively resulting in an annual increase of
income by ` 10,910 (Table 24).
Table 24 : Increase in water productivity in laser
leveled over conventionally leveled
fields (Av. of 6 demonstrations in
farmers’ fields in Karnal district)
Parameter Rice Wheat
Saving in irrigation water (%) 18.6 21.1
Increase in yield (%) 8.3 11.0
Per cent increase in water
productivity (kg m -3 of applied 34.6 37.6
water)
Per cent increase in water
productivity (` m -3 of applied 4.7 5.9
water)
Increase in income (` ha -1 ) 5,040 5,870
Total ` 10,910
Saline aquaculture demonstration studies were
also conducted in 0.2 ha size pond at one site
(Jagsi, Distt Sonipat). The results indicated good
scope of fish species like Catla, Rahu, Mrigal,
grasscarp and commoncarp in waterlogged
saline ground water using water of 2.5 dS m -1
salinity. With in a period of eight months, the
size of above fishes increased from 5 g to 400-
600 g. Erosion of pond dyke due to heavy rain
was observed to be a constraint for aquaculture
in waterlogged saline areas.
Integrated Filtering System for Artificial
Groundwater Recharge (Satyendra Kumar, S.K.
Kamra and R.K. Yadav)
A study is in progress to design a efficient
filtering system for groundwater recharge
structures. The specific aim of this research was
to determine the filtration efficiency of coarse
grained filter media used in artificial recharge
structure, and to evaluate the effects of their use
on the quantity and quality of water recharged.
A circular PVC column (22.5 cm dia and 120
cm height) was fabricated for the laboratory
experiment with inflow and outflow fittings.
PVC pipes of 1.25 cm diameter, perforated
half portion i.e. in half circle were fixed at
different intervals in the column to sample
the flowingwater from different depths of
filtering medium for studying the movement of
sediments within the medium (Fig. 16). At the
bottom of the column, two concentric collectors
were provided for passing the filtrate from
filtering medium, while filtrate moved along
with sides of the column collected by the outer
collector and that water was not considered for
44

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Management of water logging/saline soils
Fig. 16: PVC column used in the laboratory study
further analysis. Gravel, boulder and coarse
sand (CS) was used as filtering medium. Since,
finer particles i.e. CS is encountered first, it is
responsible for retaining the physical impurities
carried with runoff water. Therefore, different
particle size of CS with varying thickness of
filtering medium were prepared and evaluated.
Three particle sizes of CS viz;(T 1
) 0.35-0.51,
(T 2
) 0.5-0.7, (T 3
) 0.7-1.0 mm were used in
this experiment. The gradation curve for the
materials used in laboratory study is presented
in Fig. 17. In T 3
, about 90 per cent of CS particles
were more than 0.5 mm in diameter, while it
was about 80 per cent in T 2
. In filtering medium
T 1
, 20 per cent CS particles were 0.35 mm or less
in diameter.
The varying sediment concentrations ranging
from 250 to 3000 mg L -1 were prepared by
Fig. 17 : Gradation curve for material used as filtering
medium and base material (soil)
collecting the surface soil from the farmer’s field
where recharge structure had been installed.
Soils were dried, sieved (0.2 mm) and used as
the suspended sediment material for testing
of vertical filter. Further, the sieved particles
were weighted and the designed levels of
concentration were prepared. Tap water was
passed through filtering medium for 10 minutes
before conducting the test run with different
sediment concentration of water, so that filtering
medium is clean. The laboratory study revealed
that performance of filter depends upon particle
size of coarse sand (CS) and influent sediment
load. It was observed that removal efficiency
(RE) of the medium increased with the thickness
of CS bed and decreasing sediment load of
influent. Similar trend was found with all three
CS medium. CS medium T 1
recorded 80 per cent
RE for all the sediment loads except 3000 ppm
at 10 cm out let. It indicates that about 80 per
cent suspended load of influent was retained by
top 10 cm CS bed and retention reached to more
than 90 per cent after traveling 15 cm within
the medium. However, removal efficiency was
fewer with CS medium T 2
and T 3
. The same RE
was recorded with 40 and 50 cm depth of CS in
T 2
and T 3
, respectively. Lab study also indicated
that filtration rate gradually decreased with the
increase in suspended solids of influent water
(Fig 18). Although, declining rate was sharp in
the medium of greater particle size (T 3
), but,
the rate was recorded substantially higher than
the others. It indicates that clogging was slow
in the coarse medium. Hence, if CS medium
of greater particle size (0.7-1.0 mm) is used in
filtering unit that can work satisfactorily for the
longer period compared to the others. The slope
of the line (Fig. 19) decreased with decreasing
sediment load. It shows that filtering media
performed better with lower concentration of
influent. It can be concluded that performance
of vertical filtering medium can be improved
either by using coarser particles of sand with
greater thickness or by providing sedimentation
facility before the CS bed to reduce the sediment
load to a possible low level.
45

Management of water logging/saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Fig. 18: Effect of Thickness of sand bed on removal efficiency for different particle size of filtering media
Fig.19 : Effect of particle size of coarse sand (CS) and sediment load on filtration rate
Performance Study of Subsurface Microirrigation
for Horticultural Crops (fruits) using
Domestic Wastewater (R.S. Pandey, Lalita
Batra, S.K. Gupta and Ali Qadar)
The research work on use of sewage water
with drip irrigation for fruit crops, initiated in
2006, was continued. The study was carried out
with two treatments i.e. drip irrigation with
(i) sewage water and (ii) good quality water.
Three fruit crops are being cultivated i.e. aonla
and guava as main fruit crops with inter crop
papaya. The pressure compensating drippers
were installed at 40 cm depth having discharge
rate of 4 L h -1 and four emitters were provided
for each guava and aonla plant. During the
year, the study was conducted on three basic
aspects. i.e. back pressure, clogging of emitters
and plant performance. In the back pressure
study, the emphasis was given on the effect of
backpressure on emitter performance and their
selection criteria. During backpressure, there
is a reduction in net pressure due to pressure
generated by the soil media. The manufacturing
coefficients of variation of the emitters, which
was non-pressure compensating and utilized
during vegetable production during 2003-06,
were analyzed for this purpose (Table 25). Data
revealed that these emitters are better suited for
the backpressure as manufacturing coefficient
of variation increased with the applied pressure.
Here, the nominal discharge rate pressure was
1.0 kg cm - ² and manufacturing coefficient of
variation was less at 0.60 kg cm - ² pressure having
value of 0.0514 compared to higher pressure i.e.
1.5 kg cm - ², having the value of 0.0928 above the
nominal discharge rate pressure.
In fruit crops, plant spacing is wide, which
require clubbing of the emitters to increase the
discharge rate. In the present case, the plant-to-
46

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Management of water logging/saline soils
Guava plant of 4 years age along with inter fruit tree
papaya
Table 25 : Change in manufacturing coefficient
of variation of drippers with applied
pressure and discharge rate in laterals
Pressure in
lateral pipe
(kg cm ‐ ²)
Mean
discharge
rate of
emitters
(L h -1 )
Manufacturing
coefficient of
variation
0.60 3.44 0.0514
1.00 3.87 0.0827
1.50 4.86 0.0928
2.00 6.04 0.1038
Aonla plant of 4 years age along with inter fruit tree
papaya
plant spacing of the guava and aonla was 4.5 m
and row to row spacing was 6.0 m. In the case of
Papaya, plant-to-plant and row-to-row spacing
was 1.5 m. Data on the grouping of the amitters
on discharge uniformity under surface and subsurface
drip are presented in Table 26 and 27.
It appears that there was decrease in coefficient
of variation while clubbing higher number
of emitters thus increasing the uniformity
coefficient under both surface and subsurface
drip irrigation systems. In the plant performance
study, the plant height, shaded area, girth
and yield of aonla and guava were monitored
and analyzed. There was large variability in
Table 26 : Effect of grouping of the emitters on uniformity of discharge rate in surface drip irrigation
No. of
emitters
clubbed
Average
discharge rate of
the emitters
(L h -1 )
Manufacturing
coefficient of
variation
Average
discharge rate
of emitters after
3 years use
(L h -1 )
Coefficient of
variation of
emitters after 3
years use
Uniformity
coefficient
(%)
1 3.87 0.077 3.89 0.330 68.0
2 7.74 0.052 7.78 0.197 80.0
3 11.61 0.047 11.67 0.159 84.0
Table 27 : Effect of grouping of the emitters on uniformity of discharge rate in subsurface drip irrigation
No. of
emitters
clubbed
Average discharge
rate of the emitters
(L h -1 )
Manufacturing
coefficient of
variation
Average
discharge rate
of the emitters
after 3 years use
(L h -1 )
Coefficient of
variation of
emitters after 3
years use
Uniformity
coefficient
(%)
1 3.85 0.078 3.78 0.170 83.00
2 7.70 0.052 7.56 0.114 88.60
3 11.55 0.047 11.34 0.128 87.40
47

Management of water logging/saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
shaded area affecting planning of the amount of
irrigation, which needs consideration.
Decision Support System for Enhancing
Productivity in Irrigated Saline Environment
using Remote Sensing, Modelling and GIS
(D.S. Bundela, S.K. Gupta, Madhurama Sethi,
R.L. Meena, N.P.S. Yaduvanshi and R.S.
Tripathi)
An irri-agro informatics database of the
Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) command
was updated for new distributaries and water
courses. Canal information extracted from
recent remote sensing inputs and supply data.
The geo-database was used for identification
and delineation of the area of low productivity
in the WYC command using GIS methodology
based on canal supplies, groundwater quality,
salt affected soils and satellite derived
vegetation index (NDVI), salinity index (NDSI)
and waterlogging index (NSWI) (Fig. 20). It
was found that the area affected with low
productivity is 988 sq km (7.24% of the command)
(Fig. 21). For intensive study, low productivity
areas were selected in the command of the
Butana branch (Fig. 22a). The crop production
constraints in irrigated saline environment were
identified and the suitable best management
practices (BMPs) were suggested for enhancing
wheat yield in the mid and tail reaches of the
Butana distributary. Poor irrigation practices
and inadequate conjunctive use of multi quality
waters were the main constraints resulting in
low crop yield as well as low to moderate soil
salinity built-up. Twelve field demonstrations
Fig.20 : Methodology for identification of area of low
productivity
Fig.21 : Area of low productivity in the WYC Command
(a)
(b)
Fig. 22 a & b: Area of low productivity and location of 12
field demonstrations in Butana distributary.
(Fig. 22 b and Table 28 and 29) were conducted at
farmers’ fields in Sonipat and Rohtak districts to
induce confidence in farmers for quick adoption
of developed practices for growing good crop
in low productivity area. The results would be
reported after the wheat harvest.
A system architecture of DSS (decision support
system) for the WYC command was developed
using Microsoft Visual C#.NET for integrating
modules, developed database, ETo calculator,
CropWat, Aquacrop, GIS and spatial query
interface (Fig. 23). It comprises seven modules
namely, crop water demand, canal demandsupply,
groundwater, irrigation scheduling,
48

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Management of water logging/saline soils
Table 28 : Field demonstrations with initial soil status at the time of sowing
Location
Soil quality
Field
Distributary
Water
course
Village (District)
Farmer
Depth pH s
ECe SAR
1. Mid reach Mid reach
Butana Khetlan
(Sonipat)
Kapoor
Singh
0-15 7.7-8.0 3.6-17.0 6.5-30.4
15-30 7.7-8.0 4.5-13.7 7.2-29.3
2. Mid Mid
Butana Kundu
(Sonipat)
Amit
Singh
0-15 7.8-8.2 2.0-3.2 6.0-7.6
15-30 8.0-8.5 0.81-3.4 5.1-9.5
3. Mid Tail
Butana Kundu
(Sonipat)
Rajbir
Singh
0-15 7.9-8.1 1.7-3.3 6.1-7.7
15-30 8.0-8.4 0.8-2.9 5.1-9.2
4. Mid Tail
Butana Khetlan
(Sonipat)
Anand
Kumar
0-15 8.1-8.2 0.5-1.2 1.7-3.3
15-30 8.0-8.3 0.3-1.4 1.2-3.7
5. Mid Tail
Butana Khetlan
(Sonipat)
Jagat
Singh
0-15 8.0-8.2 2.2-4.05 2.5-4.0
15-30 7.8-8.1 1.8-4.7 2.7-4.1
6. Mid Tail
Khanpur Khurd
(Sonipat)
Ramphal
0-15 8.4-8.5 0.4-0.5 1.2-2.1
15-30 8.4-8.6 0.3-0.5 2.5-4.4
7. Mid Tail
Ahulana
(Sonipat)
Rajbir
singh
0-15 7.9-8.2 1.1-8.6 1.4-10.6
15-30 7.8-8.1 1.9-9.7 1.7-11.1
8. Mid Tail
Ahulana
(Sonipat)
Azad 0-15 8.1-8.3 0.5-3.3 3.4-7.1
15-30 7.6-8.4 0.9-4.5 5.7-19.6
9. Mid Head
Ahulana
(Sonipat)
Wazir
singh
0-15 8.3-8.4 1.1-1.7 1.2-3.0
15-30 8.3-8.7 0.4-0.8 2.8-4.8
10 Tail Tail
11 Tail Mid
Chhichhrana
(Sonipat)
Sanghi (Rohtak)
12 Tail Tail Sanghi (Rohtak)
Satish
Ram
Naveen
Kumar
Ashish
Singh
0-15 8.0-8.3 0.4-1.4 2.5-4.0
15-30 7.4-8.4 0.5-3.6 3.1-6.9
0-15 8.2-8.5 0.5-0.7 1.0-2.9
15-30 7.8-8.4 0.5-0.6 1.3-3.5
0-15 8.0-8.4 1.1-2.2 7.0-10.2
15-30 7.8-8.4 0.8-1.4 5.7-8.4
modelling, constraints, BMP based strategies
and farmer’s services. Canal network, crops,
soils, rainfall, canal flow and ET sub-modules
under first two modules were completed and
tested.
Fig. 23 : An interface of DSS for the WYC
In stakeholders’ servicing, 170 water user
association members and farmers from Sonipat,
and Rohtak districts were imparted training
on management strategies for sustaining/
enhancing crop yield under inadequate
water supply, conjunctive use of poor quality
groundwater with canal water, ongoing
49

Management of water logging/saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 29 : Field demonstrations with initial water status at the time of sowing
Field Village Farmer Groundwater quality Problem (s) Intervention (s)
EC e
SAR iw
RSC
1. Butana Khetlan
(Sonipat)
Kapoor
Singh
3.4 6.14 0.0 Deficit canal supply,
saline soil and marginal
saline water
Salt tolerant
variety (KRL-
19)
2. Butana Kundu
(Sonipat)
Amit
Singh
3.3 20.1 8.8 Deficit canal supply,
normal soil and highly
alkali water
Salt tolerant
variety (KRL-
19)
3. Butana Kundu
(Sonipat)
Rajbir
Singh
8.0 17.4 0.0 Deficit canal supply,
normal soil and high
SAR saline water
Salt tolerant
variety (KRL-
19)
4. Butana Khetlan
(Sonipat)
Anand
Kumar
4.2 3.5 0.0 Deficit canal supply,
normal soil and saline
water
Conjunctive
use (UGPL)
and DBW-17
HY variety
5. Butana Khetlan
(Sonipat)
Jagat
Singh
4.4 3.2 0.0 Deficit canal supply,
slight saline soil and
saline water
Conjunctive
use and DBW-
17 variety
6. Khanpur Khurd
(Sonipat)
Ramphal 1.9 8.5 2.5 Deficit canal supply,
normal soil and
marginally alkali water
Conjunctive
use and DBW-
17 variety
7. Ahulana (Sonipat) Rajbir 3.0 5.7 0.0 Very deficit canal
supply, saline soil and
marginal saline water
8. Ahulana (Sonipat) Azad 7.1 2.7 0.0 Very deficit canal
supply, slight saline soil
and saline water
9. Ahulana (Sonipat) Wazir
singh
10 Chhichhrana
(Sonipat)
Satish
Ram
11 Sanghi (Rohtak) Naveen
Kumar
12 Sanghi (Rohtak) Ashish
Singh
2.7 2.7 0.0 Deficit canal supply,
normal soil and
marginal saline water
4.7 16.6 0.0 Very deficit canal
supply (LWC), normal
soil and high SAR saline
water
1.5 9.2 6.3 Very deficit canal
supply (LWC), normal
soil and alkali water
3.1 20.0 5.8 Very deficit canal
supply, normal soil and
highly alkali water
Note: DBW-17: High yielding variety for normal soils by DWR, Karnal
UGPL: Under ground pipe line for bringing good quality water, LWC: Lined watercourse
Salt tolerant
variety (KRL-
19)
Conjunctive
use and DBW-
17 variety
Irrigation
scheduling
and DBW-17
variety
Salt tolerant
variety (KRL-
19)
Irrigation
scheduling
with zero
tillage and
DBW-17
variety
Conjunctive
use with
zero tillage
and DBW-17
variety
50

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Management of water logging/saline soils
secondary soil salinization, waterlogging
and low soil fertility whereas twenty senior
officers from CADA, Agriculture and Irrigation
Department, and KVKs were trained on ‘Use
of modern tools and management strategies
for enhancing productivity in irrigated saline
environment. Twenty project partners and staff
were also trained at IIRS, Dehradun to inculcate
the requisite skills for undertaking performance
evaluation of canal command. A project website
using ASP.NET, Javascript and HTML is
updated regularly and can be accessed (http://
cssri.talents.co.in) for dissemination of project
information including achievements, partners’
meetings, upcoming trainings and workshops
to the stakeholders.
Impact of Changing Trend in Weather, Soil
and Water Parameters on Crop Productivity
in Fresh and Saline Groundwater Zones of
Haryana (Pragati Maity, Satyendra Kumar, D.S.
Bundela and S.K. Kamra)
The rice- wheat cropping system, widely
prevalent in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, is showing
signs of fatigue with declining productivity
in many areas. Impact of changing trend in
weather, soil and water parameters on crop
productivity is needed to be studied. Climate
is perhaps the most important determinant of
agricultural productivity. In order to study the
changing trend of weather parameters at Karnal,
37 years meteorological data were analyzed.
The meteorological data were recorded from
Agromet observatory situated at Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute. Average and
decadal value of rainfall and rainy days (Table
30) showed that except for rainfall of 1991-2000
decade (where rainfall is more than long-term
average annual rainfall) there is decrease in
both average rainfall and rainy days in other
periods. Decadal mean rainfall during monsoon
months has a decreasing trend for July and
August but an increasing trend for the month of
June and September (Table 31). Similarly, while
the number of rainy days in July and August is
decreasing, these have remained almost constant
during June and September. It indicated that the
probability of getting high intensity rainfall is
increasing in September month.
Decade wise changes in monthly average
maximum and minimum temperature, bright
sun shine (BSS) hours and a number of other
parameters were analysed. Trend analysis of
BSS hours during 1983- 2009 showed that the
average annual BSS of Karnal is 90.4 hr and it is
decreasing @ 0.67 hr per year during the study
period (Fig. 24).
The analysis of block wise groundwater
fluctuations for Karnal district from June, 1974
(pre-monsoon) - June, 2005 depicts an average
decline of 6.53 m @ 0.21 m decline per annum for
the Karnal district as a whole (Table 32) and at
0.08 m to 0.29 m per annum in different blocks.
The declining watertable is becoming more
Fig. 24 : Trend analysis of bright sun shine hours (BSS)
during 1983- 2009
Table 30 : Average and decadal value of rainfall and rainy days at Karnal during 1972-2009
Weather
parameters
Average value
(1972-2009)
Average decadal value
1972-80 1981-90 1991-00 2001-2009
Rainfall (mm) 736 772.0 717.9 825.2 622.2
Rainy days 47.4 58 52 43 37
51

Management of water logging/saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
and more rapid with time, being the highest in
the period from 1999- 2005. Similar results are
obtained for October (post- monsoon) period
with an average decline of 6.77 m in the district
@ 0.22 m decline per annum, which is about the
same as in June i.e. 0.21 m annum -1 .
Table 31 : Decade-wise average rainfall and rainy days in monsoon months
Month
Average rainfall (mm)
Average rainy days
1972-80 1981-90 1991-00 2001-09 1972-80 1981-90 1991-00 2001-09
June 87.0 71.0 108.8 102.7 6 5 5 6
July 262.2 195.5 203.1 113.9 14 12 9 7
Aug 218.2 186.0 223.7 120.6 14 11 11 7
Sept 76.3 80.2 113.6 126.7 6 5 5 5
Table 32 : Fluctuation of groundwater level (+) rise, (-) fall in Karnal district (June 1974 to June 2005)
Sr.
No.
Block Fluctuation (m) Av. annual
fluctuation (m)
1974-79 1974-84 1974-89 1974-94 1974- 99 1974-2005 (June 1974-05)
1 Karnal -0.25 -1.52 -3.18 -4.84 -2.28 -6.45 -0.20
2 Indri -0.44 +0.07 -0.35 -1.20 +0.24 -2.77 -0.08
3 Nilokheri +0.42 -0.38 -1.52 -2.94 -0.62 -5.69 -0.18
4 Nissang +0.30 -1.79 -3.71 -6.05 -2.15 -7.79 -0.25
5 Gharaunda +0.50 -1.79 -3.74 -7.67 -4.16 -9.11 -0.29
6 Assandh +1.09 -2.05 -4.01 -7.02 -2.18 -7.41 -0.24
Average +0.27 -1.24 -2.76 -4.95 -1.87 -6.53 -0.21
52

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
MANAGEMENT OF MARGINAL QUALITY WATER
Wastewater Use in Non-food Crops (Khajanchi
Lal, R.K. Yadav, P. Dey, D.S. Bundela, S.K.
Chaudhari and Madhu Chaudhary)
Indiscriminate use of wastewater loaded with
toxic elements and harmful pathogens pollutes
our natural resources and impairs human
health. For safe and sustainable disposal of
wastewater in non-food crops like Eucalyptus,
cut flower, aromatic and medicinal plants and
finding the efficacy of low cost amendments for
heavy metal removal from wastewater, field
and lysimeteric experiments on the carrying
capacity of cloned Eucalyptus, marigold (Tagetes
erecta) and aromatic crops like Lemon grass
(Cymbopogon flexosus), Nigundi (Vitex nigundo)
and Tukham Malanga (Salvia aegyptica) were
initiated at CSSRI, Karnal in rabi season of 2007-
08 and were continued during 2010-11.
Eucalyptus trees planted in 2005 were irrigated
with wastewater at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0, 2.0,
2.5, 3.0 and control (no irrigation) and tube
well irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE since May 2008.
Changes in water table depth, transpiration
rate and tree height, diameter at stump and
breast height were monitored regularly. Use
of wastewater varying from 1 to 3 IW/CPE
ratio resulted in 7.3 to 15.3 per cent increase in
tree diameter at breast height and 4.4 to 11.1
per cent increase in height compared to tube
well irrigation given at 1.0 IW/CPE. Amongst
different wastewater treatments, both height and
DBH increased by 7 per cent with the increase
in IW/CPE ratio from 1.0 to 2.5. Increase in soil
pH, EC, OC, available N, P, K and essential
micronutrients with wastewater use were
recorded. Because the wastewater of domestic
nature, build-up of Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni was not
observed in the soil. Transpiration rate of 5 years
old trees was measured using sap flow sensors
and the results indicated that on an average, 5-7
mm of wastewater can be disposed in Eucalyptus
planted at tree density of 1250 trees ha -1 .
Frequency of irrigation had no particular effect
on ground water table. Aromatic and medicinal
plants like Lemon grass, Nirgundi and Tukham
Fig. 25 : Metal contents in Nirgundi and Lemon grass oil
Malanga raised with wastewater irrigation at
0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5 IW/CPE ratios either
alone or in conjunction with tube well water in
lysimeter in October 2007 were also monitored
during the year 2010-11. The biomass and oil
yield increased with increasing wastewater
application rate from 0.6 to 1.5 IW/CPE and also
higher when compared to the respective level
of tube well irrigation. Wastewater application
either alone or in conjunction with tube well
water produced more or less the same plant
biomass and oil yield. Oil analysis indicated that
Cu, Zn and Fe contents was higher in Nirgundi
compared to Lemon grass. The levels of Ni, Cd,
Cr and Pb in the oil of both the crops were very
low and below the permissible limit (Fig. 25).
Microbial Bioremediation of Wastewater for
Heavy Metals (P.K.Joshi)
Biomass of microbes acts as adsorbent to
remove heavy metals from wastewater. The
ability to remove heavy metals from wastewater
varies greatly among microbes. This needs to
be exploited for removal of heavy metals from
wastewater through efficient microbes.
Effect of inoculum size on removal of Pb, Cd
and Ni by efficient fungi and bacteria
Two fungi i.e. Trichoderma longibrachiatum, T.
fasciculatum and two bacteria i.e. Bacillus cereus,
B. sp. were tested for removal of heavy metals
(Pb, Cd, Ni) at different inoculum levels. T.
longibrachiatum showed higher Pb removal
capacity (80.50%) than T. fasciculatum (71.00%)
53

Management of marginal quality water CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
at 3.0 per cent inoculum size (Fig. 26) whereas
T. longibrachiatum removed higher Cd (89.85%)
at 2.0 per cent inoculum size as compared to T.
fasciculatum which removed (62.60%) Cd at 2.5
per cent inoculum size. Ni removal capacity
was also higher for T. longibrachiatum (59.20%)
as compared to T. fasciculatum (42.55%) at 2
per cent inoculum size from potato dextrose
broth containing 20 mg/l of Pb, Cd and Ni
individually.
Bacillus cereus showed higher Pb, Ni removal
capacity (55.90% and 40.75%) than B. sp.
(43.50% and 23.50%) at inoculum size of 2.5
and 2 per cent, respectively from nutrient broth
containing 20 ppm of Pb and Ni individually.
Cd removal capacity was higher for Bacillus sp.
(39.60%) as compared to Bacillus cereus (24.30%)
at 0.5 per cent inoculum size from nutrient broth
containing 20 ppm of Cd (Fig. 27).
Fig. 26 : Effect of inoculum size on per cent removal
and uptake of Pb from potato dextrose broth
containing 20 ppm of Pb by T. facciculatum
and T.longitbrachiatum
Fig. 27 : Effect of inoculum size on per cent removal and
uptake of Cd from nutrient broth containing 20
ppm of Cd by Bacillus cereus and Bacillus Sp.
Removal of heavy metals by efficient fungi
grown on agrowaste materials
Consortium of five fungi (Aspergillus niger,
A. terreus, T. longibrachiatum, T. fasciculatum,
A. awamori) and two bacteria (Bacillus cereus,
Bacillus sp.) in combination with different
agro-waste material like charcoal, press mud,
rice straw, FYM and rice husk were tested for
removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni) from
industrial effluents. Data indicated encouraging
results with microbial consortium along with
press mud in comparison to press mud alone or
other agro-waste materials.
Trichoderma longibrachiatum removed
maximum Pb, Cd and Ni at 2-3 per cent
inoculum size whereas B. cereus and Bacillus
sp. removed Pb, Cd and Ni at 0.5-2.5 per cent
inoculum size from liquid medium. There
was higher removal of Cr, Cu and Ni from
industrial effluents by microbial consortium
in combination with press mud.
Evaluation of Salinity Tolerance of Coriander,
Fennel and Fenugreek Seed Spices (R.K. Yadav,
R. L. Meena, M. Sethi and J. C. Dagar)
CSSRI, Karnal (Haryana) and NRCSS, Ajmer
(Rajasthan) initiated a collaborative project
on assessment of overall and stage dependant
tolerance of seed spices to salinity and its
impact on their quality so as to boost seed spice
production under salt stress. Field experiment
on assessment of overall and stage dependant
tolerance of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare),
coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and fenugreek
(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) to low (3.6 dS m -1 ),
high (8.7 dS m -1 ) and their alternate conjunctive
irrigations was carried out at Bir Forest Farm
Hisar. Further in a pot experiment conducted
at CSSRI, Karnal (Haryana), 12 cultivars of each
of coriander and fennel were irrigated with 0.6,
3.0, 6.0, 9.0 and 12.0 dS m -1 salinity water for
assessing their comparative tolerance.
Fennel was observed to be relatively more
tolerant to saline water irrigation as the decrease
in yield (Table 33) from continuous use of low
saline (3.6 dS m -1 ) water for irrigation, alternate
irrigations of low (3.6 dS m -1 ) and high (8.7 dS
54

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Management of marginal quality water
Table 33 : Seed and total biomass yields of coriander, fennel and fenugreek under different modes of saline
water irrigation
Crop/mode of
irrigation
Coriander (t ha -1 ) Fennel (t ha -1 ) *Fenugreek (t ha -1 )
Biomass Seed Yield Biomass Seed Yield Biomass Seed Yield
Low 1.57 0.98 2.02 1.15 0.43 0.22
Alternate 1.52 0.92 1.98 1.09 0.51 0.30
High saline 1.21 0.71 1.71 0.91 0.40 0.19
LSD (p=0.05) 0.18 0.10 0.22 0.18 NA NA
Crops: Seed-0.20; Biomass-0.34; Irrigation water salinity : Seed-0.24; Biomass-0.38; Irrig x
crop: seed- 0.22; biomass-0.35
*Crop was damaged heavily by rabbits; NA- not analyzed for statistical comparison
m -1 ) salinity water, and irrigations with high
salinity (8.7 dS m -1 ) water was to the extent of
4.7 and 20 per cent in seed yield, and about 2
and 15 per cent in total biomass production,
respectively. In comparison to above extent of
decrease in fennel, the seed and biomass yield of
coriander decreased about 6 and 27 per cent and
3 and 23 per cent, respectively indicating that
coriander was comparatively more sensitive to
saline environment than fennel. We could not
ascertain the salinity tolerance of fenugreek
because of the extensive rabbit damage in the
crop. So, the seed and biomass yield data of
fenugreek given in Table 33 are not conclusive.
As the salinity of irrigation water increased,
there was decrease in vegetative as well as
reproductive growth of fennel and coriander.
However, reproductive growth i.e umbels and
seed yield was more affected than vegetative
growth.
The genetic differences in salinity tolerance
of diverse germplasm of fennel and coriander
were evaluated in the pot study, where relative
yield reduction in each variety of two crops in
response to salinity levels was worked out using
piece-wise linear response [Salt model; RY= 100-
a (Irrigation water salinity- b)] fitted to yield
in response to salinity. Constants of slope of
decrease in yield in response to unit increase in
salinity (a) and thresh hold limits of salinity (b)
beyond which yield of a given variety of fennel
and coriander starts declining are worked out
and presented in Table 34 and 35, respectively.
Table 34 : Piece-wise linear response model constants for fennel cultivars in relation to irrigation water
salinity
Varities/Paratmeters a b r Salinity tolerance rank
GF-1 2.6 4.64 **0.93 3
GF-2 2.9 4.39 **0.91 4
RF-101 3.6 3.82 **0.89 8
PF-35 2.3 4.67 **0.90 2
RF-178 2.2 4.86 **0.92 1
GF-11 3.9 3.74 **0.87 10
CO-1 3.2 3.97 **0.94 6
Hisar Swarup 4.1 3.79 **0.91 9
Pant Madhirika 3.1 4.18 **0.89 5
Azad Sawnt 3.4 3.86 **0.92 7
NRCSS-AF-1 4.1 3.70 **0.93 11
Rajendra Sawrna 4.0 3.68 **0.90 12
55

Management of marginal quality water CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
It is evident from the data that in fennel variety
RF-178, PF-35 and GF-1 were most tolerant to
salinity whereas Rajendra Sawrna, NRCSS-
AF-1 and GF-11 were most sensitive. In case of
coriander, the most tolerant was seed cum leafy
type variety RCR-41, which had a threshold
‘b’ value of 4.57 dS m -1 with slope ‘a’ of – 0.021,
followed by GCR-2 and CO-2, whereas Pant
Haritma, Sadhna and Swathi were among the
least tolerant ones.
The results suggested that fennel is more
tolerant than coriander to saline water irrigation.
The deleterious effects of high salinity water
irrigation could be minimized by alternate
irrigations of low and high salinity water as the
yield realized with this mode was at par with
that of continuous irrigation of low salinity
water and significantly better than continuous
irrigations with high salinity water. Further,
RF-178, PF-35 and GF-1 varieties of fennel and
RCR-446, GCR-2 and CO-2 varieties of coriander
were found to be suitable for cultivation with
high salinity irrigation water.
Table 35 : Linear piece-wise model response constants for coriander cultivars in relation to irrigation water
salinity
Varities a b r Salinity tolerance rank
NRCSS-Acr-1 (Veg/leafy) 4.5 3.64 **0.93 7
GCR-2 (Seed) 2.7 4.18 **0.91 2
RCR-41 (Veg/leafy) 4.6 3.56 **0.89 9
RCR446 (Seed/leafy) 2.1 4.57 **0.90 1
CO-2 (Seed) 3.0 4.06 **0.92 3
Hisar Sugandha (Leafy/ seed) 4.0 3.71 **0.87 5
Rajendra Swathi (Seed) 3.8 3.87 **0.92 4
Sadhana (Seed) 4.9 3.49 **0.91 11
Swathi (Seed) 4.8 3.54 **0.89 10
Azad Dhania (Veg/leafy) 4.4 3.61 **0.92 8
CO4 (Seed) 4.3 3.68 **0.93 6
Pant Haritma (Leafy) 5.1 3.52 **0.90 12
56

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
CROP IMPROVEMENT FOR SALINITY, ALKALINITY AND
WATERLOGGING STRESSES
Genetic Improvement of Rice for Salt Tolerance
(S.L. Krishna Murthy, Ali Qadar and P. Dey)
This project aims at the development, evaluation
and dissemination of salt tolerant rice genotypes.
To achieve the objectives, following trials were
conducted and material maintained during
kharif 2010.
Station trials
Preliminary evaluation trial
A total of 40 entries including check varieties
were screened in the normal, moderate (pH 2
~ 9.5), and saline (EC e
~10.0 dS m -1 ) soils in
the micro plots in RBD with two replications.
Under normal conditions, RIL (CSR11/MI 48)-
178 gave the highest yield (9.33 t ha -1 ), followed
by CSR 36 (8.16 t ha -1 ), CN 1266-26-177 (6.93
t ha -1 ) and BULK-8 (6.67 t ha -1 ). CSR 36 (5.87 t
ha -1 ) again out- performed from all entries in
moderate sodic soil followed by CSR 23 (4.67
t ha -1 ), BULK-19 (4.40 t ha -1 ) and RIL (CSR11/
MI 48)-1(4.13 t ha -1 ). Under high salinity, CSR
23 performed best (3.79 t ha -1 ) followed by RIL
(CSR11/MI 48)-178 (2.68 t ha -1 ), CSR 36 (2.65 t
ha -1 ) and BULK-22 (1.94 t ha -1 ). Overall results
indicated that CSR 36, RIL (CSR11/MI 48)-178,
CSR-RIL (CSR 27/MI 48)-1 and CSR 23 to be
high yielding and stress resilient genotypes.
Yield evaluation trial
This experiment was planned to evaluate the
comparative yield performance of 34 genotypes
including high yield potential varieties along
with salt tolerant varieties across normal,
moderate sodic (pH 2
9.5), high sodic (pH 2
9.9)
and highly saline (EC e
~ 10.0 dS m -1 ) microplots.
Under normal conditions, BCW 56 gave the
highest yield (9.23 t ha -1 ), followed by IR77674-
3B-8-1-3-14-2-AJY3 (7.16 t ha -1 ), VSR 156 (6.58
t ha -1 ) and IR 77674-3B-8-1-3-13-2-AJY2 (6.32
t ha -1 ). CSR 36 out-performed all entries in
moderate sodic soil (6.67 t ha -1 ) followed by
CSR-RIL (CSR 27/MI 48)-169 (6.08 t ha -1 ), HKR
47 (6.01 t ha -1 ) and CSR 23 (5.78 t ha -1 ). Similarly,
in high sodic soil, CSR-RIL (CSR27/MI48)-197,
CSR 36, IR60997-16-2-3-2-2R and IR77674-3B-8-
1-3-14-2-AJY3 yielded 2.47, 1.97, 1.61 and 1.57 t
ha -1 , respectively. Under high salinity, HKR 120
performed best (2.71 t ha -1 ) followed by CSR27
(2.57 t ha -1 ) and HKR 127 (2.56 t ha -1 ). Overall
results indicated that CSR 36, CSR-RIL(CSR 27/
MI 48)-169, CSR-RIL (CSR27/MI48)-197, HKR
127, IR 60997-16-2-3-2-2R and CSR 23 to be high
yielding and stress resilient genotypes.
National trials
Alkaline and inland saline tolerant varietal trial
Nineteen genotypes were evaluated with salt
tolerant check varieties under high sodic (pH 2
~ 9.9) and saline (EC e
~10.0 dSm -1 ) soils in micro
plots under field conditions in RBD with two
replications. In high sodic soil, 2001 (2.12 t ha -1 )
out yielded all the entries followed by 2004 (1.62
t ha -1 ) and 2018 (1.62 t ha -1 ) and CSR 36 (1.58 t
ha -1 ). Under salinity stress, 2001 showed the
highest paddy yield (3.19 t ha -1 ) followed by
CSR 23 (2.77 t ha -1 ), 2002 (2.74 t ha -1 ), 2008 (2.57 t
ha -1 ), 2009 (2.50 t ha -1 ).
National salinity/alkalinity screening nursery
A total of 48 entries including check variety were
screened in the high sodic (pH 2
~ 9.9) and saline
(EC e
~ 10.0 dS m -1 ) soils in the micro plots in RBD
with two replications. In high sodic soil, 3825
(3.79 t ha -1 ) out yielded all the entries followed
by 3847 (3.49 t ha -1 ) and 3848 (2.87 t ha -1 ).
Advanced bulks, segregating lines and
germplasm
A total of 196 segregating lines derived from
different crosses were multiplied. A total of
379 genetic stocks were grown in the field for
maintenance. Besides, 229 advance stabilized
lines were maintained.
National Project on Transgenics in Crops-
Salinity Tolerance in Rice : Functional
Genomics Component (ICAR funded) (S. L.
Krishna Murthy and S. K. Sharma)
The main aim of this project is to map the
important genomic regions/QTLs controlling
sodicity tolerance traits in rice. This involves
57

Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
collaborative work between CSSRI (for
phenotyping) and NRC on Plant Bio-technology,
New Delhi (for genotyping).
The salient findings of the systematic phenotyping
of 216 recombinant inbred lines (RILs)
derived from CSR 11 x MI 48 cross are reported
here. A total of 225 genotypes including 216 RILs
with parents were phenotyped in replicated
Simple Lattice Design with 3 environments
{normal, moderate (pH 2
~9.5) and high sodic
(pH 2
~ 9.9) soil conditions} in microplots. Data on
range, mean and relative sensitivity of different
traits for these lines as recorded during kharif
2010 are presented in Table 36.
Grain yield and biomass were the most sensitive
traits and were reduced by 40 and 39 per cent
under moderate sodicity stress followed by
number of grains/panicle (33 %), spike let
fertility (21 %), plant height (13 %), total tillers/
plant (13 %), panicle length and productive
tillers/plant (8 %) and 1000 grain weight (6%).
Grain yield and biomass were the most sensitive
traits in high sodicity stress and were reduced
by 74 and 70 per cent under high sodicity stress
followed by number of grains/panicle (58%),
plant height (41%) spikelet fertility (38%) total
tillers/plant (36%), productive tillers/plant (34
%) panicle length (26%) and 1000 grain weight
(16%).
Development and Evaluation of Salt Tolerant
Transgenic Rice-DBT funded (S.K. Sharma,
S.L. Krishna Murthy and R.K. Gautam)
Based on the relatively better performance of
TPSP(Trehalose Phosphate Synthase Phosphatase)
rice plant progenies and TPSP gene confirmation
in 2009, selected eight better progenies viz., ICG
A18-2-R1, ICG TA7-1-3-R1, ICG TA7-2-1-R1,
ICG A18-4-R2, ICG TA7-1-4-R2, ICG TA7-2-1-
R2, DR7-11-3-R2 and ICG A18-2-R2, which
were further evaluated for tolerance to salinity
and sodicity during 2010 under transgenic
green house conditions at CSSRI, Karnal. Two
sets of TPSP lines were planted under high
saline (EC e
~10 dS m -1 ) and high sodic (pH 2
~9.9)
environment in microplots. Therefore, a total of
12 genotypes including 8 events (ICG A18-2-R1,
Table 36 : Range, mean and reduction in traits of CSR 11 x MI 48 RILs under sodic conditions
Traits Range Mean % reduction
Normal MS HS Normal MS HS MS HS
Plant height
(cm) 71.1 - 173.8 60.8- 134.0 22.3-81.4 95.45 83.18 55.84 13 41
Panicle length
(cm) 17.9 - 32.2 16.4 - 29.4 5.8 - 19.9 22.61 20.91 16.79 8 26
Total tillers/
plant 7.6 - 21.4 7 - 20.2 1.3 - 16.0 12.18 10.76 7.83 12 36
Productive
tillers/plant 5.2 – 19.0 5.4 - 18.4 0.83 - 15.3 10.58 9.74 6.96 8 34
No. of grains/
panicle 34.5 - 175.1 18.66- 91.6 6.66 - 55.8 90.05 60.70 37.63 33 58
1000-grain
weight (g) 12.61 - 31.2 9.71 - 28. 4 7.56 - 26.1 23.62 22.12 19.89 6 16
Spikelet
fertility (%) 57.06 - 87.9 17. 3 - 77.6 8.33 - 53.0 73.41 58.03 45.62 21 38
Grain yield/
plant (g) 19- 232.5 12.0 - 99.0 0.5 – 53.0 68.06 41.03 17.60 40 74
Biological
yield/plant (g) 68 – 620 35.5- 245.5 3.5 – 180.0 197.53 120.35 58.52 39 70
MS-Moderately sodicity; HS- High sodicity
58

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses
ICG TA7-1-3-R1, ICG TA7-2-1-R1, ICG A18-4-
R2, ICG TA7-1-4-R2, ICG TA7-2-1-R2, DR7-11-
3-R2 and ICG A18-2-R2), control (IR64), tolerant
checks (CSR10 and CSR 23) and sensitive
check (VSR156) were replicated twice under
high salinity stress. Six transgenic progenies
survived and two died under high salinity
stress (EC e
~10 dS m -1 ). Spikelet fertility/panicle
of TPSP rice progenies recorded in high saline
conditions (Fig 28). Among transgenic plants,
ICG A18-2-R1 (58.92%) performed well and
its performance was at par with check CSR 10
(59.00%). ICG A18-2-R1 (58.92%) and ICG TA7-
1-4-R2 (58.04 %) performed better than other
check CSR 23 (52.86%). Yield/plant of TPSP rice
progenies recorded in high saline conditions
(Fig. 29) and their performance was well i e ICG
A18-2-R1 (6.61g), ICG TA7-1-3-R1 (3.70g), ICG
TA7-2-1-R1 (3.07g) and ICG TA7-1-4-R2 (5.05g).
Expression of transgenic plant progenies ICG
A18-2-R1 (6.61g), ICG TA7-1-3-R1 (3.70g) and
ICG TA7-1-4-R2 (5.05g) was better.
On the other hand, 12 genotypes encompassing
12 TPSP plant progenies (ICG A18-1R2, ICG
TA7-1-3 R2, ICG TA7-1-5 R2, ICG A-18-1 R1, ICG
A-18-2 R2, ICG A-18-5 R2, DR7-11-4 R1 and ICG
A18-4 R2 ), control (IR64), tolerant check (CSR 10
and CSR 23) and sensitive check (VSR156) were
also planted under high sodic stress (pH~9.96)
with 2 replications. Six transgenic progenies
survived and two died under high sodic stress
(pH~9.9). Yield performance of TPSP plant
progenies is presented in Fig 30.
Fig 28 : Spikelet fertility/panicle of TPSP rice lines in
saline conditions (EC e
~10 dS m -1 ).
Fig 29 :Yield of TPSP rice progenies in saline conditions
(EC e
~10 dS m -1 ).
Fig 30 : Yield of TPSP rice lines in high sodic conditions
(pH 2
~9.9).
Enhancing and Stabilizing the Productivity of
Salt Affected Areas by Incorporating Genes
for Tolerance of Abiotic Stresses in Rice
(BMZ-IRRI funded) (S.K. Sharma, Ali Qadar,
R.K. Gautam, Y.P. Singh, T. Damodaran, B.K.
Bandyopadhyay, D. Burman, S.K. Sarangi and
S. Mandal)
A total of 40 SALTOL derivatives (developed at
IRRI, Philippines) with four salt tolerant check
varieties viz CSR 10, CSR 23, CSR 27 and CSR
36 and one sensitive variety (VSR 156) were
evaluated. The materials were evaluated under
normal, sodic moderate sodic pH~9.5 and
high sodic pH~9.9) and saline (EC e
~10 dS m -1 )
environments of precisely controlled microplot
facility at CSSRI, Karnal during kharif 2010.
Among SALTOL introgressed lines, genotypes
IR 85212-56-10 and IR 84645-305-6-1-B were
59

Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
each environment. Though salt tolerant check
variety CSR 23 out yielded all lines in almost all
the environments, among SALTOL derivatives,
IR84649-275-3-2-B and IR84649-275-4-1-B appear
promising under moderate sodic conditions
(Fig. 31). However, derivatives IR 84649-21-20
and IR 84645-281-10-B-B under salinity proved
better due to their lesser magnitudes of salt
stress susceptibility indices than other genotypes
(Fig. 32).
Screening SALTOL rice material in high sodic (pH .9.9),
moderate sodic (pH 9.5), and normal microplots
found tolerant under moderate sodic conditions.
Under salinity, IR 84649-21-20 and under
moderate sodic condition IR 84649-275-3-2-B
proved better due to its lesser magnitudes of
salt stress susceptibility index.
The stress intensity was 0.32 and 0.53 under
moderate sodic and high saline environments,
respectively. Significant variability was
recorded among all the genotypes tested under
National Project on Establishment of National
Rice Resource Database (DBT funded) (S.K.
Sharma and S.L. Krishna Murthy)
The project aims to characterize and assess
redundancy in the already catalogued accessions
of rice in India, generation of a ‘passport data’ for
every unique accession by cataloguing already
available as well as new information generated,
evaluation of defined agronomic traits in the
unique rice accessions and creation of the ‘core/
mini-core germplasm’ for superior traits and
its marker-based characterization. This project
involves collaborative work between CSSRI
(mainly for morpho-agronomic evaluation
Fig. 31: Grain yield performance of SALTOL lines under different salt stress environments
Fig. 32: Stress susceptibility index (SSl) of the rice genotypes under salt stress environments
60

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses
and NBPGR, NRCPB & UDSC (for molecular
characterization).
A total of 3500 accessions (including 6 check
varieties and 20 wild rice) were evaluated
in augmented design under normal field
conditions. Data were recorded for early plant
vigour, coleoptile colour, basal leaf sheath
colour, Leaf blade colour, leaf pubescence,
leaf length, leaf width, days to 50% flowering,
panicle exertion, stigma colour, apiculus colour,
number of effective tillers, plant height, panicle
length, panicle type, awing, days to maturity,
seed coat colour, grain length width ratio,
100 grain weight, hull colour (Husk colour),
threshability, aroma, grain yield per plant,
seedling height, flag leaf angle, ligules shape, leaf
senescence, sterile lemma and auricle presence/
absence. One hundred twenty five accessions
did not flower and 809 accessions were late in
maturity. The data of these accessions are being
compiled.
All India Wheat and Barley Workshop held
at IARI, New Delhi in August, 2009 were
released by the Central Sub-Committee on
Crop Standards, Notification and Release of
Varieties for Agricultural Crops in 2010. Both
these varieties having better yield potential
and disease resistance are likely to spread
over larger target areas besides providing
good replacement for the earlier released
varieties i.e. KRL 1-4 and KRL 19. The seed of
these varieties has been supplied to farmers,
extension agencies and seed producing
agencies.
Genetic Improvement of Wheat Germplasm for
Salinity, Sodicity and Waterlogging Stresses
(Neeraj Kulshreshtha and S. K. Sharma)
Development and screening of salt tolerant
genetic material
Two salt tolerant varieties of CSSRI, Karnal,
KRL 210 and KRL 213 identified during 48 th
Salinity, sodicity and waterlogging affected fields Village
Salimpur Trolley, Distt Sonepat, Haryana
(a)
(b)
Performance of wheat varieties KRL 210 (a) and KRL 213 (b)
61

Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
All India Salinity/Alkalinity Tolerance
Varietal Trial (Neeraj Kulshreshtha, Y.P. Singh
and G.G. Rao)
During rabi 2009-10, All India Alkalinity/
Salinity Tolerance Varietal Trial was proposed
at 10 locations and conducted at 9 centers. The
trial consisted of 11 test entries and four checks.
The mean yield ranged from 1.94 t ha -1 (Bharuch)
to 4.28 t ha -1 (Hisar). Among the final year
entries, KRL 238 (3.35 t ha -1 ) and KRL 240 (2.88
t ha -1 ) ranked 1 st and 2 nd , respectively. KRL 283
(3.48 t ha -1 ) was the top most entry among the
first year entries and was promoted to second
year. Overall, KRL 283, KRL 238 and identified
checks KRL 210 and KRL 213 were in the first
non-significant group.
Grain characteristics in most of the test entries
were found acceptable. The days to heading of
different genotypes ranged from 86 days (KRL
19) to 98 days (KRL 249) whereas plant height
ranged from 77 cm (KRL 240) to 114 cm (Kharchia
65(C)). Thousand grain weight of the varieties
ranged from 31 g (WH 1052 and KRL 240) to 37 g
(KRL 273, WH 1095 and KRL 210).
Salinity/Alkalinity Tolerance Screening
Nursery (Neeraj Kulshreshtha, Y. P. Singh and
G. G. Rao)
During 2009-10, salinity/alkalinity tolerance
screening nursery was implemented at 9
locations. The nursery consisted of 60 entries and
five checks: Kharchia 65, HD 4530, KRL 19, KRL
3-4 and PDW 233 with 6 blocks in augmented
design. Each block comprised of 10 test entries
and 5 checks. Superior lines were identified
on the basis of the analysis of grain yield and
comparison with the pooled value (repeated 6
times at one center) of the checks. The genotypes
that performed better in comparison to Kharchia
65 among bread wheat and the best check among
durum wheat are given in Table 37.
Development of new F 1
crosses
Fifty one crosses and back crosses were
attempted to widen the genetic variability for
salt tolerance and waterlogging tolerance and to
incorporate salt tolerance in the widely adapted
and disease resistant wheat lines/varieties,
namely Kharchia 65, KRL 3-4, KRL 99, KRL 210,
Table 37 : Mean performance of the entries in
salinity/alkalinity tolerance screening
nursery
Sr.
No.
Entry
Triticum aestivum
Yield
(g/plot)
Height
(cm)
1 KRL 304 400 85 3
2 KRL 303 398 76 4
3 KRL 315 384 82 3
4 KRL 324 383 82 4
5 KRL 301 376 83 3
6 KRL 302 376 86 3
7 WH 1083 372 85 3
8 WH 1097 370 84 3
9 KRL 323 368 81 3
10 KRL 309 367 81 3
11 KRL 322 367 84 3
12 KRL 305 366 87 3
13 KRL 300 364 79 4
14 KRL 312 362 83 3
15 KRL 306 358 88 3
16 LBP 2009-24 356 78 4
17 KRL 299 355 84 3
18 KRL 307 354 81 4
19 RAJ 4211 347 79 3
20 NW 5029 346 80 3
21 RWP 2009-12 345 80 4
22 KRL 316 345 80 3
Growth
Vigour
Triticum durum
1 KRL 294 300 71 4
2 KRL 296 296 69 3
3 KRL 297 232 73 4
Checks
1 Kharchia 65 330 103 3
2 HD 4530 171 68 4
3 KRL 19 277 78 3
4 KRL 3-4 363 101 3
5 PDW 233 230 76 4
Mean 313 81 3
Max 400 100 4
Min 194 69 2
KRL 213, KRL 283, KRL 240, KRL 249, KRL 250,
KRL 273, KRL 278, KRL 284, KRS 9382, KRS
9337, PBW 486, PBW 343, PBW 589, PBW 583,
PBW 550, PBW 525, PBW 550, FLW 2, FLW 8,
FLW 4, HS 471, HD 2964, and HW 2045.
62

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses
Screening of segregating and advanced
generation crosses
Forty one F 2
and about three hundred advanced
generation lines from the crosses of high yielding
varieties (PBW 343, WH 542, HD2329, Inqlab,
CPAN 3004, DBW 18, and HD 2009), disease
resistant genetic stocks (FLW 2, FLW 3, FLW 4,
FLW 5, HP 1872, HS 460, HS 472, HS 484, HW
2045, HPW 17, HUW 234, PBW 509, PBW 525,
PBW 524, VL 852, VL 867), salt tolerant varieties
(KRL 99, KRL19, KRL 3-4, KRL 35, KRL 19, KRS
607, KRL 1-4, KRS 622, KRL 119, KRL 238 and
Kharchia 65) and imported genotypes (Ducula
4, Maringa, Spear, Perenjori, BT Schomburgk
and BWMA 4) were evaluated and selected for
their suitability under different salt stresses.
Anticipatory breeding for creating resistance
against new virulence Ug 99 of stem rust
To incorporate resistance to race Ug 99 in salt
tolerant cultivates in wheat, initiatives were
taken during crop seasons 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-
08 and 2008-09 as per latest ICAR guidelines.
The crosses made in 2005-06 were advanced
using summer nursery facility at Dalang
Maidan during summer 2006 and were further
advanced along with selection for salt tolerance
in 2006-07. The selected progenies were sent to
Dalang Maidan for generation advancement.
In addition, crosses were made during 2009-10
rabi season using parents having resistance to
race Ug 99. The timely strategy adopted in this
regard will lead to development of salt tolerant
and Ug 99 resistant cultivars in due course of
time.
Germplasm collection and maintenance
Nearly 600 entries of working germplasm based
on plant type, salt tolerance and productivity
were maintained besides 300 doubled haploid
lines of two different crosses (Ducula4/*2
Brookton & HD2329/Camm) for further use in
the breeding programme.
Breeder and nucleus seed production
Breeder seed of CSSRI varieties KRL 19 (2.5 t),
KRL 210 (0.5 t) and KRL 213 (0.5 t) was produced
at CSSRI Karnal farm for distribution to various
seed producing agencies, farm section and
farmers. Nucleus seed of 40 lines (KRL entries)
and of the released varieties KRL 1-4, KRL19,
KRL 210 and KRL 213 was produced.
Evaluation of wheat varieties for salt stress in
microplots
Twenty three wheat varieties were evaluated
under different levels of salt stress i.e. normal
(control), saline (EC e
5.9 dS m -1 ) and sodic (pH 2
9.3) in the microplots with three replications.
The genotypes KRL 3-4, KRL 99 and Kharchia
65 were found to be highly tolerant genotypes,
whereas DW1, HD 2285, HD 4530, HD 2851,
HS 460, DW 3 and HD 2009 were the sensitive
genotypes. The genotypes KRL 213, KRL 238,
KRL 250, KRL 251, KRL 210, KRL 119, KRL 240,
KRL 19 and KRL 229 were found to be medium
tolerant.
Incorporation of Salt Tolerance through
Induced Mutagenesis (Neeraj Kulshreshtha,
P.C. Sharma and R.K. Gautam)
Advancement of mutagen treated genotypes
M3 families of the genotypes Kharchia 65, KRL
99, FLW 2, FLW 5, PBW 524, HD 2189 and
HD 2329/Camm treated with kR 20 and kR
30 gamma rays dose at IARI, New Delhi were
advanced to M4 stage. The M4 families were
screened under stress conditions. A number
of tolerant genotypes were selected for further
evaluation under stress.
Evaluation of M6 families
A number of tolerant as well as sensitive M6
families of the genotypes Kharchia 65, KRL 3-4,
KRL 35, KRL 99, PBW 343, PBW 498, PBW 502
and PBW 509 at gamma rays irradiation dose
of kR 20 and KRL 99 and UP 2338 at dose kR
30 were grown under salt stress conditions. A
number of tolerant and sensitive genotypes
from each family were selected on the basis
of yield and yield contributing traits under
stress, awn characters, maturity, grain colour,
morphological appearances and resistance to
brown and yellow rusts. A few tolerant as well as
early genotypes could be selected from KRL 99,
PBW 343 and PBW 509 families. The variation in
relative tolerance of genotypes within mutagenic
family provides initial indication that mutation
can be used as a tool to improve salt tolerance
trait in wheat.
63

Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Ionic analysis of M5 families
high K concentration and low Na concentration
The tolerant and sensitive mutant families
were also selected among the mutant families of
PBW 498, PBW 509, PBW 343, KRL 99 (Fig. 33)
were screened further for tolerant and sensitive
and KRL 35. In addition, a number of tolerant
genotypes. The range of leaf Na concentration
mutants showing earliness were also selected
among mutants in sodic soil was 0.13 mmol gm -1
among the families of PBW 343, PBW 509 and
to 0.27 mmol gm -1 , whereas the range of leaf K
KRL 3-4. This variability will be studied further
concentration was 0.67 mmol gm -1 to 0.92 mmol
with respect to the genetic studies and its
gm -1 . A number of salt tolerant mutants with
relevance in breeding programme.
PBW 498
PBW 509
PBW 343
KRL 99
Fig. 33: Salt tolerant mutants selected for PBW 498, PBW 509, PBW 343 and KRL 99
Multilocation Evaluation of Breadwheat
Germplasm (Neeraj Kulshreshtha)
One thousand bread wheat germplasm lines
were screened under sodic conditions (pH 9.1).
A lot of genetic variability was observed among
germplasm lines as evident from range and
variance shown for yield attributes . The range
of grain yield plot -1 was from 8-311g with mean
of 113g and variance of 2098. Days to heading
ranged from 79 - 131 days with mean 100 and
variance 55. Most of the lines were tall as evident
from plant height mean of 117 cm; however,
64

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses
it ranged from 70-160 cm. There was a lot of
variability with respect to 1000 grain weight
as it ranged from 11 to 50 g with mean 31 and
variance 32. It showed that there is a lot of scope
to improve grain weight under stress. Variability
shown for different yield attributes also suggest
that there is a great scope of improving different
yield attributes simultaneously to arrive at an
ideal plant type for stress tolerance and high
yield. Twenty five genotypes as shown in Table
38 were found to yield better than Kharchia 65,
however, these genotypes will be studied further
for their potential to become a good source of
salt tolerance.
Table 38 : Sodicity tolerant genotypes selected on the basis of grain yield/plot
S.N. Genotype/IC No. Grain yield
(g/0.45m 2 )
Days to
heading
Plant height (cm)
1000 grain
weight (g)
1 79093 311 90 107 37
2 47349 308 84 108 38
3 104622 268 92 96 29
4 533742 265 92 90 37
5 82209 264 94 115 37
6 107946 241 94 130 29
7 138901 241 91 120 37
8 82216 230 95 133 38
9 532493 229 101 136 35
10 145948 226 88 130 36
11 55701 226 140 103 40
12 532343 224 142 139 33
13 534850 224 144 136 37
14 532773 223 146 152 38
15 104581 223 143 133 38
16 532495 221 142 140 43
17 532075 220 143 128 33
18 82453 219 143 134 38
19 532149 218 139 135 28
20 533755 217 153 100 39
21 532743 217 144 132 36
22 104582 217 140 130 39
23 78722 216 144 105 21
24 78802 215 146 105 36
25 534688 215 153 133 31
C1 Kharchia 65 214 101 135 32
C2 HD 4530 43 103 86 29
C3 KRL 19 107 98 90 31
C4 KRL 3-4 243 96 124 35
Mean 113 100 117 31
Variance 2098 55 224 32
Range 8-311 79-131 70-160 11–50
C1, C2, C3 and C4 means check varieties
65

Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Wheat Improvement for Waterlogging, Salinity
and Element Toxicities in Australia and India
(Neeraj Kulshreshtha, S.K. Sharma and N.P.S.
Yaduvanshi)
Waterlogging tolerance and ICP/microelement
analyses of key Indian and Australian wheat
varieties
The objective of this study is to demonstrate the
genetic diversity for waterlogging tolerance in
sodic soil among Indian and Australian wheat
varieties. A number of salt tolerant and sensitive
wheat varieties (KRL 3-4, KRL 99, Kharchia 65,
KRL19, KRL 210, NW 1014, Brookton, Ducula
4, DBW 17, HD 2851 and HD2009) were grown
in the sodic microplots, where salt stress levels
were much uniform relative to field conditions
in three replications with 1 m row length of
each plot. One of the set was waterlogged for 15
days after 22 days of sowing while in the other
set, the irrigation water was drained. Similarly,
two sets of the same genotypes were sown
in normal microplots. Waterlogging reduced
the grain yield in both the soils. However, the
percent reduction of many varieties in sodic soils
was more in comparison to normal soil except
KRL 99. In normal soil, the maximum reduction
due to waterlogging was observed in Brookton
followed by HD 2851 and HD 2009. The least
reduction was observed for NW 1014 followed
by KRL 99 and DBW 17. In sodic soils (pH 9.2),
The maximum reduction (53%) was observed for
HD 2851 followed by Ducula 4, Brookton and
HD 2009. The minimum reduction was observed
for KRL 99 followed by KRL 3-4 and KRL 210.
In waterlogged sodic soils, KRL 3-4 was the best
performing followed by KRL 99 and KRL 210. In
case of biomass/plot, the genotypes with per se
performance better than the mean as well as least
reduction under waterlogging in sodic soil were
KRL 3-4, Kharchia 65, KRL 99, KRL 210, KRL 19
and NW 1014. Similarly, the genotypes with least
reduction under waterlogging in normal soil
were DBW 17, NW 1014 Ducula 4 and HD 2009.
Evaluation of varieties for waterlogging
tolerance
The objective of this study is to validate
waterlogging tolerance of wheat varieties in
sodic soils (pH 9.1). A number of salt tolerant
and sensitive wheat varieties (KRL 3-4, KRL
99, Kharchia 65, KRL19, KRL 210, NW 1014,
Brookton, Ducula 4, DBW 17, HD 2851 and
HD2009) were grown in the sodic fields (pH
9.1) with three replications (Table 39). One
of the set was waterlogged for 15 days after
22 days of sowing while in the other set, the
irrigation water was drained. The phenotypic
performance of KRL 3-4, KRL 99, KRL 210 and
Kharchia 65 was better than other genotypes
under waterlogging. Waterlogging reduced the
grain yield by 18 per cent in sodic soils. KRL 3-4
followed by Kharchia 65 and KRL 99 were the top
performers under waterlogging. With respect
to yield reduction, maximum reduction in grain
yield was observed for HD 2851 followed by HD
2009 and DBW 17. Waterlogging also reduced
the plant height of different genotypes with
maximum reduction in HD 2851 (6%) followed
by DBW 17 and Brookton. There was 7 per cent
reduction in tillers/plot under waterlogging in
sodic soils with maximum reduction in Ducula
4 followed by Brookton and HD 2851.
Table 39 : Effect of waterlogging on grain yield (g)
in sodic soils (pH 9.1)
Genotype
Drained WL Reduction
Mean SE Mean SE
(% )
BROOKTON 115 2.0 98 3.0 14
DBW 17 130 3.9 99 8.6 24
DUCULA 4 122 5.5 97 4.4 21
HD 2009 124 3.0 79 3.8 36
HD 2851 127 4.5 63 1.7 50
Kh. 65 154 5.8 142 4.8 8
KRL 19 144 2.4 126 4.6 13
KRL 210 154 8.6 138 2.3 11
KRL 3-4 177 5.9 170 3.0 4
KRL 99 164 3.9 141 4.2 14
NW 1014 138 6.4 120 2.7 13
Mean 140.8 115.8 18
Min 114.9 63.2
Max 177.0 170.4
66

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses
Single Seed Descent (SSD) approach to increase
waterlogging tolerance using waterlogging
tolerant x disease resistant donors grown in
sodic soils
This is the main breeding program at CSSRI,
where suitable parental material is crossed
and selected cross is chosen for further work
according to the SSD schedule. This cross will
be used and developed throughout the project
duration. F 2
population of the three crosses
(PBW 525/KRL 99, KRL 99/FLW 8//PBW 550,
FLW 4/KRL 99//FLW 4) were sown in the sodic
field (pH 9.1) along with parents. The selection
of the cross taken for experimentation was
decided by (i) KRL 99 (a salt and waterlogging
tolerant amber grained genotype with good
plant type) as one of the parent crossed with
one or two disease resistant/high yielding lines
and (ii) and availability of sufficient F 2
seed.
The population was waterlogged for 15 days
after 22 days of sowing. Suitable population
out of these three will be selected for salt and
waterlogging tolerance, disease resistance and
other agronomical traits and will be advanced as
per the protocol. The population was screened
for salt and waterlogging tolerance and the
rust reaction. Out of the three populations, the
performance of PBW 525/KRL 99 was the best
with respect to phenotypic performance under
waterlogging and resistance to rusts. This was
followed by FLW 4/KRL 99//FLW 4. The
population KRL 99/FLW 8//PBW 550 was the
least performing. The population of PBW 525/
KRL 99 will be advanced as per the protocol.
Bi-plot/cluster analyses of Indian and
Australian wheat varieties/germplasm lines
grown in waterlogged sodic soil.
The bi-plot analysis/cluster analysis was carried
out to identify parental material for future
programmes under different conditions. This
study will be useful in evaluation of genetic
variability in Indian/Australian material and
also help in identifying contrasting parents for
different types of soil / production conditions of
wheat in India. In this experiment, one hundred
promising genotypes/released varieties of wheat
were pooled from CSSRI, Karnal (material for
salinity tolerance/intolerance), DWR, Karnal
(material for yield attributes, rusts, leaf blight and
Karnal bunt) and NDUA&T, Faizabad (material
for waterlogging conditions and element efficient,
if any) and are being evaluated in waterlogged as
well as drained sodic soils (pH 9.1) in augmented
design with 2 blocks (each block comprised of 8
checks and 50 entries). The checks were KRL 3-4,
KRL 19, HD 2009, Kharchia 65, DBW 17, PBW
550, PBW 343 and DBW 14. A lot of variability
was observed among the checks and test
varieties with respect to waterlogging tolerance
and per se performance under waterlogging.
Among the check varieties, DBW 14 showed
maximum reduction in grain yield (75 %) under
waterlogging followed by PBW 550 and HD
2009. Kharchia 65 reported minimum reduction
followed by KRL 3-4 and KRL 19. The ranking
of varieties differed with respect to grain yield
under both the environments. This is evident
from the list of top ten (Table 40) and bottom ten
(Table 41) yielders in drained as well as sodic
soils.
Physiology in waterlogging tolerance
The main aim of this project was to evaluate
waterlogging tolerance and microelement
analyses of wheat (~10 varieties) grown in pots
Table 40 : Top ten genotypes in the drained and
waterlogged sodic soils from biplot,
cluster analysis experiment with respect
to grain yield plot -1
S.N. Drained Waterlogged
1 KRL 259 KRL 259
2 NW-4035 KRL 240
3 KRL 210 KRL 105
4 KRL 240 KRL 268
5 NW-4081 HD 3028
6 KRL 283 KRL 238
7 NW-4018 KRL 283
8 KRL 229 HD 2985
9 GUTHA KRL 99
10 KRL 1-4 KRL 35
67

Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 41 :
Bottom ten genotypes in the drained
and waterlogged sodic soils from
biplot, cluster analysis experiment
with respect to grain yield plot -1
S.N. Drained Waterlogged
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
NW-2036 PBW 642
HD 2997 PBW 636
CAMM PBW 639
PBW 642 PBW 635
SCHOMBURGK
NWL-7-4
CHIRYA 7 CHIRYA 7
CHARA PBW 634
PBW 635
DBW 50
NW-3069
NWL-9-22
AMERY HI 1563
in reclaimed (pH 8.2) and sodic soils (pH 9.3).
These data were also compared to waterlogging
tolerance of same varieties in the field or
microplots to enable us to validate the use of pots
in characterising germplasm. All the three stress
treatments ((1) normal drained (N), (2) Normal
+ WL (N+WL), (3) Sodic (S) and (4) Sodic + WL
(S+WL)) caused significant reduction in the grain
yield of all the varieties of wheat over control
with sodicity + WL causing the maximum
reduction. Significant genotypic variation was
observed for grain yield and biomass under the
stress treatments and Brookton, HD 2009, HD
2851 and Ducula 4 were the poorest performers
on the overall mean basis.
Maximum deleterious effects on grain yield were
observed under sodicity (67% reduction over
control) followed by WL superimposed over
sodicity (60.8% reduction), and WL in neutral pH
(39.7% reduction), whereas the relative per cent
reductions for biomass for the same treatments
were 67.2, 53.0 and 41.9, respectively. Plant
biomass and grain yield were reduced similarly
by sodicity resulting in the lowest harvest
index. Number of grains was reduced by all the
three stress treatments with sodicity causing the
maximum detrimental effects. 100 grain weight
was reduced with maximum reduction observed
under sodicity+WL followed by sodicity and
waterlogging in neutral pH (7.8). Sodicity+ WL
also had the most detrimental effects on the
plant height, total number of tillers, productive
tillers and redox potential. KRL 3-4 and Kharchia
65 produced maximum biomass and grain
yield. Removal of water from the normal and
sodic soils led to recovery, which was quicker
in neutral soil, while it took a longer time in
sodic soils. Therefore, sodic soils tend to suffer
longer from the effects of waterlogging and the
accompanying lower redox potentials.
Plants were sampled and separated into top
three leaves, remaining leaves, stem and
earheads for elemental analysis. Top three
leaves including the flag leaf were analysed for
all the elements by ICP. Na concentration was
found to be higher in the upper three leaves
from sodic and sodic and WL treatment which
were at par. K concentration were observed to
be highest in sodic +WL treatment and were
in the order of S+WL > Sodic > N+WL > N. Ca
concentrations showed a marginal decline in
sodic and sodic +WL treatments as compared
to neutral pH and neutral pH +WL treatments,
Fig. 34 : Validation of results on grain yield (GY) of wheat between pots and microplots under waterlogged sodic (a) and
drained sodic (b) conditions
68

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses
while the three stress treatments did not have
any effect on Mg concentrations. Comparison
of the grain yield data of the similar set of
ten genotypes from pots to the microplots
sodic conditions showed good correlations
(Fig. 34).
The genotypes KRL 3-4, KRL 99 and Kharchia 65
showed good waterlogging tolerance in different
experiments. Among Indian and Australian
genotypes, a lot of variability was observed with
respect to waterlogging tolerance in sodic soils.
Out of the three populations studied in sodic
soils, the performance of PBW 525/KRL 99 was
the best with respect to phenotypic performance
under waterlogging and resistance to rusts.
Improvement of Salt Tolerance in Wheat using
Molecular Approach (Neeraj Kulshreshtha, P.C
Sharma, S. K Sharma)
One hundred twenty fixed Recombinant
Inbred Lines (RILs) of the cross Kharchia 65
(Salt tolerant) x HD 2009 (Salt sensitive) were
screened and evaluated for phenotyping in
the CSSRI sodic microplots at pH 2
9.1 in an
augmented design with four checks. Kharchia
65 performed best among the checks followed
by KRL 19, HD 2009 and HD 2851 with respect
to grain yield plant -1 . The RILs displayed a lot
of variability among inbred lines with respect
to grain yield, sodium and potassium uptake.
The grain yield plant -1 among the RILs ranged
from 8.45g to 0.65g, mean of 3.60, whereas the
K/Na ratio among the RILs ranged from 2.16 to
0.13 with a mean of 0.91 (Table 42 a). The top
tolerant 10 RIL, top 10 sensitive, top 10 high K/
Table 42 a : Performance of checks and RILs
(Overall)
Checks
Grain yield
plant -1 (g)
Tolerance
index
K/Na
Kharchia 65 6.06 0.94 1.14
HD 2009 2.24 0.37 0.73
KRL 19 3.54 0.58 0.96
HD 2851 2.16 0.33 0.82
RILs
Mean 3.60 0.68 0.91
SD 1.52 0.16 0.36
Na and top 10 low K/Na are given in table 42 b,
c, d and e.
Table 42 b : Performance of tolerant RILs (Top 10)
Genotypes
Grain yield
plant -1 (g)
Tolerance
index
MP 1-69 8.45 0.95
MP 1-57 7.45 0.88
MP 1-119 6.75 0.76
MP 1-94 6.63 0.88
MP 1-90 6.43 0.90
MP 1-28 6.18 0.83
MP 1-81 6.03 0.86
MP 1-73 6.03 0.83
MP 1-53 5.95 0.83
MP 1-115 5.85 0.72
Table 42 c : Performance of sensitive RILs (Top 10)
Genotypes
Grain yield
plant -1 (g)
Tolerance
index
MP 1-110 0.65 0.24
MP 1-41 0.68 0.25
MP 1-32 0.78 0.34
MP 1-38 0.88 0.42
MP 1-48 1.08 0.47
MP 1-18 1.20 0.41
MP 1-17 1.20 0.35
MP 1-95 1.33 0.60
MP 1-31 1.38 0.40
MP 1-6 1.40 0.40
Table 42 d : Performance of RILs with high K/Na
(Overall)
Genotypes
Grain yield
plant -1 (g)
Tolerance
index
K/Na
MP 1-26 3.8 0.67 2.16
MP 1-4 3.5 0.69 1.90
MP 1-8 2.1 0.81 1.72
MP 1-113 2.4 0.94 1.72
MP 1-24 2.3 0.55 1.72
MP 1-54 2.9 0.66 1.68
MP 1-49 4.4 0.57 1.62
MP 1-106 2.0 0.67 1.57
MP 1-9 4.7 0.67 1.54
MP 1-76 4.7 0.80 1.51
69

Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 42 e : Performance of RILs with low K/Na
(Overall)
Genotypes
Grain yield
plant -1 (g)
Tolerance
index
K/Na
MP 1-105 4.1 0.83 0.13
MP 1-35 2.8 0.45 0.20
MP 1-71 3.8 0.71 0.41
MP 1-97 1.7 0.40 0.42
MP 1-3 1.8 0.44 0.44
MP 1-64 3.3 0.69 0.45
MP 1-96 2.1 0.39 0.45
MP 1-110 0.7 0.24 0.47
MP 1-90 6.4 0.90 0.47
MP 1-91 5.2 0.99 0.48
Search for Wheat Materials Tolerant to Sodicity
and Zinc Deficiency Stresses (Ali Qadar and
Neeraj Kulshreshtha)
Total zinc (Zn) in soil often ranges from 40-80
ppm, but DTPA extractable zinc (Zn) is often
low in sodic soils and Zn is invariably applied
to meet the crop requirement. This is practiced
irrespective of the variety under cultivation in
sodic soils. There may be differences in potential
to mine Zn in sodic soils among wheat genotypes.
Twenty two genotypes of wheat comprising
tetraploid and hexaploid materials were sown
on 17-11-2009 in 10 kg capacity pots filled with
soil of pH 2
9.0 with and without added Zn. Zinc
was added @ 10 kg ha -1 using ZnSO 4
7H 2
O.
DTPA extractable Zn in the soil was 1.1 ppm,
whereas it was 0.8 ppm in control (without Zn).
Phosphorus was not applied, as it is known to
influence the availability and utilization of Zn
within the plants. Fourteen seeds were sown
in each pot and each treatment was replicated
four times. There was no effect on the number
of emerged seedlings in response to applied Zn.
However, some of the materials (KRL 3-4, NW-
1014) showed chlorotic symptoms on the leaves
after about 18-20 days after emergence of the
seedlings followed by death of the leaves . These
symptoms were similar in appearance to those
reported in the literature under Zn deficiency.
Zn concentration in the seed of KRL 3-4 was
43.3 ppm (analysed before sowing). Many other
materials like KRL 19, which had even less Zn
(37.2 ppm) did not show such symptoms. This
problem in KRL 3-4 was also observed during
early stage of seedling growth in current study
(2010-11), which is under progress. However,
at later stages, these types of symptoms were
not observed on new leaves. Few genotypes did
show P deficiency symptoms especially at the
end of December, 2009 and beginning of January,
2010 when pot soil temperature was hovering
around 6-7 ºC. Overall plant growth was affected
because of sodicity, Zn and P deficiencies.
Several materials including Kharchia-65, KRL
3-4, PBW 343, KRL 210, DBW 17 responded to
Zn fertilization in terms of shoot dry weight and
grain yield (Table 43), whereas KRL 2-3. NW
1014, Brookton and KRL 19 did not respond to
added Zn indicating their potential to tolerate
Zn deficiency stress. Tetraploid varieties known
to be sensitive to sodicity and Zn deficiency
stress showed overall poor growth, however
KRL 297 did not respond to added Zn.
Table 43 : Grain yield (g pot -1 ) of wheat genotypes without (0.8ppm) and with added Zn (1.1 ppm) in sodic
soil
Genotype pH 2
9.0 Genotype pH 2
9.0
-Zn +Zn -Zn +Zn
Kharchia 65 0.273 ± 0.025 1.687 ± 0.361 HD 2009 1.261 ± 0.072 2.107 ± 0.604
KRL 19 1.700 ± 0.387 1.923 ± 0.353 DBW 17 1.182 ± 0.201 2.387 ± 0.272
KRL 210 1.493 ± 0.313 2.297 ± 0.534 HD 2285 1.759 ± 0.440 2.074 ± 0.486
KRL 3-4 1.613 ± 0.342 2.268 ± 0.240 HD 2851 1.499 ± 0.119 3.245 ± 0.275
NW 1014 2.479 ± 0.404 2.532 ± 0.353 Brookton 2.313 ± 0.425 2.210± 0.156
PBW 343 0.910 ± 0.036 2.859 ± 0.522 KRL 297* 1.333 ± 0.355 1.249 ± 0.377
DW 1 1.316 ± 0.375 3.314 ± 0.480 HD 4530* 0.401 ± 0.147 0.936 ± 0.124
± Sample standard deviation * Tetraploid wheat genotypes
70

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses
Evaluation of advanced breeding lines in semiarid
saline soils at Hisar
Eighty four breeding lines including five checks
(CS 52, CS 54, CS 56, Kranti and Varuna) were
evaluated for seed yield and other characters in
screening trials in semi -arid saline soils at Bir
forest farm, Hisar. Seed yield ranged from (0.75
to 2.85 t ha -1 ). Sixteen lines gave higher yield
over the best check Varuna (1.91 t ha -1 ) with
2100-3-6 (2.85 t ha -1 ) followed by 700-2-1-6 (2.36
t ha -1 ) recording maximum yield. Twelve lines
recorded more than 2.00 t ha -1 yield.
Comparative growth of wheat genotypes after a month of
sowing
Several materials including Kharchia-65, KRL
3-4, PBW 343, KRL 210, DBW 17 responded to
Zn fertilization. NW 1014, Brookton, KRL 19
and KRL 297 (tetraploid) showed potential to
tolerate Zn deficiency stress under soil pH 2
9.0
Development of Salt Tolerant High Yielding
Genotypes of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea)
(P.C. Sharma and S.L. Krishna Murthy)
Evaluation of advanced breeding lines (IVT
and AVT) in semi–reclaimed alkali soils
Seventy three genotypes including five checks
(CS 52, CS 54, CS 56, Kranti and Varuna) were
evaluated in IVT for seed yield and other
characters in reclaimed alkali soils at CSSRI,
Karnal. Seed yield ranged from 0.93 to 2.79 t ha -1 .
Thirty seven lines out yielded the best checks
Kranti and Varuna with 13000-2-2-2-1-2 (2.79 t
ha -1 ) and 13000-3-1-1-4-1 (2.56 t ha -1 ) recording
the maximum yield.
In AVT, eighty four breeding lines along with
five checks (CS52, CS54, CS56, Kranti and
Varuna) were evaluated for seed yield and
other characters in reclaimed alkali soils. Seed
yield varied from (1.41 to 2.75 t ha -1 ). Out of
these, eight lines recorded significantly higher
yield over the best check Kranti. Forty two lines
out yielded the check Varuna with CS 611-1-6-1
(2.75 t ha -1 ) followed by CS 15000-1-2-2-2-2 (2.49
t ha -1 ). Twelve lines yielded more than 2.00 t
ha -1 .
Evaluation of promising salt tolerant strains of
Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in All India
Coordinated Trial on Rapeseed Mustard
Performance of mustard strains in IVT saline/
alkaline conditions screening nursery
Twelve genotypes were evaluated under
salinity stress in IVT under saline conditions
(EC e
~10 dS m -1 ) at experimental farm, Hisar and
Karnal and under alkaline conditions (pH 2
~9.2)
at experimental farm, Karnal. Significant
differences were observed in seed yield amongst
the genotypes evaluated, both under salinity
and alkalinity stresses. Under salinity stress,
seed yield ranged from 1.36 to 2.15 t ha -1 at
Hisar and 1.16 to 2.50 t ha -1 at Karnal. Genotypes
CSCN-09-6 (2.15 t ha -1 ) followed by CSCN-09-12
(2.13 t ha -1 ) and CSCN-09-12 (2.13 t ha -1 ) at Hisar
and CSCN-09-8 (2.50 t ha -1 ) followed by CSCN-
09-3 (2.23 t ha -1 ) at Karnal showed highest seed
yield. Further, genotype CSCN-09-9 showed
minimum seed yield at both the places (Hisar,
Karnal). Under alkalinity stress at Karnal, seed
yield ranged from 0.32 to 0.97 t ha -1 . Genotypes
CSCN-09-1 (0.97 t ha -1 ) followed by CSCN-
09-6 (0.94 t ha -1 ) showed highest yield whereas
genotype CSCN-09-9 (0.32 t ha -1 ) recorded
minimum seed yield.
Performance of mustard strains in AVT saline/
alkaline conditions screening nursery
Six genotypes were evaluated under salinity and
alkalinity stress in AVT at experimental farm
Hisar and Karnal. Significant differences were
observed in seed yield amongst the genotypes
evaluated. Under salinity stress, genotypes
CSCN-09-14 (1.84 t ha -1 ) followed by CSCN-09-
71

Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
13 (1.76 t ha -1 ) at Hisar and CSCN-09-16 (2.11
t ha -1 ) followed by CSCN-09-18 (1.89 t ha -1 ) at
Karnal showed highest seed yield. Further,
genotypes CSCN-09-18 (1.69 t ha -1 ) and CSCN-
09-13 (1.66 t ha -1 ) showed minimum seed yield at
Hisar and Karnal respectively. Under alkalinity
stress at Karnal, seed yield ranged from 0.65 to
0. 83 t ha -1 . Genotypes CSCN-09-18 (0.83 t ha -1 )
followed by CSCN-09-13 (0.79 t ha -1 ) showed
highest yield whereas genotype CSCN-09-16
(0.65 t ha -1 ) recorded minimum seed yield.
Evaluation of segregating material in mustard
Four mustard populations namely i. e., Krishna
X CS 52, CS 52 x Krishna, Krishna X CS 54 and CS
54 X Krishna were evaluated. Two hundred sixty
five lines were evaluated under the cross Krishna
X CS 52 and one hundred thirty seven lines
were selected based upon the yield for further
evaluation. Hundred lines were evaluated for
the cross CS 52 x Krishna. Out of these lines,
forty lines were selected for further evaluation.
Four hundred sixty lines were evaluated for the
cross CS 54 X Krishna. Out of these lines, one
hundred eleven lines were selected for further
evaluation. Three hundred twenty five lines of
the cross Krishna X CS 54 were evaluated. From
these lines, one hundred thirty seven lines were
selected for further evaluation.
Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia
(CSISA) – Objective 2 (Strategic Experimental
Plat forms for Future Cereal Systems) (National
Agricultural Research team) : D.K. Sharma,
P.C. Sharma, N.P.S. Yaduvanshi and H.S. Jat;
CGIAR team: M. Gathala, Y.P.S. Saharawat, V.
Kumar and J.K. Ladha)
Developing crop and resource management
practices for sustainable future cereal based
systems
The project aims to devise strategies to reorient
the rice-wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic
Plains keeping into consideration the declining
yields, depleting natural resources, climatic
changes and water and labour shortages being
faced by the present day agriculture. Further,
objective is to design next generation of cereal
systems that are highly productive, resource
efficient, sustainable, and adapted to the
expected changes in environment and socioeconomic
endowments. This research will be
conducted by National Agricultural Research
(NARES) partners in collaboration with IRRI and
CIMMYT using closely monitored experimental
platforms at selected locations which are
also used as hubs for delivery and adaptive
research. The experimental platforms would be
near-production scale long-term experiments
designed to assess the performance of different
agricultural systems, using a wide range of
indicators. Four scenarios have been planned
for research platform at CSSRI, Karnal.
During rabi 2009-10, wheat was sown in all the
four scenarios with cv. PBW 47 in scenario I and
DBW 17 in scenarios II, III and IV. Significant
differences in seed yield was recorded amongst
different scenarios, however, scenarios II, III
and IV did not differ significantly amongst
themselves. During summer 2010, fields in
scenario I were kept fallow, whereas mungbean
(cv. SML 668) was sown after wheat harvesting
in scenarios II, III and IV on 24.4.2010. One
picking of the mungbean pods was taken in
scenario II, whereas no picking was done in
scenarios III and IV. The standing mungbean
crop was knocked down and the whole biomass
was retained in the field itself. Direct seeded rice
was taken up in scenario III and maize was taken
up in scenario IV. As per the plan outlined for
different scenarios, all residues were removed
both in rice (kharif 2009) and wheat (rabi 2009-10)
in scenario I (Table 44). In scenario II, anchored
residue (30%) of rice (kharif 2009) and wheat
(rabi 2009-10) and 100% residue of mungbean
was incorporated in field in successive crops. In
scenarios III and IV, 100% residue of rice (kharif
2009), 30% anchored residue of wheat (rabi 2009-
10) and 100% residue of mungbean was retained
in field in successive crops. In this way, around
9 tonne residue was added in a year in field in
scenario II and around 14-15 tonne residue was
added in a year’s time in scenarios III and IV.
During kharif 2010, rice cv. Pusa 44 seedlings
were transplanted in scenario I as per farmers’
practice on 7.7.2010. In scenario II, rice cv. Arize
6444 seedlings were transplanted on 28.6.2010.
In scenario III, rice cv. Arize 6129 was directly
sown using turbo seeder on 18.6.2010. Maize
cv. NK 6240 was directly sown using multicrop
planter in scenario IV on 6.7.2010. Nonsignificant
differences were recorded in rice and
maize yields in different scenarios (Table 45).
72

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Crop improvement for salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging stresses
Table 44 : Residue applied in different crop season scenarios
Scenario
Performance of rice in scenarios I, II, III and maize in scenario IV during kharif 2010.
Rice in wheat
2009-10
Residue carried over in successive crop (t ha -1 )
Wheat in green gram
2010
Green gram in rice
2010
Rice in wheat
2010
1 Removed Removed Fallow Removed
2 4.20 3.50 2.59 4.11
3 9.39 3.60 2.20 10.20
4 10.00 3.50 2.08 13.70
Table 45 : Crop productivity in different scenarios during 2009-10 cropping season
Crop yield (t ha -1 )
Scenario
Wheat rabi 2009-10 Green gram 2010 Rice kharif 2010
System (rice
equivalent)
1 4.99 - 8.00 13.32
2 5.48 0.66 8.71 16.99
3 5.53 0.00 7.97 13.86
4 5.50 0.00 7.11 12.44
LSD (5%) 0.23 - NS 1.18
However, significant differences in system yield
in a year was observed on rice equivalent basis.
Irrigation water applied was measured in all the
four scenarios and water productivity was also
computed accordingly. Water applied (327–346
mm) during wheat season 2009-10 did not differ
significantly in different scenarios, whereas
water productivity differed significantly (1.45
kg grain m -3 water in scenario I and 1.63 to1.68
in scenarios II, III and IV). Further, water
applied differed significantly amongst different
scenarios in rice crop 2010. In scenario I, 1943 mm
total water was applied whereas in scenarios II
and III, it was 1352 and 1341 mm. In scenario IV
maize, 126 mm water was applied during kharif
2010.
73

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
AGROFORESTRY IN SALT AFFECTED SOILS
Evaluation of Biosaline Agroforestry systems
for Dry Regions (R.K. Yadav, J.C. Dagar,
Khajanchi Lal, Gajender Yadav, and C.B.
Pandey)
The project initiated in 2008 at Bir Forest Research
Farm of CSSRI at Hisar, was continued during
the period under report. Field experiments on
agro-horticulture with clusterbean–mustard
cropping system in karonda (Carissa carandas),
aonla (Emblica officinalis) and bael (Aegle marmelos);
agro-forestry with pearl millet–mustard,
pearl millet-barley, Aloe vera and para grass
in Prosopis alba and agri-silviculture with mix
grass in Ailanthus excelsa and Acacia ampliceps
were continued with the objective of assessing
their performance on sandy loam soils of semiarid
region with availability of only saline
groundwater as source of irrigation.
The three horticultural tree species were initially
established with four irrigation methods
comprising of T 1
- traditional ring method using
low salinity (3.5 to 4.0 dS m -1 ) groundwater; T 2
–
furrow irrigation with low salinity groundwater;
T 3
– furrow irrigation with alternate use of low
and high salinity groundwater and T 4
–furrow
irrigation with high salinity (8-10 dS m -1 )
groundwater. The forestry species of Prosopis
alba, Ailanthus excelsa and Acacia ampliceps were
established in rainy season of 2009 with furrow
irrigation of low (T 2
), alternate use of low and
high (T 3
), and high saline (T 4
) groundwater
after monsoon. However, during last year, the
irrigation treatments T 1
and T 2
were combined as
T 2
, while T 3
and T 4
remained as such treatments
in agro-horticulture and Prosopis alba based agroforestry.
In mix grass with Ailanthus excelsa and
Acacia ampliceps silvi-pasture system only two
irrigations of high salinity groundwater were
given during May and December.
Performance of horticultural species in terms
of fruit yield indicated the highest yield of bael
with 3.98, 3.36 and 2.08 t ha -1 in T 2
, T 3
and T 4
,
respectively. It was followed by karonda with
respective yields of 1.68, 1.46 and 1.34 t ha -1 and
aonla with 0.52, 0.38 and 0.26 t ha -1 . The grain and
straw yield of companion mustard-clusterbean
is shown in Table 46. Yield of mustard was
relatively better in aonla followed by karonda
and bael but in case of clusterbean, the highest
yield was recorded in bael followed by aonla was
recorded in bael followed by aonla and karonda.
The effect of saline water irrigation was higher
in mustard than clusterbean. The yield level in
clusterbean was low because of the excess rainfall
during the crop growth period resulting in poor
germination and crop stand establishment.
In Prosopis based pearl millet–mustard, pearl
millet-barley, Aloe vera and para grass in
Table 46 : Grain and straw yield of mustard (CS 56) and cluster bean (local) under different tree species
Tree sp. Irrigation method Mustard yield (t ha -1 ) Cluster bean yield (t ha -1 )
Grain Straw Grain Straw
Karonda Low salinity (T2) 1.24 2.57 0.80 1.47
Alternate low & high salinity(T3) 1.20 2.50 0.74 1.38
High salinity (T4) 1.02 2.40 0.72 1.30
Mean 1.16 2.49 0.75 1.38
Aonla Low salinity (T2) 1.64 3.30 0.98 1.69
Alternate low & high salinity(T3) 1.56 3.21 0.92 1.64
High salinity (T4) 1.47 3.32 0.86 1.56
Mean 1.56 3.28 0.92 1.63
Bael Low salinity (T2) 1.06 2.25 1.03 1.84
Alternate low & high salinity(T3) 1.13 2.44 0.94 1.73
High salinity (T4) 0.98 2.17 0.96 1.75
Mean 1.05 2.29 0.97 1.77
Note : Agroforestry system initiated this year only
74

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Agroforestry in salt affected soils
Prosopis alba, the yield of pearl millet was 2.78,
2.59 and 2.14 t ha -1 , respectively in irrigation
with low salinity, alternate use of low and high
salinity and high salinity groundwater. The
respective fresh and dry biomass yield of para
grass was 16.24, 14.86 and 12.93 t ha -1 , and 3.95,
3.87 and 3.72 t ha -1 . While Aloe vera has not been
harvested so far. An increase of about 68 per cent
in fresh biomass of mix grass in Ailanthus excelsa
and Acacia ampliceps silvi-pastoral system was
recorded with two irrigations of high salinity
water in comparison to no irrigation.
Bael produced maximum yield with 3-6 dS m -1
salinity irrigation water followed by karonda.
However, yield of companion mustard-cluster
bean was better with aonla and karonda.
Control of Waterlogging and Salinity through
Agro forestry Interventions (J.C. Dagar, Jeet
Ram, Khajanchi Lal and S.K. Chaudhari)
To suggest tree plantation model for control of
water logging and salinity through appropriate
plantations, field experiments at farmer’s field
at Puthi (Hisar) were initiated in 2008 and
continued in 2010-11. The project area is land
locked and bounded by two parallel canals
(Mithathal and Jui) feeder in the east, Sunder
Canal in the north and west and the Bass-Puthi
road in the South. The area faces waterlogging
almost during the whole year because of canal
seepage, absence of natural drainage and low
abstraction of groundwater due to its marginal
quality. To deal with the problem of waterlogging
and soil salinity, cloned Eucalyptus were raised
on narrow ridges of field boundaries in different
spacing (1mx1m, 1mx2m and 1mx3m) in North-
South and East-West directions.
From the project area, 22 soil profile samples
were collected and analyzed for various physical
and chemical characteristics. Soils were found
to be saline sodic with dominance of chloride
and bicarbonates of sodium. Data collected on
tree performance in different spacing indicated
that both the tree height and diameter at breast
height were the maximum in 1mx3m followed
by 1mx2m and minimum in 1mx1m. However,
the total tree wood biomass was in the reverse
order. The average transpiration rate of two
year Eucalyptus was found to be 15.6, 16.7 and
Fig 35: Effect of tree spacing on water table draw down
18.7 litres per day per tree in 1mx1m, 1mx2m
and 1mx3m spacing, respectively. The results
indicated that there was only slight increase in
tree performance and transpiration rate with
increasing spacing but the number of trees were
3 and 2 times less in 1mx3m and 1mx2m spacing
compared to 1mx1m spacing. Consequently,
Eucalyptus trees in 1m x 1m spacing had higher
biodrainage potential to lower the water table
compared to wider spacing (Fig. 35). Tree
plantation also lowered the soil pH and electrical
conductivity of the soil compare to field without
plantation. The crop cutting data revealed that
the wheat grain yields were 206, 264, 280 and
274 g m -2 in control, 1mx1m, 1mx2m and 1mx3m
spacing, respectively.
Effect of Water and Salinity Stress on the
Performance of Tree Species (S.K. Chaudhari
and C.B. Pandey)
For evaluating the water requirement of tree
species viz; Prosopis alba, Prosopis juliflora,
Acacia nilotica, Tamarix articulata, and Eucalyptus
in relation to soil and water salinity,
the experiments were conducted with the
objectives viz; i) To evaluate the irrigation water
requirement of tree species under lysimetric
condition; ii) To study the water and salt
dynamics under varying moisture regimes; iii)
To study the effect of water and salt stress on
soil hydro-physical properties; iv) To study
N-mineralisation and microbial biomass carbon
behaviour under tree species. The results of the
experiments are presented below :
Height of Prosopis alba and Prosopis juliflora
Results showed that the soil pH, water quality
and irrigation schedules did not influence
the height of Prosopis alba significantly upto
the first six months and thereafter, the height
75

Agroforestry in salt affected soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
varied significantly. After nine months from
the planting, irrigation schedule of IW/CPE 1.0
recorded 188 cm average tree height, which was
significantly superior over IW/CPE 0.5 on the
soil with pH 9.6. However, at soil pH 7.5 and
8.5, tree height was not influenced significantly.
Water quality also showed significant effect
only at pH 9.6, where normal water irrigation
gave 18 cm plant height, significantly higher
than saline water irrigation. Soil pH did not
influence tree height significantly upto 9
months after planting. Results recorded 12
months after planting showed that the length
of Prosopis alba was significantly influenced
by irrigation schedules, water quality and soil
pH. Average tree height at pH 7.5 and 8.5 was
significantly higher than the average tree height
at pH 9.6. Irrigations scheduled at IW/CPE 1.0
recorded significantly superior plant height as
compared with the IW/CPE 0.5 at all the soil
pH levels. Irrigation with normal water resulted
in significantly higher tree height at all the pH
levels as compared to saline water irrigation.
Interaction of soil pH, irrigation schedules and
water quality was significant 12 months after
planting of Prosopis alba.
Upto six months from the planting, none of
the treatments influenced height of Prosopis
juliflora significantly. After nine months, tree
height was significantly influenced by the water
quality at soil pH 8.5 and 9.6. However, after 12
months, tree height was significantly influenced
by irrigation schedules, water quality and
soil pH. Interaction effects of the three factors
were significant. Frequent irrigation at all soil
pH levels recorded significantly greater tree
height as compared to irrigation at IW/CPE
0.5. Irrigation with EC 5 dS m -1 water reduced
tree height significantly at high pH levels as
compared to normal pH level.
Collar diameter of Prosopis alba and Prosopis
juliflora
Results showed that the collar diameter of
Prosopis alba also remained unaffected by
different factors upto first six months of planting.
Significant effect of irrigation schedules and
water quality on collar diameter was noticed
only after 9 months. However, 12 months after
planting, all the three factors significantly
influenced collar diameter of Prosopis alba and
their interaction were also significant. Average
collar diameter in the soils with pH 9.6 was 2.70
cm, significantly smaller than the average collar
diameter in normal soils. Frequent irrigation
gave significantly bigger collar diameter while
irrigation with EC 5 dS m -1 water gave smaller
collar diameter.
Similarly, after 9 months from the planting,
the collar diameter of Prosopis juliflora was
significantly affected by water quality only and
the other factors (irrigation and soil pH) did
not influence the collar diameter significantly.
Differences in the collar diameter of Prosopis
juliflora were significant due to irrigation, water
quality and soil pH at 12 months after planting.
Total biomass of Prosopis alba and Prosopis
juliflora
The total biomass of Prosopis alba and Prosopis
juliflora recorded after 12 months, was
significantly influenced by irrigation schedules,
water quality and soil pH and the interactions
between various factors were significant.
Prosopis alba in soil pH 9.6 gave the total biomass
of 1469 g, which was significantly less than the
biomass recorded in soil pH 7.5 conditions. In
Prosopis juliflora average total biomass of 1558,
1536 and 1504 g was observed in the soils with
pH 7.5, 8.5 and 9.6, respectively. Frequent
irrigation at IW/CPE 1.0 produced significantly
higher biomass in both the tree species as
compared to irrigation at IW/CPE 0.5 in all the
soil pH conditions. Irrigation with normal water
recorded significantly higher total biomass as
compared to irrigation with saline waters.
Height of Eucalyptus tereticornis, Acacia
nilotica and Temarix articulata
The results indicated that there was no
significant difference in the height of Eucalyptus
tereticornis, Acacia nilotica and Temarix articulata
upto the first six months. After 12 months from
the planting, the height of these trees were
significantly influenced by irrigation schedules
and water quality. However, interaction effect
was observed only in the case of Eucalyptus
tereticornis. Frequent irrigation at IW/CPE 2.0
gave the highest tree height in all the species,
significantly superior over IW/CPE 0.5.
Irrigation with saline water of 5 dSm -1 recorded
significantly lower tree height as compared to
the irrigation with the normal water.
76

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Agroforestry in salt affected soils
Table 47 : Effect of irrigation schedules and water
quality on the total biomass (g) of
Eucalyptus teriticornis, Acacia nilotica
and Temarix articulata
IW/CPE
Water
quality
Normal
water
Total Biomass (g)
5 dSm -1 Mean
Eucalyptus teriticornis
0.5 2050 1870 1960
1.0 2510 2100 2305
2.0 3250 2890 3070
Mean 2483 2346 2445
No irrigation 1250
CD 0.05
Irrig. = 515; WQ = NS; Interaction = NS
Acacia nilotica
0.5 1569 1521 1545
1.0 1789 1765 1777
2.0 2156 2105 2130
Mean 1821 1805 1817
No irrigation 1129
CD 0.05
Irrig. = 342; WQ = NS; Interaction = NS
Temarix articulata
0.5 1572 1489 1541
1.0 1792 1752 1769
2.0 2146 1989 2122
Mean 1800 1782 1813
No irrigation 1102
CD 0.05
Irrig. = 321; WQ = NS; Interaction = NS
After 12 months from the planting, total biomass
of these trees was recorded and presented in
Table 47. Results showed that only irrigation
could give significant differences in total
biomass of these tree species and no significant
effect of water quality was recorded. Frequent
irrigation at IW/CPE 2.0 recorded significantly
higher total biomass over IW/CPE 0.5. There
was no statistically significant difference in the
total biomass under irrigation schedule IW/
CPE 0.5 and 1.0.
Soil organic carbon, NO 3
-N and NH 4
-N under
different tree species
After 12 months, the data on soil organic carbon,
NO 3
-N and NH 4
-N was recorded in the soils
growing various tree species. No systematic
effect of irrigation and water quality treatments
was observed on the soil organic carbon, NO 3
-N
and NH 4
-N. This may be because of the fact
that 12 months growth period is too short to get
these effects.
Different irrigation schedules and salinity
treatments did not influence height and girth
of the trees significantly in the first six months.
However, impact was visible in some species
only after six months.
Tree-soil Interactions vis-à-vis Soil Fertility
Improvement in Sodic and Reclaimed Sodic
Soils (C.B. Pandey, S.K. Chaudhari, J.C. Dagar)
Seasonal dynamics of ECe, pH, Na, Ca, Mg,
organic carbon, nitrate N, ammonium N and
microbial biomass carbon (MB-c) were studied at
different soil depths under Prosopis juliflora trees
in sodic soil at the Saraswati forest. Treatment
included the trees of 6 ages (0, 2, 3, 6, 10 and
15 yrs), 2 canopy positions (near trunk and mid
canopy) and 7 soil depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-
60, 60-75, 75-90, 90-105 cm). 0-yr age was treated
as a control. Native soil was sodic with ECe 3.6
± 0.30 dS m -1 and pH 10.4 ± 0.31.
Chemical analysis of the soils revealed that
with passage of age (0-15 yr), ECe, pH, Na and
K declined (3.82 to 0.92 dS m -1 , 10.21 to 7.15,
219 to 33 µg g -1 , 79.9 to 60.3 µg g -1 , respectively)
in 0-15 cm and all other soil depths under the
tree. The decline was found, however, up to 60
cm depth. Values of the parameters at near the
trunk did not differ with that at mid canopy
position, hence average values are presented.
Regression analysis of the data revealed that
they followed the decay exponential model; this
indicated that decline in these parameters in the
beginning was slow up to 5 yrs and increased
thereafter at a relatively rapid rate. Contrary to
+
the above parameters, Ca, Mg, SOC, NO 3-
, NH 4
and microbial biomass carbon (MB-c) increased
(1.18 to 4.9 me L -1 , 0.05 to 1.05 me L -1 , 0.03 to
0.48 %, 0.05 to 0.30 µg g -1 , 55.4 to 215 µg g -1 ,
respectively) in 0-15 cm and other soil depths
with increase in the age of the tree, the increase,
however, was significant up to 60 cm depth.
(Fig. 36). These parameters followed the
exponential model of increase. These suggest
that water soluble carbon probably penetrated
to the depths, which together with SOC
contributed by the root litter and root exudates
lowered pH, ECe, Na and increased cations like
77

Agroforestry in salt affected soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Ca and Mg. During the rainy season, ECe and
pH were slightly lower than the winter and
summer seasons in upper depths (up to 60 cm)
of the soils. In deeper soil depths, no significant
variation was observed. Similar observations
were made in almost all the parameters. Nitrate
N, ammonium N and MB-c were greater in the
upper soil depths and declined with depth.
Greater N transformations and MB-c under
the older trees indicated that the soils became
biologically active with passage of time under
Prosopis juliflora trees.
Fig. 36 : Changes in the parameters with age in different depths under Prosopis trees
78

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ALKALI SOILS OF
CENTRAL AND EASTERN GANGATIC PLAINS
Land Modification for Increasing Water
Productivity by Different Farming Systems
in Waterlogged Sodic Soils along the Sharda
Sahayak Canal Command of U.P. (D.K. Sharma,
Y.P. Singh, V.K. Mishra, C.L. Verma and
P.K. Varshney)
A fish pond based integrated farming system
model was developed over an area of 1 ha
consisting of aqua culture, cereal crop
production, vegetable, fruits and forage
production system. A pond of 1.75 m depth was
dug in 0.4 ha land. Initial soil pH was above 10 at
surface and 8.8 below 1 m depth. Depth of water
in the pond varied from 0.10 m to 1.25 m during
December 2009 to November 2010 (Fig. 37). The
maximum volume of stored water was 5440 m 3 .
Canal closure from 23 April to 31 May, 2010 and
31 October to 30 November, 2010. During the
year 2010, pond dried first time due to more than
one month of canal closure in summer season.
The pH and EC of the pond water was in the safe
range for fish production. Rice, wheat, sorghum
(forage), mustard, garlic and onion were grown
successfully on embankment and elevated field
beds. Six thousand fingerlings of three species
Fig. 37 : Water depth fluctuation in pond
namely Rohu, Catla and Mrigal were stocked
during the month of August 2010. Maximum
B:C of 4.82 was obtained for fish production
system. Average B:C was 3.17 for the system as
a whole (Table 48)
Study on Salt and Water Dynamics and Crop
Performance in Waterlogged Sodic Soils Under
Raised and Sunken Beds (Chhedi Lal Verma,
Y.P. Singh and T. Damodaran)
Traditional reclamation practices under shallow
water table conditions do not last for a long
time. Therefore, alternative to these practices
deserves due attention. Excessive seepage from
View of farming system model at Kashrawan, Raibareli
79

Reclamation and management of alkali soils of central and eastern gangatic plains CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 48 : Benfit cost ratio for different farming
systems
Systems
Cost of
cultivation
(`)
Gross
income
(`)
Net
return
(`)
B:C
Fish 8,500 40,970 32,470 4.82
Cereals 6,540 11,240 4,700 1.71
Vegetables 4,235 10,456 6,221 2.46
Forage 1,480 3,218 1,738 2.17
Total 20,755 65,884 45,129 3.17
unlined canal is the reason for waterlogging.
Salt accumulation due to continuous seepage
in the deeper soil profile is less as compared to
the soil surface. Consequently, the soil pH is
higher at the surface and low towards deeper
profiles. Raised and sunken bed system seemed
to be an appropriate alternative for small and
marginal farmers. Most profitable crops, crop
rotations, water management practices need
to be worked out before large scale adoption
of such technology. A study on raised and
sunken bed was taken up in Sharda Sahayak
Canal Command in village Kashrawan, district
Raebareli with the objective to bring waterlogged
sodic soils under cultivation.
Soil pH at severely affected land was 10.0 at
surface and 8.40 below 1 m depth. Two raised
beds of 60 m lengths were constructed during
the month of June 2009. After formation of
raised and sunken beds, the average pH 2
of first
raised bed was observed to be 9.4 and EC 2
0.43
dS m -1 and that of second raised bed average pH 2
was 8.6 and EC 0.14 dS m-1 . Top width of raised
beds was kept as 2.0 m and bottom width as 4 m.
Bed width of sunken bed was 7.0 m. Boundary
embankment width was also kept 2.0 m wide
except for the boundary bunds towards south
which was only one meter wide on the top.
Total area under raised and sunken beds and
boundary beds was 3560 m 2 . Out of this, raised
beds are over an area of 1266 m 2 , sunken beds of
2293 m 2 . Area under boundary beds is 786 m 2 .
Saplings of vegetable crops were planted in
ring basin on raised beds filled with parent soil
and farm yard manure during the first week of
August. Karemua/nali sag was also planted on
the raised bed. Eighty banana saplings were
planted in ring basin over raised bed on three
sides of large sunken bed. Plantation was done
only on the inner side for the ease to apply
irrigation water from the sunken bed during
dry period. Rice was transplanted in sunken bed
during summer and kharif seasons. Yield data of
vegetables and rice are presented in Table 49.
Salt dynamics in raised beds
Average variation of EC and pH in raised beds
are presented in Table 50. First soil sampling up
to 1.20 m depth was done after kharif 2009. EC of
first raised bed during November 2009 ranged
from 0.90 dS m -1 to 0.36 dS m -1 and during
November 2010 from 0.39 to 92 dS m -1 and that
of second raised bed ranged 0.33 to 0.49 dS m -1
during November 2009 and 0.32 to 0.77 dS m -1
during November 2010 (Table 50). Similarly, pH
of first raised bed ranged from 8.1 to 9.3 during
November 2009 and 8.6 to 9.3 during November
2010 in 0-15 cm to 90-120 cm soil depths. The
pH of first raised bed reduced after one year
as compared to second raised bed, raised bed
where pH seems to have been marginally
elevated. Soil conditions on both the raised beds
is improving.
View of raised and sunken bed model at Kashrawan
80

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils of central and eastern gangatic plains
Table 49 : Yield of vegetable and rice crops under raised and sunken bed system
S.N.
Rabi crops
(2009-10)
Yield
(kg)
Summer crops
2010
Yield
(kg)
Kharif crops
2010
Yield
(kg)
1. Sponge gourd 6.20 Sponge gourd 29.50 Sponge gourd 172.2
2. Mustard 28.50 Bottle gourd 60.50 Pumpkin 25.40
3. Peas 2.95 Bitter gourd 3.50 Bitter gourd 27.85
4. Chilies 5.00 Snake gourd 4.50
Karemua/
Nalisag
120.50
5. Bitter gourd 6.00 Cucumber 2.70 Chilies 11.95
6. Papaya 2.50 Cabbage 4.50 Chaulai 16.50
7. Bottle gourd 22.30 Cauliflower 39.00 Bottle gourd 157.50
8. Okra 1.00 Tomato 223.30 Brinjal 19.55
9. Brinjal 12.40 Garlic 8.00 Okra 18.50
10. Radish 140.50 Mustard, Sag 25.00 Cucumber 7.40
11. Dill 34.10 Brinjal 65.30 Water melon 13.00
12. Methi 10.40 Chaulai 9.50 Spinach 4.00
13. Spinach 59.30 Capsicum 5.60 Radish 6.00
14. Coriander 15.10 Chili 2.45 Finger millet 1.20
15. Cabbage 29.80 Coriander 3.75
16. Paprika 1.60 Onion 11.50
17. Onion 1.60 Karemua/Nali sag 16.90
18. Water melon 12.30
19. Okra 2.50
20. Cow pea 3.40
21. Cluster bean 2.30
22 Rice (t ha -1 ) 3.00 Rice (t ha -1 ) 2.20
Table 50 : Variation of EC and pH in raised beds at different depth
Soil
Depth
(cm)
Av. EC
(dSm -1 )
Raised bed - 1 Raised bed - 2
Nov. 2009 Nov. 2010 Nov. 2009 Nov. 2010
Av. pH
Av. EC
(dSm -1 )
Av. pH
Av. EC
(dSm -1 )
Av. pH
Av. EC
(dSm -1 )
Av. pH
0-15 0.90 9.26 0.92 8.10 0.49 8.14 0.77 8.79
15-30 0.80 9.34 0.92 8.92 0.37 8.13 0.50 8.80
30-45 0.68 9.44 0.57 9.20 0.33 8.39 0.36 8.71
45-60 0.64 9.14 0.48 9.27 0.36 8.57 0.32 8.58
60-90 0.50 8.91 0.39 9.11 0.38 8.68 0.50 9.05
90-120 0.36 8.66 0.53 8.41 0.53 9.34 0.69 9.28
Resource Conservation for Rice and Wheat
System through Intervention of Tillage
and Crop Residue Management in Partially
Reclaimed Indo-Gangatic Sodic Soil (V.K.
Mishra, A.K. Nayak, Y.P. Singh, D.K. Sharma
and Ranbir Singh)
Experiment initiated in 2005 was continued with
six tillage levels with and without residue as
reported in previous annual report. During fifth
year, the grain yield of 2.8 t ha -1 of wheat was
recorded in conventional tillage and 3.2 t ha -1 in
direct seeded rice + sesbania followed by zero
tillage (Table 51). Under zero tillage, the yield
was 3.1 t ha -1 . The combined effect of crop residue
and tillage method further increased the wheat
yield in comparison to the individual effect of
crop residue and tillage. The yield component
like plant height, number of tillers, spike length
and test weight considerably increased in crop
residue applied plots.
Maximum rice grain yield (4.50 t ha -1 ) was
recorded under direct seeded (Table 52) and it
81

Reclamation and management of alkali soils of central and eastern gangatic plains CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 51 : Effect of tillage and crop residue on grain
yield of wheat
Tillage
Without
crop
residue
Grain yield (t ha -1 )
With
crop
residue
Mean
Conventional 2.80 3.20 3.00
Zero till – zero
till
Direct Seeded -
zero till
Direct seeded +
sesbenia- zero
till
Puddling- zero
till
Dry ploughing
- zero till
3.10 3.30 3.20
2.80 3.00 2.90
3.20 3.50 3.35
2.60 3.00 2.80
3.00 3.20 3.10
Mean 2.92 3.20 3.06
Table 52 : Effect of tillage and crop residue on grain
yield of rice
Tillage
Without
crop
residue
Grain yield (t ha -1 )
With
crop
residue
Mean
Conventional 4.30 4.40 4.35
Zero till – zero
till
Direct seeded –
zero till
Direct seeded +
sesbenia- zero till
Puddling- zero
till
Dry ploughing -
zero till
4.20 4.30 4.25
4.50 4.70 4.60
3.40 3.60 3.50
4.30 4.50 4.40
4.40 4.40 4.40
Mean 4.18 4.32 4.25
Performance of rice under direct seeded and transplanted
conditions
Table 53 : Effect of tillage and crop residue on soil
aggregates
Treatments
Micro
(

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils of central and eastern gangatic plains
tillage in wheat also showed significant increase
in sequestration potential. The integration of
zero tillage with crop residue further enhanced
the sequestration rate in partial reclaimed sodic
soil.
Stress Tolerant Rice for Poor Farmers in Africa
and South Asia (BMGF Project)–Farmers
Participatory Varietals Selection Trial of Salt
Tolerant Varieties (V.K. Mishra, D.K. Sharma,
Y.P. Singh and S.K. Sharma)
Mother trials
Under the BILL & MILLINDA project funded by
IRRI, one mother trial consisting of 12 varieties
/genotypes viz;CSR 10, CSR 30, CSR 36, CSR-
89IR-8, CSR-89IR-14, CSR-89IR-15, CSR- 2K 219,
CSR 2K 242, CSR 2K 255, CSR 2K 262, N 359
and Local was conducted during kharif 2010 at
Lucknow. The soil pH was 9.5-9.6. Maximum
yield 5.85 t ha -1 in CSR-2K 219 was recorded
(Table 54) under sodic soil (pH 9.5-9.6) followed
by CSR89 IR 8 (5.82 t ha -1 ), CSR 2K 262 (5.37 t
ha -1 ), CSR 36 (5.27 t ha -1 ), CSR-89IR-14 (5.26 t
ha -1 ) and lowest in Gangakaveri (3.67 t ha -1 ).
Baby trials
To scale out salt tolerant varieties selected from
mother trials conducted during 2009, baby
trials with two salt tolerant viz., CSR 36 & CSR
89 IR-8 and one traditional variety/genotype
were conducted on farmer’s field at 30 sites in
six villages of Unnao and Lucknow districts.
The soil pH ranged from 9.5-10.3. Yield data
Table 54 : Yield of rice varieties in mother trial at
Shivri farm
Varieties Grain yield (t ha -1 )
CSR-10 4.35
CSR-30 2.35
CSR-36 5.27
CSR-89IR 8 5.82
CSR-89IR14 5.26
CSR-89IR15 4.24
CSR-2K 219 5.85
CSR-2K 242 4.37
CSR-2K 255 4.57
CSR-2K 262 5.37
NDR-359 4.47
Gangakaveri (Local HYV) 3.67
Mean 4.63
Fig. 39: Rice yield on farmers’ fields at different pH levels
indicated that the variety CSR 36 gave the
overall average maximum yield of 4.05 t ha -1
followed by CSR 89IR- 8 (3.06 t ha -1 ) . Further,
it is shown in the Fig. 39 that salt tolerant and
local varieties performed equally good upto 9.3
pH. At higher pH (9.3), the yield was drastically
reduced under traditional variety (1.98 t ha -1 ),
whereas salt tolerant variety CSR 36 performed
better and 4.05 and 3.98 t ha -1 yield was recorded
in Lucknow and Unnao districts, respectively.
Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Crop
Production under Salt Affected Environment
of Uttar Pradesh (V.K. Mishra, Y.P. Singh, D.K.
Sharma and T. Damodaran)
Available weather data of past 30 years of three
different stations viz; Lucknow, Kanpur and
Faizabad of salt affected areas were collected
from Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research
(Lucknow), C.S. Azad University of Agriculture
and Technology (Kanpur) and N.D. University
of Agriculture and Technology (Kumarganj,
Faizabad). Temperature trend for 3 districts of
U.P. were studied for wheat growing period i.e.
from Nov-March. The maximum and minimum
temperature during Nov-March has increased
0.3 and 0.1 o C, respectively. Temperature of
March has increased 0.47 o C for maximum and
0.50 o C for minimum. As March is a crucial
month for wheat production and < 3 mm rain
was recorded for the study period, it is correlated
with wheat yield for Lucknow station (Fig 40).
The response curve was tested using heat
capacity model for the yield of wheat in relation
to temperature pattern (y=a+bx+cx 2 ; where,
83

Reclamation and management of alkali soils of central and eastern gangatic plains CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 55 : Effect of date of sowing and zero tillage
on grain yield (t ha -1 ) of wheat
Date of
sowing
Normal soil
Zero Conv.
tillage
Sodic soil
Zero Conv.
tillage
12 Nov, 2009 4.5 - 3.2 -
15 Nov, 2009 4.4 - 3.2 -
20 Nov, 2009 3.5 3.6 2.9 2.8
25 Nov, 2009 3.0 3.4 1.9 2.0
05 Dec, 2009 2.3 2.8 1.6 1.8
Fig. 40: Heat capacity model of temperature Vs wheat
yield
a=2.4968034, b=1811258 and c=-0.3880648).
Analysis showed that wheat yield would
decreased by about 8 per cent with 1 o C rise in
temperature over the average temperature of
March (23.3 o C).
14 Dec, 2009 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.6
20 Dec, 2009 2.0 1.8 0.9 0.7
Conv. - Conventional
Mitigation strategy for terminal heat effects on
wheat
Farmers’ participatory field trials were
conducted on normal and sodic soil conditions
in Raebareli and Barabanki districts to evaluate
the mitigation strategies viz., advancing the
planting time of wheat, use of salt tolerant
cultivars and application of crop residue.
In central part of U.P., wheat is sown around 25
November to 15 December because of the late
vacation of rice fields. To avoid the late planting
of wheat, zero tillage technique was adopted.
The results indicated that advancing the sowing
date to 12 and 15 November considerably
improved the wheat yield under both the soil
conditions over late sowing by zero tillage and
conventional method (Table 55).
Use of crop residue and salt tolerant cultivars
At five places in the same districts, rice residue
(25% of total production) was applied just
after wheat sowing. The crop residue helped
in maintaining the soil moisture and thermal
regime and saved about one irrigation.
The application of crop residue produced more
than 12 per cent higher yield in comparison
Fig. 41: Effect of crop residue application on wheat yield
production
to unmulched plots in sodic and normal soils
(Fig. 41). Also, use of salt tolerant varieties of
wheat on sodic soils gave 29.41 per cent higher
yield over normal varieties.
International Rice Salt Stress Tolerance
Observational Nursery (V.K. Mishra, D.K.
Sharma and Y.P. Singh)
To enhance the productivity of salt affected
soil, a IRSSTON trial consisting of 30 genotypes
(including 6 checks with two sensitive and 4
tolerant) was conducted in sodic soil (pH 9.8-
10.2) at CSSRI, Regional Research Station,
Lucknow during kharif 2010. Under sodic soil
(pH 9.8-10.0), maximum yield of 3.41 t ha -1 was
recorded in BMZ 8 followed by CSR 36 (2.72
t ha -1 ), CSR 10 (2.52 t ha -1 ), BMZ 1 (2.36 t ha -1 ),
BMZ 24 (1.56 t ha -1 ), CSR 23 (2.11 t ha -1 ), BMZ
4 (1.50 t ha -1 ) and lowest in BMZ 7 and BMZ 12
(0.056 t ha -1 ).
84

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils of central and eastern gangatic plains
Performance of BMZ 8 lines in sodic soil ( pH 9.8-10.2)
Nitrogen Response on Selected AVT-2 of
Rice Cultivars under High and Low Input
Management (V.K. Mishra, D.K. Sharma and
Y.P. Singh)
In AVT-2 trials, total nine entries were evaluated
with three nitrogen levels i.e. 50, 100 and 150%
of recommended dose. The soil was moderately
sodic in nature (pH 8.9). The experiment was
conducted with three replications in spilt plot
design (plot size 5.6 m 2 ). The data indicated
that increasing dose of nitrogen increased the
rice yield in all cultivars (Table 56). Among the
cultivars, the maximum yield of 6.59 t ha -1 was
recorded from Gangakaveri and minimum (4.57
t ha -1 ) from IET20329 under 150 per cent dose
of N.
Table 56 : Response of rice genotypes to nitrogen
application in moderate sodic soil
Genotypes
50 %
N
Grain yield (t ha -1 )
100 %
N
150 %
N
Mean
IET 20328 4.58 4.73 5.11 4.81
IET 20329 4.30 4.23 4.57 4.36
IET 20330 4.10 4.23 4.78 4.37
IET 21640 4.40 4.84 5.74 4.99
IET 21641 4.81 5.53 5.70 5.35
CSR 23 4.98 5.42 5.85 5.42
CSR 36 5.47 5.87 6.20 5.84
Jaya 4.52 4.60 5.02 4.71
Gangakaveri 3.37 5.22 6.59 5.06
Mean 4.50 4.96 5.51 4.99
Identification of Genotypes in Cactus, Banana,
Guava and Aonla for Tolerance to Sodicity
and Standardization of Management Practices
for Economic Livelihood in the Resource Poor
Sodic Lands (T. Damodaran, V.K. Mishra, D.K.
Sharma and C.L. Verma)
Development of management practices under
sodic soils for banana
Performance of banana is being evaluated under
sub-soil sodicity at Shivri farm. The treatments
comprising T 1
-50% Phosopogypsum; T 2
- 50%
Gypsum; T 3
- 25% Phosopogypsum; T 4
-25%
Gypsum; T 5
- 25% Phospogypsum + Mulch
+ Psuedomonas; T 6
= 25% Gypsum + Mulch +
Psuedomonas; T 7
=25% Phosphogypsum + Mulch
+ Vermi compost; T 8
=25% Gypsum + Mulch+
Vermi compost; T 9
=25% Phosphogypsum
+ Mulch + Vermi compost+ Psuedomonas;
T 10
=25% Gypsum + Mulch+ Vermi compost+
Psuedomonas; T 11
=Control were imposed in
banana suckers. The variety Pisang Awak was
planted in pits of 60x60x60 cm size at a spacing
of 2m x 2m. It was found that during the time of
shooting, the pH of the soils in the treatments
with 25% phospogypsum in combinations
with vermicompost, mulch and Psuedomonas
(native strains isolated from sodic soils of pH
9.6) reduced from 9.14 to 8.74 (Fig. 42) which
resulted in higher bunch weight (Table 57) of 16
kg bunch -1 while in control the yield was 2.25 kg
bunch -1 . The biochemical analysis of enzymes
(Table 58) like peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase,
phenyl alanine lyase and biochemicals like
phenol and proline indicated positive correlation
with the sodicity tolerance which elaborates the
role of these defense enzymes.
Fig. 42 : Changes in pH before planting and at
shooting
85

Reclamation and management of alkali soils of central and eastern gangatic plains CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 57 : Phenological characters of banana variety Pisang Awak
Treatments
Plant height
(cm)
Plant girth
(cm)
No. of
leaves
No. of
suckers
Bunch wt.
(kg)
T 1
334.5 55.5 10.0 5.0 10.0 21.5
T 2
335.0 52.5 11.5 5.0 9.0 21.5
T 3
307.0 58.0 12.5 10.5 7.0 18.0
T 4
288.0 52.0 11.5 4.5 6.4 20.2
T 5
289.5 57.0 10.0 5.5 7.9 18.5
T 6
294.0 49.0 10.5 3.0 7.0 21.2
T 7
312.0 51.5 12.5 5.0 8.5 23.5
T 8
267.0 48.5 10.0 6.0 7.5 22.4
T 9
368.0 62.5 12.0 7.0 16.0 22.5
T 10
362.0 56.5 12.5 7.5 12.0 24.1
T 11
229.5 29.0 9.0 0.0 2.25 16.8
CD (5%) 9.53 5.10 1.42 3.60 1.40 5.52
SEd 4.57 2.45 0.68 1.73 0.67 2.72
Table 58 : Changes in enzymes and biochemical contents at shooting
Treatment
PO
(abs min -1 g -1 )
PPO
(abs min -1 g -1 ))
PAL
(nmol min -1 ml -1 )
Proline
(mg g -1 )
TSS
(%)
Phenols
(mg g -1 )
T 1
6.06 3.08 15.13 466.00 241.25
T 2
6.31 0.53 16.08 475.10 218.50
T 3
18.3 4.13 23.01 342.00 326.50
T 4
10.74 0.23 25.10 351.00 346.25
T 5
14.52 3.75 39.22 471.00 582.00
T 6
14.40 3.79 33.31 458.00 621.50
T 7
10.74 8.42 30.22 372.00 342.00
T 8
9.71 7.66 30.65 384.00 351.50
T 9
15.79 0.69 27.12 608.50 624.00
T 10
13.58 0.79 30.22 596.00 620.00
T 11
14.15 2.64 13.85 167.00 300.50
CD (5%) 1.19 1.39 1.71 13.89 12.60
SEd 0.57 0.67 0.84 6.83 6.28
PO- Peroxidase; PPO- Polyphenol oxidase; PAL- Phenyl alanine lyase
A view of banana experiment
Banana bunch with 25% Phosphogypsum + Mulch +
Vermicompost +Psuedomonas
86

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of alkali soils of central and eastern gangatic plains
Cultivation of banana with 25% phosphogypsum
along with vermicompost, mulch and CSR-1
strain of Psuedomonas is a technology which
could generate economic livelihood for resource
poor farmers and also serve as a tool in sub-soil
sodicity management
Screening of banana, cactus and aonla for
sodicity tolerance
Four varieties of banana were screened for
their performance under sodic soil (pH 2
9.0–
9.50 at 0-15 cm depth). It was found that the
varieties Udayan and Karpooravalli exhibited
higher yield (20.0 kg) than others (Table 59).
Six accessions were selected in the aonla based
on their yield and were evaluated for further
selection. It was observed that the ACC.No.
1 and ACC No.2 in five years old plantation
showed higher yield of about 19.60 kg and
18.50 kg, respectively. Four varieties of guava
(Shweta, Lalit, Sardar and Allahabad Safeda)
were screened under three different planting
systems of 3.0 x 3.0 m, 3.0 x 1.5m and 2 x 1.5m.
The trees under the spacing of 2 x 1.5m gave
the highest yield (3.0 kg tree -1 ) with the variety
Shewta. Technology for successful cultivation
of vegetables as intercrops in guava orchards on
the paddy straw with minimum soil medium of
pH > 9.3 was developed. It consisted of a thick
layer of 10 cm paddy straw spread over the soil
and tied with ropes from the bottom so that they
form a cavity where about 5 cm of reclaimed
soil was spread, where vegetables were grown.
Vegetables like bottle gourd and bitter gourd
Table 59 : Performance of the banana varieties in
sodic soils (pH-9.3 below 15 cm depth)
Varieties
Plant
height
(cm)
Plant
girth
(cm)
No. of
leaves
No. of
suckers
Yield
(kg
pl -1 )
during summer while tomato and cabbage
during rabi seasons were cultivated successfully
on bed size of 4.0 x 0.4 x 0.3 m. An additional
income ranging from ` 100-200 bed -1 could be
obtained from the intercrops.
Holistic Approach for Improving Livelihood
Security through Livestock Based Farming
System in Barabanki and Raebareli districts
of U.P. (T. Damodaran, V.K. Mishra, D.K.
Sharma)
A NAIP-3 sub-project is being implemented
in Barabanki and Raebareli districts of Uttar
Pradesh. Two clusters in each district were
chosen for the project with main focus on
landless and small land holders. The following
are the technologies were implemented.
Commercial cultivation of banana using
precision farming technology
About 30 farmers adopted the technology
where banana cultivation is being coupled with
crops like moong bean and black gram during
summer followed by early tomato, cabbage
and cauliflower in monsoon. The technology
was further strengthened with on farm vermin
composting, mass multiplication of Psuedomonas
and Trichoderma. The technology of rural poultry
was also integrated for providing sustainable
livelihood. The average income of the farmers
who had adopted banana cultivation with
composting is about ` 1,30,000 from an area of
0.2 ha (Fig 43).
G9 100 37 7 5.0 5.50
Udayan 380 68 12 6.0 20.0
Ney
poovan
Karpooravalli
250 47 8 5.0 8.0
334.5 55.5 10.0 5.0 12.0
Banana cultivation at farmers’ field
87

Reclamation and management of alkali soils of central and eastern gangatic plains CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Fig. 43 : Pre and post interventions income of the
farmers in different enterprises
Integration of technologies for sustainable
livelihood under marginal lands and sodic
soils
An integrated approach was implemented
for the marginal and landless farmers. Initial
livelihood support was provided with backyard
poultry, goat farming and therapeautic measures
to increase the milk yield. An initial income
of ` 14,000 was obtained. The average income
obtained from vegetable as intercrop and
pure crop was ` 22, 000. Later, they adopted
commercial poultry with an income of ` 14,000
within 90 days. Thus, the average total annual
income of the beneficiary at the end of the first
year including the cultivation of wheat on leased
land of 1500 m 2 through zero tillage technology
was ` 86,200. Advance sowing of wheat with
Sowing of wheat by zero tillage
zero tillage machine also helped to minimize the
terminal heat effect during the month of March.
An average employment of 155 man days was
generated in a year. Apart from this, the family
labour, which used to work at Lucknow started
staying in the village itself to take up the venture
as a family business. There was reduction in the
expenditure to about ` 500 month -1 year -1 for
per person
Exploitation of microbial biodynamism in
sodic soils
One strain of Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus niger,
Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from the soils
of pH 9.7 and three strains of Psuedomonas. These
strains were tested for the inability to multiply in
sodic soils of pH ranging from 9.0 to 10.0. They
are also being assessed for their bio-control and
growth promotion activities under sodic soils.
Strains of Psuedomonas isolated from soils of pH 9.7
Trichoderma viridae under culture and microscopic view
ACC.No.2 of aonla
Bunch of Udayan variety of banana
High density guava intercropped with
vegetables on paddy straw
88

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SALT AFFECTED
VERTISOLS
Integrated Farming System Approach for
Optimising Production from Saline Black
Soils (G. Gururaja Rao, M.K. Khandelwal, Anil
R. Chinchmalatpure and Sanjay Arora)
Saline Vertisols, which account for 0.1214 m ha in
Gujarat State, due to their inherent physical and
chemical constraints, hamper crop growth and
productivity even at low salinities. The soils of
Bara tract region comprising Amod, Vagra and
Jambusar tehsils of Bharuch district have subsurface
salinity, sodicity and accumulation of
calcium carbonate. This region with a vast area
of Vertisols has soil and ground water salinity
as the major constraints in crop production.
Farming system with in-situ water conservation,
storage, recycling and utilisation of ground water
for supplemental irrigation is an ideal strategy
for enhancing crop/water productivity in saline
Vertisols. Studies to evolve a farming system
model for resource-poor farmers of this region
giving emphasis to rain water conservation,
enhancing water productivity through crop
interventions (fruit trees, vegetables, biomass
species, seed spices) have been conducted.
The components of the system comprise a
rain water harvesting structure (farm pond),
fruit, vegetable, biomass species and field
crops (spices) covering an area of 1.12 ha. The
economic produce of vegetables and seed
spices were harvested and water productivity
(kg m -3 and ` m -3 ) and B:C ratio was calculated.
Data indicated that spices had higher water
productivity (in terms of monetary gains) as
compared to vegetables (Table 60). Vegetables,
however, had higher water productivity when
yield is taken into account. The observations
recorded during 2009 and 2010 by and large
had the same trend. The low water requiring
crops like dill, coriander along with vegetables
because of their higher water productivity and
B:C ratio are found ideal for the saline Vertisols
of Bara tract (Table 61). Further studies on
nutrients budgeting are in progress.
Low water requiring crops like dill, ajwain
along with vegetables because of their higher
water productivitiy and B:C ratio are ideal for
the water-scare saline Vertisols of Baratract.
Table 60 : Performance of crop components under integrated farming system study
Particulars Ajwan Dill Tomato Brinjal
Area ( m 2 ) 480 1200 160 120 200
Water applied (mm) 44 100 110 200 134
Yield (kg plot -1 ) 40 106 240 280 440
Water productivity (kg m -3 ) 0.91 1.06 2.18 2.33 3.28
Water productivity (` m -3 ) 72.7 31.8 12.2 18.7 17.6
Cost of cultivation (`) 620 740 280 500 560
Gross income (`) 3200 3180 1440 2240 3520
Net income (`) 2580 2440 1160 1740 2960
B:C 4.16 4.33 4.14 3.48 5.28
Bottle
gourd
Table 61 : Water Productivity and B:C ratio of farming system components
Parameter
Spices
Vegetables
2009 2010 2009 2010
Water productivity (kg m -3 ) 0.984 0.985 2.40 2.59
Water productivity ( ` m -3 ) 26.56 52.25* 13.03 16.16
B : C 3.05 4.24 3.56 4.23
89

Reclamation and management of salt affected vertisols CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Study on Effect of Sardar Sarovar Canal
Command on Properties of Vertisols, Cropping
Pattern and Socio-economic Status of Farmers
of the Bara Tract Area of Gujarat State (Anil
R. Chinchmalatpure, Sanjay Arora, S.K. Singh,
R.K. Singh and H.S. Jat)
Bara tract comprising of Amod, Jambusar and
Vagra talukas of Bharuch district are affected
by sub-surface salinity to a large extent. Bara
tract comes under the Sardar Sarovar Canal
Command area of Gujarat State and the farmers
have started irrigated agriculture and majority
of the fields near canal distributaries are under
irrigation for rabi crops. Some farmers are also
using tube well water as such and in cyclic
mode with canal water for irrigation. During
the reported period, soil survey was conducted
in Vagra taluka of Bharuch district and soil
sampling was done from the fields of farmers
who are practicing irrigated agriculture using
tube well as well as canal water for different
crops like cotton, wheat, pigeon pea, sorghum
etc. Soil sampling was taken to a depth of 90 cm
with an interval of 30 cm i.e 0-30, 30-60 and 60-
90 cm depth. Results of analysis showed that
pH 2
value ranged from 7.9 to 9.2 with mean of
8.6, EC e
value ranged from 0.58 to 8.0 dS m -1
and showed increasing trend with depth. The
bulk density ranged from 1.32 to 1.84 Mg m -3
with mean of 1.46 Mg m -3 . Soils of Jambusar
taluka were analyzed for saturated hydraulic
conductivity (HC) and values ranged from 0.01
to 0.46 cm hr -1 . The high CEC and high base
saturation percentage indicate the potential
of these soils in terms of fertility. Saturation
extracts of the soils were analysed for their
Table 62 : Water balance at Samni farm, Bharuch (monsoon 2010)
Month
Rainfall
(mm)
E R ROG RO CN
88
electrical conductivity, soluble cations and
anions and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)
was calculated. SAR ranged from 0.82 to 16.7
with lowering of hydraulic conductivity as
the correlation coefficient showed a significant
negative correlation between HC and ESP
(r =-0.57 at 1% level) and HC and SAR (r =-0.61
at 1% level).
Design, Development and Management of
Surface Drainage System for Crop Production
at Samni Farm (M.K. Khandelwal, A.R.
Chinchmalatpure and S.K. Kamra)
In order to effectively utilize the surface runoff
generated in the farm during monsoon, surface
drains were excavated and connected to the
water harvesting structures. Nearly 2 km
long (base width 0.60 m, depth 0.45 to 0.75 m)
surface drains helped in reducing overall water
stagnation period during rainy season of 2008-
10. Rain water storage (volume and duration)
increased for similar amount of rain 1063 mm
in 2008 and 1053 mm in 2010 in all three tanks.
Although estimated runoff decreased from
473 mm in 2008 to 382 mm in 2010, the surplus
increased from 375 mm (2008) to 406 mm (2010),
which also added to runoff collection. Rainfall
analysis for Samni farm for 2010 indicated
surplus rainfall in August (Table 62). Assuming
that rainfall, runoff remained within the farm/
catchment (say 20 ha) and no significant runoff
entered from outside, a rise of 1.8 m (15.10 to
13.80 m) and 2.45 m (from14.65 to 12.10 m) was
observed at 2 piezometers installed in the study
area during June 29-Oct. 29, 2010
PET
TW
AET
TW
SUR PET PM EPAN
June 66.0 59.0 22.7 20.0 218.0 66.0 - 177.9 108.0
July 278.8 152.9 63.6 56.3 198.0 198.0 - 119.4 76.8
Aug 496.8 174.7 244.2 225.2 167.0 167.0 406.0 98.0 50.4
Sept 211.3 139.9 92.8 80.7 178.0 178.0 - 97.5 33.6
Total 1052.9 526.5 423.3 382.6 761.0 609.0 406.0 492.8 269.0
ER- Effective rainfall; ROG- Run off under growing condition; RO CN- Run off curve No. 88; PET TW- Potenial
evapotranspiration thornthwaite method; AETTW- Actual evapotranspiration thornthwaite method; SUR- Surplus
rainfall; PET PM- Potential evapotranspiration penman monteith method; EPAN- Pan evaporation;
90

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of salt affected vertisols
Bio-remediation of Coastal and Inland Salt
Affected Soils using Halophytic Plants and
Halophilic Soil Microbes (Sanjay Arora, Ratna
Trivedi, Anil R. Chinchmalatpure, G.G. Rao)
Extensive survey was done in the coastal and
inland salt affected lands of Gujarat. Six coastal
and 3 inland salt affected districts of Gujarat
were traversed and dominance of different
halophytic species was identified. Different
dominant halophytic species identified include
Cressa cretica, Acacia catechu, Prosopis cineraria,
Acacia catechu, Salvadora persica, Zizyphus
nummularia, Tamarix ericoides, Suaeda maritime,
Suaeda nudiflora, Aleuropus lagopoides, Avicennia
spp. and Calatropis procera (Table 63). The
rhizosphere soil samples from halophyte plant
species were collected in duplicate from 27
locations. Leaf, stem and root samples of the
halophyte plants were also collected from each
locations. One part of the rhizosphere soil sample
were processed and analysed for soil physical
and chemical properties and the other kept in
refrigerator for isolation and characterization of
dominant microbes. A laboratory experiment
was conducted to evaluate the microbial activity
as influenced by application of biological
sludge and vermi compost under different
salinity levels. It was observed that microbial
activity significantly reduced when soil was
irrigated with water of EC>10 dS m -1 (Fig. 44).
However, biological sludge application helped
in improving microbial activity. Pot studies
Table 63 : Rhizosphere soil analysis of Halophyte
species (from 4 locations each)
Plant species pH 2
EC 2
Pilu (Salvadora persica)* 8.2 - 8.7 23.2 - 36.6
Khair (Acacia catechu) 7.6 - 8.1 2.70 - 7.50
Luni (Cressa cretica)* 7.9 - 8.3 16.8 - 28.3
Luno (Suaeda maritima)* 7.8 - 8.4 19.4 - 33.5
Ber (Zizyphus nummularia) 7.6 - 8.4 11.2 - 17.4
Babool (Prosopis cineraria) 7.3 - 8.2 15.0 - 38.3
Aak (Calatropis procera) 8.2 - 8.6 27.4 - 35.5
Tamarix ericoides 8.1 - 8.8 32.4 - 37.1
Aleuropus lagopoides* 7.9 - 8.7 31.4 - 39.6
* Halophytes
Fig. 44 : Microbial activity as influenced by salinity
with different halophytes are being conducted
to evaluate their salinity tolerance and their
efficiency for salt uptake.
Feasibility Study on Using Biological Sludge
from Nitro-ETP Plant and Treated Effluent
from Environmental Control Unit of GNFC
(Unit 1) for Crop Production on Vertisols (G.
Gururaja Rao, Sanjay Arora, M.K. Khandelwal,
Anil R. Chinchmalatpure and D.K. Sharma)
Environmental pollution is the major problem
associated with rapid industrialisation,
urbanisation and improved living standards
of people. However, efforts are needed for
controlling pollution resulting in the disposal
of wastes by their conversion into utilisable
raw materials. There are certain solid industrial
wastes containing nutrients, manurial and
ameliorative elements which can be used
profitably in agriculture provided these are
used scientifically and judiciously. Some of the
industrial wastes like press mud containing
high amounts of organic carbon and nutrients
have the potential to improve the crop yields
significantly.
In the present study, attempts were made to
explore and identify the feasibility of using the
biological sludge (BS) generated from Nitro-
ETP plant of Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizer
Company, Bharuch in comparison to organic
manures (OM) and their effect on crop performance
and soil properties. Field experiments were
conducted at Bharuch (Gujarat) with cowpea,
cluster bean, Amaranth and lady’s finger to
ascertain the response of biological sludge alone
and in combination with organic manures
viz;farm yard manure (FYM) and vermi compost
(VC). Simultaneously, pot experiments were
also conducted to test the efficacy of biological
91

Reclamation and management of salt affected vertisols CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
sludge in supplying nutrients to different crops
viz; spinach and amaranth with treatments given
in Table 64 and Table 65). The data of leaf yield
of spinach obtained with two cuts indicated that
biological sludge given along with NPK resulted
in enhanced leaf yield, suggesting its efficacy in
providing additional nutrient availability to the
crop.
Table 64 : Effect of organic manures and biological
sludge on yield of spinach
Treatments
Vegetative yield (g pot -1 )
1st Cut
2nd Cut
NPK (control) 8.6 24.9
NPK+VC 1
9.9 30.4
NPK+BS 1
10.8 31.4
NPK+FYM 1
8.9 26.9
NPK+VC 2
13.1 36.2
NPK+BS 2
13.7 39.2
NPK+FYM 2
10.1 30.9
NPK+VC 1
+BS 1
15.0 38.3
CD (5%) 1.1 3.8
VC 1
- First dose of vermicompost; VC 2
- Second dose of
vermicompost; BS 1
- First dose of biological sludge; BS 2
-
Second dose of biological sludge
The pots treated with biological sludge showed
significant variation with all other treatments
except the treatment comprising vermi compost
given at full dose, suggesting biological sludge
as an alternative nutrient source for leafy
vegetables. However, in amaranth the biological
sludge given in combination with NPK and/
or FYM/Vermi compost gave higher leaf yield
suggesting the additive effect of these manurial
sources.
Table 65 : Effect of organic manure and biological
sludge on growth and yield of amaranth
Treatments
Vegetative
tyield
(g pot -1 )
1st
Cut
2nd
Cut
Dry matter
yield (g pot -1 )
1st
Cut
2nd
Cut
NPK (control) 23.4 42.4 3.0 4.6
NPK+FYM 25.8 45.8 3.4 5.4
NPK+FYM 26.2 49.5 4.0 5.9
NPK+VC 28.3 50.8 4.5 5.2
NPK+BS 29.5 63.4 4.2 7.8
NPK+1/2FYM
+1/2BS
NPK+1/2VC
+1/2BS
30.4 72.2 3.7 8.1
31.7 77.9 5.1 8.2
CD (5%) 3.3 8.4 1.2 0.8
In the field study conducted with cluster bean
using biological sludge and vermi compost
@ 2 t ha -1 along with NPK, pod length and pod
yield were found to be higher under biological
sludge given in combination with organic
manure (vermi compost) and NPK. Cluster
bean, being the leguminous crop, responded to
nitrogen rich NPK and Vermi compost (Table
66). Soil samples collected at the initiation and
completion of experiments indicated enrichment
of soils with available N, P and K and with
moderate increase in organic carbon suggesting
the important role played by the biological
sludge in soil enrichment (Table 67).
Table 66 : Performance of cluster bean under biological sludge application
Treatments
Plant height
(cm)
Pods per plant
45 DAS Maturity 45 DAS 60 DAS
Pod length
(cm)
Yield
(t ha -1 )
NPK 62 72 8 11 7.4 5.12
NPK+BS 73 94 11 17 9.2 7.67
NPK+VC 78 105 13 18 10.3 9.46
NPK+BS+VC 83 112 15 22 11.2 9.66
CD (5%) 9.7 14.5 2.5 4.8 1.8 2.16
92

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of salt affected vertisols
Table 67 : Effect of biological sludge application on
soil properties
Soil properties Initial Final
(after
harvest of
cowpea)
pH (1:2.5) 8.2 8.1
EC (dS m -1 ) 0.40 0.42
Organic carbon (g kg -1 ) 4.4 5.6
Available N (kg ha -1 ) 182 198
Available P (kg ha -1 ) 14.2 16.4
Available K (kg ha -1 ) 116 121
Bulk density (mg m -1 ) 1.54 1.52
Texture Clay Clay
The biological sludge, due to the presence of
important nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus
etc., form an ideal alternative nutrient source
that meet the partial nutrient requirements of
the crops. The studies indicated that the use
of biological sludge from fertilizer industries
can be a better option for sustainable
management of lands for production of crops
like leafy vegetables and cluster bean. Its use
will help in improving soil properties visà-vis
supply nutrients for plant growth and
yield in Vertisols
Farmers Participatory Action Research Project
(FPARP) – at Bharuch (G. Gururaja Rao, M.K.
Khandelwal, Anil R. Chinchmalatpure, Sanjay
Arora, S.K. Kamra and Gurbachan Singh).
Decline in water table has resulted in decline
in farm productivity in Gujarat state due
to deterioration in groundwater quality
has resulted in increased pumping cost and
associated environmental problem. Under
FPARP project funded by Ministry of Water
Resources (GOI), Regional Research Station,
Bharuch has installed 15 recharge wells and
renovated 4 farm ponds in Bharuch district
(Fig. 45).
Installation of recharge well involved drilling of
400 mm dia bores and lowering of 110 mm dia
PVC pipes, two blank and three strainers and
filling with aggregates of 8-20 mm size followed
by compressor to a depth of 30 m at almost
Fig 45 : Location map of recharge sites
under the FPARP Project
all places (Borebhata, Kavitha, Kurchan and
Samni) except at Chhapra (25.5 m due to quick
sand flown in). Only at village Moriyana, due to
rocky formation, the same was cut with cutter
of 175 mm dia to a depth of 45 m and placement
of 200 mm dia PVC pipe to a depth to top 6 m.
The design features and the cost components
are given in Table 68.
Looking at the rocky formation at this site, the
centre has taken another site at village Netrang
close to Moriyana, where excavation to 40.5 m
could be restricted. So far, it has been noticed
that the water-table just after excavation of the
recharge bore well gained certain depth due
to flow of rain and runoff down the chamber.
Quality of groundwater also improved during
the same period. Similarly, the locations where
the other recharge wells were constructed
have also shown rise in water-table levels with
significant improvement in the water quality.
Groundwater recharge has helped in
rise of water table at all the locations.
The groundwater salinity has decreased
considerably. Due to the recharging of the
groundwater, the water quality at the farm
was extended by few months so as to enable
the farmers to give adequate irrigation to the
crops. Some farmers have reported additional
revenue due to prolonged water availability
and improved water quality
93

Reclamation and management of salt affected vertisols CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 68 : Location, design features and the cost of recharge wells
Village,
Taluka
Month
Depth
(m)
Bore
Diameter
(mm)
Pipe
Lithology Slits Compressor
usage
Cost
(`)
Moriyana, Valia
Chhapra,
Ankleshwar
Borebhata,
Ankleshwar
Netrang, Valia
Kavitha, Bharuch
Kavitha, Bharuch
Kurchan, Amod
Samni, Amod
Jhagadiya,
Jhagadiya
Finchwara,
Jhagadiya
June
2008
June
2008
June
2008
Nov.
2008
1, March
2009
2, March
2009
April
2009
April
2009
April
2009
April
2009
45.0 250/175* 200 Rocky -1.75
m after 6 m
of medium
black soil
30.0 400 125 Deep to
medium
black soils,
river sand
after 12 m
3-75
mm
14850
-do- 22535
30.0 400 125 -do- -do- 25760
40.5 250/175* 125 Rocky -do- 16650
36.0 400 125 Med. Bl. Soil
with kankar
from 24-30
m
-do- 23650
30.0 400 125 -do- -do- 21500
30.0 400 125 Deep black
soils with
kankar up to
5.6 m depth
-do- 24620
30.0 400 125 - do- -do- 30727
30.0 400 125 Med. Bl.
River sand
and murram
at 27-30 m
-do- 21500
30.0 400 125 - do- -do- 25100
Juna Tavra,
Bharuch
June
2009
30.0 400 125 Med to deep
black soils
-do- 29800
Luna 1,
Valia
Luna 2,
Valia
June
2009
30.0 400 125 Medium to
light black
soils sand
after 21 m
-do- 23500
May.10 30.0 400 125 -do- -do- 26500
Pansoli, Valia
Sodgam, Valia
May.
2010
May.
2010
30.0 400 125 Med. To
light black
soil sand
after 30 m
-do- 26500
30.0 400 125 -do- -do- 33600
* 175 mm dia bore after 6 m depth
94

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL SALINE SOILS
Use of Available Brackish and Fresh Water
in the Coastal Area for Integrated Cultivation
of Crops and Fishes (B.K. Bandyopadhyay,
D. Burman, S.K. Sarangi, S. Mandal, K.K.
Mahanta and B. Maji)
A study was undertaken to increase the crop
productivity and cropping intensity in the
coastal area through rainwater harvesting and
integrated crop-fish cultivation by utilizing
natural water resources. For this purpose, an
area of 2 ha at CSSRI, RRS, Canning town farm
was reshaped into the following five different
land shaping models. The cropping schedule
followed under the different land shaping is
given in Table 69.
The land shaping models created a scope for
multi-cropping instead of mono cropping (as in
control plots) due to creation of different land
types. Various crops like vegetables, fruits, field
crops could be cultivated during rabi/summer
season due to harvesting of rainwater which
was used for life saving irrigations. The yield
of each crop was converted into rice equivalent
yield (REY) on sale price basis for comparison
and presented in Table 70.
Based on the experiments conducted during
2009-10, economics of various land shaping
models were calculated and the farm pond
model emerged as the most profitable land
shaping model with highest Benefit-Cost ratio of
2.33 followed by paddy-cum-fish, deep furrow
and high ridge, shallow furrow and ridge and
paddy-cum-brackish water fish. All the land
shaping models were generating higher net
returns over the control plot (Table 71).
The land shaping technologies also reduced the
salinity build-up in soil of raised lands during
dry months due to increased height of land from
the brackish ground water and stored the rain
water (fresh water) in the field. The soil salinity
(ECe) in raised land of farm pond model was 4-5
dS m -1 during the month of February compared
to 6-7 dS m -1 in the control (Fig. 46).
Appropriate land shaping has substantial
scope in coastal areas for utilization of water
resources and increasing farm income through
integrated crop-fish cultivation
Table 69 : Cropping schedule in different land shaping models
Land shaping models Land type Kharif Rabi
Paddy-cum-fish (PCF)
Original land Paddy, fish Cotton, sunflower
Bund Vegetables Vegetables
Furrow Fish Fish
Original land Paddy, fish Fish
PCF-brackishwater fishery
Bund Vegetables Vegetables
Furrow Fish Fish
Pond Fish Fish
Farm pond
Upland Vegetables Vegetables
Medium land Short duration rice Sunflower, groundnut
Low land Paddy Paddy, Kalmi sag
Deep ridge and furrow Ridge Vegetables Vegetables
Shallow furrow and medium
ridge
Furrow Fish Rice
Ridge Fruits Fruits
Furrow Fish Fish, paddy
95

Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 70 : Crop yield in the raised land of the farm pond
Crop Variety Season Yield
(t ha -1 )
Price
( ` kg -1 )
REY
(t ha -1 )
Spinach Haldi bari Rabi 8.37 8.00 8.37
Radish Pusa red Rabi 20.70 8.00 20.70
Sugarbeet Ruby ball Rabi 18.75 6.00 14.06
Cowpea Laffa Rabi 7.50 10.00 9.38
Okra Avantika Kharif 8.85 20.00 22.16
Amaranthus White kanta Rabi 11.67 10.00 14.58
Chilli Surya mukhi Summer 0.20 50.00 1.25
Bitter gourd Meghalay Summer 17.50 20.00 43.75
Bottle gourd Local Summer 26.25 10.00 32.81
Basella Local Kharif 58.33 10.00 72.92
Brinjal Local Kharif 7.17 10.00 8.96
French bean Sel.9 Kharif 14.50 8.00 14.50
Rice Local Kharif 2.20 8.00 2.20
REY- Rice equivalent yield
Table 71 : Economics of land shaping models
Models
(Total area)
Total cost
(` actual area -1 )
Operational cost and returns (kharif + rabi)
Total return
( ` actual area -1 )
Net return
(` actual area -1 )
B : C
ratio
I. Control (0.51 ha) 8,995 9,766 771 1.09 (6)
II. Paddy-cum-fish
(PCF) + field crops
(0.51 ha)
III. PCF (kharif) +
Brackishwater fish
(rabi) (0.52 ha)
IV. Farm pond (FP)
(0.36 ha)
V. Deep furrow & high
ridge (DF) (0.22 ha)
VI. Shallow furrow &
ridge (SF) (0.21 ha)
23,997 53,696 29,698 2.24 (2)
47,003 93,142 46,140 1.98 (4)
18,098 42,201 24,103 2.33 (1)
12,155 26,882 14,728 2.21 (3)
12,979 26,820 13,840 2.07 (5)
Value in brackets is rank of model based on B:C ratio
Effect of Waterlogging on Tree Species for
Agroforestry System in Coastal Salt Affected
Soils (D. Burman, B.K. Bandyopadhyay and
A.R. Bal)
Fig.46 : Variation of soil salinity in different land
shaping models
Diversification of agriculture through
introduction of agroforestry systems in less
diversified low-lying salt affected areas may
enhance the farm income vis-a-vis livelihood
96

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils
security of the farming communities of coastal
region. However, growing of tree species in most
of the coastal land is quite impossible as it remains
waterlogged for 5 months during monsoon and
post-monsoon periods. Therefore, for growing
tree species in the low-lying coastal area, the area
was reshaped to different heights. Seven tree
species viz; Eucalyptus sp., Acacia auriculiformis,
Casuarina sp., Syzygium cumini, Heritiera fomes,
Brugeria gymnorhiza and Xylocarpus mekongensis
have been evaluated for their suitability for
growing under 4 waterlogged situations (during
kharif ) viz; lowland (upto 50 cm waterlogging),
medium lowland (upto 25 cm waterlogging),
medium upland (5 cm above water level) and
upland (35 cm above water level). Waterlogging
during kharif season affected the growth of all
the tree species evaluated under 4 waterlogging
situations. Syzygium, Casuarina, Heritieria and
Xylocarpus survived initially but died gradually
up to 4 th year of experiment under low land
situation where continuous waterlogging
prevailed throughout the kharif season. Though
Acacia, Eucalyptus and Brugeria survived even
in 5 th year of experimentation, however, their
survival rate was very low (20-30%). The height
and diameter of these tree species increased
gradually from low land to upland situations,
the highest being in upland situation (Table
72). The growth parameters like height and
diameter of Syzygium, Casuarina, Heritieria and
Xylocarpus increased from medium low land to
medium upland and medium upland to upland
situations. Compared to previous year, the
growth of all the tree species was better in the
medium upland and upland situations than in
low land and medium lowland situations. The
better growth of trees in raised land situations
could be due to better aeration of root zone soil
in kharif and, more availability of soil moisture
and less build-up of soil salinity in rabi/summer.
After monsoon period, the trenches (formed due
to land shaping) were filled up with rain water,
which resulted in higher moisture content of the
adjoining land areas and thus, more availability
of soil moisture to the trees. This also resulted
in less build-up of soil salinity due to reduced
upward capillary flow of saline ground water at
shallow depth. The salinity (ECe, dSm -1 ) buildup
in the soil during the month of May was in
the order of upland < medium upland < medium
lowland < low land < original low land (Fig. 47).
However, no change in soil pH was observed
under different land situations. The paddycum-fish
were grown in the interspaces of trees
in kharif season and, average yield of rice (var.
SR26 B) and fish (Indian major carps) were 3.88 t
ha -1 and 1.01 t ha -1 , respectively. In rabi/summer
rice and cotton were grown in the trenches and
inter-spaces (flat lands), respectively. The yield
of rice (var. Canning 7) was 4.24 t ha -1 and of
cotton (var.LRA 5166) 1.96 t ha -1 .
Table 72 : Effect of waterlogging on tree height and diameter (April, 2010)
Tree sps.
Acacia
auriculiformis
Height
(cm)
Lowland Medium lowland Medium upland Upland
Diameter
(mm)
Height
(cm)
Diameter
(mm)
Height
(cm)
Diameter
(mm)
Height
(cm)
Diameter
(mm)
149.08 36.59 316.49 54.59 322.50 69.37 396.41 71.71
Syzygium
cumini
- - 172.04 45.18 228.28 64.41 231.83 66.77
Eucalyptus
spc.
283.17 57.80 415.19 74.24 421.16 79.27 466.06 80.05
Casuarina - - 538.77 70.69 170.33 37.23 556.67 82.73
Heritieria
fomes
Xylocarpus
mekongensis
Brugeria
gymnorhiza
- - 113.43 23.12 539.85 81.58 157.22 35.18
- - 135.91 34.65 156.09 35.28 160.72 39.15
52.50 19.09 78.40 29.31 87.65 31.91 89.72 29.41
97

Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Paddy-cum-fish cultivation in kharif Cultivation of rice and cotton in rabi / summer
Paradeep (Orissa)
Soil and crops
Fig. 47: Soil salinity and pH at different land
situation during dry period (May)
Agroforestry can be practiced on coastal
waterlogged lowlands with appropriate
land shaping. The best suited trees under
the situation were: Eucalyptus sps., Acacia
auriculiformis and Casuarina sps.
Assessment of Salt Affected Soils and Cropping
Pattern of Coastal West Bengal, Orissa and
Andhra Pradesh (S. K. Sarangi, K. K. Mahanta,
Subhasis Mandal and B. Maji)
The project was initiated with an objective to
study the soil salinity problems and cropping
pattern followed in the coastal states of West
Bengal, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh with special
reference to the areas near the major ports of
the respective states viz; Haldia, Paradeep and
Visakhapatnam. Information on soil and water
salinity, cropping etc. colleted from the villages
near Paradeep (Orissa) and Haldia (West Bengal)
are summarized below:
Saline soils are found in the Ersama and Kujanga
blocks in the district of Jagatsinghpur of Orissa.
The soils are deep to very deep, mostly well
drained except poorly drained in some areas
with shallow water table, sandy to fine loamy,
moderate to strong saline with acidic to neutral
pH. The farming community is mostly dominated
by marginal farmers (average holding size 1.2
ha). Rice is the main crop with rice-fallow, rice–
green gram and rice–rice cropping pattern. Rice–
fallow is covering majority of the area. Rice–rice
is followed in few areas where there is canal
irrigation facility, however, the area under this
cropping system is very less. Rice–green gram
is followed in the areas where the soil salinity
problem is moderate and life saving irrigation
for this crop is provided from canal.
Rice varieties grown
Farmers mainly grow local salt tolerant rice
varieties as well as high yielding salt tolerant
varieties released by Central Rice Research
Institute, Cuttack. The local varieties are late
maturing (6-7 months) and grain quality is bold
(Table 73).
Indigenous salinity control measures
Following practices were followed by the
farmers to reduce the effect of soil salinity on
rice crop.
98

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils
Table 73 : Rice varieties grown in the salt affected soils of Paradeep area
Village
Local
Rice varieties grown
High yielding varieties
Nimakana
Harisankar, Basumati, Gudumati, Chaka Akhi,
Baragali, Kadala Gaura, Betanasi
Varsha Dhan, Gayatri (CR 1018),
Puja, Swarna
Badilo Baula pakhia, Kalamula, Matia, Budha manda CR 1590, Gayatri, Lunishree
Saraba Raspanjar, Malabati, Basupati, Bhaluki Masuri, CR 1009, Durga
Sandhapur
Machhakanta, Basupati, Kaidisola, Bhundi,
Pagnigola, Benambari
Mahalaxmi, Swarna, Masuri, Puja,
CR 1009, CR 1018, Durga, Sonamani
distribution of rainfall which includes occurrence
of drought after sowing of the crops or towards
the end of the wet season, heavy rainfall at the
maturity of crop resulting in submergence of the
crop, scarcity of quality irrigation water, nonavailability
of good quality seeds of salt tolerant
varieties of crops etc.
Saline water table at depth of 1 m from surface in
the Saraba village (Ersama block, Jagatsinghpur
district, Orissa) in the month of January
Application of tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
leaf manure
The dried tamarind leaves are collected from
the base of the plant which are accumulated
after senescence and put in the cow dung pit
for decomposition. The decomposed manure is
applied in the field after primary tillage.
Green manuring of horse gram (Macrotyloma
uniflorum)
Locally called Kolatha, a hardy leguminous
plant with twining branches is sown in the first
week of June and allowed to grow till July and
ploughed back into the soil.
Constraints to crop cultivation
The major constraints apart from salinity for
successful crop cultivation in the salt affected
areas near Paradeep are: erratic and uneven
The scope to increase the cropping intensity and
crop production in the area largely depends
onthe management of soil salinity, saving
of water for irrigation, selection of suitable
cropping and nutrient management systems
involving salt tolerant varieties of crops. With
proper water management, it may be possible
to include pulses, oilseeds and vegetables in the
rice-based crop production system during the
dry season.
Contingent cropping
Many times there is failure or very poor yield of
rice crop due to build-up of salinity, particularly
during the year of insufficient or erratic rainfall
resulting in poor washing out of the salts
deposited in the root zone of the crops. In these
situation, crops like bitter gourd, amaranthus,
radish and basella (locally called poi) are grown.
These crops are cultivated in small basins,
created in the patches in the failed rice field,
which later on cover a major portion of the area.
The crops, which are less water requiring, short
duration and having salt tolerance are grown
with application of farm yard manure in the
root zone before sowing of seeds in the basins.
99

Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Contingent crop cultivated in the saline soil in the
Sandhapur village (Kujanga block, Jagatsinghpur
district, Orissa)
Haldia (West Bengal)
Soil and crops
The area is surrounded by the rivers Hugly
(Rupnarayan) and Haldi, the former carries
relatively sweet water while the later brings saline
water to the region through two canals locally
called Jamunetri and Gangotri, which also drains
the area. However, the area is poorly drained and
soil is characterized by silty clay texture, slight to
moderate saline with acidic to neutral pH, slow
permeability, suitable for rice cultivation with
water table at around 10 m from the ground level.
The farming community is mostly dominated
by small and marginal farmers. Rice is the main
crop during kharif season, of which around 60 per
cent area is under HYVs, while rest is under local
varieties. During rabi season, the main crops are
rice, lathyrus, vegetables, potato and sunflower.
Crops like coconut, betelvine etc. are found in
few patches.
Rice varieties grown
High yielding as well as local traditional varieties
of rice are grown depending upon the depth
of water and type of land. In the waterlogged
land, local varieties viz; Khairsal, Pani Kalas ,
Paloi, Patnai, NC Kalam etc. are grown. The local
fine grain rice variety Dudheswar is grown in
medium land along with HYVs like MTU 7029,
Sabita, Swarnamayee, Swarnashree, IR 36,
Geetanjali, Ranjit etc.
Constraints to crop cultivation
Drainage during heavy rains is a serious problem
and there is ingress of saline seawater through
Haldi river making the land saline. There is lack
Soil profile studied during the month of March 2011
at Haldia (West Bengal)
of irrigation facility during rabi/summer season
in many villages resulting in monocropping
of rice during kharif season only. As the area
is situated nearest to the industrial area so the
labour cost is very high making is difficult to get
labour for agricultural purpose.
Saline soils are found in the Ersama
and Kujanga blocks in the district of
Jagatsinghpur. The soils are deep to very deep,
mostly well drained with shallow water table
(about 1.0 m), sandy to fine loamy, moderate
to strong saline with acidic to neutral pH.
The soils at Haldia and Mahishadal blocks
under East Midnapore were mostly poorly
drained, having slow permeability, medium
to heavy in texture, slight to moderate saline
with acidic to neutral pH, suitable for rice
cultivation and the water table, on an average,
depth of 10.0 m from ground
Exploration of Artificial Groundwater
Recharge of Fresh Water Aquifers in Coastal
Regions of West Bengal (K.K. Mahanta, S.K.
Kamra, S. Kumar and D. Burman)
In coastal region of West Bengal, the rainwater is
in excess than the crop demand in the monsoon
period and remains ponded on the surface,
mostly in cropped paddy fields, reducing the
productivity of the lands. In the remaining part
of the year, the rainfall is erratic and inadequate
to meet the evapotranspiration of the crops.
100

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils
Fresh water scarcity in the non-monsoon period
is the major problem of the area. Shallow tube
wells were installed since almost a decade and
ground water was exploited for increasing the
cropping intensity. The over exploitation of
ground water has affected the functioning of
the tube wells due to depletion of the water
table and also deteriorated the water quality.
Therefore, artificial recharge to fresh water
aquifers is required.
From the data collected from primary and
secondary sources, it was found that some parts
of South 24 Parganas districts are conducive for
artificial recharge. Three villages in this district
namely Andharia, Chandkhali and Bahirsona
were surveyed regarding installation of shallow
tube wells and utilization of groundwater.
Mostly, the high water requiring crop i.e. paddy
is cultivated utilizing the groundwater. The
groundwater from the shallow tube wells were
tested and found that the salinity increased in
the summer. The fresh water aquifer, which is
exploited by the shallow tube wells, was in the
range 90-120 m and is of better quality than the
shallow tube wells in the range 72-90 m. The
diameter of the tube wells varied from 62.5 mm
and 75 mm. The design of the filter chamber
for artificial recharge to fresh water aquifers is
given in Fig. 48.
Fig. 48 : The design of the filter for artificial recharge
through tube well
Socio-economic Impact of Improved
Technologies in the Coastal Areas of West
Bengal (Subhasis Mandal, S.K. Sarangi, D.
Burman and B.K. Bandyopadhyay)
Coastal agriculture is commonly characterized
by complex, risk prone and fragile ecosystem.
Efforts are being made to improve the
productivity of farming systems in the coastal
region. This project envisaged to analyse the
socio-economic impact of some key technologies
or best management practices that are being
tried under farmers’ field condition. The project
was initiated during 2009-10 in coastal areas
of Sundarbans (West Bengal). Site selection
has been done and baseline information was
collected from the adopters and non-adopters of
improved technologies as promoted by CSSRI,
RRS Canning Town. Major technologies targeted
for socio-economic study are various land
shaping technologies such as farm pond, ridge
& furrow and paddy-cum-fish and adoption of
improved rice varieties both in kharif and rabi
season. The economics of dominating farming
systems have been analysed and database on
socio-economic condition of farmers are being
analysed.
The baseline information indicated that majority
of farmers (85%) in the study area were belonging
to weaker section of the society (primarily SC)
and 94 percent of the farmers were marginal
land-holders, rest were small-farmers (1.7 %) and
landless (4.1 %). The land situation is primarily
dominated by low lying (76%) followed by
medium (15%) and upland (9%). Despite having
low return, agriculture was the main occupation
and nearly 42 per cent of the farm families were
primarily dependent on agriculture. In absence
of gainful livelihood options in the local area,
migration to nearby cities is quite prevalent (32%
of farm families) in the study area for search
of alternative livelihood options. Cropping
intensity in the study area was calculated to be
quite low at 120-125 per cent and the cropping
pattern was dominated by the kharif paddy.
Major cropping systems prevailing in the study
area were rice-fallow or rice-rice. The proposed
technological interventions are envisaged to
enhance the cropping intensity as well as farm
income through creation of water resources by
harvesting and storing of rainwater at farm level
Majority of farmers (85%) in the study area
belonged to weaker section of the society
(primarily SC) and 94 percent of the farmers
were marginal land holders, rest were
small and landless. The land situation is
primarily dominated by low-lying followed
by medium and upland
101

Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
and through promotion of integrated cropping
systems like rice–rice + vegetables and rice +
vegetables– rice + vegetables.
Evaluation of Rice Varieties for Coastal Saline
Soils (S.K. Sarangi, A.R. Bal and B. Maji)
Evaluation of varieties/lines for rabi season
During rabi 2009-10, a set of 31 varieties/lines was
transplanted on 17 th February, 2010. The yield of
the entries is given in Table 74. Out of these, IR
30864, CSR 39 and CSRC (S) 47-B-1-1 produced
grain yields of 5.93, 5.85, 5.61 t ha -1 , respectively.
Maintenance and evaluation of rice germplasm/
varieties for low land ecosystem
During kharif 2010, seventy two rice germplasm/
varieties/lines released/developed by CSSRI,
Karnal, IRRI and CSSRI, RRS, Canning were
evaluated in a replicated trial under saline stress
condition (ECe: 5.2 dS m -1 ). The result revealed
that highest grain yield was obtained from IR
76393-28-7-1-1-3-1 (4.59 t ha -1 ), followed by Amal
Mana (3.74 t ha -1 ) and CSR 4 (3.56 t ha -1 ).
Maintenance and evaluation of rice germplasm/
varieties for semi-deep and deep water
ecosystem
Promising local rice germplasm along with
released varieties from CSSRI, RRS, Canning
and RRS, Chinsurah for semi-deep and deep
water situations were maintained and evaluated
during the kharif season-2010 (Table 75). Out of
twenty one rice varieties/ lines/germplasm
evaluated, CSRC(D) 13-16-9 produced highest
grain yield of 2.33 t ha -1 , followed by CSRC (D)
7-0-4 (2.26 t ha -1 ) and CSRC (D) 12-8-12 (2.24 t
ha -1 ).
The promising lines of rice under coastal
saline soil condition were: IR 30864, IR
76393 - 28-7-1-1-3-1 and CSRC(D) 13-16-9 for
rabi season, low land and semi-deep water
situation, respectively
Stress Tolerant Rice for Coastal soil (CSSRI,
RRS, Canning Town) (B.K. Bandyopadhyay,
D. Burman, A.R. Bal, S.K. Sarangi and Subhasis
Mandal)
A participatory research programme was
undertaken under Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation (BMGF) in collaboration with
IRRI, Philippines to increase the productivity
of rice under salinity stress for poor farming
communities of coastal region. The major thrust
was to identify most suitable varieties/lines
of rice along with their management practices
Table 74 : Rice varieties/lines for rabi season
Sr.
No.
Variety
Grain yield
(t ha -1 )
Sr. No.
Variety
Grain yield
(t ha -1 )
1 CSR23 2.52 17 CSRC(S)50-B-B-B-3-3 5.25
2 CSR27 2.71 18 IR30864 5.93
3 CSR29 3.04 19 PUSA NR580-6 5.52
4 CSR31 2.53 20 CSRC(S)33-9-B-B-3-3 3.55
5 CSR32 2.87 21 CSRC(S)39-B-1-B-3-3 5.12
6 CSR33 3.67 22 CSRC(S)50-2-1-1-4-B 4.50
7 CSR34 4.11 23 CSRC(S)49-B-B-B-3-3 3.28
8 CSR35 4.35 24 CSRC(S)53-B-1-B-1 4.87
9 CSR36 2.88 25 CSRC(S)47-7-B-B-1-1 5.12
10 CSR39 5.85 26 RP2525-124-98-3 5.02
11 IR10206-29-2-1-1 4.35 27 IR77664-B-25-1-2-3-12 5.19
12 IR52280-117-1-1-3 5.62 28 IR75395-23-B-19-B-2-1-B 4.92
13 CANNING-7 4.62 29 IR7634646-B-B-10-1-1-1 5.56
14 CSR-4 5.06 30 IR76393-28-7-1-1-3-1 5.51
15 CSRC(S)32-B-B-B-3-3 5.31 31 CSRC(S)47-B-1-1 5.61
16 CSRC(S)36-B-B-B-2-B 4.69
102

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils
Varietal trial of rice during rabi season for coastal areas
Promising rice varieties/lines for coastal low land ecosystem
Table 75 : Rice germplasm/varieties/lines tested under semi-deep and deep water ecosystem
Sr.
No.
Entries
Grain yield
(t ha -1 )
Sr. No.
Entries
Grain yield
(t ha -1 )
1 Gavir Saru 1.88 12 CSRC(D) 5-2-2-2 1.72
2 NC 678 1.16 13 Sada Mota Selection 0.92
3 Asfal 0.92 14 Najani 1.72
4 C 300 BD-50-11 2.04 15 Tilak Kanchari 1.81
5 CSRC(D) 2-17-5 1.99 16 Manaswarabar 0.81
6 CSRC(D) 2-0-8 1.92 17 Nalini 2.04
7 CSRC(D) 7-5-4 1.99 18 Ambika 1.74
8 CSRC(D) 12-8-12 2.24 19 Purnendu 2.08
9 CSRC(D) 13-16-9 2.33 20 Dinesh 1.27
10 CSRC(D) 7-12-1 2.12 21 Patnai 23 1.25
11 CSRC(D) 7-0-4 2.26
through Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS)
thereby enabling the poor farmers of the eastern
coastal areas of the country to grow more food,
generate more income, and to reduce poverty
and hunger.
Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) trials in
rabi/summer season
During rabi/summer season, five Mother trials
(1 on-station and 4 on-farm) at CSSRI, RRS,
Canning Town and villages of Chandkhali,
103

Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Nikarighata and Nimpith of South 24 Parganas
district and at village Sandeshkhali of North
24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India in
the coastal Sunderbans region were conducted
under this project. Rice varieties/lines
viz;Bidhan 2, Canning 7, Annada, Lalat, Rasi
(IET 1444), Super minikit, Boby and Sankar
Saru were included in the trial. The Preferential
Analysis (PA) was conducted at both on-station
and on-farm situation involving both male and
female farmers. The results of PA revealed that
Bidhan 2 was the most preferred rice variety of
the farmers at both the situations at all locations.
However, the 2 nd most preferred rice varieties
varied at different locations and it was Annada
at CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town and Nimpith,
Canning 7 at Chandkhali & Sandeshkhali, and
Boby at Nikarighata. In PA, Lalat and Super
minikit emerged as least preferred varieties.
Farmers’ did not prefer these 2 varieties because
of the traits like, less tolerant to salinity, very tall
plants, comparatively more maturity duration,
less grain weight, short panicle length and low
yield. The grain yield of different varieties of
rice at different locations is given in Table 76.
A total of 20 trials managed by farmers (Baby
trials) were conducted in rabi/summer season in
the salt affected coastal villages of Chandkhali,
Nikarighata, Dumki and Nimpith. For Baby
trials, each farmer were given 3 elite varieties/
lines of rice, which emerged as most preferred
varieties from the Mother trials conducted in
the previous year. The varieties/lines, which
were included in the Baby trial, are Bidhan 2,
Canning 7 and Lalminikit.
The results showed that the variation in grain
yield under Baby trials is mainly due to the
difference in management practices adopted
by the farmers (Table 77). Farmers who applied
recommended dose of fertilizers received higher
grain yield of rice compared to the farmers
who applied less than recommended dose of
fertilizer.
Participation of farmers of village Chandkhali in
Lalminikit 2.63 – 4.50
preferential analysis
Table 76 : Grain yield of rice entries/varieties in PVS Mother trials (rabi/summer season 2009-10)
Name of the
variety
Table 77 : The grain yield of rice varieties under
baby trials
Variety Grain yield (t ha -1 )
Canning 7 2.80 - 4.69
Bidhan 2 2.79- 4.35
Grain yield (t ha -1 )
Chandkhali Nikarighata CSSRI Nimpith Sandeshkhali
Canning-7 3.00 4.05 3.70 3.52 3.96
Bidhan-2 4.76 4.64 3.94 3.11 3.44
Lalat 1.78 4.29 3.70 3.23 3.17
Superminiket 3.33 3.82 3.47 3.17 3.08
Sankar saru 2.85 4.00 3.24 3.82 3.12
Annada 4.85 4.35 3.93 3.56 3.33
Rashi 3.89 4.05 4.16 3.35 3.41
Boby - 4.10 3.70 - 3.21
Lalminikit 2.94 - - - 3.26
104

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils
Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) trials in
kharif (wet) season
During Kharif season, five Mother trials
including one on-station and four on-farm at
villages of Chandkhali, Korakati, Nikarighata of
South 24 Parganas district and Sandeshkhali of
North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal in the
salt affected coastal region of Sundarbans were
conducted under this project. Rice varieties/
lines viz;Sabita, SR 26 B, Amal Mana, Geetanjali,
CN 1039-9, CN 1233-33-9, CSRC (S) 21-2-5-B-1-1,
Manasarobar, NC 678 and CSRC (D) 7-0-4 were
included in the trials. Preferential Analysis (PA)
was conducted for the Mother trials during wet
season. Amal Mana and Geetanjali emerged as
2 most preferred rice varieties. These varieties
were preferred most by the farmers due to their
traits like tolerance to salinity, tall plant type,
more tillers, suitable for both medium and low
land condition, long and compact panicles with
more grains, no/minimum infestation of pest
and diseases, good grain types, enough straw
for fodder/thatching/fuel, optimum maturity
period, expected high yield, etc. CN 1233-33-9
and CN 1039-9 emerged as least preferred
variety in the Preferential Analysis. Farmers did
not prefer these 2 varieties because of traits like
short plant height, non-suitability for low lying
areas, less number of tillers, short panicle length,
and expected lower yields. The results revealed
that the highest grain yield of 5.20 and 4.89 t ha -1
were produced by Geetanjali and Amal Mana,
respectively, while the lowest yield of 2.33 t ha -1
was produced by NC 678 (Table 78).
Forty five trials (Baby trials) were conducted by
farmers in wet season in the salt affected coastal
villages of Chandkhali, Andharia, Dumki,
Nikarighata, Korakati and Sandeshkhali.
For baby trials, each farmer was given 3 elite
varieties/lines of rice, which emerged as the
most preferred varieties from the Mother trials
conducted in the previous year. The varieties/
lines, which were included in the baby trials
were SR 26 B, Geetanjali and Amal Mana.
Baby trial conducted at village Chandkhali during
kharif season
Table 78 : Grain yield of rice entries/varieties in Mother trials
Variety
Grain yield (t ha -1 )
Korakati Sandeshkhali Chandkhali Canning farm
Sabita 4.29 4.50 3.43 3.70
SR 26B 4.14 4.63 4.24 3.23
Manasarabor 4.29 4.00 4.40 3.91
Amal Mana 4.89 4.33 4.50 3.68
CSRC (S) 21-2-5-B-1-5 3.83 4.28 4.27 3.43
CSRC (D) 7-0-4 4.00 3.43 4.33 3.83
CN 1039-9 3.86 3.88 3.73 3.23
CN 12133-3-9 3.71 3.50 3.93 3.15
NC 678 3.86 4.25 2.33 3.53
Geetanjali 5.20 4.80 4.41 3.92
105

Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Sensory evaluation
Sensory evaluation was conducted in
participatory mode to analyze the cooking and
eating quality of the top preferred varieties
selected from the preference analysis tested
under researcher-managed trial in rabi/summer
season (2009-10). Farmers’ most preferred
varieties/line Bidhan 2, Boby and Annada
were included for sensory analysis. Farmers
ranked the rice varieties based on the cooking
and eating quality like aroma, colour, flavour,
glossiness, tenderness, cohesiveness, taste,
etc. The farmer’s most preferred rice variety/
line was Boby followed by Bidhan 2 and least
preferred one was Annada. Softness, white color,
pleasant flavour, shiningness, non-cohesiveness
were the major reasons of the farmers to prefer
Boby as best cooked rice.
Under farmers’ selection in participatory
mode, varieties Gitanjali and Amal Mana in
kharif and Bidhan 2 and Canning 7 in rabi
were the best rice varieties under salt stress
condition of coastal region.
Strategies for Sustainable Management
of Degraded Coastal Land and Water for
Enhancing Livelihood Security of Farming
Communities (B.K. Bandyopadhyay, D.
Burman, A.R. Bal, S.K. Sarangi, S. Mandal, K. K.
Mahanta and S.K. Gupta)
The coastal region of the Country is traditionally
disadvantaged and backward with low
livelihood security of the farmers. The region
is vulnerable to degradation due to climate
changes. The degraded soil and water quality,
together with climatic adversities contribute to
the poor livelihood security and low agricultural
productivity. The project was implemented
in a Public-Private consortia mode involving
5 reputed institutions viz;CSSRI, Regional
Research Station, Canning Town (Lead Center),
Ramkrishna Ashram Krishi Vigyan Kendra
(RAKVK), Nimpith (NGO), Central Institute of
Brackishwater Aquaculture, Kakdwip Research
Centre, Kakdwip, Central Agricultural Research
Institute, Port Blair and Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur.
The operational area of the project were
disadvantageous areas of Sundarbans (South
24 Parganas and North 24 Parganas districts
of West Bengal) and Tsunami affected areas
of Andaman and Nicobor Islands (South
Andaman and North and Middle Andaman
districts). The project sites comprised of 10
clusters spread over 29 villages and covering
11629 farm households. The baseline survey
results of the project sites indicated that
clusters in Sundarbans area are dominated by
backward population (particularly SC 18-84%).
In A and N Island, the population was mainly
dominated by the OBCs category. Agricultural
operational lands in Sundarbans of West Bengal
is highly fragmented and the average holding
size of farmers was in the range of 0.19 – 0.56 ha,
dominated by marginal farmers (> 90 %) and
land with low lying conditions (> 80%).
Various technological interventions of
agriculture, animal husbandry and integrated
farming systems were implemented on farmers’
fields in 10 clusters of the project areas. Land
shaping was highly acceptable to the farmers of
the area. The different land shaping techniques
viz; farm pond, deep furrow & high ridge,
Shallow furrow & medium ridge and paddycum-fish
culture was created on an area of
29.215 ha during the year, which created 123830
m 3 of irrigation resource (through rain water
harvesting), converted the area from monocropped
to multi-cropped with integrated crop
and fish cultivation and created employment
for 13150 number of person. New crops and
improved crop varieties were introduced in 120.6
Deep furrow and high ridge: a land shaping
technique implemented at farmers’ field
106

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils
ha area. About 2400 farmers including women
farmers were trained on various aspects of
agriculture, fisheries and livestock management
and other livelihood improvement options.
Sustainability funds have been created at all the
cluster levels to ensure continued technological
upgrading and hand holding of the beneficiary
farmers and also attempting horizontal spread
of the technological interventions.
Estimating Marketing Efficiency of Major
Horticultural Commodities in Coastal Districts
of West Bengal (Subhasis Mandal, S.K. Sarangi,
D. Burman and B.K. Bandyopadhyay)
ICAR in collaboration with NCAP and several
research institutes and SAUs of the Country
have undertaken this network project including
CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town, as one of the
partners for studies in coastal districts of West
Bengal.
Constraint analysis in marketing of produce
by farmers as well as middlemen was under
taken through computing Garrett ranking of
various constraints. Detailed discussions were
held with the farmers and list of important
constraints was prepared. Individually, farmers
were asked to rank these constraints. Based on
this rank, finally, Garrett rank was computed to
prioritize the constraints faced by the farmers.
Same procedure was followed for identification
and prioritization of constraints in marketing of
agricultural produce, faced by middleman also.
The constraints analysis indicated that high
cost of production (due to escalation of input
cost) is the most important constraint faced by
the farmers to enhance their production and
in turn the marketable surplus of the produce.
Poor transportation facilities, occasional market
glut situation during peak season, lack of
remunerative price (very often) and intra-day
price variation (price uncertainty) were the other
most important constraints faced by the farmers
in marketing of their produce. Establishing
better market linkages between farmers would
promote marketing margins substantially. Due
to these constraints most of the production area
is skewed to 5-6 km radius of the market yard
only, even though the favourable conditions for
growing these commodities prevail in other areas
also. Other important constraints encountered
by the farmers are lack of knowledge of grading
and sorting, presence of exploitative middlemen,
delay in payment, scarcity of labour, difficulty
in selling produce with relatively lower quality,
lack of adequate cold storage facilities, lack of
technical know-how and lack of awareness
on crop insurance. Large investments from
corporate houses on value addition to the
agricultural produce are still awaited in the
state, which would probably be beneficial for
both producers and consumers.
Growing fruits and vegetables in the study area
is gradually gaining its popularity. To promote
this, there is a need to free and fair functioning of
all market functionaries. Efficiency of marketing
of selected commodities can be increased
significantly with certain intervention such as
1) up-scaling of volume of produce handled,
either through increase in production or through
formation of self-help groups or formation of
grower’s association so that farmers’ marketing
cost reduces. 2) Providing market intelligence
support to the farmers particularly on the time
to grow certain crops and making availability
of suitable seed/variety for crops. 3) Basic
infrastructure in the market yard should be
improved so that interaction between farmers
and traders can be freely made. 4) Government
regulation should be enforced for free and
fair marketing practices and free entry of a
number of organized retailers in the market.
Implementation of Agricultural Produce and
Marketing Act (APMC Act) would be one of
the options for better, free and fair marketing
practices provided organized retailers are
Training of farm women on mushroom cultivation
107

Reclamation and management of coastal saline soils CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
allowed to purchase produce directly from
farmers across the districts. 5) Appropriate price
discovery of the produce in the market was the
most important issue to facilitate improved
marketing efficiency and providing farmers
a better deal. Finally, based on the discussion
with various market functionaries, it has been
concluded that to make a marketing model
successful, it must ensure the three components
like offering best price, providing insurance
cover and making availability of technical
know-how.
Enhancing and Stabilizing the Productivity of
Salt Affected Areas by Incorporating Genes for
tolerance of Abiotic Stress in Rice: BMZ Project
(B.K. Bandyopadhyay, D.Burman, A.R.Bal, S.K.
Sarangi and Subhasis Mandal)
In this project, rice varieties incorporated with
salt tolerant gene ‘saltol’ are being evaluated.
Thirty six entries of rice (BMZ 1, BMZ 2, BMZ
3, BMZ 4, BMZ 5, BMZ 6, BMZ 7, BMZ 8, BMZ
9, BMZ 10, BMZ 11, BMZ 12, BMZ 13, BMZ 14,
BMZ 15, BMZ 16, BMZ 17, BMZ 18, BMZ 19,
BMZ 20, BMZ 21, BMZ 22, BMZ 23, BMZ 24,
BMZ 25, BMZ 26, BMZ 27, BMZ 28, BMZ 29,
BMZ 30, BMZ 31, VSR 156, CSR 27, CSR 36, IR
29, FL 478, Canning 7 & CST 7-1) besides two
checks from RRS, Canning (Canning 7 and
CST 7-1) were put under trial in two different
salinity conditions one at low salinity (ECe 1.7
dS m -1 ) and other at high salinity (ECe 6.7 dS
m -1 ) during rabi season.
The lines BMZ 7, BMZ 8 and BMZ 19 did not
germinate in the nursery. Though, the line BMZ
12 germinated in the nursery but the flowering
was very late. However, the lines BMZ-1,
BMZ-2, BMZ-3, BMZ-4, BMZ-5, BMZ-6, BMZ 9,
BMZ-11, BMZ-12, BMZ-16, BMZ-25 and BMZ-
26 died at vegetative stage under high salinity
condition. The highest grain yield was recorded
from BMZ 2, BMZ 21, BMZ 23, CSR 36, BMZ
28, BMZ 29, FL-478 under low salinity (ECe 1.7
dS m -1 ) condition and the lines BMZ-23, BMZ-
28, BMZ-29, BMZ-31 and Canning 7 performed
better in terms of grain yield under high salinity
condition (ECe 6.7 dS m -1 ).
During kharif 2010, thirty five entries (BMZ-1,
BMZ-2, BMZ-3, BMZ-4, BMZ-5, BMZ-6, BMZ-9,
BMZ-10, BMZ-11, BMZ-12, BMZ-13, BMZ-14,
BMZ-15, BMZ-16, BMZ-17, BMZ-18, BMZ-20,
BMZ-21, BMZ-22, BMZ-23, BMZ-24, BMZ-25,
BMZ-26, BMZ-27, BMZ-28, BMZ-29, BMZ-30,
BMZ-31, VSR-156, CSR-36, CSR-27, CSR-29, FL
478, Canning-7 and CST 7-1) were put under trial
with soil salinity (ECe) of 4.80 dS m -1 . Highest
yield was obtained from BMZ 4 followed by
BMZ 16 and BMZ 28.
108

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
AICRP on Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline
Water in Agriculture
Organic Input Management Options with
Saline Water Irrigation for Sustaining
Productivity of High Value Crops (R.L. Meena
and S.K. Gupta)
Increasing shortage of good quality irrigation
water in arid and semi arid regions of the
country is forcing the farmers to utilize saline
and alkali ground water for irrigation. In order to
ensure their sustainable use in combination with
organic inputs management, a field experiment
was initiated during kharif 2008 at Bir Forest
Experimental Farm, Hisar. Experiment was laid
out in split plot design with two saline water
irrigation (EC iw
7) in main plots and 8
organic input management options in sub-plots.
During kharif 2009, sesame was sown on 14 th July
and harvested on 22 nd October, 2009 and during
rabi 2009 spice crop fennel variety Hisar Swarup
(HF-33) was sown on 31 st October, 2009 and
harvested in four picking upto 13 th May, 2010.
Initial soil sample from 0-30 cm depth revealed
that EC e
, pH s
, organic carbon and available
nitrogen before the start of the experiment were
0.80-0.86, 8.2-8.5, 0.26 per cent and 98 kg ha -1 ,
respectively.
In sesame, plant height, plants/m, row length,
number of pods per plant differed significantly
with saline water irrigation, while 100 seed weight
and seed yield reduced under high saline water
irrigation. Significant difference in plants/m
row length, number of pods per plant and seed
yield of sesame was observed with organic input
applications as compared to inorganic fertilizer
applications. Highest seed yield (0.28 t ha -1 )
was observed under 100 per cent recommended
doses of organic inputs viz;farm yard manure
+ neem cake manure (Table 79). No significant
difference was observed under inorganic and
organic inputs on pH, EC e
and available nitrogen
and phosphorus, while significantly high organic
carbon (0.36%) was observed with application of
100 per cent recommended doses of all three
Table 79 : Growth, yield attributes and yield of sesame
Treatments
Plant height
(cm)
Plants/m row
length
No. of
pods per
plant
100 seed
weight
(g)
Seed yield
(t ha -1 )
ECiw 7 62.3 3.5 28.5 0.31 0.09
CD (5%) 33.1 1.2 5.9 NS NS
T 1
72.3 3.5 27.2 0.32 0.11
T 2
83.3 4.3 35.8 0.31 0.15
T 3
101.8 4.7 43.5 0.32 0.18
T 4
83.3 5.0 48.2 0.31 0.17
T 5
88.5 6.2 44.8 0.31 0.16
T 6
89.8 5.3 45.8 0.32 0.21
T 7
94.3 5.7 47.7 0.32 0.28
T 8
90.2 6.7 51.7 0.32 0.25
CD (5%) NS 1.6 13.3 NS 0.01
T 1
-100% Inorganic fertilizer; T 2
- Inorganic + Organic Inputs (50% each); T 3
: FYM + Vermicompost (50:50); T 4
- FYM
+ Non-edible oilcake manure (50:50); T 5
- FYM + Vermicompost+Non-edible neem cake manure (33% each); T 6
-
FYM+Vermicompost (100:100); T 7
- FYM+Non edible neem cake manure (100:100); T 8
- FYM+Vermicompost+Non edible
neem cake manure (66.6% each).
109

AICRP on management of salt affected soils and use of saline water in agriculture
CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Sesame (a) and Fennel (b) crops under saline water irrigation
organic inputs viz., farm yard manure +
vermicompost + non-edible neem cake manure
(Gronim) (Table 80). Non significant differences
were recorded in umbels per plant, umbellets per
umbel, seed weight per umbel and 100 seed weight
in saline water irrigation while plant height differ
significantly under high salinity irrigation water.
Significant difference in plant height of fennel
was observed with organic input applications.
Highest seed yield (1.21 t ha -1 ) was observed
under 50 per cent recommended doses of organic
inputs viz., farm yard manure + vermicompost
(Table 81). Soil analysis at harvest of fennel
showed that there was significant difference in
EC e
and available phosphorus with saline water
irrigation while other parameters were observed
at par. Application of organic inputs showed no
significant difference in EC e
, pH s
and available
nitrogen except organic carbon and available
Sesame responded well to 100 per cent
application of FYM and neem cake manure
and fennel responded well to application of
FYM and vermi compost. These crops could
be cultivated upto 7 dS m -1
Table 80 : Soil pH s
, EC e
, OC, available N and P
(0-30 cm) at harvest of sesame
Treatments
EC e
(dS
m -1 )
pH s
OC
(%)
Av.N
(kg ha -1 )
Av. P
(kg ha -1 )
ECiw 7 1.5 8.4 0.26 81.7 27.7
CD (5%) 0.36 NS NS NS NS
T 1
1.1 8.3 0.21 79.4 22.4
T 2
1.4 8.3 0.25 83.3 29.9
T 3
1.1 8.4 0.24 80.7 19.2
T 4
1.2 8.4 0.26 82.0 28.7
T 5
1.6 8.4 0.25 80.3 19.8
T 6
1.5 8.4 0.29 83.0 34.9
T 7
1.5 8.5 0.27 84.3 18.9
T 8
1.2 8.4 0.36 87.8 46.8
CD (5%) NS NS 0.07 NS NS
Table 81 : Growth, yield attributes and yields of fennel under different treatments
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Umbels
per plant
Umbellets
per umbel
Seed wt.
per umbel
(g)
100 seed
weight
(g)
Seed yield
(t ha -1 )
EC iw
7 98.5 18.6 18.5 1.6 0.62 0.85
CD (5%) 22.8 NS NS NS NS 0.41
T 1
100.0 21.1 18.0 1.3 0.53 0.97
T 2
100.6 16.8 18.5 1.4 0.56 1.01
T 3
110.4 19.6 18.2 1.6 0.62 1.21
T 4
106.1 19.7 18.2 1.5 0.63 1.11
T 5
105.0 19.8 20.5 1.5 0.60 1.17
T 6
114.0 22.5 21.6 1.8 0.57 0.88
T 7
119.0 20.0 21.0 1.7 0.56 1.05
T 8
122.7 21.6 21.5 1.7 0.60 1.03
CD (5%) 14.3 NS NS NS NS NS
110

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
AICRP on management of salt affected soils and use of saline water in agriculture
phosphorus. The highest organic carbon content
was observed with all three organic inputs.
Assessment of Treated Sewage Water Quality
and its Effect on Yield of Different Crops at
Farmers’ Fields (Agra Centre)
Treated sewage water was assessed during 2009-
10 at different locations of STP Dandhupura,
district Agra which is being used for irrigating
different vegetables, cereals and pulses. The
sewage water samples of Agra city were collected
at sewage station without primary treatment
(Inlet) before rains, after rains and during winter
season and analysed for different parameters
(Table 82). Concentration of bi-carbonate was
higher before rains while chloride increased after
the rainy season.
The analysis of treated sewage samples at STP
ponds revealed that salinity ranged from 3.4 to
3.7, pH ranged from 7.2 to 7.5, BOD ranged from
30 to 32 mg L -1 . The outlet water had carbonate
after rains while bicarbonate was higher before
rains. Chloride ranged from 69 to 471 mg L -1 .
Nitrate was found in all samples and ranged
from 287 to 340 mg L -1 . The concentration of
other parameters decreased after treatment.
Treated sewage water samples were also collected
at a distance of 1 km from STP and analysis
showed that water have high EC ranging from
3.3 to 4.1, BOD from 14 to 30 mg L -1 , Chloride
content was higher during winter season. Lower
concentration of other parameters were observed
at a distance of one km from the sewage treatment
plant.
Treated sewage water irrigated crops were
compared with fresh ground water (Table 83).
The yield of mustard, wheat and pearl millet
increased by 11-13 per cent; vegetables by 10-14
per cent. However, yield of other crops increased
by 10-14 per cent due to high organic carbon and
available nitrogen of treated sewage water.
Application of treated sewage water irrigation
increased the yield of mustard, wheat and
pearmillet crops, which is due to increased
organic carbon and available nitrogen of
treated sewage water
Tolerance of Cotton Varieties to Saline Water
under Drip Irrigation System (Bikaner Centre)
In non command areas, tube well is the only
source of irrigation. Groundwater being mostly
saline, productivity is decreasing day by day due
to increasing soil salinity. Cotton is an alternative
crop which can be successfully grown with poor
quality water. Since drip irrigation has added
advantage of using relatively more saline water,
therefore, there is a need to identify suitable
varieties of cotton and optimum irrigation
scheduls under drip irrigation.
It is evident from Table 84 that methods of
irrigation, salinity of irrigation water and varieties
had significant effect on seed cotton yield. Drip
method was found significantly superior to flood
method, seed cotton yield being 44.2 per cent higher
in drip irrigation as compared to flood irrigation.
Seed cotton yield decreased significantly at EC iw
6.0 dS m -1 as compared to canal and saline water
having EC iw
3.0 dS m -1 . However, differences in
seed cotton yield with canal water and saline
water of EC iw
3.0 dS m -1 were not significant.
The variety Bt cotton was found significantly
superior than other varieties. Effect of methods of
irrigation, salinity of irrigation water and varieties
on yield attributes were also found significant.
Plant height, number of bolls/plant and boll
size were significantly higher in drip irrigation
Use of treated sewage water for irrigation in different
crops
Cotton under drip irrigation with saline water
111

AICRP on management of salt affected soils and use of saline water in agriculture
CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 82 : Sewage water analysis at Dhadhupura STP inlet, outlet and 1 km away from STP
Parameter
After
rains
Before treatment After treatment At 1 Km distance from STP
Winter
season
Before
rains
After
rains
Winter
season
Before
rains
After
rains
Winter
season
Before
rains
pH 7.7 6.9 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.2
EC (dS m -1 ) 3.4 3.6 4.7 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.3 4.1 3.7
BOD (mg L -1 ) 204 221 221 30 32 30 15 14 30
COD (mg L -1 ) 483 516 509 118 129 126 58 91 63
CO 3
(mg L -1 ) 30 - - 51 - - 36 45 17
HCO 3
(mg L -1 ) 702 723 995 570 665 702 506 580 467
Chloride (mg L -1 ) 516 60 83 471 208 69 496 189 69
Sulfate (mg L -1 ) 289 792 1456 480 900 1142 444 1193 1277
Nitrate (mg L -1 ) 405 341 326 340 284 287 206 181 233
Ca (mg L -1 ) 97 92 112 65 82 80 38 46 93
Mg (mg L -1 ) 77 96 100 104 75 98 114 96 92
Na (mg L -1 ) 478 438 457 479 447 432 479 372 322
K (mg L -1 ) 39 36 37 38 36 37 42 35 30
Cu (mg L -1 ) 0.09 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 - - -
Mn (mg L -1 ) 89.7 82.2 104.9 87.9 90.7 97.1 - - -
Zn (mg L -1 ) 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.02 0.02 0.03 - - -
Co (mg L -1 ) 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.03 - - -
Fe (mg L -1 ) 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.01 - 0.01 - - -
SAR (mmol L -1 ) ½ 8.8 7.7 7.6 8.5 8.6 7.6 8.7 7.2 6.2
RSC (me L -1 ) 1.3 0.5 2.2 - - - - - -
Table 83 : Effect of treated sewage and fresh ground water irrigation on yield of different crops at farmers
field
Crops
Treated sewage water
irrigated crops yield
(t ha -1 )
Fresh ground water irrigated
crops yield
(t ha -1 )
Yield increase in treated
sewage water irrigation
(%)
Mustard 2.80 2.50 11
Wheat 4.20 3.80 10
Pearl millet 2.90 2.50 13
Cauliflower 6-10 (mid), 22-25 (late) 4-9 (mid), 16-22 (late) 10 (mid), 12 (late)
Cabbage 7-8 5-7 13
Carrot 22-28 20-24 14
Cowpea 5-8 (green pod), 1-1.5 (grain) 4-7 (green pod), 0.9-1.3 (grain) 13 (green pod), 13 (grain)
Knol-khol 20-25 18-22 12
Onion 24-28 22-24 14
Palak 6-10 4-9 10
Radish 5-7 3-5 14
Spinach 6-8 3-7 13
112

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
AICRP on management of salt affected soils and use of saline water in agriculture
Table 84 : Seed cotton yield of different varieties under different methods of irrigation and salinity of
irrigation water
Treatments
Seed cotton yield
(t ha -1 )
Plant height
(cm)
No. of bolls/
plant
Boll size
(cm)
2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010
Methods of irrigation
M 1
-Drip 1.86 2.78 149.5 120.1 50.3 67 4.15 3.98
M 2
-flood 1.29 1.97 107.0 106.8 44.0 58 3.87 3.77
CD (5%) 0.10 0.16 6.2 5.5 2.5 2.9 0.14 0.17
Salinity of water
S 1
- 0.25 dS m -1 1.78 3.05 135.5 128.6 54.0 83 4.26 4.30
S 2
- 3.0 dS m -1 1.69 2.35 129.4 117.3 48.0 67 4.11 4.15
S 3
- 6.0 dS m -1 1.27 1.73 120.1 94.6 39.0 37 3.66 3.68
CD (5%) 0.12 0.13 7.6 6.8 3.0 3.5 0.17 0.20
Varieties
V 1
- F 846 1.35 1.81 124.3 110.7 46.1 55 4.07 4.11
V 2
- RST-9 1.46 2.47 133.6 114.3 49.5 64 4.23 4.25
V 3
-RG-8 1.35 2.21 120.2 107.5 41.7 61 3.45 3.47
V 4
- Bt cotton 2.15 3.02 135.3 121.4 51.2 68 4.28 4.30
CD (5%) 0.13 0.19 8.8 7.8 3.5 4.1 0.20 0.26
C.V % 12.7 11.8 10.3 10.3 11.1 9.7 7.4 7.9
as compared to flood irrigation. Yield attributes
decreased significantly at EC iw
6.0 dS m -1 salinity
of irrigation water as compared to canal water
and saline water having EC iw
3.0 dS m -1 .
Cotton could successfully be grown with
saline water of 3.0 dS m -1 using drip method
of irrigation as compared to flood irrigation
Effect of Amendments and FYM on Vegetables
Irrigated with High RSC Water (Hisar Centre)
Cluster bean
The yield of cluster bean irrigated with sodic
water (RSC=11.6 me L -1 ) increased significantly
both with the addition of gypsum and FYM. In
cluster bean, the highest yield of 9.13 t ha -1 was
obtained in F 2
G 2
treatment while the lowest (0.45
t ha -1 ) was in F 0
G 0
treatment (Table 85).
Broccoli
In broccoli, yield increased significantly with the
addition of gypsum and FYM. The highest yield
of 10.7 t ha -1 was recorded in F 2
G 2
treatment and
the lowest (0.33 t ha -1 ) in F 0
G 0
(Table 86).
Okra
The yield of okra irrigated with sodic water
(RSC=11.5 me L -1 ) increased significantly with
Table 85 : Effect of FYM and gypsum on yield of
cluster bean (t ha -1 ) under sodic water
irrigation
FYM
G 0
(No gypsum)
Gypsum (% GR)
G 1
(50%)
G 2
(100%)
Mean
F 0
(No FYM) 0.45 4.83 6.06 3.78
F 1
(10 t ha -1 ) 0.73 6.18 8.22 5.05
F 2
(20 t ha -1 ) 0.82 6.96 9.13 5.64
Mean 0.67 5.99 7.80 -
CD (5%) Gypsum = 0.38; FYM = 0.38; G X FYM = 0.65
Table 86 : Effect of FYM and gypsum on yield
of broccoli (t ha -1 ) under sodic water
irrigation
FYM
G 0
(No gypsum)
Gypsum (% GR)
G 1
(50%)
G 2
(100%)
Mean
F 0
(No FYM) 0.33 4.32 5.55 3.40
F 1
(10 t ha -1 ) 1.51 6.25 8.96 5.57
F 2
(20 t ha -1 ) 2.06 9.87 10.70 7.55
Mean 1.30 6.81 8.40 -
CD (5%) Gypsum = 0.28; FYM = 0.28; G x FYM = 0.48
113

AICRP on management of salt affected soils and use of saline water in agriculture
CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
the addition of both gypsum and FYM. However,
the magnitude of increase was higher with
gypsum than FYM. Maximum yield (9.52 t ha -1 )
of okra was obtained in F 2
G 4
treatment. The
yield increased by 18 and 22 percent with F 1
and F 2
as compared to F 0
(Table 87). The mean
yield increased significantly with the addition
of gypsum and it was 2 times higher in G 4
as
compared to G 0
.
Cabbage
The curd weight of cabbage also increased
significantly with the application of gypsum and
FYM (Table 88). The mean yield increased from
17.53 t ha -1 under no gypsum to 25.95 t ha -1 under
100 per cent GR. Maximum yield (27.43 t ha -1 )
was obtained in F 2
G 4
treatment.
It is concluded that the synergy of amendments
and FYM should be exploited to get high yield
of vegetable crops under sodic water irrigation.
Influence of Spent Wash and Spent Wash
Vermi-compost on Reclamation of Sodic Soils
(Indore Centre)
An experiment was conducted at Salinity Research
Station, Barwaha with paddy (var. Kranti)-wheat
(GW-173) cropping sequence. The soil of the
experimental field was sodic Vertisols (Table 89).
Spent wash and spent wash vermicompost was
procured from nearby distillery. Characteristics
Table 87 : Effect of FYM and gypsum on the yield of okra (t ha -1 ) under sodic water
FYM
Gypsum (% GR)
G 0
(No gypsum) G 1
(25%) G 2
(50%) G 3
(75%) G 4
(100%) Mean
F 0
(No FYM) 4.63 5.66 5.92 6.43 6.94 5.92
F 1
(10 t ha -1 ) 4.37 6.43 7.20 7.97 9.00 7.00
F 2
(20 t ha -1 ) 3.86 6.69 7.46 8.49 9.52 7.20
Mean 4.29 6.26 6.86 7.63 8.49 -
CD (5%) Gypsum = 0.22; FYM = 0.17; G x FYM = 0.38
Table 88 : Effect of FYM and gypsum on the yield of cabbage (t ha -1 ) under sodic water
FYM
Gypsum (% GR)
G 0
(No gypsum) G 1
(25%) G 2
(50%) G 3
(75%) G 4
(100%) Mean
F 0
(No FYM) 16.54 17.73 20.41 23.34 24.12 20.43
F 1
(10 t ha -1 ) 17.50 18.93 21.22 25.04 26.29 21.80
F 2
(20 t ha -1 ) 18.53 19.84 23.79 26.25 27.43 23.17
Mean 17.53 18.83 21.81 24.88 25.95 -
CD (5%) Gypsum = 0.71; FYM =NS; G x FYM = 1.22;
of spent wash used as soil amendment and
physico-chemical properties of spent wash vermicompost
and FYM are given in Table 90 and 91,
respectively. The experiment was conducted with
9 treatments in RBD with 3 replications in plot
size of 5 x 4 m 2 .
One time application of spent wash and
other treatments were given 30 days prior to
transplanting of paddy seedlings. The crop was
fertilized with 120 : 60 : 40 kg NPK and 25 kg
ZnSO 4
ha -1 . The soil was puddled and 25 days old
seedlings of paddy were transplanted with 20x10
cm spacing. The plots were submerged with 5 cm
water throughout the growing period.
Wheat crop was grown in the same plots after
harvesting of paddy for evaluating the residual
effect of amendments. The wheat crop was
fertilized with 120 kg N, 60 kg P 2
O 5
and 40 kg K 2
O
ha -1 . Five irrigations were given to wheat crop.
Soil and plant parameters were analysed at the
harvest of the crop.
Yield and yield attributes of paddy
It is evident from the Table 92 that the application
of amendments in the soil significantly enhanced
the growth and yield of paddy over control. The
plant height of paddy varied significantly with
different amendments. Application of 5.0 cm
spent wash increased the plant height by 15.2
114

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
AICRP on management of salt affected soils and use of saline water in agriculture
Table 89 : Physico chemical properties of experimental soil
pH s
EC e
(dS m -1 )
Ext. Na
(me 100g -1 )
WS Na
(me 100g -1 )
Exch. Na
(me 100g -1 )
GR
(t ha -1 )
CEC
(c.mol (p+) kg -1
ESP
8.4 1.4 16.7 1.20 5.23 9.00 40.0 38.8
Ext. Na: Extractable sodium; WS Na: Water soluble sodium; Exch. Na: Exchangeable sodium; GR: Gypsum requirement;
CEC: Cation exchange capacity; ESP: Exchangeable sodium percentage
Table 90 : Characteristics of spent wash used as soil amendment
pH s
EC e
(dS m -1 )
mg L -1
Ca Mg Na K N S BOD COD
4.9 9.4 1522 880 380 8675 990 1150 4110 20660
Table 91 : Physico-chemical properties of spent wash vermi-compost and FYM used as soil amendments
pH
Organic
s
EC Per cent
e
(1:4) (dS m -1 ) Ca Mg K S
Spent wash vermi-compost 8.5 3.8 0.78 0.38 1.10 0.55
Farm Yard Manure ( FYM) 8.1 1.8 0.45 0.15 0.63 0.20
Table 92 : Effect of amendments on growth, yield and yield attributes of paddy
Treatments
Plant
height
(cm)
per cent over control. Further increase in the
levels of spent wash also increased the plant
height but it was at par with 5.0 cm spent wash
application. Number of tillers and length of
panicle also increased significantly over control
with application of 5.0 cm spent wash and after
that no significant increase in number of tillers
and length of panicle over 5.0 cm spent wash
application was observed. The highest grain
(5.02 t ha -1 ) and straw (5.92 t ha -1 ) yield was
recorded in 10.0 cm spent wash level but it was
statistically at par with 5.0 cm. The application
of 5.0 cm spent wash enhanced the grain and
straw yield of paddy by 39.7and 44.3 per cent,
respectively over control
No. of
effective
tillers/hill
Length of
panicle
(cm)
Yield (t ha -1 )
Grain
Control 80.0 6.5 17.5 3.47 3.95
FYM @ 5 t ha -1 83.3 6.9 18.5 3.58 4.12
Vermi-compost @ 5 t ha -1 84.1 7.0 19.3 3.67 4.23
Gypsum @ 75% GR 86.7 8.9 20.1 4.05 4.70
Gypsum@ 75% GR+FYM @ 5 t ha -1 87.2 9.1 20.0 4.27 4.97
Gypsum @ 75% GR+VC @ 5 t ha -1 87.9 9.4 20.3 4.35 5.05
SW 2.5 cm 88.3 9.9 20.7 4.38 5.13
SW 5.0 cm 92.2 10.5 22.5 4.85 5.70
SW 10.0 cm 93.1 10.6 22.7 5.02 5.92
CD (5%) 3.6 1.1 1.6 0.43 0.53
GR- Gypsum requirement; FYM - Farm yard manure; VC - Vermicompost; SW- Spent wash
Yield attributes and yield of wheat
Straw
It is evident from the data that the plant height
varied significantly with the application of
different amendments (Table 93). Application of
5.0 cm spent wash (SW) increased the plant height
by 38.0 per cent over control. Further increase in
spent wash application increased the plant height
over control but the increase over 5.0 cm spent
wash treatment was statistically non-significant.
The number of effective tillers per plant increased
significantly with the applications of 5.0 cm spent
wash and above over control. Further increase
in the application of spent wash did not have
significant increase in number of effective tillers
over 5.0 cm spent wash. Application of 5.0 cm
spent wash significantly enhanced the length of
115

AICRP on management of salt affected soils and use of saline water in agriculture
CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 93 : Effect of amendments on growth characters and yield of wheat
Treatments
Plant
height (cm)
Effective
tillers/tplant
Length of
ear head (cm)
Yield (t ha -1 )
Grain
Control 47.3 5.27 5.07 2.17 2.29
FYM @ 5 t ha -1 48.7 5.40 5.20 2.27 2.44
Vermicompost @ 5 t ha -1 50.0 5.60 5.40 2.33 2.54
Gypsum @ 75% GR 56.2 6.40 5.53 3.00 3.35
Gypsum@ 75% GR+FYM @ 5 t ha -1 57.6 6.73 5.80 3.40 3.49
Gypsum @ 75% GR+VC @ 5 t ha -1 59.3 6.80 6.00 3.47 3.55
SW 2.5 cm 62.0 6.87 6.60 3.52 3.85
SW 5.0 cm 65.3 7.67 7.20 4.02 4.35
SW 10.0 cm 66.0 7.93 7.33 4.17 4.47
CD (5%) 3.23 0.71 0.49 0.48 0.40
Straw
ear head of wheat by 42 percent over control.
The highest grain (4.17 t ha -1 ) and straw (4.47 t
ha -1 ) yield was observed in 10.0 cm spent wash
but it was at par with 5.0 cm spent wash level.
Application of 5.0 cm spent wash increased the
grain and straw yield by 85.2 and 89.9 per cent,
respectively over control.
Post harvest status of soil
Application of different amendments increased
the organic carbon, available N and K contents
significantly over control, while decreased the
soil EC e
and ESP after harvest of wheat crop
(Table 94). The highest organic carbon content
(0.77 %) was obtained with 10.0 cm spent wash
application but it did not differ significantly with
5.0 cm spent wash (0.73 %). The highest available
N (207.3 kg ha -1 ) and K (447 kg ha -1 ) contents in
the soil were recorded in the treatment receiving
10 cm spent wash but at par with 5 cm spent
wash. Application of amendments decreased
the EC e
and ESP of soil significantly after harvest
of wheat. A reduction in pH s
was also observed
due to application of amendments to soil but
it was non-significant. The lowest EC e
(1.18 dS
m -1 ) and ESP (17.0) were noticed when 10 cm
spent wash was applied, but it did not differ
significantly with 5.0 cm level.
Application of amendments improved the soil
fertility status and therefore, the yield of crops
Table 94 : Effect of amendments on soil properties after wheat harvest
Treatments OC
(%
Available nutrients (kg ha -1 ) pH s
EC e
(dS m -1 )
N P K
Control 0.37 178.0 8.1 328 8.13 1.29 35.4
FYM @ 5 t ha -1 0.46 186.7 9.0 335 8.10 1.28 34.6
Vermicompost @ 5 t ha -1 0.47 188.3 9.2 339 8.10 1.26 34.2
Gypsum @ 75% GR 0.46 185.7 9.3 353 8.10 1.24 24.5
Gypsum @ 75% GR+ FYM 0.52 189.7 9.9 361 8.10 1.22 23.5
@ 5 t ha -1
Gypsum @ 75% GR + 0.54 192.3 9.9 373 8.10 1.22 21.9
Vermicompost @ 5 t ha -1
SW 2.5 cm 0.62 194.0 10.0 383 8.10 1.20 19.7
SW 5.0 cm 0.73 202.7 11.7 421 8.10 1.20 17.1
SW 10.0 cm 0.77 207.3 11.7 447 8.10 1.18 17.0
CD (5%) 0.05 6.2 NS 35 NS 0.05 1.6
SW- Spent wash
ESP
116

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSED AND TRANSFERRED
Demonstration on Salt Tolerant Varieties of
Rice (R.K. Singh and R.S. Tripathi)
During kharif season, thirty eight demonstrations
were conducted on salt tolerant rice varieties
(CSR 23, CSR 30 and CSR 36) during the year
2010-11 in salt affected soils. The demonstrations
conducted at various locations in Haryana are
presented in Table 95. Varieties CSR 23, CSR 30
and CSR 36 produced an average grain yield of
4.52, 3.13 and 4.88 t ha -1 , respectively.
Table 95 : Performance of salt tolerant varieties of
rice at farmers’ field
Crop variety
2010
No. Av. yield (t ha -1 )
Rice-CSR 23 9 4.52
Rice-CSR 30 20 3.13
Rice-CSR 36 9 4.88
Total 38 -
Demonstration on Salt Tolerant Varieties of
Wheat (R.K. Singh and Ram Ajore)
During rabi season, 21 demonstrations
were conducted at farmers’ field on salt
tolerant wheat variety KRL 19. The results
indicated that it gave an average yield of 4.25
t ha -1 at salinity stress situation (Table 96).
Demonstration on Salt Tolerant Varieties of
Mustard (R.K. Singh and Ram Ajore)
During rabi season of 2009-10, 64 demonstrations
on salt tolerant varieties of mustard (CS 54
and CS 56) were conducted at farmers’ fields
(Table 96). The variety CS 54 gave an average
yield of 1.75 t ha -1 , whereas variety CS 56 gave
1.88 t ha -1 in salt affected soils of Haryana.
Demonstration of wheat variety KRL 19
on farmer’s field
Table 96 : Performance of salt tolerant varieties of
wheat and mustard at farmer’s field
Crop variety
No.
2009-10
Average yield
(t ha -1 )
Wheat-KRL 19 21 4.25
Mustard-CS 54 32 1.75
Mustard-CS 56 32 1.88
Socio-Economic Impact of Salt Tolerant Crop
Varieties (R.S. Tripathi, R.K. Gautam, Neeraj
Kulshreshtha, P.C. Sharma and Ali Qadar)
The institute has developed number of salt
tolerant varieties of rice, wheat and mustard.
These varieties have made remarkable impact
on agricultural productivity and raising farmers’
livelihood in the salt affected areas of the country.
Total quantity of breeder/labelled/certified
seed produced and distributed is presented in
Table 97, which indicates that major share of
these seeds was of rice varieties (60 percent of
the total seeds produced). Contribution of wheat
was about 39 percent. The state-wise distribution
pattern of salt tolerant seeds of rice and wheat is
given in Table 98 and 99, respectively. The statewise
distribution pattern revealed that about 58
per cent of the total rice was consumed in the
state of Haryana alone. Uttar Pradesh was the
second important state where about 21 percent
rice seed was supplied. In case of salt tolerant
wheat varieties, almost half of the total quantity
of seeds was utilized in Haryana and 44 per cent
in Uttar Pradesh. Small quantity of rice seed was
supplied to Bihar, while little quantity of wheat
seed to Rajasthan.
Table 97 : Breeder/ labelled/ certified seeds of
salt tolerant varieties produced and
distributed during the year 2000 - 09
Crop Quantity (tonnes) Percentage
Rice 18.95 59.70
Wheat 12.32 38.80
Mustard 0.49 1.50
Total 31.76 100.00
117

Technology assessed and transferred CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Table 98 : State wise distribution of salt tolerant seed of rice varieties (%)
State CSR 10 CSR 13 CSR 23 CSR 27 CSR 30 CSR 36 Total
Haryana 40.0 25.0 65.1 38.1 87.1 90.8 57.8
Uttar Pradesh 60.0 50.0 1.4 - 12.0 1.0 20.7
Punjab - - - - 0.9 - 0.01
Bihar - - 31.7 13.3 - 7.7 8.8
Others - 25.0 1.9 48.6 - 0.6 12.7
Table 99 : State-wise distribution of seed of salt
tolerant wheat varieties (%)
State KRL 1-4 KRL 19 Total
Haryana 54.27 44.24 49.26
Uttar Pradesh 40.56 47.00 43.78
Punjab 1.50 0.40 0.75
Rajasthan 3.29 6.03 4.86
Gujarat 0.38 1.27 0.83
Economic Impact of Zero Tillage Technology in
Reclaimed Sodic Soils (R.S. Tripathi)
Zero tillage technology is probably one of the
best ways to reduce the cost of cultivation and
sustaining productivity of natural resources like
soil and water. It reduces input cost, sustains
yield, enhances profitability, improves soil
nutrients and offers benefits of retained surface
residues and reduced soil and water losses.
Results of the study, based on zero tillage practice
adopted at CSSRI farm during the year 2009-10
for 11 crops, indicated that on an average, there
was 40 per cent saving of human labour in zero
tillage as compared to conventional method of
crop production. In field preparation, savings of
machine power was 60 per cent and irrigation
water 25 per cent in zero tillage as compared to
conventional method. On an average, there was
30 per cent reduction in the cost of cultivation
under zero tillage as compared to conventional
method of crop production (Table 100).
Response of gypsum in wheat
Technology for reclamation of sodic soil and
water using gypsum was demonstrated at the
field of Sh. Virender Singh, village Bhurjat, Distt.
Mahendragarh. The yield of wheat increased
significantly with the increasing dose of gypsum
application (Table 101). The treatment G 100
increased the wheat yield by more than 2 times
over G 0
. An appreciable increase in yields was
observed in other treatments also.
Table 100 : Cost of cultivation for crops grown by
Crop
zero and conventional tillage
Cost of cultivation (Rs. ha -1 )
Conv.
method
Zero tillage
method
Reduction
(%)
Arhar 24,581 15,323 37.66
Sorghum 21,294 15,522 27.11
Moong 24,432 17,636 27.82
Soybean 29,927 19,913 33.46
Guar 19,959 10,631 46.74
Bajra 23,290 15,167 34.88
Barley 27,586 18,949 31.31
Oat 27,586 19,042 30.97
Wheat 36,020 26,994 25.06
Mustard 29,285 18,398 37.18
Gram 33,713 22,693 32.69
Average 27,800 18,500 30.00
Table 101 : Effect of gypsum on wheat yield at
farmer’s field
Treatments Grain yield (t ha -1 )
G 0
1.61
G 25
2.80
G 50
3.55
G 75
3.88
G 100
4.62
CD (5%) 0.49
Demonstration of wheat varieties at farmer’s field in Village Bhurjat District Mahendragarh
118

General/ Miscellaneous

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Sr.
No
TRAININGS IN INDIA AND ABROAD
Name and Designation Subject Duration Place
1. Dr. S.K. Gupta
Project Co-ordinator (SWS)
Dr. D.S. Bundela
Principal Scientist
Dr. R.L. Meena
Scientist (SS)
Sh. J.P. Sharma
Technical Officer
Sh. S.K. Dahiya
Technical Officer
Sh. M.P. Bhatia
Technical Assistant
2. Sh. Sultan Singh
Mrs. Sushma Garg
Mrs.Jasbir Kaur, Mrs.Anita
Assistants
Sh. BachanSingh
Sh. Hari Pal
Sr. Clerks
3. Sh. M.N.V. Rao
Jr. Acctts Officer
Sh. K.R.K. Prasad
Lab. Technician
4. Dr. R.L. Meena
Scientist (Sr. Scale)
5. Dr. R.K. Yadav
Principal Scientist
Special Course on Performance
Evaluation of Canal Irrigation projects
using Remote Sensing and GIS
Sponsored by NAIP
Training on Hindi Typing and Official
Correspondence
Technical and Administrative Support
for Consortia based Research in
Agriculture
International Training Programme on
Bioremediation (Phyto-remediation)
Sponsored by NAIP (ICAR)
Training under Public Sector Linkage
Programme under AusAid Project
15.4.2010-
24.4.2010
24.5.2010-
26.5.2010
16.6.2010-
22.6.2010
15.7.2010-
13.10.2010
02.8.2010 -
24.9.2010
IIRS,
Dehradun
UPSC,
New Delhi
NAARM,
Hyderabad
USDA,
Beltsville,
Maryland
(USA)
Australia,
Thailand
6. Mrs. Dinesh Gugnani
Mrs. Santra Mrs. Rita
Sr. Stenographers
7. Dr. Parveen Kumar
Principal Scientist
8. Dr. B.K. Bandyopadhyay
Principal Scientist
Dr. D. Burman
Senior Scientist
9. Sh. Jai Pal Singh
Assistant
Training Course for Personal Assistant 09.8.2010-
20.8.2010
Crop Modeling, Templates and
Tools for the Use of Trial Data in
Performance Prediction and Targeting
of Potato Clones and Varieties
Workshop on Procurement related
Matter and Financial Management
System under World Bank Funded
Project of NAIP
Noting and Drafting for Section
Officers/Dealing Asstt
09.8.2010-
13.8.2010
August 17-18,
2010
06.9.2010-
08.9.2010
ISTM,
New Delhi
CPRI,
Shimla
ICAR
Research
Complex
for Eastern
Region, Patna
ISTM,
New Delhi
10. Sh. VishalAcharya
AF&AO
Sh. H.S. Pal
Assistant
Management Development
Programme
07.9.2010-
10.9.2010
Thiruvananthapuram
121

Trainings in india and abroad CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
11. Sh. Surender Mohan
Farm Manager
Research Station Management to Farm
Managers
11.10.2010-
16.10.2010
ICRISAT,
Hyderabad
12. Dr. H.S. Jat
Sr. Scientist
Improved Prediction of Agroforestry
Productivity and Reclamation
Opportunities in Shallow Water Table
and Salt Affected Landscapes of India
and Pakistan
18.10.2010-
22.10.2010
PAU,
Ludhiana
13. Dr. R. Raju
Scientist
Model Training Course on Integrated
Water Resources Management
and Use of Poor Quality Water in
Agriculture
23.11.2010-
30.11.2010
CSSRI
Karnal
14. Dr. Pragati Maity
Scientist
Training Programme on Data Analysis
Using SAS
18.12.2010-
24.12.2010
NDRI
Karnal
15. Dr. R. Raju
Scientist
Dr. S. L.Krishna Murthi
Scientist
16. Dr. P.C. Sharma
Principal Scientist
Data Analysis Using SAS 24.1.2011-
31.1.2011
Participated in Training Workshop on
Right to Information Act 2005
03.2.2011-
05.2.2011
NDRI
Karnal
New Delhi.
17. Sh. B. M. Meena
Lib. Asstt.
National Conference of Agricultural
Libraries User Community
24.2.2011-
25.2.2010
IARI,
New Delhi
18. Dr. D.S. Bundela
Principal Scientist
Training on NAIP Procurement and
Financial Management System
28.2.2011 NDRI, Karnal
19. Sh. Rajeev Kumar
Technical Officer
Statistical Computing Environment 22.3.2011-
28.3.2011
NDRI,
Karnal
122

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
DEPUTATION OF SCIENTISTS ABROAD
Sr.
No
Name Subject Period of
deputation
1. Dr. R.K. Singh Participated in 12 th International Congress of
Ethnobiology
2. Dr. P.C. Sharma Study visit on “Performance of Terminal Drought
Tolerance QTL-NILs of Pearl Millet under
Salt Stress and Identification of Polymorphic
Gene based Primers in Salt Tolerant & Sensitve
Genotypes of Indian Mustard
02.5.2010 to
14.5.2010
07.5.2010 to
03.7.2010
Country
Canada
United
Kingdom
3. Dr. R.K. Singh Participated in 18 th Commonwealth Forestry
Conference
4. Dr. N.P.S.
Yaduvanshi
Participated in 9 th World Congress of Soil
Science
5. Dr. Y.P. Singh Consultant IRRI- East & South Africa Region
Office (ESARO)
28.6.2010 to
02.7.2010
31.7.2010 to
12.8.2010
01.9.2010 to
31.8.2011
United
Kingdom
Australia
Tanzania
6. Dr. Pradip Dey Participated in the World Bank Summit 27.9.2010 to
30.9.2010
7. Sh Gajender Yadav Study leave 01.10.2010 to
30.09.2013
USA
United
Kingdom
8. Dr. S.K. Kamra Participated in Brazilian Symposium on
Salinity
9. Dr. J.C. Dagar Participated in Global Forum on Salinization
and Climate Change (GFSCC)-2010
10. Dr. Chhedi Lal Participated in International German Academic
Exchange Service (DAAD) Alumni Summer
School “Water & Energy
11. Dr. S.K. Kamra Workshop of INNO-ASIA Project at Department
of Geo- informatics, Friedrich Schiller University
of Jena, Germany
12.10.2010 to
15.10.2010
25.10.2010 to
29.10.2010
14.11.2010 to
26.11.2010
07.02.2011 to
11.02.2011
Brazil
Spain
Germany
Germany
12. Dr. B. K.
Bandyopadhyay
Workshop on Project Proposal Development on
Ganges Delta Challenge Programme on Water
and Food
24.1.2011 to
27.1.2011
Bangladesh
13. Dr. B. K.
Bandyopadhyay
Participated in the Conference on Deltas under
Climate Change: The Challenges of Adaptation
02.03.2011 to
0 4.03. 2011
Vietnam
123

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
AWARDS AND RECOGNITIONS
• The Institute has been bestowed with the
Sardar Patel Best Institute Award - 2009 by
the Council at NAAS complex, New Delhi
on 16.7.2010
• Out of 39 research organizations funded
under Farmers’ Participatory Action
Research Project (FPARP), the Institute
has been bestowed with the National
Groundwater Augmentation Award (2011)
on Enhancement of Groundwater Recharge
and Water Productivity in North West India
by the Ministry of Water Resources (Govt.
of India) during 3 rd Ground Water Congress
organized at New Delhi on March 22-23,
2011
• Dr. S.K. Gupta, Project Coordinator, AICRP
on Management of Salt Affected Soils and
Use of Saline Water in Agriculture has been
bestowed with the Fellowship of the Indian
Society of Coastal Agricultural Research
for his outstanding contribution in water
management in coastal ecosystem and to
alleviate the salinity problems in Tsunami
affected agricultural lands in Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Tamil Nadu and
Maldives.
• Commonwealth Scholarship Commission
has awarded its prestigious scholarship
award under the Commonwealth
Scholarship and Fellowship Plan-2010 to Sh.
Gajender Yadav, Scientist (Agronomy) for
pursuing his doctoral research at University
of Reading, U.K. w.e.f October, 2010
• Dr. Ranjay K. Singh, Senior Scientist has been
conferred with Lansdowne Distinguished
Professor Award-2010 for his outstanding
contribution in the field of traditional
ecological knowledge, community based
biodiversity conservation and community
mobilization in sustainable natural
resources conservation in eastern Himalaya.
He has also been conferred the prestigious
Fellowship of The Linnean Society of
London for his outstanding contribution in
the field of participatory community based
biocultural diversity conservation in eastern
Himalayas
• Dr. Sanjay Arora, Senior Scientist was
bestowed with the Gold Medal by Soil
Conservation Society of India (SCSI), New
Delhi for his outstanding contribution
in Natural Resource Management and
Development especially in the field of Soil
and Water Conservation
• Dr. S.K. Chaudhari, Principal Scientist
has been conferred with the Fellowship
of Maharashtra Academy of Sciences
Dr. S.K. Gupta, Director (A) receiving the Sadar Patel
Best Institute Award -2009 from Shri Sharad Pawar ji,
Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture, Consumer Affairs, Food
and Public Distribution, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Dr. D.K. Sharma, Director receiving the National
Groundwater Augmentation Award - 2011 from
Shri Salman Khurshid, Hon’ble Minister of Water
Resources, Govt. of India, New Delhi
124

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Awards and recognitions
for advancing the knowledge and
understanding of soil-water dynamics in
Vertisols and developing new concepts
explaining changes in the hydraulic
properties of Vertisols. He has also been
bestowed with Outstanding Achievement
Award of the Institution of Engineers (India)
in the field of Irrigation Water Management
for the year 2009-10 for his contributions
in on-farm water management research
in promoting efficient water management
technologies in the tribal areas.
• Dr. Pradip Dey has been bestowed with
the World Bank Summit Scholarship by the
World Bank, Washington, DC. He has also
been designated as Social Innovator by the
World Bank
• Dr Parveen Kumar has been awarded
Indian Potato Association - Kaushalaya
Sikka Memorial Award 2005-09 for his
outstanding research contribution in the
area of Biochemical Parameters Influencing
Processing Quality in Potato
• Dr. C.B. Pandey was conferred with Dr.
K.G. Tejwani award on 10.12.2010 for the
year 2009 by Indian Society of Agroforestry,
Jhansi for his outstanding work in
Agroforestry Research and Development
• Krishi Kiran Patrika (Hindi) of this institute
also begged the coveted Ganesh Sankar
Vidhyarthi Hindi Krishi Patrika Pursakar–
2009.
CSSRI Excellence Awards
The following scientists were bestowed with
prestigious CSSRI Excellence Award on Soil
Salinity and Water Quality:
Biennium 2004-05: Jointly to Dr. S.K. Gupta,
Project Co-ordinator, AICRP on Use of Saline
Water in Agriculture, CSSRI, Karnal and
Dr. S.G. Patil, Chief Scientist (Water
Management) University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad.
Biennium 2006-07: Jointly to Dr. J.C. Dagar,
Assistant Director General (Agronomy), ICAR,
New Delhi and Dr. B.A. Chougule, Ex-Officer
Incharge, Agricultural Research Station, MPKV,
Sangli.
The following technical, administrative and
supporting staff was awarded Best Worker
Award-2010:
Dr. S.K. Jha, Technical Officer (T 7-8)
Sh. S.K. Goel, Assistant
Sh. Karam Singh, Skilled Supporting Staff
Dr. S.K. Gupta, Director (A) receiving the Ganesh Sankar
Vidhyarthi Hindi Krishi Patrika Pursakar–2009 from
Prof. V.K. Thomas, Hon’ble Minister of State for
Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi
125

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
LINKAGES AND COLLABORATIONS
Collaborative Programmes at Main Institute,
Karnal
International Collaborations
• BIOSAFOR-BIOSALINE (AGRO)
FORESTRY : Remediation of saline
wastelands through production of
renewable energy, biomaterials and fodder
(Funded by European Union)
• Stress tolerant rice for poor farmers of Africa
and South Asia (Funded by IRRI-BMGF)
• Enhancing and stabilizing the productivity
of salt affected areas by incorporating
genes for tolerance of abiotic stresses in rice
(Funded by BMZ-IRRI)
• Wheat improvement for waterlogging,
salinity and element toxicities in Australia
and India (sponsored by ACIAR, Australia)
• Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia
(CSISA) (sponsored by IRRI Philippines
and CIMMYT Mexico)
• Marker assisted breeding of abiotic stress
tolerant rice varieties with major QTL for
drought, submergence and salt tolerance
(DBT-India-IRRI)
National Collaborations
• Transgenics in crops-salinity tolerance
in rice: functional genomics component
(Funded by ICAR)
• Monitoring and evaluation of large-scale
subsurface drainage projects in the state of
Haryana (Funded by Haryana Operational
Pilot Project, DOA, Haryana)
• Development and evaluation of salt tolerant
transgenic rice (Funded by Department of
Bio-technology)
• Farmers’ participatory research on
enhancing groundwater recharge and water
productivity in North-West India (Funded
by Ministry of Water Resources, GOI))
• Control of waterlogging and salinity
through agroforestry interventions (Funded
by INCID)
• Multi-locational evaluation of bread wheat
germplasm (Funded by NBPGR)
• AMAAS-Application of micro-organism in
agriculture and allied sectors (Funded by
ICAR)
• Intellectual property management and
transfer/commercialization of agricultural
technology system (Funded by ICAR)
• Development of spectral reflectance
methods and low cost sensors for real
time applications of variable rate inputs in
precision farming (Funded by NAIP)
• Network project on improvement of
salt tolerance in wheat using molecular
approach (DWR-CSSRI)
• Decision support system for enhancing
productivity in irrigated saline environment
using remote sensing modelling and GIS
(Funded by NAIP)
Collaborative programmes at Regional
Research Station, Canning Town
International Collaborations
• International collaborative programme on
testing rice germplasm for coastal salinity
(IRSSTN) with IRRI, Philippines
• Advanced cultures on rice for shallow
and deep water situations with IRRI,
Philippines
• IRRI-BMZ Project on incorporation of salt
tolerance gene in rice
National Collaborations
• Coastal salinity tolerant varietal trial
(CSTVT) with DRR, Hyderabad
126

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Linkages and collaborations
• Strategies for sustainable management
of degraded coastal land and water for
enhancing livelihood security of farming
communities (NAIP GFF Funding )
Collaborative programmes at Regional
Research Station, Lucknow
International Collaborations
• IRRI-BMZ project on incorporation of salt
tolerance gene in rice (Funded by BMZ-
IRRI)
• Stress tolerant rice for poor farmers of Africa
and South Asia (Funded by BMGF-IRRI)
National Collaborations
• Holistic approach for improved livelihood
security through livestock based farming
system in Barabanki and Rai Bareily districts
of U.P. ( Funded by NAIP)
• Impact assessment of climate change on crop
production under salt affected environment
of Uttar Pradesh (ICAR-Network Project)
Collaborative programmes at Regional
Research Station, Bharuch
National Collaborations
• Feasibility study using biological sludge
from Nitro-ETP Plant and treated effluent
from Environmental Control Unit 1 of
GNFC for crop production on Vertisols
(GNVFC, Bharuch)
• Feasibility studies on the use of treated
effluent from Aniline-TDI Plant of GNFC
Unit II in diverse crop interventions on
Vertisols (GNVFC, Bharuch)
127

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Journal Papers
Arora, Sanjay and Chahal, D.S. 2010. Chemical
forms of boron in relation to soil properties
and their contribution to available and total
boron pool. Agrochemica, LIV (4): 193-204
Arora, Sanjay and Chahal, D.S. 2010. Effect of
soil properties on boron adsorption and
release in arid and semi-arid benchmark
soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant
Analysis, 41 (21): 2532-2544.
Bandyopadhyay, B.K., Mandal, Subhasis,
Burman, D. and Sarangi, S. K. 2010. Soil and
water management options for enhancing
agricultural productivity of coastal area of
West Bengal. Journal of the Indian Society of
Coastal Agricultural Research, 28(1): 1-7.
Bandyopadhyay, S., Mandal, S., Datta, K. K.,
Devi, P., Bhattacharya, D. and Bera, A. K. 2010.
Economic analysis of risk of gastrointestinal
parasite infection in cattle in North Eastern
States of India, Tropical Animal Health and
Production, 42(7):1481-1486.
Bhatt, B.P., Sarangi, S.K. and De, L.C. 2010.
Fuel wood characteristics of some firewood
trees and shurbs of eastern Himalaya, India.
Energy Sources Part A, 32: 469-474.
Burman, D. Bandyopadhyay, B.K. and Mahanta,
K. K. 2010. Management of acid sulphate soil
of coastal Sunderban Region: Observations
under On-farm trial. Journal of the Indian
Society of Coastal Agricultural Research, 28(1):8-
11.
Chander, Subhash, Sharma, K.C., Jat, H.S and
Meena, Rajpal. 2010. Productivity and quality
of arable crops and soil fertility as influenced
by ley farming in hot region of Rajasthan.
Indian Journal of Agronomy, 55 (2): 157-164.
Chaudhari, S.K., Sahu S.C. and Khot A.B. 2010.
Response of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
to irrigation schedules, phosphorus levels
and phosphorus solublizer in Vertisols.
Environment and Ecology, 28 (3B): 2141-2143.
Chaudhari, S.K., Somawanshi, R.B. and
Bardhan, G. 2007. Effect of water quality on
moisture retention in the soils of different
texture. Journal of Agricultural Physics, 7:
20-26. (published in 2010)
Dey, P., Rai, Mathura, Gangopadhyay, K.K.,
Das, Bikash, Nath, Vishal and Reddy, N.N.
2010. Effect of phosphorus on growth, yield
use efficiency and leaf nutrient composition
of litchi grown on alfisol. Indian J. Hort, 67(3):
394-396.
Dushyantha, Kumar, B.M., Shadakshari, Y.G.
and Krishnamurthy, S.L. 2010. Genotype
x environment interaction and stability
analysis for grain yield and its components
in Halugidda local rice mutants. Electronic
Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(5): 1286- 1289.
Dubey, S.K., Yadav, Rashmi, Yadav, R.K., Sharma,
V.K. and Minhas, P.S.. 2010. Contamination
of ground water as a consequence of land
disposal of dye waste mixed sewage effluents:
A case study of Panipat District of Haryana,
India. Bull. Environ Contamination Toxicology,
85: 295–300
Gautam, R.K., Nayak, A.K., Sharma, D.K.,
Qadar, Ali, Dey, P. and Singh, G. 2010.
Morphological and chemical fingerprinting of
Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) genotypes
grown in sodic soil. Agrochimica, 54 (5): 289-
302.
Gopali, Bardhan, S.K. Chaudhari, and P.K.
Mohapatra. 2010. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity of Vertisol, Inceptisol and
Entisol as influenced by irrigation water
quality. Journal of Soil Salinity and Water
Quality, 2: 45-53.
Hadda, M.S. and Arora, Sanjay. 2010. Water
productivity through rainwater harvesting
and land treatment in rainfed sub-montane
region. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,
9(2) : 109-113.
Jat, H.S., Mann, J.S., Sharma, S.C. and Chand,
Roop. 2010. Distribution and performance
of ardu (Ailanthus spp) in semi-arid regions
of Rajasthan. The Indian Journal of Small
Ruminants, 16 (2): 232-235.
128

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
List of publications
Joshi, P.K., Kumar, R., Rajput, V.D. and Singh,
N. 2010. Isolation and screening of bacterial
isolates for tolerance to heavy metals. Journal
of Soil Salinity and Water Quality, 2 (1): 12-17.
Kadam, D.M., Nangare, D.D., Singh, R. and
Kumar, S. 2011. Low-cost greenhouse
technology for drying onion (Allium cepa
l.) slices. Journal of Food Process Engineering.
34(1):67-82.
Kaur, S., Arora, Sanjay, Jalali, V.K. and Mondal,
A.K. 2010. Soil sulphur forms in relation to
physical and chemical properties of mid-hill
soils of North India. Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis, 41(3): 277-289.
Krishan Kumar and Gupta, S.K. 2010. Decline
of groundwater tables in the upper Yamuna
basin : Causes and management strategies.
Irrigation and Drainage, 47: 606-620
Kumar, S. and Dey, P. 2011. Effects of different
mulches and irrigation methods on root
growth, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency
and yield of strawberry. Scientia Hort. 127(3):
318-324.
Mandal, A.K. and Sharma, R.C. 2010.
Computerized database of salt affected
soils in peninsular region of India using
Geographic Information System. Journal of the
Indian Society of Soil Science, 58(1): 105-116.
Mandal, Subhasis and Datta, K.K. 2010. Economic
evaluation of farming system research in
NEH Region: Some Issues, Indian Journal of
Agricultural Economics, 65(1):118-134.
Marwaha, R.S., Pandey, S.K., Kumar, Dinesh,
Singh, S.V. and Kumar, Parveen. 2010. Potato
processing scenario in India: Industrial
limitations, future projections, challenges
ahead and remedies – A review. J. Food
Science Technology, 47(2):137-156.
Pandey C.B. and Chaudhari S.K. 2010. Soil and
nutrient losses for different land uses and
vegetative methods for their control on hilly
terrain of South Andaman. Indian Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 80:399-404.
Pandey C.B., Chaudhari S.K., Dagar J.C., Singh
G.B. and Singh R.K. 2010. Soil N mineralization
and microbial biomass carbon affected by
different tillage levels in a hot humid tropic.
Soil and Tillage Research, 110: 33-41.
Sandhu, K.S., Chinna, G.S., Marwaha, R.S.,
Kumar, Parveen and Pandey, S.K. 2010.
Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and
chipping quality of processing varieties
grown in cooler north Indian plains. Potato
Journal, 37(3-4): 143-150.
Sarangi, S.K., Saikia, U.S. and Lama, T.D. 2010.
Effect of rice (Oryza sativa) straw mulching
on the performance of rapeseed (Brassica
campestris) varieties in rice-rapeseed cropping
system. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,
80(7): 603-605.
Satapathy, K.K. and Sarangi, S.K. 2010. Longterm
effect of alternate land use systems on
hydrology, soil properties and economics
in a fragile hill ecosystem. Journal of Soil and
Water Conservation, 9(1): 46-50.
Sharma, A., Jalali, V.K. and Arora, Sanjay. 2010.
Non-exchangeable potassium release and
its removal in foot-hill soils of North-west
Himalayas. Catena, 82(2): 112-117.
Singh, Ravender, Chaudhari, S.K., Kundu, D.K.,
Sengar, S.S. and Kumar Ashwani. 2010. Water
storage capacity, erosion and dispersion
behaviour of major soil sub-groups of
Chhattisgarh. Journal of Indian Society of Soil
Science, 58:64-69.
Singh, Gurbachan, Bundela, D.S., Sethi,
Madhurama, Lal, K. and Kamra, S.K. 2010.
Remote sensing and geographic information
system for appraisal of salt-affected soils in
India. Journal of Environmental Quality, 39(1):
5-15.
Singh, S.V., Pandey, S.K., Kumar, Dinesh,
Marwaha, R.S., Manivel, P., Kumar Parveen,
Singh, B.P. and Bhardwaj, V. 2010. Kufri
Frysona: First high yielding potato variety for
French fries in India. Potato Journal, 37(3-4):
103-109.
Singh, Y.P., Singh, Ranbir, Sharma, D.K. 2010.
Determination of time frame for substitution
of salt-tolerant varieties of rice (Oryza sativa)
and wheat (Triticum aestivum) through crop
diversification in sodic soils. Indian Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 80 (10):
129

List of publications CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Verma, A. Gupta, S.K. and Isaac, R.K. 2010.
Long-term use of saline drainage waters
for irrigation in subsurface drained lands:
simulation modeling with SWAP. Journal of
Agricultural Engineering, 47: 15-23.
Yadav, R.K., Minhas, P.S., Khajanchi, Lal,
Chaturvedi, R.K. and Verma, T. P. 2010.
Heavy metals distribution in semi-arid
Ustochrepts, crops and ground water with
long-term waste water irrigation. Soil Use
and Management; DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1475-2743-
2010.00267.x.
Sharma, P.C., Sehgal, D., Singh, D., Singh, G.
and Yadav, R.S. 2010. A major terminal
drought tolerance QTL of pearl millet is also
associated with reduced salt uptake and
enhanced growth under salt stress. Molecular
Breeding, DOI 10.1007/s 1032-010-9423-3.
Singh, D. and Sharma, P.C. 2010. Effect of NaCl
stress on photosynthesis characteristics and
antioxidant enzymes in rice cultivars. Indian
journal of Plant Physiology, 15 (3) : 255-258.
Singh, D., Ram, P.C., Dar, S.R. and Sharma,
P.C. 2010. Alleviating adverse effects of
soil salinity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
through application of zinc fertilizer. Indian
journal of Plant Physiology, 15 (4) : 389-395.
Islam, M.T., Sharma, P.C., Gautam, R.K.,
Singh, D., Singh, S., Panesar, B. and Ali, S.
2011. Salt tolerance in parental lines of rice
hybrids through physiological attributes
and molecular markers. International Journal
of Experimental Agriculture, (ISSN-1923-7766
Online), 2 (1): 1-7.
Conferences/Seminars/Symposia and
Workshops papers
Aishwath, O.P., Mehta, R.S., Meena, R.S., Ali,
S.F., Anwer, M.M., Dagar, J.C., Yadav, R.K.,
Lal, K. and Sethi, M. 2010. Seed germination
study of fenugreek cultivars with extended
exposure to hyper saline conditions. In :
Proceedings of XXI AICRP Workshop & National
Consultation on Seed Spices held at National
Research Centre on Seed Spices, Tabiji,
Ajmer, Rajasthan during July 5-6, pp. 187.
Ajore, Ram and R.S. Tripathi. 2010. Sudhari
Gai Kshariya Bhumi mein Gypsum Ke Punah
Upyog Ki Aavashyakata Kyon ? In : Proceedings
of the National Agricultural Science Seminar
on Satat Krishi Utpadan, Samvardhan Evam
Sanrakshan hetu Prakritik Sansadhano Ka
Parbandhan, organized by the Bharatiya
Krishi Anusandhan Samiti and Central Soil
Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, April 22-
24, pp. 135-137.
Arora, Sanjay and Hadda, M.S. 2010. Coping
with precipitation variability and soil
moisture stress for agricultural productivity
in the rainfed foothill region of the northwest
Himalayas. In : International Conference on
Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas
held at Amman, Jordan during February 1-4.
Arora, Sanjay, Rao, G.G., Chinchmalatpure,
A.R. and Khandelwal, M.K. 2010. Effect of
biological sludge in conjunction with vermi
compost on soil fertility and performance
of cluster bean irrigated with saline waters
in Vertisol. In : National Convention of Indian
Society of Soil Science held at IISS, Bhopal,
November 14-17.
Arora, Sanjay, Rao, G.G., Chinchmalatpure,
A.R. and Khandelwal, M.K. 2010. Utilization
of excavated calcareous saline soils on dykes
of farm pond for vegetable production in
Integrated Farming System Approach. In :
National Conference on Watershed Management
on Sloping Lands held at SCSI, Shillong during
November 11-13.
Arora, Sanjay, Sharma, K.R. and Hadda, M.S.
2010. Degradation of land resources in relation
to soil erosion and agricultural productivity
in foothills of Northwest Himalayas. In :
International Conference on Combating Land
Degradation in Agricultural Areas held at Xi’an,
Shaanxi Province, China during October
11-15.
Bandyopadhyay, B.K., Burman, D., Sarangi,
S.K., Mandal Subhasis, Mahanta, K.K. and
Bal, A.R. 2010. Farm pond technology for
multi-cropping and enhancing income of
marginal farmers in low-lying waterlogged
coastal lands of Sundarbans. In : 9 th National
Symposium of Indian Society of Coastal
Agricultural Research on Recent outlook on
Sustainable Agriculture, Livelihood Security and
Ecology of Coastal Region held at Goa during
October 27-30, p. 132.
130

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
List of publications
Bundela, D.S., Sethi, Madhurama, Meena, R.L.,
Gupta, S.K., Yaduvanshi, N.P.S. and Tripathi,
R.S. 2011. Best management strategies for
enhancing crop yield from the areas of low
productivity in the WYC Command. In :
Regional Workshop on Groundwater Salinity:
Assessment, Management and Mitigation held
at Karnal during March 18-19.
Chinchmalatpure, A.R., Nayak, A.K. and
G.Gururaja Rao. 2010. Saline vertisols -
characteristics, distribution and management.
In : Symposium on Salt Affected Soils” during
75 th Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil
Science held at Bhopal during November 14-
17.
Chinchmalatpure, Anil R., A.K. Nayak G.
Gururaja Rao and M.K. Khandelwal.
2010. Soil moisture and climatic indices of
different micro-watersheds of Gujarat State
for soil based crop planning. In : 75 th Annual
Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science held
at Bhopal during November 14-17 .
Damodaran, T. Kannan, R. Ahmed, Israr,
Srivastava, R.C. and Umamaheshwari, S.2010.
Characterization of mango diversity in Bay
Islands using ISSR markers. In : National
Seminar on Biodiversity in Mango for Sustainable
Livelihood held at CISH-Rehmankhera,
Lucknow during June 25-28, pp.36
Damodaran, T., Rai, R.B., Sharma, D.K., Misra,
V.K., Singh, Balvir, Dixit, Himanshu, Kannan,
R.and Jha, S.K. 2010. Development of ecofriendly
technologies by utilization of native
isolates of endophytes with commercial
bioregulators to increase the yield and vase
life of gladiolus. In : Fourth International
Conference on Plant and Environment Pollution
held at NBRI, Lucknow during December
8-11, pp.173-174
Damodaran, T., Rai, R.B.,.Pandey, B.K,.Mishra,
V.K, Sharma, D.K.,.Ram, R.A., Kannan, R.
and Dixit, Himanshu. 2011. Technology of
banana cultivation with subsoil sodicity
management and integration with rural
poultry- A boon to marginal farmers for
sustainable livelihood generation. In : X th
Agricultural Science Congress held at NBFGR,
Lucknow during February 10-12, pp. 92-93
Damodaran, T., Nayak, A.K., Misra, V.K.,
Sharma, D.K., Verma, C.L., Pandey, B.K., Jha,
S.K., Dixit, Himanshu and Kannan, R.. 2010.
Strategies for management of sub soil sodicity
for commercial cultivation of banana in the
salt affected soils of Uttar Pradesh. In : Global
Conference on Banana held at NRC Banana,
Tiruchi during December 10-13, pp.73
Gupta, S.K. 2010. Management of saline sodic
groundwaters. In : 75 th Annual Convention of
Indian Society of Soil Science held at Bhopal
during November 14-17.
Gupta, S.K. 2010. Raising productivity of sodic
and waterlogged saline soils. In : Brainstorming
on Second Green Revolution-Technologies for
Eastern India held at ICAR Research Complex
for Eastern Region, Patna during December,
14-15.
Gupta, S.K. 2010. Reclamation of alkali and
waterlogged saline lands-CSSRI technologies.
In : High Level Meeting of Haryana State
convened by HARSAC and HSCS & T held at
Chandigarh on December, 24,.
Gupta, S.K. 2010. Strategies for improved water
management in coastal areas for enhancing
crop productivity and future perspective. In :
ISCAR National Seminar held at Goa, October,
27-29.
Gupta, S.K., Raghubabu, M., Singh, A.K.,
Balgnavi, S. and Meena, R.L. 2010.
Reclamation of waterlogged saline lands
through subsurface drainage techniques. In :
National seminar on Agricultural Sciences held
at CSSRI, Karnal during April, 22-24.
Jalali, V.K. and Arora, Sanjay. 2010. Monitoring
and mapping of salt affected soils using
RS and GIS approach for reclamation in
canal command of Jammu (J&K), India. In :
International Conference on Soil Classification
and Reclamation of Degraded Lands in Arid
Environment held at ICBA, Abu Dhabi during
May 17-19.
Joshi, P.K., Raman, Kumar and Rajput, V.D. 2010.
Biosorption of Pb, Cd and Ni by fungi and
bacteria from liquid medium. In : 51 st Annual
Conference of Association of Microbiologists
of India (AMI) held at Birla Institute of
Technology, Ranchi during December 14-17.
131

List of publications CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Kamra, S.K. and Sharma, D.K. 2011. Groundwater
recharge structures for small farmers in
alluvial regions. In : 3 rd Ground Water Congress,
organized by Central Ground Water Board,
Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India
at New Delhi, March 22- 23, pp.168- 174.
Kumar, Ashok, Singh, Gurbachan and Tripathi,
R.S. 2010. Sudhari Gai Usar Bhumi mein
Bahudhandhi Krishi Madal Dwara Adhik Labh. In
: Proceedings of the National Agricultural Sciences
Seminar on Satat Krishi Utpadan, Samvardhan
Evam Sanrakshan hetu Prakritik Sansadhano Ka
Pabandhan, organized by the Bharatiya Krishi
Anusandhan Samiti and Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal during 22-24 April,
pp. 124-134.
Kumar, Parveen, Sharma, Neeraj, Kadian,
M.S., Carli, C., Pandey, S.K., Bonierbale, M.,
Luthra, S.K., Schafleitner, R., Gopal, J., Singh,
S.V., Singh, B.P., Rawal, S. and Kumar,
Rajeev. 2010. Screening of CIP clones for
drought tolerance in Indo-Gangetic plains.
In : Potato Agrophysiology: Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Agronomy and
Physiology of Potato (Mehmet Emin Caliskan
and F Arslanoglu eds) held at Nevsehir,
Turkey during September, 20-24, pp. 76-83,
Kumar, Rajeev, Singh, B.P., Rawal, S., Kumar,
Kumar, Parveen, Sukhwinder, S.V. Singh,
Bandana, Kumar, Pawan, Kumar, Sanat and
Saini, Neeraj. 2011. Optimizing crop geometry
of cultivar Kufri Frysona under microirrigation
systems for higher productivity
of quality seed. In : National Consultation on
Production of Disease Free Quality Planting
Material Propagated through Tubers and
Rhizomes held at CPRIC, Modipuram during
on March 4-5, pp. 134-135.
Kumar, Satyendra, Kamra, S. K., Maity, P.,
Sharma J. P. and Tomar Vikas. 2011. Farmer
participatory approach for augmentation
of groundwater recharge. In : 45 th Annual
Convention of ISAE and International Symposium
on Water for Agriculture held at Nagpur, India
during January 17-19.
Kumar, Rajeev, Kumar, Parveen, Singh, B.P.,
Singh, S.V., Kumar, Dinesh, Rawal, S., Kumar,
Neeraj, Kumar, Pawan, Sanat, Vineet, Vishal
and Ansari, Z.A . 2010. Optimization of
geometry for maximization of French fry
grade tuber yield of processing cultivar Kufri
Frysona. In : Zonal Seminar on Physiological and
Molecular Interventions for Yield and Quality
Improvement in Crop Plants held at SVPUA&T
Meerut (UP) during September 17-18, pp.
229-230.
Kumar, Rajeev; Kumar, Parveen, Singh,
Sukhwinder, Singh, B.P., Kumar, Dinesh,
Rawal, S., Kumar, Neeraj and Kumar,
Pawan.2010. Standardizing depth of Kufri
Frysona and Kufri Chipsona-1 for higher
french fry grade tuber yield and better
quality. In : National Symposium on Emerging
Trends in Agriculture Research held at PDFSR,
Modipuram during September 11-12, pp.
134-135.
Mahanta, K.K., Khandelwal, M.K., Sarangi, S.K.
and Bandyopadhyay, B.K. 2010. Weather
analysis for sustainable crop planning for
Sundarbans region of West Bengal. In : 9 th
National Symposium of Indian Society of Coastal
Agricultural Research on Recent outlook on
sustainable Agriculture, Livelihood Security and
Ecology of Coastal Region held at Goa during
October 27-30, p. 186.
Mahanta, K.K., Sahoo, Bhabagrahi, and Sarangi,
S.K. 2010. A modified Van der Molen’s
model for reclamation of saline soils. In : 9 th
National Symposium of Indian Society of Coastal
Agricultural Research on Recent outlook on
Sustainable Agriculture, Livelihood Security and
Ecology of Coastal Region held at Goa during
October 27-30, pp. 62.
Mandal, Subhasis, Sarangi, S.K., Burman, D.
and Bandyopadhyay, B.K. 2010. Production
and marketing of selected vegetable crops
in coastal districts of West Bengal. In : 9 th
National Symposium of Indian Society of Coastal
Agricultural Research on Recent outlook on
Sustainable Agriculture, Livelihood Security and
Ecology of Coastal Region held at Goa during
October 27-30, p. 113.
Mandal, A.K. 2010. Assessment of salt affected
soils in India using Geographic Information
System. In : National Seminar on Development
of Soil Science 2010 and the Annual Convention
132

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
List of publications
of the Indian Society of Soil Science held at
Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal during
November14-17.
Mandal, A.K. 2010. Computerized database on
salt affected soils in India using Geographic
Information System. In : National Seminar
on Issues in land Resource Management: Land
Degradation, Climate Change, and land Use
Diversification held at NBSS&LUP, Nagpur
during October 8-10.
Mandal, Subhasis, Sarangi, S.K., Burman, D.
and Bandyopadhyay, B.K. 2010. Marketing
enhancing crop production and reducing
soil degradation in coastal regions of India.
In : Abstracts, 9 th National Symposium of Indian
Society of Coastal Agricultural Research on Recent
outlook on sustainable Agriculture, Livelihood
Security and Ecology of Coastal Region held at
Goa during October 27-30, pp. 55.
Mishra, V.K. Sharma, D.K. Shefali Srivastava,
Damodaran, T. and Shahabuddin, Md. 2011.
Mitigation approaches for management of
terminal heat effect on wheat crop under
sodic environment. In : X Agricultural Science
Congress held at NBFGR, Lucknow during
February 10-12, pp.276.
Mishra, V.K., Shefali, Srivastava, Sharma, D.K.,
Damodaran, T. and Shahabuddin, Md. 2010.
Potentiality of horticultural crops for carbon
sequestration under sodic environment. In
: Fourth International Conference on Plant and
Environment Pollution held at NBRI, Lucknow
during December 8-11, pp. 6.
Mishra, V.K., Shrama, D.K., Shefali Srivastava,
Damodaran, T., Singh, Y.P. and Nayak, A.K.
and Singh, Y.P. 2010. Climate Change: An
increasing threat for coastal agriculture in
India. In : 9 th National Symposium on Recent
outlook on Sustainable Agriculture, Livelihood
Security and Ecology of Coastal Region organized
by Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural
Research, CSSRI-RRS. Canning Town,West
Bengal during October 27-30.
Saini, Neeraj, Kumar, Dinesh, Kumar, Parveen,
Kumar, Pawan, Rawal, S., Kumar Sanjeev
and Rajeev. 2010. Effect of calcium dose and
time of application on processing quality of
potato (Solanum tuberosum L) cultivars. In :
Zonal Seminar on Physiological and Molecular
Interventions for Yield and Quality Improvement
in Crop Plants held at SVPUA&T Meerut (UP)
during September 17-18, pp. 129.
Saini, Neeraj, Kumar, Dinesh, Kumar, Parveen,
Rawal, S., Kumar, Sanjeev, Kumar Pawan,
Sharma, Vineet and Rajeev. 2010. Effect of
organic and homeopathic product on quality
of potato tuber at harvest and during storage
with CIPC. In : National Congress on Emerging
Trends in Agriculture Research held at Meerut
during September 11-12, pp. 134-135.
Sarangi, S.K., Bandyopadhyay, B.K. and
Subhasis, Mandal. 2010. Kalmisag (Ipomoea
aquatica) – A green leafy vegetable having
promise in the coastal salt affected soils. In
: 9 th National Symposium of Indian Society of
Coastal Agricultural Research on Recent outlook
on Sustainable Agriculture, Livelihood Security
and Ecology of Coastal Region held at Goa
during October 27-30, p. 149.
Sarangi, S.K., Subhasis, Mandal and Mahanta,
K.K.2010. System of rice intensification (SRI)
during rabi season in coastal salt-affected soils.
In : 9 th National Symposium of Indian Society of
Coastal Agricultural Research on Recent outlook
on Sustainable Agriculture, Livelihood Security
and Ecology of Coastal Region held at Goa
during October 27-30, 147.
Singh, S.K. 2011. Studies on different mode of
aquaculture operation under three different
aging pond fish culture trails of sodic land.
In : X Agricultural Science Congress held at
Lucknow during February 10-12 pp. 13
Singh, S.R. and Verma, C. L. 2010. A viscous
resistance model for estimating hydraulic
conductivity of soils. In : Indian National
Science Academy, 76:41-52.
Singh, S.V., Kadian, M.S., Patel, N.H., Luthra,
S.K., Carli, C., Pandey, S.K., Kumar Dinesh,
Kumar, Parveen, Sharma, Neeraj, Bonierbale,
M., Gopal, J. and Singh, BP. 2010. Evaluation
of CIP advanced clones for hot climate in
Gujarat State. In : Potato Agrophysiology:
Proceedings of the International Symposium
on Agronomy and Physiology of Potato held at
Nevsehir, Turkey during September 20-24,
pp. 84-88.
133

List of publications CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Tripathi, R.S., 2010, Bharat mein Lavan Prabhavit
Bhumi Sudhar ka Samajik-Arthik Prabhav. In :
National Agricultural Sciences Seminar on Satat
Krishi Utpadan, Samvardhan Evam Sanrakshan
hetu Prakritik Sansadhano Ka Pabandhan
organized by the Bharatiya Krishi Anusandhan
Samiti and Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal during April 22-24, pp.
67-83.
Verma, C.L., Sharma, H.C., Singh, Rupinder,
Kumar Sandeep and Jha, S.K. 2010. Design
and development of cheap filter for reuse
of kitchen waste water. In : DAAD Expert
Alumni Seminar on Wastewater and Waste
Management in Coastal Areas Ghana, Accra
held at University of Ghana, Ghana during
February 5 to March 5, pp. 22.
Yadav, R.K., Dagar, J.C. Khajanchi Lal, Aishwath,
O.P. and Anwer, M.M. 2010. Salinity tolerance
of coriander, fennel and fenugreek seed
spices. In : XXI AICRP Workshop & National
Consultation on Seed Spices held at National
Research Centre on Seed Spices, Tabiji,
Ajmer, Rajasthan, during July 5-6, pp. 187.
Review article
Sarangi, A., Bundela, D.S., Chakraborty, S. and
Wadkar, S.K. 2011. Decision Support Systems
in Water Resources Management – A Review.
WTC-IARI, New Delhi, India, pp.50
Book
Bundela, D.S., Dey, P. and Gupta, S.K. 2011.
Water Management and Drainage Strategies
for Irrigation Commands. Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal, India, p142
Burman, D., Mandal, Subhasis, Bandyopadhyay,
B.K., Sarangi, S.K., Mahanta, K.K., Maji, B.
2010. A glimpse of CSSRI, RRS, Canning Town,
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, India,
Sharma, D.K., Tripathi, R.S., Singh, S.K., Yadav,
R.K., Meena, R.L., Gautam, R.K. 2010. Krishi
Kiran. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, India pp. 158
Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K.,
Lal, Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K. 2010. Use of
Poor Quality Water in Agriculture. CSSRI,
Karnal, MoRD, GOI, New Delhi and AARDO
Secretariate, New Delhi, India, p265.
Book chapter
Arora, Sanjay, Hadda, M.S., Sharma, K.R. and
Bhatt, R. 2010. Soil moisture conservation for
improving maize yields through participatory
micro-watershed approach in the foothills of
the Shivaliks. In : Maize for Asia: Emerging
Trends and Technologies (Eds.Zaidi, P.H.,
Azrai, M. and Pixley, K.V.). Mexico D.F.,
CIMMYT, pp. 467-470.
Bundela, D.S. and Lal, K. 2010. Fluoride and
nitrate pollution in ground water. In : Use of
Poor Quality Water in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav,
R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal,
Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.).Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal, pp. 182- 190.
Bundela, D.S. 2010. Technologies for enhancing
crop and water productivity in irrigated saline
environment. In : Training Manual-Use of
Geospatial Tools, Models and DSS in Enhancing
Productivity of Irrigated Saline Environment
(Eds. Sarangi, A., Singh D.K. and Kalra, B.S.).
WTC-IARI, New Delhi, p161.
Bundela, D.S. 2011. Performance evaluation
of irrigation projects for sustainability. In
: Water Management and Drainage Strategies
for Irrigation Commands (Eds. Bundela, D.S.
Dey, P. and Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal, India, p142
Chaudhary, S.K. 2010. Irrigation induced soil
degradation in command areas. In : Use
of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture (Eds.
Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh,
R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.).Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, pp.
178-181.
Dey, P. 2010. Gypsum/amendment requirement
in sodic/saline water- A practical assessment.
In : Use of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture
(Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S.,
Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.).
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, pp. 87-91.
Gupta, S.K. 2010. An overview of waterlogging
and soil salinity problems in three AARDO
134

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
List of publications
Countries. In : Use of Poor Quality Water in
Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K.; Meena, R.L.;
Jat, H.S.; Singh, R.K.; Lal, K. and Gupta,
S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, pp. 1-9.
Kamra, S.K. 2010. Recharge and skimmingopportunities
and techniques for poor quality
ground water areas. In : Use of Poor Quality
Water in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena,
R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 134-144.
Kamra, S.K. 2011. Artificial groundwater
recharge technologies for augmentation of
groundwater and improvement of quality.
In : Water Management and Drainage Strategies
for Irrigation Commands (Eds.Bundela, D.S.,
Dey, P. and Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal, p13-21.
Krishna Murthy, S.L. 2010. Breeding for salt
tolerance in rice. In : Use of Poor Quality Water
in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L.,
Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 199-207.
Kulshreshtha, N. 2010. Genetic improvement for
salt tolerance in wheat. In : Use of Poor Quality
Water in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena,
R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 227-232.
Kumar, P. and Yadav, R.K. 2010. Cultivation of
industrial and non-conventional crops in salt
affected conditions. In : Use of Poor Quality
Water in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena,
R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 98-103.
Kumar, S. 2010. Drip irrigation in horticultural
crops : Suitability for saline water use. In :
Use of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture (Eds.
Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh,
R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.). Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal,
pp.117-133
Lal, K. 2010. Practical assessment of RSC, SAR,
Adj. SAR and RNa in irrigation water. In :
Use of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture (Eds.
Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh,
R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.). Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, pp.
67-69
Lal, K., Yadav, R. K. and Meena, R.L. 2010.
Characterisation of waste water for irrigation.
In : Use of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture
(Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S.,
Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.).
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, pp. 152-160.
Madhu, Choudhary. 2010. Bioremediation :
pollution fighting tool. In : Use of Poor Quality
Water in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena,
R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 233-239.
Madhurama Sethi. 2010. Remote sensing and
GIS for waterlogged salt affected soils. In :
Use of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture (Eds.
Yadav, R.K.; Meena, R.L.; Jat, H.S.; Singh,
R.K.; Lal, K. and Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil
Salinity Research Institute, Karnal pp.33-40.
Mandal, A.K. 2010. Geochemistry and
hydrological cycles- source of origin of poor
quality waters. In : Use of poor quality of water
in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R. K., Meena, R.
L., Jat, H. S., Singh, R. K., Lal, K. and Gupta,
S. K.). Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, India, p. 10-20.
Mandal, A. K. 2010. In-situ examination of
salt affected soil profile for reclamation and
management. In : Use of poor quality of water
in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R. K., Meena, R.
L., Jat, H. S., Singh, R. K., Lal, K. and Gupta,
S. K.). Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, India, p. 70-76
Pandey, R.S. 2010. Drip irrigation with
wastewater in vegetable and fruit crops. In
: Use of poor quality water in agriculture (Eds.
Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh,
R.K., Lal, K., and Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil
Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, pp.
191-198.
Qadar, Ali. 2010. Physiological attributes associated
with sodicity tolerance. In : Use of Poor Quality
Water in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena,
R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and
135

List of publications CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 219-226.
Sarangi, S.K. and Satapathy, K.K. 2010. Resource
conservation technologies (RCTs): A way
towards sustainable agriculture. In : Stable
Food Production and Sustainable Agriculture: A
Challenge Ahead in 21 st Century, (Eds. Sengar,
R.S. and Sharma, A. K.). Studium Press
(India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 29-55.
Sharma, P.C. 2010. Nuclear techniques for inducing
salt tolerance in crops. In : Use of Poor Quality
Water in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena,
R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 208-218.
Sharma, S.K. 2010. Physiological mechanisms of
tolerance to salinity and sodicity stresses. In :
Use of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture (Eds.
Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh,
R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.). Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, pp.
92-97.
Sharma, S.K., Kumar, S., Phogat, V., Yadav, A.C.,
Singh, A. 2010. Impact of high RSC water
irrigation on cultivation of vegetable crops. In
: Use of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture (Eds.
Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh,
R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.). Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, pp.
259-265 .
Sharma, K.R. and Arora, Sanjay. 2010. Runoff and
soil loss as affected by different intercrops
with maize in relation to productivity in the
Kandi region of Jammu. In : Emerging Trends
in Watershed Management (Eds. RP Yadav,
AK Tewari, Pawan Sharma, Pratap Singh,
Swaran Lata Arya, PK Bhat, Ram Prasad and
VN Sharda). Satish Serial Publishing House,
New Delhi, pp. 385-390.
Singh, D., Choudhary, M.K., Meena, M.L. and
Dayal, H. 2010. Raising horticultural crops
under saline environment. In : Use of Poor
Quality Water in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav,
R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal,
Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil
Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, pp. 55-66
Singh, S. K. 2010. Aquaculture in agriculturally
poor quality of water : An integral part of
natural resource management. In : Waste
Water Management and Use of Poor Quality
Water in Agriculture for International Training
Manual for AARDO member countries :
58-68
Singh, S.K. 2010. Aquaculture in agriculturally
poor quality water: An integral component
of natural resource management. In : Use of
Poor Quality Water in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav,
R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K.,
Lal, Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.). Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, pp.
248-258.
Tripathi, R.S. 2010. Financial appraisal and socioeconomic
benefits of sodic and saline land
reclamation. In : Use of Poor Quality Water in
Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L.,
Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 240-247.
Yadav, R.K., Jat, H.S. and Lal, Khajanchi. 2010.
Agro-practices for management of saline
irrigation water. In : Use of Poor Quality water
in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena,
R. L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal K. and
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 77-86.
Yadav, R.K., Jat, H.S., Meena, R.L. and Lal,
Khajanchi. 2010. Crop growth with high
RSC irrigation water and strategies for its
efficient use. In : Use of Poor Quality Water
in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena,
R. L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal K. and
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 161-177.
Yadav, R.K. Lal, Khajanchi and Meena, R.L.
2010. Wastewater use in agriculture: issues
and strategies. In : Use of Poor Quality Water
in Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R. K., Meena,
R. L., Jat, H. S., Singh, R. K., Lal, Khajanchi and
Gupta, S. K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 152-161.
Yadav, R.K., Jat, H. S., Lal, Khajanchi and
Meena, R. L. 2010. Crop growth with high
RSC irrigation water and strategies for its
efficient use. In : Use of Poor Quality Water in
Agriculture (Eds. Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L.,
Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and
Gupta, S.K.). Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, pp. 161-177
136

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
List of publications
Yaduvanshi, N.P.S. Integrated nutrient
management- An option for minimizing
adverse effects of RSC water irrigation. In :
Use of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture (Eds.
Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh,
R.K., Lal, Khajanchi and Gupta, S.K.). Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, pp.
44-54.
Book Edited
Sharma, D.K., Tripathi, R.S., Singh, S.K., Yadav,
R.K.,Meena, R.L., Gautam., R.K., 2010. Krishi
Kiran, pp.158.
Tripathi, R.S., Modi, B.S., Goel, R.D., Dey,
P., Yadav, R.K.,.Singh, S.K Menna, R.L.,
Kulshrestha, N. 2010. Satat Krishi Utpadan,
Sambardhan evam Sarkshan hetu Prakritik
Sansadhano Ka Pravandhan, pp.231.
Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Jat, H.S., Singh, R.K,
Lal, Knajanchi and Gupta, S.K. 2010. Use of
Poor Quality water in Agriculture. Central Soil
Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, pp. 259.
Research Bulletins/Folders
Damodaran, T., Ahnmad, I. and Srivastava, R.C.
2010. Diversity of Wild Mango (Magnifera spp.)
of Andman and Nicobar islands. pp. 38.
Gupta, S.K. Thripathi, R.S. Kaledhonkar, M.J.,
Verma, J.P. and Lal, Mohan. 2011. Jalgrasth
Lavaniye Bhumi Sudhar hetu Bhumigat Jalnikas
Taknik. Revised Technical Bulletin : CSSRI/
Karnal/2009/01. Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal. pp. 8.
Gururaja Rao, Khandelwal, M.K.,
Chinchmalatpure, Anil R., Arora, Sanjay and
Kamra, S.K. 2010. Groundwater Recharging:
an Ideal Tool for Harnessing Rain Water in
Gujarat. Technical Bulletin No. CSSRI/
Bharuch/2010/05, CSSRI Regional Station,
Bharuch.
Kamra, S.K., Kumar, Satyendra, Kaledhonkar,
M.J., Yadav, R.K. Singh, S.K., Ram Ajore and
Singh, Gurbachan. 2010. FPARP on Enhancing
Groundwater Recharge and Water Productivity in
North West India. Central Soil Salinity Research
institute, Karnal India (Folder), pp. 3.
Karpagam, C., Burman, D., Bandyopadhyay,
B.K. and Bal, A.R. 2010. Agriculture Based
Indigenous Technical Knowledge in Sunderban
Coastal Agro-ecosystem. Technical Bulletin
No. CSSRI/Canning Town/2010/03. CSSRI,
RRS, Canning Town.
Sharma, S.K., Dagar, J.C. and Singh,
Gurbachan.2010. Biosafar-biosaline (Agro.)
Forestry: Remediation of Saline Wastelands
through Production of Renewable Energy,
Biomaterial and Fodder. Technical Bulletin No.
CSSRI/Karnal/2010/04. Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal, pp. 26.
Sharma, S.K., Dagar, J.C. and Singh,
Gurbachan.2010. Research Highlights of
Biosafar Project. Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal (Folder), pp. 3.
Tripathi, R.S. and Sharma, D.K. 2011. Kshariya
Bhumi Sudhar evam Uske Samajik–Arthik
Labh. Revised Technical Bulletin : CSSRI/
Karnal/2009/2. Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal. pp. 12
Yadav, R.K., Jat, H.S.,Tripathi, R.S. and Sharma,
D.K. 2011. Krishi mein Lavaniye evam Kshariya
Jal se Sinchai hetu Taknik. Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal (Folder), pp. 3.
Technical/Popular Articles
Ajore, R. 2010. Kisano ke kheto per isabgol ka safal
pardarshan. Krishi Kiran. Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal, 3: 105-106
Anil R. Chinchmalatpure, A. K. Nayak and G.
Gururaja Rao. 2010 Land Use Planning of the
Bara tract area under Sardar Sarovar Canal
Command of Gujarat. Indian Farming, 60
(1):15-18.
Devi, Renu, Sharma, P.C., Singh, R.K. and Dey,
P. 2010. Boudhik sampatti adhikar ka bharatiya
parichyay. Sodh Patra Samarika: 12th Rashtriya
Krishi Vigyan Samgosthi. Bhartiya Krishi
Anusandhan Samiti and CSSRI, Karnal, pp.
166-167.
Dey, P. 2010. Jalbayu parivartan avom prakitik
sangsadhan prabandhan. Rajbhasa Alok,
Published by Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi, Vol. 2, pp.14-20.
Dey, P., Jat, H.S. and Singh, Gurbachan. 2010.
Jalbayu parivartan ki prishtbhumi me carbon
prithakkarran tatha sudharuporant khario mrida
me bhumi upoyog pronalion ka prithakkarran par
probhav. Sodh Patra Smarika: 12th Rashtriya
Krishi Vigyan Samgosthi. Bhartiya Krishi
Anusandhan Samiti and CSSRI, Karnal, pp.
90-93.
137

List of publications CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Dey, P. and Kapila Sekhawat. 2010. Bhumi mein
karban prithkaran ke awsakata evam mahtav.
Krishi Kiran. Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, 3: 14-17
Gupta, S. K. 2010. Kshariya maridao ke sudhar ki
safal taknik. Kheti, 64 (8): 14-15
Jat, H.S., Singh, Gurbachan and Dagar, J.C.
2010. Bhahu-udhesiya krishi model- Niyamit
aamdani evam rojgar ka jariya (in Hindi), Kheti,
November issue, pp.25-28.
Jat, H.S., Yadav, R.K. and Lal, Mohan. 2011.
Sanrakshan kheti - Paaramparik kheti ka ek vikalp
(in Hindi), Kheti Duniya, 2: 8-9.
Kapila Sekhawat and Singh, D. 2010. Khumb
utpadan ke vegyanik taknik. Krishi Kiran. Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 3: 52-56.
Kiran Kumari, Lal, M. Kulshrestha, N. and
Gautam, R.K. 2010. Sudhari gai kshariya bhumi
mein gehu ka beej utpadan khese karein. Krishi
Kiran. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, 3: 35-39.
Kumar, Ashok. 2010. Samekit krishi utpadan padhti
mein chara utpadan. Krishi Kiran. Central Soil
Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 3: 44-46.
Kumar, Ashok, Singh, Gurbachan and Tripathi,
R.S. 2010. Sudhari gai usar bhumi mein
bahudwandi krishi model dwara adhik labh.
Samarika. Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal pp. 124-134.
Lal, Mohan, Jat, H.S. and Yadav, R.K. 2011. Kisan
gehun ka beej utpadan kaise karein? (in Hindi),
8 th January, 2011, Kheti Duniya, 2: 5-6.
Qadar, Ali. 2010. Fasal utpadan mein jasate ka
mahtav. Krishi Kiran. Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal, 3: 5-9.
Sarangi, S.K. 2010. Management of methane
emission from low land rice fields. Agrobios
Newsletter IX (1): 34-35.
Sarangi, S.K. 2010. Reducing methane emission
from rice paddies. Intensive Agriculture 49 (2):
8-9.
Sarangi, S.K. 2010. Cultivation practices of
jatropha – the biodiesel plant. Indian Farming
60 (9): 18-20.
Singh, Randhir, Kumar, S. 2010. Kisano ke liye
vardan hai poplar ki kheti. Krishi Kiran. Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, (3):
82-89.
Singh, S. K. and Kumar, S. 2010. Machhalyo ka
manav jeevan mein mahatav. Krishi Kiran.
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, (3):73-75.
Singh, S. K. and Kumar, S. 2010. Machhalyo
ka manav jeevan mein mahatv : Lavangrast
prayavaran ke paripekshay mein. Satat Krishi
Utpadan, Sambardhan Evam Sanrkshan hetu
Prakritik Sansadhano Ka Prabandhan, 43 : 163
Tripathi, R.S. 2010. Bharat mein lavan parbhavit
bhumi sudhar ka samajik arthik parbhav.
Samarika. Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal pp. 67-83.
Tripathi, R.S. 2010. Gain ka dood amrit tulya. Dood
Ganga. 1:42.
Verma, C.L. 2010. Sinchai ki naliyo se jal risav
rokane hetu plastic chadro ka satrykaran. Krishi
Kiran. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, 3: 61-63.
Verma, C.L. 2010. Nadi jal sanyojan ke sambavana
evam sambandhit payavarnia samashiya. Krishi
Kiran. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, 3: 69-72.
Yadav, R.K., Kumar, Ashok and Yadav, D.B.
2010. Lavaniye bhumi mein chare hetu raigass
ka utpadan. Krishi Kiran. Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal, 3: 40-43.
Yadav, R.K., Meena, R.L., Khajanchi Lal and
Minhas, P.S. 2010. Haryana mein mal jal dawara
sinchai ki sambawnaye. Krishi Kiran, Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, pp.
64-68
Yadav, D.B. and Lalita Batra. 2010. Vermicompost
evam farm avasesh parbandhan dawara tikao kheti.
Krishi Kiran. Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, 3: 18-24.
Singh, S.V., Singh, B.P., Goyal, S.K. and
Kumar, Parveen. 2010. Alu ko chot se bhanye
adik labh kamaye. Kheti. 32-36 & 36
Aiswath, O.P., G. Lal, Anwar , M. M., Dagar,
J. C., Yadav, R. K. and Singh, Ranvir. 2010.
Growing seed spices a boon in problematic
areas. Indian Horticulture, September : 19-
22.
Yaduvanshi, N.P.S. 2010. Kshariya bhumi sudhar
mein press mud ka yogdan. Krishi Kiran. Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 3:
1-4.
138

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCE/SEMINAR/
SYMPOSIUM/WORKSHOPS
Name Title Period
S.K.Chaudhari XII All India Engineers’ Conference – 2010, Nagpur April 5-9, 2010
S.K. Gupta
Satyendra Kumar
Pradip Dey
R.S. Tripathi
S.K. Singh
R.L. Meena
R.K. Yadav
Participated in National Seminar on Agricultural Sciences,
CSSRI, Karnal
Rashtriya Krishi Vigyan Sangoshti Satat Krishi Utpadan
Samvardan evam Sanrakshan hetu Prakritik Sansadhano ka
Sanrakshan held at CSSRI, Karnal
April 22-24, 2010
April 22-24, 2010
D.S. Bundela National Meet on Technological Innovations in Agriculture May 21-22, 2010
held at NASC Complex, New Delhi
S.K. Gupta Annual meeting of NAAS, New Delhi June 4-5, 2010
T. Damodaran National Symposium on Mango Biodiversity at CISH,
Lucknow
June 23-25, 2010
D.S. Bundela NAIP M&E Workshop held at NAARM, Hyderabad July 5-6, 2010
R.K. Yadav
P.C. Sharma
N. Kulshreshtha
D.S. Bundela
P.C. Sharma
S.L. Krishna Murthi
P.C. Sharma
S.L. Krishna Murthi
XXI AICRP Workshop & National Consultation on Seed
Spices held at National Research Centre on Seed Spices,
Tabiji, P.O. Saradhana, Ajmer
Participated in ICAR-Industry meeting held at NASC, New
Delhi
Executive Seminar Series on Geospatial Technology, held at
Chandigarh
Participated in XVII Annual Group meeting of AICRP
(Rapeseed and Mustard) held at Devi Ahilya Agricultural
University, Gwalior
Participated in CSISA Experimental Platform Progress-cumhealth
training meet held at CSSRI, Karnal
Participated in the workshop on Global Plan of Action for
Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture” organized by National
Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi
July 5-6, 2010
July 28-29, 2010
August 26, 2010
September 1-3, 2010
September14-16,
2010
September 30, 20
B.K. Bandyopadhyay
D. Burman
Subhasis Mandal
D.S. Bundela
Handholding PMTS Workshop of NAIP at ICAR Complex
for NEH Region, Barapani
NAIP Workshop of Component-1 Projects held at NASC
Complex, New Delhi
October 7-8, 2010
October 19-20, 2010
139

Participation in conference/seminar/ symposium/workshops CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
S.K. Gupta
B.K. Bandyopadhyay
A.R. Bal
D.Burman
S.K. Sarangi
K.K. Mahanta
S. Mandal
Sanjay Arora
9 th National Symposium on Recent Outlook on Sustainable
Agriculture, Livelihood Security and Ecology of Coastal
Region, organized by Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural
Research, at Calangute, Goa.
National Conference on Watershed Management on Sloping
Lands for Environment & Livelihood Security, SCSI,
Shillong.
October 27-30, 2010
November 11-13,
2010
D.S. Bundela ESRI’s Geovision Seminar held at New Delhi November 12, 2010
S.K. Gupta
75 th Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science,
Bhopal
November 14-16,
2010
P. Dey 2nd International Exhibition and conference on scientific,
bio-technology, analytical and lab technology and India lab
expo held at New Delhi
December11, 2010
S.K. Gupta
S.K. Kamra
Pragati Maity
Brain Storming on 2 nd Green Revolution –Technologies for
Eastern India, Patna
Indo-Canadian Workshop on Adaptive and Sustainable
Solutions for Water Integrity, Safety, Security and Supply’ at
Chandigarh
December14-15, 2010
January 7-8, 2011
R.S. Pandey
45 th Annual Convention of Indian Society of Agricultural
Engineering and International Symposium on Water for
Agriculture, Nagpur
January 17-19, 2011
S.K. Chaudhari Soil health, sustainability and food security,Dapoli January 21-22, 2011
V.K. Mishra
C.L. Verma
T. Damodaran
Xth Agricultural Science Congress at NBFGR, Lucknow February 10-12, 2011
B. Maji
B.K. Bandyopadhyay
D. Burman
S.K. Sarangi
K.K. Mahanta
S. Mandal
D.S. Bundela
Pradip Dey
S.K. Kamra
Status and Innovations of Farm to Market linkages - A
special reference to Coastal agriculture held at Chandkhali
Village of Taldi (Canning I block).
Regional Workshop on Groundwater Salinity: Assessment,
Management and Mitigation held at CSSRI, Karnal
3 rd Ground Water Congress, organized by Central Ground
Water Board, Govt. of India at New Delhi, and presented a
paper entitled ‘Groundwater Recharge Structures for Small
farmers in Alluvial Regions’.
February 15, 2011
March 18-19, 2011
March 22- 23, 2011
140

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
LIST OF ON GOING PROJECTS
Priority area - Data Base on Salt Affected Soils
and Poor Quality Waters
1 P1-2005/DBR2.7-ISR-F24.Mapping
salt-affected and waterlogged soils in
Rohtak, Jhajjar and Bhiwani districts
of Haryana using remote sensing and
GIS (Madhurama Sethi, S.K. Gupta,
M. L. Khurana, Parvesh Chandna and
D.S. Bundela )
2 P1-2007/DBR 2.8-ISR-F24. Digital
database on salt affected soils using GIS.
(A.K. Mandal)
3 P1-2009/DBR 3.0-ISR-F10/F26/4230.
Impact of changing trend in weather, soil
and water parameters on crop productivity
in fresh and saline groundwater zones
in Haryana.(Pragati Maity, Satyendra
Kumar, D.S. Budela and S.K. Kamra)
Priority Area - Reclamation and Management
of Alkali Soils
4 P 1 - 9 0 / A S M A 1 . 1 3 - I S R - F 2 0 / F 2 5 /
0010. Integrated nutrient supply and
management system for sustainable
crop production in alkali soils. (N.P.S.
Yaduvanshi and S.K. Chaudhari)
5 P1-2005/ASM3.4-ISR-A00/P00/F27.
Studies on multi-enterprise agriculture
on reclaimed sodic lands for sustaining
livelihood (J.C. Dagar, H.S. Jat, R.S.
Tripathi, N.P.S. Yaduvanshi, R.S. Pandey,
S.K. Singh, S.S. Kundu (NDRI) and N.S.
Sirohi (NDRI)
6 P1-2005/ASM3.5-ISR-A00/P00/F27.
Evaluation of resource conservation
technologies in rice-wheat cropping
system. (Ranbir Singh, P.K. Joshi, R.S.
Tripathi, P. Dey and S.K. Chaudhari)
7 P 1 - 2 0 0 7 / A S M 3 . 8 - I S R - E 0 0 / 0 1 5 0 /
018/0338. Socio-economic impact
assessment of salt tolerant varieties
developed by CSSRI. (R.S. Tripathi,
Ali Qadar, N. Kulshreshtha and P.C.
Sharma)
8 P1-2008/ASM3.9-ISR-COO/F26/F28.
Diagnosis, definition and interventions
for salt affected soils in Indo-Gangetic
plains using participatory appraisal.
(Ex Officio Director) –facilitator, R.K.
Yadav, Neeraj Kulshreshtha, Sharad
Kumar Singh, Satyendra Kumar, J.C.
Dagar and Khajanchi Lal)
9 P1-2008/ ASM4.0-ISR-F22/ 0010. Effect
of different land-use system on carbon
sequestration, soil physico-chemical
properties and capacity of these soils for
sustaining crop growth under reclaimed
sodic soil. (Pradip Dey, H.S. Jat Anil
Chinchmalatpure and D. Burman)
10 P1-2009/ ASM4.2-ISR-C00/ K10. Socio
economic impact of tree plantations on
farmers and community lands in salt
affected and reclaimed soils of Haryana.
(Ranjay Kumar Singh and C.B. Pandey)
11 P1-2009/ ASM4.3-ISR-A00/ F27/ 0120/
0180. Efficient use of organic waste
material as mulching in maze-wheat
cropping system in reclaimed sodic soils.
(H.S. Jat, and Ranbir Singh)
12 P1-2009/ASM4.4-ISR-E10.Economic
impact assessment of zero tillage
technology. (R.S. Tripathi)
Priority Area - Management of Marginal
Quality Waters
13 P1-2006/WQM4.0-ISR-F21/P10/3854.
Recycling of organic farm wastes for
compost production and its utilization
for crop production under sodic water
irrigated conditions. (Lalita Batra)
14 P1-2006/WQM4.1-ISR-P12/3860/ 0600.
Performance study of sub-surface microirrigation
for horticultural crops (fruits)
141

List of on going projects CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
using domestic wastewater (R.S. Pandey,
Lalita Batra, S.K. Gupta and Ali Qadar)
15 P 1 - 2 0 0 6 / W Q M 4 . 2 - I S R - U 2 0 / P 1 0 /
A00/3862. Developing a spatial decision
support system for suggesting the
suitability of contaminated groundwater
for irrigation and its effects on agriculture
and Public Health in Haryana (D.S.
Bundela, K. Lal, M. Sethi, Mahathi
Parkash, S.K. Kamra, S.K. Gupta and R.K.
Yadav)
16 P1-2007/WQM4.4-ISR-A00/3850/
0120/0180. Organic input management
option with saline water irrigation for
sustaining productivity of high value
crops. (R.L. Meena, S.K. Gupta, Vinod
Phogot (AICRP, Hisar Centre)
17 P1-2008/WQM 4.7-ISR-M10. Productive
utilization of inland sodic/saline soil and
water for aquaculture. (Sharad Kumar
Singh)
18 P 1 - 2 0 0 8 / W Q M 4 . 8 - I S R - P 1 0 / 4 6 3 0 .
Integrated filtering system for artificial
groundwater recharge. (Satyendra
Kumar, S.K. Kamra and R.K. Yadav )
19 P 1 - 2 0 0 9 / W Q M 4 . 9 - I S R - P 1 0 / 3 8 6 0 .
Wastewater use in non-food crops.
(Khajanchi Lal, R.K. Yadav, P.Dey,
D.S. Bundela, S.K. Chaudhari, Madhu
Chaudhary and J.C. Dagar )
20 P 1 - 2 0 1 0 / W Q M 5 . 0 - I S R - T 0 0 / 3 8 6 0 .
Isolation and characterization of arsenic
tolerant microbes. (Madhu Choudhary,
P.K. Joshi and N.P.S. Yaduvanshi)
Priority Area - Crop Improvement for Salinity,
Alkalinity and Waterlogging Stresses
21 P 1 - 2 0 0 6 / C I S A 3 . 4 - I S R - F 3 0 / 0 1 8 0 .
Incorporation of salt tolerance in wheat
through induced mutagenesis. (Neeraj
Kulshershtha and P.C. Sharma)
22 P1-2006/CISA3.5-ISR-F60/F30/0338.
Development of salt tolerant high
yielding genotypes of Indian Mustard
(Brassica juncea) (P.C. Sharma and S.L.
Krishnamurthy)
23 P1-2007/ CIS3.9-ISR-F30/ F60/ 0180.
Genetic improvement of wheat
germplasm for salinity, sodicity
and waterlogging stresses. (Neeraj
Kulshreshtha, S.K. Sharma, and G.G
Rao)
24 P1-2009/CIS4.5-ISR-F60/0180/3800.
Search for wheat materials tolerant to
both sodicity and zinc deficiency stresses.
(Ali Qadar and Neeraj Kulshreshtha)
25 P1-2009/ CIS4.6-ISR-F30/ 0150. Genetic
improvement of rice for salt tolerance
(S.L. Krishnamurthi, Ali Qadar and
P. Dey)
Priority Area - Agroforestry in Salt Affected
Soils
26 P1-2006/AFS3.0-ISR-K00/P05/0390.
Biomass and Bio-diesel for energy
production from salt affected land. (S.K.
Sharma, N.P.S. Yaduvanshi, G.G. Rao,
Y.P. Singh, B.K. Bandyopadhyay, J.C.
Dagar, D.K. Sharma, D. Burman, and
A.R. Chinchmalatpure)
27 P 1 - 2 0 0 7 / A F S 3 . 3 - I S R - A 0 0 / K 0 0 /
K10. Evaluation of different biosaline
agroforestry systems for dry regions. (J.C.
Dagar, Khajanchi. Lal and C.B. Pandy)
28 P 1 - 2 0 0 7 / A F S 3 . 4 - I S R - A 0 0 / K 0 0 .
Evaluation of Cactus and Prosopis for
arid biosaline agroforestry. (J.C. Dagar,
Khajanchi Lal, and T. Damodaran)
29 Biomass accumulation and carbon
sequestration of mesquit based forestry
system on semi reclaimed alkali soils.
(C.B. Pandey)
30 P1-2009/AFS3.5-ISR-K00/F25/F27. Treesoil-crop
relations vis-a-vis soil fertility
and crop productivity in sodic soils. (C.B.
Pandey, S.K. Chaudhari, and J.C. Dagar)
142

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
List of on going projects
31 P1-2009/AFS3.6-ISR-K20. Effect of water
and salinity stress on the performance of
tree species. (S.K. Chaudhari, C.B. Pandey
and J.C. Dagar)
Priority Area - Reclamation and Management
of Coastal Saline Soils
32 P1-2005/CSM3.1-ISR-K00/K10. Effect
of waterlogging on tree species for
agroforestry system in coastal salt affected
soils. (D. Burman B.K. Bandyopadhyay
and A.R. Bal)
33 P 1 - 2 0 0 7 / C S M 3 . 3 - I S R - F 2 7 / P 1 0 /
0010/8145. Use of available brackish
and fresh water in the coastal area for
integrated cultivation of crops and fishes.
(B.K. Bandyopadhyay, D. Burman, A.R.
Bal, S. Sarangi, Subhasis Mandal and
P. Chatterjee (Fisheries) from KVK,
Nimpith)
34 P 1 - 2 0 0 9 / C S M 3 . 4 - I S R - P 1 0 / 4 6 3 0 .
Exploration of artificial groundwater
recharge of fresh water aquifers in coastal
regions of West Bengal (K.K. Mahanta,
S.K. Kamra, S.Kumar and D.Burman)
35 P 1 - 2 0 0 9 / C S M 3 . 5 - I S R - F 2 7 / 0 0 1 0 .
Assessment of salt affected soils and
cropping pattern of coastal West Bengal,
Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. (S.K. Sarangi,
K. K. Mahanta, Subhasis Mandal and one
scientist H.Q. (Soil Survey)
36 P 1 - 2 0 0 9 / C S M 3 . 6 - E 1 0 / E 5 0 . S o c i o -
economic impact of improved
technologies in the coastal areas of West
Bengal. (Subhasis Mandal, S.K. Sarangi
and D.Burman)
Priority Area - Reclamation and Management
of Salt Affected Vertisols
37 P1-2005/SMV3.2-ISR-A00/P00/F26/
F27. Integrated farming system approach
for optimizing production from saline
black soils. (G.G. Rao, M. K. Khandelwal,
A.R. Chinchmalatpure and Sanjay
Arora)
38 P1-2006/SMV3.4-ISR-A00/P05/0390.
Salt tolerance of Jatropha curcas (G.G.
Rao, Anil R. Chinchmalatpure, M.K.
Khandelwal, R.L. Meena and M.P.
Reedy)
39 P1-2006/SMV3.5-ISR-P10/4630. Design,
development and management of surface
drainage system for crop production at
Samni farm. (M.K. Khandelwal, A.R.
Chinchmalatpure and S. K. Kamra )
40 P1-2006/SMV3.6-ISR-F27/F22/E50.
Studies on the effect of Sardar Sarovar
canal irrigation on properties of vertisols,
cropping pattern and socio-economic
status of farmers in the Bara Tract area of
Gujarat state. (Anil. R. Chinchmalatpure,
Sanjay Arora, R.K. Singh and H.S. Jat)
41 P1-2009/SMV3.7-ISR-C00/F20/P20.
Management of coastal saline soils of
saurashtra, Gujarat-Impact studies on
technological interventions (G. Gururaja
Rao, Anil R. Chinchmalatpure, Sanjay
Arora and M.K. Khandelwal)
42 P1-2009/SMV3.8-ISR-F21/3930.Bioremediation
of coastal and inland salt
affected soils using halophytic plants and
halophilic soil microbes (Sanjay Arora
and Anil R. Chinchmalatpure, Scientist
from other institute/centre)
Priority Area - Reclamation and Management
of Alkali Soils of Central and Eastern Gangetic
Plains
43 P1-2005/EGSM1.1-ISR-A00/F26/
F27/0150/0180. Resource conservation
for rice-wheat cropping system through
intervention of tillage and crop residue
management in partially reclaimed indogangatic
sodic soil. (V.K. Mishra, Y.P.
Singh, Ranbir Singh, and D.K. Sharma)
44 P1-2005/EGSM1.2-ISR-A00/P00/ F26/
F27. Land modifications for increasing
water productivity by different farming
systems in waterlogged sodic soils along
the sarda sahayak canal command of
143

List of on going projects CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
U.P. (D.K. Sharma, Y.P. Singh, V.K.
Mishra, C.L. Verma and V.K. Varshney
(Sr. Scientist, Fisheries))
45 P1-2007/EGSM1.8-ISR-F26/P10/A00.
Performance of Prosopis species under
different amendments and in-situ rain
water harvesting technique on sodic soils.
(Y.P. Singh and D.K. Sharma)
46 P1-2008/EGSM1.9-ISR-F30/1100/ 1112.
Identification of genotypes in cactus,
banana and aonla for tolerance to sodicity
and standardization of management
practices for economic livelihood in
the resource poor sodic lands. (T.
Damodaran, D.K. Sharma, Chhedi Lal,
V.K. Mishra and Hort. Scientist from
CISTH Lucknow)
47 P1-2008/EGSM2.0-ISR-F05/P10. Study
on salt and water dynamics and crop
performance in waterlogged sodic soils
under raised and sunken beds. (Chhedi
Lal, Y.P. Singh, T. Damodaran and
Scientist from Fishery centre Lucknow)
List of Externally Funded Research Projects
2010-2011
1 F11-2007/DBR2.9/ISR-F24.Nationwide
mapping of land degradation using
multi-temporal satellite data. Sub-project:
Mapping and characterization of salt
affected soils in Haryana using remote
sensing (A.K. Mandal)
2 Development of spectral reflectance
methods and low cost sensors for realtime
application of variable rate inputs in
precision farming. (Madhurama Sethi)
3 C2-2009/ ASM4.1-ISR-A00/ P00/ F27.
Cereal system initiative for South Asia
– Objective 2 component (P.C. Sharma,
N.P.S. Yaduvanshi and H.S. Jat)
4 P 2 - 2 0 0 4 / D I P 2 . 6 - I S R - P 1 0 / P 1 2 .
Monitoring and Evaluation of large scale
drainage projects in the state of Haryana.
(S.K. Gupta and R.S. Tripathi)
5 C2-2006/WQM4.3-ISR-P10/4630.
Farmer’s participatory research on
enhancing groundwater recharge and
water productivity in North-West India.
(S.K. Kamra, Pragati Maiti, R.K. Yadav,
G.G. Rao, D.K. Sharma, Sharad Kumar
Singh and Satyendra Kumar)
6 C 2 - 2 0 0 7 / W Q M 4 . 6 - I S R - P 1 0 / T 0 0 /
3860/3930. Microbial bioremediation of
wastewater for heavy metals. (P.K. Joshi
and Lalita Batra)
7 C2-2006/CIS3.6-ISR-F30/F26/0150.
National project on transgenics in crops.
(Functional Genomics component)
salinity tolerance in rice. (S.L.
Krishnamurthy and S.K. Sharma)
8 C 2 - 2 0 0 6 / C I S 3 . 7 - I S R - F 3 0 - 0 1 5 0 .
Development and evaluation of salt
tolerant transgenic rice. (S.K. Sharma and
S.L. Krishnamurthy)
9 C 2 - 2 0 0 8 / C I S 4 . 1 - I S R - F 3 0 / 0 1 8 0 .
Multilocation evaluation of bread wheat
germplasm (Neeraj Kulshreshtha)
10 F 1 1 - 2 0 0 8 / C I S 4 . 2 - I S R - F 3 0 / 0 1 5 0 .
Enhancing and stabilizing the
productivity of salt affected areas by
incorporating genes for tolerance of
abiotic stresses in rice. (Team leader:
(Ex Officio Director), Ali Qadar, D.K.
Sharma, Y.P. Singh, T. Damodran, B.K.
Bandyopadhyay, D. Burman, S.K. Sarangi
and S. Mondal)
11 F11-2008/CIS4.3-ISR-F30/0150/S00.
Stress tolerant rice for poor farmers in
Africa and South Asia. (Team leader:
(Ex Officio Director), S.K. Sharma,
S.L. Krishnamurthi, D.K. Sharma, Y.P.
Singh, V.K. Mishra, C.L. Verma, B.K.
Bandyopadhyay, D. Burman, A.R. Bal,
S.K. Sarangi and S. Mondal)
12 Improvement of wheat for salt tolerance
using molecular approach. (Neeraj
Kulshreshtha, P.C. Sharma and S.K.
Sharma)
144

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
List of on going projects
13 Establishment of National Database
on rice. (S.K. Sharma and S.L.
Krishnamurthy)
14 C2-2006/AFS3.1-ISR-K10/P10. Control
of waterlogging and salinity through
agroforestry interventions. (J.C. Dagar,
Khajanchi Lal and S.K. Chaudhari)
15 F11-2007/AFS3.2-ISR-K00/P05/ 8951.
BIOSAFOR “Biosaline (agro) forestry
remediation of saline wastelands
through production of renewable energy,
biomaterials and fodder”. (S.K. Sharma
and J.C. Dagar)
16 Strategies for sustainable management
of degraded coastal land and water for
enhancing livelihood security of farming
communities. (B.K. Bandhyopadhyay, D.
Burman, A.R. Bal, S.K. Sarangi, S. Mandal,
K.K. Mahanta and S.K. Gupta)
Externally Funded
1. Intellectual property management
transfer/commercialization
of
agricultural technologies. (S.K. Sharma,
P. Dey, Neeraj Kulshrestha and D.S.
Bundela)
2. Decision support system for enhancing
productivity in irrigated saline
environment using remote sensing,
modelling and GIS (D.S. Bundela, S.K.
Gupta, N.P.S. Yadhuvanshi, Madhurama
Sethi, R.L. Meena and R.S. Tripathi)
3. Wheat improvement for waterlogging,
salinity and element toxicities in Australia
and India. (Neeraj Kulshreshtha, S.K.
Sharma and N.P.S. Yaduvanshi)
4. Estimating marketing efficiency of major
horticultural commodities in coastal
districts of West Bengal. (Subhasis
Mandal, B.K. Bandyopadhyay, D.
Burman, S.K. Sarangi and A. R. Bal)
5. Holistic approach for improving
livelihood security through livestock
based farming system in Barabanki and
Raebareli district of U.P. (T. Damodaran,
D.K. Sharma and V.K. Mishra)
6. Impact assessment of climate change
on crop production under salt affected
environment of Uttar Pradesh (V.K.
Mishra, Y.P. Singh, D.K. Sharma and T.
Damodaran).
Inter-Institutional Collaborative Projects
1 Salt tolerance studies in major seed
spices crops. (J.C. Dagar and M. Sethi) in
collaboration with NRC on Seed Spices,
Ajmer (Rajasthan)
2 Studies on salt tolerance of sweet potato.
(D. Burman) in collaboration with
Regional Centre CTCRI, Bhubaneshwar
(Orissa)
145

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
COSULTANCIES, PATENTS AND COMMERCIALISATION OF
TECHNOLOGIES
• Subsurface drainage for heavy soils of
Maharashtra (S.K. Gupta)
(Funding : Rex-Poly Extrusion Pvt. Ltd., Sangli,
Maharashtra)
• Feasiability study using biological sludge
from Nitro-ETP Plant and treated effluent
from environmental control unit 1 of GNFC
for crop production on vertisols (G.G.Rao)
(Funding : The Gujarat Narmada Valley
Fertiliser Co. Ltd., Narmada Nagar, Bharuch,
Gujarat)
• Feasiability studies on the use of treated
effluent from Aniline-TDI Plant of GNFC
Unit-11 in diverse crop interventions on
vertisols (G.G.Rao)
(Funding : The Gujarat Narmada Valley
Fertiliser Co. Ltd., Narmada Nagar, Bharuch,
Gujarat)
146

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
INSTITUTIONAL ACTIVITY
Research Advisory Committee Meeting
The first meeting of the newly constituted
Research Advisory Committee (RAC) of the
Institute was held at CSSRI, Karnal under the
chairmanship of Dr. Pratap Narain from October
22-23, 2010. The other members who attended
the meeting included Dr. T.N. Chaudhary, Dr.
P.K. Joshi, Dr. K.V.G.K. Rao, Dr. P.S. Pathak,
Dr. D.K. Sharma, Sh. M.S. Mehla (Progressive
farmer) and Dr. P. Dey. Dr. S.K. Gupta, PC
(SSW), Dr. S.K. Sharma, HDCI, Dr. J.C. Dagar,
HSCM, Dr. S.K. Kamra, HDIDE and Dr. R.S.
Tripathi, Head, HTET were also present.
Dr. D.K. Sharma, Director welcomed the
Chairman and the members of the committee
and presented the progress report of the Institute.
After reviewing the Action Taken Report, a
discussion was held with all the Heads of the
Divisions. Based on the discussion, following
important researchable issues were crystallized
to be addressed in future.
• Mapping and characterization of salt affected
soils should aim towards identification of
researchable issues and setting up of priorities
and change detection in spatial context.
• Guidelines should be established for
management of salt affected soils in ecoregional
context and for allocating resources
for research and development
• Multi-enterprise model studies should be
focused on major enterprises in the context
of agro-social conditions.
• Monitoring and evaluation of reclamation
technologies needs to be carried out in time
phases
Meeting of research advisory committee in progress
• Research should focus on development of
technologies for ground water recharge
under saline environment and for transfer
of technologies to state agencies for large
scale adoption.
• Drainage research particularly with respect
to subsurface drainage should be included
in core area, keeping in view the drainage
requirement of various states including
Maharashtra, Haryana and Punjab.
• Water management particularly with
respect to poor quality waters (saline water,
sewerage and industrial effluents) needs
strengthening. Bioremediation and Phytoremediation
measures for managing poor
quality water need to be developed.
Staff Research Council Meeting
The Staff Research Council (SRC) meeting was
held from December 6-10, 2010 to review the
progress of the ongoing research programme
and to take up new research project proposals at
the main institute, and its three regional research
stations at Canning Town (West Bengal),
Bharuch (Gujarat) and Lucknow (U.P.). At the
start of the proceedings, the house observed two
minutes silence in the memory of Late Dr. (Mrs.)
Lalita Batra, Ex-Principal Scientist of Division of
Soil and Crop Management, CSSRI, Karnal who
expired on 29.10.2010. In his opening remarks,
the Chairman Dr. D.K Sharma highlighted
several important issues related to soil salinity,
water quality and climate change. The Chairman
also mentioned about the achievements of CSSRI
during last one year and congratulated all staff
members for their contribution in securing
Sardar Patel Outstanding Institution Award of
ICAR.
The Chairman urged that the Scientists
should formulate new projects focusing the
newly acquired Nain Farm in order to tackle
complex problems of salinity management.
The Chairman also urged the scientists to refer
the recommendation of Research Advisory
Committee for formulating new projects. The
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Institutional activity CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
scientists were advised to strictly follow the
time schedule of various research projects.
The progress of externally funded research
projects was also presented during the meeting
for appraisal of the House. Each new research
project proposal was critically reviewed keeping
in view the recommendation of RAC, relevance
to client and technical suitability.
XXI Meeting of ICAR Regional Committee V
The XXI meeting of the ICAR Regional
Committee V was organized at Central Soil
Salinity Research Institute, Karnal during
January 10-11, 2011. The meeting was
inaugurated by Shri Parmvir Singh ji, Hon’ble
Minister of Agriculture, Animal husbandry
& Dairy, Fisheries and Co-operation, Govt. of
Haryana. About 140 eminent delegates including
Principal Secretaries/Secretaries of Agriculture
of Punjab and Haryana, Deputy Director
Generals of ICAR, Vice Chancellors, Directors
of Research, Directors of Extension Education
and Deans of the Agricultural Universities;
Assistant Director Generals, ICAR, a number
of prominent agricultural scientists, Directors
of Agriculture/Horticulture and Animal
Husbandry of Punjab and Haryana, Directors of
ICAR Institutes, Zonal Project Director, Project
Coordinators, Heads of ICAR Regional Centers
of the Institutes located in the region, progressive
farmers and Programme Coordinators of Krishi
Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) participated in this
meeting. Dr. K.M.L. Pathak, Deputy Director
General (Animal Science) and nodal officer
of the Regional Committee extended a warm
welcome to the Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture,
Animal husbandry & Dairy, Fisheries and Cooperation,
Govt. of Haryana, Hon’ble Secretary,
DARE and DG, ICAR, other dignitaries and
guests. He reminded that the states of Punjab
and Haryana played a key role in increasing the
agricultural growth rate to 4 percent during the
last year. He briefly highlighted the problems
of the region notably those concerning salinity,
sodicity, nutrient imbalance and declining water
table. Shri Rajiv Mehrishi, additional Secretary
DARE & Secretary ICAR was optimistic that
high cold and frost may not affect agricultural
crops in future as our agricultural scientists are
competent enough to tackle the problem both in
the short and long-term. Dr. J. S. Samra, CEO,
National Rainfed Area Authority, remarked
that Punjab, Haryana and western UP are the
food bowl of India. About 60 million tonnes of
buffer stock required for the food security in the
country would come only from these areas. He
emphasized that water table decline is a serious
issue in this belt as the rate is increasing over
the years.
Dr. S. Ayyappan, Secretary DARE & DG, ICAR
and the Chairman of Regional Committee V, in
his opening remarks expressed satisfaction over
the performance of Indian agriculture during
the last year. He highlighted that the food
grains production during the last year could
reach 234 million tonnes including more than 82
million tonnes of wheat and 16 million tonnes
of pulses, which was first ever performance in
these commodities.
Shri Parmvir Singh ji, Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture, Animal husbandry & Dairy, Fisheries and Co-operation, Govt.
of Haryana inaugurating the XXI meeting of ICAR Regional Committee V
148

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Institutional activity
In his inaugural address, Hon’ble Minister
expressed his happiness over India recording
notable achievements in agriculture during
the last four decades beginning with the green
revolution in the late sixties. He highlighted
that this productive region is facing major crisis
of the declining productivity and water table,
contamination of ground water, soil nutrient
imbalance, water logging, soil salinity/alkalinity,
toxicity of heavy metals, and conservation of
animal genetic resources. It has not been able
to fully harness the potential in fisheries sector.
He was hopeful that progressive Govt. policies
and application of new technologies developed
by agricultural scientists will help the nation
to meet the growing demand of food grains.
Dr. D.K.Sharma, Director, Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute and Member Secretary, ICAR
Regional Committee V, presented the Action
Taken Report on the recommendations of the
XX meeting and proposed the vote of thanks.
Salient recommendations of Regional
Committee V Meeting
• Due to rapid urbanization, disposal of
sewage and waste water would become a
challenging issue. A meeting needs to be
conducted through NAAS to discuss use
of such water in agriculture production
system. Mayors of corporations and water
user associations should be sensitized on the
technology of use of sewage/waste water.
• Water table decline is a serious concern
in rice growing areas of Haryana and
Punjab. In-situ rain water conservation
through watershed management and
artificial ground water recharge need to be
popularized at the state level.
• Intensive cropping, imbalanced use of
fertilizers and cultivation of high yielding
varieties have led to decline in soil organic
carbon. To overcome this problem, balanced
use of fertilizers, conservation agriculture
with crop residue management, summer
legumes, etc., need to be popularized.
• Fertigation reduces fertilizer dose on one
hand and increases productivity of crops on
the other. Besides, it improves the quality of
product. There is a strong need to develop
fertigation schedules for different crops of
the region. It was emphasized to develop
low cost soluble fertilizers.
• To reduce the cost of cultivation, increase
resource use efficiency and net returns to
farmers in the region, precise use of inputs
is inevitable. There is a need to develop
the components of precision farming for
different crops of the region.
• Green fodder is always in short supply
particularly during lean period (summer
season) in the states. Tree based fodder
production systems (silvi-pasture and hortipasture)
need to be developed in the region
for green fodder availability throughout the
year.
• Rice straw burning is of serious concern in
the region for soil organic carbon loss and
air pollution. Value addition to rice straw,
rice-straw use as a substrate for mushroom
cultivation, composting, feed-block and soil
mulch needs to be encouraged.
• Observations have been made that
compaction of soil, weeds, pests and
associated problems increase after few years
of continuous zero tillage. Investigations
are needed to record the long-term impact
of zero tillage on various crops of the region
for drawing valid conclusions. Low cost
happy seeder needs to be popularized.
• Due to climatic aberrations, extremely low
temperature during January leads to sterility
in mustard. Work on screening of germplasm
and development of frost tolerant mustard
varieties should be initiated.
• Due to global warming yield of rabi crops
especially wheat is getting affected owing to
terminal heat. Screening of different wheat
cultivars for high temperature tolerance
needs to be expedited in net work project
mode.
• Salt resistant pulse varieties need to be
developed and chickpea variety Karnal
Chana No. 1 should be popularized
• Poor quality seed is one of the reasons
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Institutional activity CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
for stagnation of crop productivity in the
region. Availability of good quality seed
and planting material in adequate quantity
for all crops is needed.
• Post harvest losses are very high especially
in horticultural crops. There is a need to
develop post harvest technologies for
various crops, encourage establishment
of processing industries in the catchment
areas, development of cool chains through
PPP mode.
• High pesticide residue is being reported in
vegetables from peri-urban area. Hence, biodegradable
pesticides need to be developed
and recommended dose need to monitored
/ popularized.
• Phytophthora is a serious fungal disease
limiting production of kinnow in the region.
There is a need to develop Phytophthora
resistant root stock.
• Desired sex can be assured in animal by using
sex sorted semen. There is a shortage of sexsorted
semen of buffalo, which is essentially
required to increase its population.
• The preference of fish (less bone) product
is high in demand by the consumer in the
region. Therefore, available technologies
need to be popularized through various
agencies. Besides, value addition to low
quality fish would add to the income of the
fish farmers
• The standard of agricultural education is
deteriorating in the region due to inadequate
faculty and facilities. The matter needs to be
looked into.
• Some local or farmers’ varieties perform
better in some settings. Such, material/
genetic stock needs to be registered through
KVKs.
1 Dr. S.K.Gupta, Director Chairman
2. Dr. V.S.Raparia,
Member
Additional Director Agriculture,
Govt. of Haryana, Panchkula
3. Sh. Mahender Singh Mehla, Member
Hansi Road, Karnal
4. Dr. D. S. Sohi, Principal Scientist Member
NDRI, Karnal
5. Dr. Ali Qadar, Principal Scientist Member
CSSRI, Karnal
6. Dr. Prabodh Chander Sharma Member
Principal Scientist CSSRI,
Karnal
7. Sh. S. George, Chief Finance & Member
Accounts Officer. NDRI, Karnal
8. Sh. Ratnesh Yadav, Sr. Admn.
Officer, CSSRI, Karmal
Member
Secretary
In addition to these members, all Head of Divisions,
Assistant Finance and Accounts Officer, Assistant
Administrative officers, Junior Accounts Officer,
Controlling Officer (PME), Controlling Officer
(Farm) and Estate Officer of the Institute attended
the meeting.
Institute Joint Staff Council Meeting
The Institute Joint Staff Council Meeting was
held at RRS, Bharuch on December 18,2010.
The meeting was chaired by Dr. D.K. Sharma,
Director and attended by Sh. Ratnesh Yadav,
Sr. Admn. Officer, Sh. Vishal Acharya, AF&AO,
Drs. S.K. Choudhari and R.K. Yadav, Sh. Roshan
Lal, Sh. Tilak Raj Sharma, Sh. Tarun Kumar,
Sh. Subhash Chand, Sh. Ramesh, Sh. Narendra
Sharma, Dr. G. Gururaja Rao, Sh. Randhir Singh,
RRS, Lucknow and Sh. C.R. Taviyad, RRS,
Bharuch. The members discussed the various
agenda items and other related issues for the
welfare of the staff of the Institute and Regional
Research Stations at length and settled these
issues amicably.
Institute Management Committee Meeting
During the period under report, a meeting of the
Institute Management Committee (IMC) was
held at CSSRI, Karnal under the Chairmanship
of Dr. S.K. Gupta, Director on 15.10.2010. The
following members were present.
Institute Joint Staff Council Meeting in progress
150

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
WORKSHOP, SEMINAR, TRAINING, FOUNDATION DAY AND KISAN
MELA ORGANISED
Training to M. Tech/Bio-technology Students
Four M. Tech. students from the Jawahar
Lal Nehru Krishi Vishvavidalaya, Jabalpur
attended one month training in the Division
of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering in June
2010. It helped to strengthen our linkages with
the University. Two of the trainee students have
opted to work in the Division for their M.Tech.
thesis in the division after completing the coarse
work in the University.
Celebration of Foundation Day
41 st foundation day of the Institute was
celebrated on August 18, 2010. Dr. B. Mishra,
Vice-Chancellor, Sher-e-Kashmir University
of Agricultural Sciences and Technology,
Jammu was the Chief Guest. He emphasized
that the scientists should conduct the research
to sustain the socio-economic condition of the
farmers and conserve the natural resources
for getting higher productivity of different
crops. He also apprised the house that this
institute has evolved a number of salt resistant
varieties of rice, wheat and mustard. Variety
CSR 30 of rice developed by this institute has
made a significant contribution to improve the
economic status of the farming community. Dr.
Mishra delivered the foundation day lecture
on Advances in Rice and Wheat Research for
food and Nutritional Security. He also shared
his experiences in converting saline soil into
fertile land of this institute. He stressed that the
farmers should use organic manure for getting
higher and quality produce.
42 nd foundation day of the Institute was
celebrated on March 1, 2011. Dr. N.K. Tyagi,
Member, Agricultural Scientist Recruitment
Board, New Delhi was the chief guest. He
delivered the lecture on Water for Food and
Environment: An Overview on this occasion.
He emphasise that water is embed in the
four critical challenges, be it food, energy,
environment are the impact of climate change.
Dr. N.K. Tyagi, Member, ASRB, New Delhi delivering
the foundation day lecture
Most of these challenges would be easily met, if
we are able to manage water. Water is versatile
in many ways and it has both productive as
well destructive powers. Its productive power
is realized in agriculture, industry, energy,
transport and maintenance of health of both
people and ecosystems. The destructive powers
are seen in floods, inundation, soil erosion and
desertification etc.
Training for CADA Officers on Water
Management and Drainage Strategies for
Irrigation Commands
Two days Training on Water Management and
Drainage Strategies for Irrigation Commands
was organized at CSSRI, Karnal during August
17-18, 2010. The programme was sponsored
by Command Area Development Authority
(CADA), Haryana. The participants under this
training programme included 20 Engineers from
Karnal, Panipat, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Jhajjar,
Rohtak, Rewari, Jind, Hisar and Fatehabad
districts under Kaithal, Rohtak and Hisar circle
Training on water management and drainage
strategies for irrigation commands
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Workshop, seminar, training, foundation day and kisan mela organised CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
of the Command Area Development Authority
of Haryana. Dr S.K. Gupta, Director said that it
is the combined responsibility of the scientists
of the research institutes and Engineers/officers
of the CADA to make the farmers aware of the
efficient utilization of each and every drop of
water received during monsoon.
Organisation of Kisan Gosthi at Village Jagsi
(Sonipat)
A kisan gosthi was organized on 7 th September,
2010 in village Jagsi district Sonipat where
Haryana Operational Pilot Project is in
operation. In this project, the excess salts are
being drained out by subsurface drainage
system. In this area, the demonstrations were
conducted on the salt affected rice varieties
developed by the institute like CSR 10, 13, 23,
27, 30, 36 and other forest trees. Fish farming
has been initiated in the village pond with
saline water. About 300 farmers participated in
this gosthi. On this occasion, the problems of
the farmers were discussed and respondent by
Dr. S.K. Gupta, Director & Project Coordinator
(Saline water Scheme), Dr. R.S. Tripathi, Head,
TET, other Subject Matter Specialists and Sh.
J.P. Verma, Dy. Project Director, HOPP, Deptt
of Agriculture, Haryana. Dr. Gupta emphasized
that the farmers should join hand with the
scientists and do farming in a scientific manner
by growing salt tolerance varieties with low
water requiring crop so that natural resources
may not be deteriorated. Besides, they would
get more yield with low cost.
Hindi Week Celebration
The Institute celebrated the Hindi Week from
14-28 September, 2010. Dr. S.K. Kamra, Director
(A) of the Institute inaugurated the function on
14 th September, 2010. On this occasion, he urged
the staff to use Hindi in day to day work. He
informed the house that Hindi Krishi Patrika of this
Institute has been bestowed with Ganesh Sankar
Vidhiarthi Award-2009. During this week, a
competition of Tatkal Bhashan, Tippan Aalekhan,
Aavedan Patra Lekhan Pratiyogita, Computer mein
hindi typing, Prashanotri Pratiyogita, Takniki Poster
Pradarshani and Kavita Path were organized. Dr.
Kamra told that bilingual research publications
are being brought out so that the benefit of
new technologies can reach to the farmers. On
the concluding function, Haryana Ved Vyas
Awardee Acharya Mavir Prasad Sastry urged
the staff to show love and devotion towards the
Rajbhasha creates affection towards the country.
Dr. S.K. Gupta, Director (A) also addressed
the participants and urged all to work whole
heartedly for the upliftment of the Hindi.
The CSSRI, Regional Research Station, Bharuch
also celebrated Hindi Week from September 15-
21, 2010. Various competitions were conducted
during the week for technical, administrative
and supporting staff viz; quiz, eloqution, essay
and letter writing in Hindi. The winners of the
competitions were awarded cash prizes and
certificates.
Dr. S.K. Gupta, Director addressing the CSSRI staff at
concluding function of Hindi week celebration
Organisation of Kharif Kisan Mela
Kisan Gosthi at Village Jagsi (Sonipat)
A kharif kisan mela was organized on 8 th October,
2010. The mela was inaugurated by Dr. R.S.
Paroda, Chairman, Farmers’ Commission,
Haryana while Dr. I.P.Abrol, Director, Centre
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CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Workshop, seminar, training, foundation day and kisan mela organised
Dr. R.S. Paroda,Chairman,Farmers Commission, Haryana addressing the farmers during Kharif Kisan Mela
for Advancement of Sustainable Agriculture
(CASA), New Delhi and Former Director,
CSSRI was the guest of Honour. A number
of dignitaries including consultants, Institute
Management Committee members, experts from
Karnal based ICAR institutes, development
departments, CCS HAU RRS, Uchani, Karnal
and allied private agencies actively participated
in the deliberations of the kisan mela. About
1500 farmers and students benefited from this
important function. Dr. S.K. Gupta, Director
highlighted the achievements of the Institute.
The farmers were given a glimpse of the
technologies developed by CSSRI, Karnal for
reclamation of salt affected soils, use of poor
quality irrigation water, crop diversification,
medicinal and aromatic plants and salt tolerant
varieties etc. The chairman of the Haryana
Farmers’ Commission, Dr. R.S. Paroda in his
address appreciated the effort of the scientist
for doing research work on the lines of farmers
problem by conserving nutural resources.
Dr. Paroda stressed upon to increase the quality
of the farm produce so that we may be able to
compete in the International market. He also
urged the farm scientists to work towards
breaking the yield barrier so as to meet the food
grain demand of the growing population. In his
presidential address, Dr. I.P. Abrol emphasized
organic farming, inter cropping and conservation
agriculture like bed planting, land laser leveling,
direct seeding of rice and zero tillage sowing of
wheat so that water could be saved and the cost
of cultivation could be reduced. He also advised
the farmers to adopt inte grated farming system
model developed by CSSRI and to diversify
for vegetable cultivation and commercial dairy
farming for supplementing their income.
Awareness Programme for the farmers of
Haryana on Reclamation Technologies for Salt
Affected Soils
Two days awareness programme for the
farmers of Palwal (Haryana) was conducted on
Reclamation Technologies for Salt Affected Soils
during October 25-26, 2010. Thirty farmers of
Palwal district participated in this programme. In
his inaugural address, Dr. D.K. Sharma, Director,
CSSRI told that Sonepat, Jhajjar, Bhiwani, Jind,
Sirsa, Fatehabad, Palwal and Rohtak districts are
affected by waterlogging and soil salinity. This
problem could be minimized by the adoption of
subsurface drainage technology. Dr S.K. Gupta
said that Haryana Operational Pilot Project
(HOPP) is working in collaboration with CSSRI
in the successful installation of the subsurface
drainage system in Gohana and Jagsi (Sonepat),
Kalayat (Kaithal), Beri (Jhajjar), Charkhi
Dadri (Bhiwani), Darba Kalan (Sirsa) and Ban
Mandori (Fatehabad). Farmers should adopt
this technology for reclamation of waterlogged
and salt affected soils. In order to sensitize the
farmers, one day field visit to Jagsi (Sonepat)
was also arranged so that farmers could interact
amongst themselves to get a better insight of the
benefit of this technology.
Farmers participating in awareness programme for
reclamation of waterlogged and salt affected soils
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Workshop, seminar, training, foundation day and kisan mela organised CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Organisation of ISCAR National Symposium
National symposium on recent outlook on
sustainable agriculture, livelihood security and
ecology of coastal region was organized by the
Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research
(ISCAR) from October 27-30, 2010 at Calangute,
Goa in collaboration with Dr Balasaheb Sawant
Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Ratnagiri, Dapoli,
Maharashtra and Central Soil Salinity Research
Institute, Karnal, Haryana. Major themes of this
symposium were, (1) Advances in sustainable
soil, water and crop management for enhancing
crop productivity, (2) Crop improvement through
traditional and cutting edge technologies for
agricultural, horticultural and plantation crops,
(3) Advances in management of aquaculture,
livestock and allied activities, (4) Transfer of
technology, value addition and marketing for
improved livelihood security, (5) Ecological
threats of the coastal region, adaptation
strategies for mitigation and management of
coastal forestry and (6) Recent innovations on
livelihood improvement with special reference
to coastal region of Maharashtra and Goa. About
200 (including foreign delegates) participated in
this symposium. The Hon’ble Speaker of Goa
Assemby Shri Pratapsingji Rane inaugurated
the symposium. Based on the deliberation and
discussions, the recommendations emerged
were (1) Improved soil and water conservation
measures including land shaping technologies,
should be implemented wherever possible to
augment the good quality water for agricultural
practices and best utilization of the resources for
increasing farm income in the coastal region, (2)
Coastal people must be sensitized to the upcoming
challenges arising out of climate change and (3)
development and improvement of crop varieties
through application of cutting edge technologies
Hon’ble Speaker of Goa Assemby
Shri Pratapsingji Rane at inaugural ceremony
may be given special attention for increasing the
crop productivity in the coastal region.
Training on Advances in Reclamation and
Management of Salt Affected Soils for Forest
Extension Officers of Tamil Nadu
A training on advances in reclamation and
management of salt affected soils was organized
during November 8-14, 2010 for Officers of
Forestry Extension Wing of Tamil Nadu. The
major objective of the training was to train the
officers by providing lectures and practical/
field visits on various aspects of reclamation and
management of salt affected soils. The eight days
training was designed in such a way that it could
cover various aspects of sodic and saline water
reclamation and use of saline water in agriculture
and forestry, management of fisheries and
nutrient stress management for sustainable crop
production in salt affected lands.
Training of Officers of forestry extension wing of Tamil
Nadu in progress
Interaction Meeting with Officers of the Punjab
National Bank Farmer’s Welfare Training
Centres
One day interaction meeting was organized
on November 23, 2010 for bilateral discussion
on various issues related to reclamation and
management of salt affected soils and use of poor
quality water in agriculture among researchers
and officers of PNB Farmer’s Training Centres.
In all 15 Directors and Officers of 9 Farmers
Training Centres under Punjab National Bank
from Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Chattishgarh, Tamil
Nadu and Orissa participated in the programme.
The purpose of this programme was to acquaint
the officers about the activities of the institute so
that they would be able to utilize the knowledge
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CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Workshop, seminar, training, foundation day and kisan mela organised
Interaction with directors of the FTC under the PNB
Farmers Welfare Trust
in their respective regions by transferring recent
technologies developed to increase the crop
production.
Model Training Course on Integrated Water
Resources Management and Use of Poor
Quality Water in Agriculture
A model training course on integrated water
resources management and use of poor
quality water in agriculture for Subject-Matter-
Specialist/ Officers of State Development
Departments was organized from November
23-30, 2010. The training was sponsored by the
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
Major objective of the training was to familiarize
the SMS with various problems associated with
water resource management and use of poor
quality waters in agriculture and to make them
acquainted with various technological options
for improving and managing waterlogged salt
affected soils for sustainable agriculture. In this
training programme, 21 officers from 10 states
from Haryana, West Bengal, Gujarat, Orissa,
Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh,
Kerala, Chhattisgarh and Assam participated
International Training Programme on Use of
Poor Quality Water in Agriculture
International Training Programme on Use of
Poor Quality Water in Agriculture for AARDO
(Afro-Asian Rural Development Organization)
was organized from December 1-14, 2010. The
programme was sponsored by Afro-Asian Rural
Development Organization (AARDO). Seven
delegates from Malaysia, Yemen, Syria, Iraq,
Oman, Mauritius, and Bangladesh participated
in the programme. The main emphasis of the
training remained on sharing of experiences
and in depth knowledge on various aspects of
use of poor quality water in agriculture among
respective AARDO member countries. The
training programme covered the basic aspects
of poor quality waters such as saline, high
RSC and waste water, their characterization,
issues related with their use and strategies
developed by CSSRI, Karnal, field experiences
and modern technologies for efficient and
sustainable management of poor quality water in
agriculture. This training included the practical
aspects like extent and quality of ground water,
impact of long-term usage of poor quality water
comprising saline, sodic and waste water on
crop yield and soil health and best management
practices for mitigating the deleterious effects.
Trainees of Afro-Asian Rural Development Organization
Trainees of Integrated Water Resources Management
and Use of Poor Quality Water in Agriculture
Farmers Training and Awareness Programme
on the Protection of Plant Varieties and
Farmers Right
A farmers training and awareness programme
on the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers
Right was organized on December 28, 2010 and
was attended by about 100 farmers and scientists.
Dr. P.K. Singh, Registrar, Protection of Plant
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Workshop, seminar, training, foundation day and kisan mela organised CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Farmers Training and Awareness Programme on the
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Right in progress
Varieties and Farmer Right Authority (PPV&
FRA), New Delhi informed about the rules and
regulation with respect to the right of farmers,
researchers and other stakeholders. Dr. Rakesh
Seth from IARl Regional Station presented
information on seed production techniques.
Dr. S.K. Sharma, Head, Division of Crop
Improvement and Coordinator of the training
give a brief view of the salt tolerant varieties of
rice, wheat, mustard and other crops. The farmers
interacted with the scientists with respect to their
problems and appreciated the contributions and
role of these salt tolerant varieties in increasing the
productivity of their fields and improving their
livelihood. Most of them appreciated of the role
of CSR 30, the first salt tolerant Basmati variety
of rice and its impact in terms of its profitability
and spread in the state of Haryana and other
parts of the country. They also requested that it
should be renamed with the Basmati tag. They
were assured that efforts for getting it renamed
as a Basmati variety are underway with the
concerned Authorities of Government of India
and likely to yield results soon as it will help the
farming community. Dr. S.K Gupta, Director
(A), CSSRl, Karnal emphasized the importance
of these rules and regulations with respect to the
plants varieties protection. He suggested that
farmers should also educate other farmers in their
villages with respect to these developments and
hoped that farmers will think about registering
their genetic material.
Training to Subject Matter Specialist of PACL
India Limited on Management of Salt Affected
Soils & Use of Saline Water in Agriculture
Two days training programme on management
of salt affected soils and use of saline water in
agriculture was organized during January 14-
Training on management of salt affected soils and use of
saline water in agriculture in progress
15, 2011 field officers of PACL India Limited.
Twenty seven participants took part in this
programme and interacted with scientists on
various aspects of management of salt affected
soils and use of poor quality water. Lectures and
field visits were conducted to enhance the skills
of the field officers. In the concluding session,
Dr. D.K. Sharma, Director of the Institute
emphasized that transfer of technology developed
by the institute is quite important as upliftment of
the farmers is the aim of both the organizations.
It should be possible by collaborative efforts of
researchers and various organizations such as
PACL engaged in the field of agriculture.
Stakeholders’ Capacity Building Training
under NAIP Project on DSS
One Day Stakeholders’ Capacity Building
Training under NAIP Sub-project on “Decision
Support System for Enhancing Productivity
in Irrigated Saline Environment using
RemoteSensing, Modelling and GIS” was held
on 28 January 2011. About 170 farmers and
canal water user association members from 12
villages under Butana distributarycommand
area (Jagsi, Gangana, Butana, Khanpur Khurd,
Ahulana, Dhanana, Shamlo Kalan, Rindana,
Banwasa, Chhichhrana and Rukhi in Sonipat
district, and Sanghi in Rohtak district) attended
the training. Dr. S.K. Kamra, Head, Division of
Irrigation & Drainage Engg; Dr. S.K. Gupta,
Project Coordinator (SWS); and Dr. R.S. Tripathi,
Head, Division of Technology Evaluation &
Transfer; Er. Rakesh Chauhan, Superintending
Engineer, Command Area Development (CAD)
Circle, Kaithal; Er. Tarun Aggarwal, Executive
Engineer, CAD Division, Karnal; and Er. J.P.
Verma, Deputy Project Director, Haryana
156

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Workshop, seminar, training, foundation day and kisan mela organised
Dr. D.K. Sharma, Director CSSRI inaugurated the Stakeholder’s Capacity building training programme
Operational Pilot Project (HOPP), Agricultural
Department, Karnal along with the project
partners and CSSRI scientists participated.
In the inaugural address, Dr. D.K. Sharma,
Director, CSSRI, appealed to the stakeholders
(farmers) for growing more foods with less
water by adopting scientific methods in view
of shrinking share of canal water in coming
years, ongoing secondary salinization and
waterlogging in the canal command. He stressed
on the use of the technologies developed by
the institute for reclamation of salt-affected
soils and poor quality waters, and growing salt
tolerant varieties of mustard and wheat in the
salt affected lands. Dr. D.S. Bundela, Principal
Scientist & Consortium Principal Investigator
(CPI) presented the project achievements and
field demonstrations undertaken at farmers’
fields with emphasis on stakeholder problems
in the Butana distributary command.
Senior Officers’ Capacity Building Training
Programme under NAIP DSS Project
A Five Days Senior Officers’ (Stakeholders)
Capacity Building Training Programme on
Applications of Modern Tools for Enhancing
Productivity in Irrigated Saline Environment
under NAIP-DSS Project was held during 1-5
March 2011. Twenty senior officers- nine from
Command Area Development Agency, six from
Agriculture Departments, and five from KVKs
in the Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) command,
Haryana, participated in the training. Among the
20 participants, Deputy Director (Soil Testing),
Karnal, Sh. M.L. Khurana; Deputy Director
(Agriculture), Karnal, Sh. Devinder Malik, and
Deputy Director (Agriculture), Panipat, Sh. R.P.
Sihag; District Soil Conservation Officer, Karnal
Sh. O.P. Godara and District Soil Conservation
Senior Officers attended a capacity building training
programme
Officer, Panipat, Sh. Anil Kumar, 5 Senior District
Extension Officers and 5 SDO from CADA
were the senior officers in the training. Dr. D.S.
Bundela, Consortium Principal Investigator
(CPI) and Course Director welcomed the
participants and presented the objectives of the
training programme. He highlighted the project
achievements including field demonstrations
at farmers’ fields with emphasis on stakeholder
problems in the mid and tail reaches of the
WYC command. He drew attention to a unique
feature/strength of the project-stakeholder. In his
concluding remarks, Dr. D.K. Sharma, Director,
CSSRI emphasized the role of modern tools for
generating accurate and reliable databases on
irrigation water, crops and soils for mapping and
monitoring of productivity in canal commands for
planning effective water management strategies
for growing more food with scientific methods
in view of lesser availability of canal water in
coming years, use of saline groundwater, ongoing
secondary soil salinization and waterlogging in
the canal command.
Organisation of rabi Kisan Mela
A rabi kisan mela was organized on 1 st
March, 2011. The mela was inaugurated by
Dr. N.K.Tyagi, Member, Agricultural
Scientist Recruitment Board, New Delhi and
157

Workshop, seminar, training, foundation day and kisan mela organised CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Dr. N.K. Tyagi, Member, ASRB, New Delhi addressing the farmers on the occasion of rabi kisan mela
Sh. V.S. Rapadia, Additional Director
(Agriculture) was the Guest of Honour. A
number of dignitaries including consultants,
Institute Management Committee members,
experts from Karnal based ICAR institutes,
development departments, CCS HAU RRS,
Uchani, Karnal actively participated in the
deliberations of the kisan mela. About 1000
farmers and students were benefited from this
function. Dr. D.K. Sharma, Director CSSRI,
highlighted the achievements of the Institute.
He said about 1.85 million hectare land has been
reclaimed by the institute in the states of Haryana,
Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. He also elaborated
upon the recent initiatives taken by the Institute
particularly in the field of multiple use of
water, resources conservation technologies etc.
Dr. N.K. Tyagi has advised the farmers to adopt
integrated farming model which is a viable
option in view of the declining water table and
shrinking land holdings. He appreciated the
efforts of Haryana farmers for producing very
good yield of rice and wheat even with poor
quality water. He also highlighted the problem
of water scarcity and per capita reduction in
water availability in India and the need for
increased foodgrain requirements of growing
population. Sh. V.S. Rapardia, Additional
Director (Agriculture), Govt. of Haryana said
that Haryana bags 2 nd place in the contribution
of food grain to food basket of the country. In
the production of basmati rice, the state is at the
top of the country. He also apprised the farmers
about the various schemes/programmes/
incentives run by Haryana and Central Govt. for
the benefit of the farmers. To address the water
scarcity in the State, he requested the farmers not
to do paddy transplanting before June 15. Some
NGOs also displayed seeds, fertilizers, pesticides
and agricultural implements. Field visits were
organized in which scientists interacted with
farmers and discussed their problems. Farmers
were informed about technologies developed
at CSSRI for reclaimation of salt affected soils,
use of poor quality water, crop diversification,
medicinal and aromatic plants and sallt tolerant
varieties etc. Seeds of rice varieties Pusa 44, Pusa
1121, CSR 10, 13, 23, 27 and 36 were sold during
the mela. Soil and water samples brought by
farmers were tested free of cost in the mela.
Twenty progressive farmers including 3 women
farmers of Haryana were felicitated during
the mela. Prizes were also given to four best
exhibition stalls in different categories. Nearly
1000 farmers and school students benefited
from the kisan mela.
Field exhibition and visits
Seven field exhibitions were organized
in problematic areas in reclamation and
management of salt affected soils and use of
poor quality waters in agriculture. Large number
of farmers and extension personnel visited
the stalls and acquainted themselves with the
technologies developed by the Institute. During
the year, 716 farmers in 17 groups, 82 extension
personnel in 10 groups, 489 agriculture graduates
in 7 groups and 10 scientists in 2 groups from
India and abroad visited the Institute.
Advisory Services to the Stakeholders
A toll free telephone number (18001801014) is in
operation at the Institute, a large number of quarries
are being asked by the farmers and answered by
the institute’s scientists during each working day.
These quarries are related to reclamation and
management of sodic and saline soil, use of poor
quality water in agriculture and performance of
salt tolerant varieties of different crops.
158

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
LIST OF SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND
ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL
Dinesh Kumar Sharma, Ph.D., Director (21.10.2010) b
S.K. Gupta, Ph.D., Director (A) (20.10.2010) a
Ram Ajore, Ph.D., Director (A) (30.6.2010) c
Division of Soil and Crop Management
J.C. Dagar, Ph.D. Head (3.11.2010) a
Madhurma Sethi, Ph.D. (3.11.2010) b
Lalita Batra, Ph.D.(29.10.2010) d
P.K. Joshi, Ph.D.
N.P.S. Yaduvanshi, Ph.D.
Pradip Dey, Ph.D.
C.B. Panday, Ph.D.
S.K.Chaudhari, Ph.D.
Ranbir Singh, Ph.D.
Khajanchi Lal, Ph.D ( 22.3.2011) a
A.K. Mandal, Ph.D.
R.K. Yadav, Ph.D.
Sharad Kumar Singh, Ph.D.
H.S. Jat, Ph.D.
Gajender Yadav, M.Sc.
Madhu Chaudhary, M.Sc.
Technical Officers
Bharat Bhushan, M.A.
Arjen Kumar, M.A.
T.N. Khurana, B.Sc.
Naresh Kumar, M.Sc.
Rati Ram
Division of Crop Improvement
S.K. Sharma, Ph.D. Head
Ali Qadar, Ph.D.
Parbodh Chander Sharma, Ph.D.
R.K. Gautam, Ph.D.(28.8.2010) a
Neeraj Kulshreshtha, Ph.D.
S.L.Krishna Murthy, Ph.D
Technical Officers
P.S.Tomar, B.Sc. (Ag.)
Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
S.K. Kamra, Ph.D., Head
R.S. Pandey, Ph.D.
D.S. Bundela, Ph.D.
Satyender Kumar, Ph.D.
Pragati Maity, Ph.D.
Technical Officers
Rajiv Kumar, M.Sc.
S.K. Srivastava, Dip. Auto. Engg.
Jai Parkash, M.Sc.
S.K. Dahiya
Jai Narain (31.3.2011) c
Ram Pal
Mahabir Singh
Brij Mohan
Sat Pal
Radhey Sham
Division of Technology Evaluation & Transfer
Ram Ajore, Ph.D., Head (30.6.2010) c
R.S.Tripathi, Ph.D. (26.8.2010)
R.K. Singh, Ph.D.
R. Raju, Ph. D.
Parveen Kumar, Ph.D.
Technical Officers
S.K. Tyagi, Ph.D.
Anil Sharma, M.A.
AICRP (Saline Water)
S.K.Gupta, Ph.D., Project Coordinator
Anil R. Chinchmalatpure, Ph.D.
R.L. Meena, Ph.D.
Technical Officers
Brij Mohan, M.Sc.
S.P. Gupta, Dip. Elect. Engg.
Regional Research Station, Canning Town
B. Maji, Ph.D., Head (01.12.2010) b
B. K. Bandyopadhyay, Ph. D, LL.B.(30.11.2010) a
A. R. Bal, Ph. D. (31.12.2010) c
D. Burman, Ph. D.
S.K. Sarangi, Ph. D.
Subhasis Mandal, Ph. D.
K.K. Mahanta, Ph. D.
Technical Officers
Deepak Roy, B.Sc., AIC
D.D. Majhi, B.Sc. (Ag.)
D. Pal, Ph. D.
A.B. Mondal, ITI
Sivaji Roy
P. K. Dhar, B. Sc.
Srimati Roy, B. Sc.
L.K. Nayak
M.Haldar
D. Mukharjee
159

List of scientific, technical and administrative personnel CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
PS to the Head
A. K. Nandi, B. Sc.
Regional Research Station, Bharuch
G. Gururaja Rao, Ph.D., Head
M.K. Khandelwal, Ph.D.
Sanjay Arora, Ph.D.
Technical Officer
M.V.S. Rajeshwar Rao, M.Sc.
Regional Research Station, Lucknow
D.K. Sharma, Ph.D., Head (20.10.2010) a
V.K. Mishra, Ph.D. Head (21.10.2010) b
Y.P. Singh, Ph.D.
Chhedi Lal Verma, Ph.D.
T. Damodaran, Ph.D.
Technical Officers
S.K. Jha, Ph.D.
C.S. Singh, Ph.D.
Hari Mohan Verma, M.Tech.
Administrative and Supporting Sections
Administration
Ratnesh Kumar Yadav, SAO, (29.1.2011) a
Abhishek Srivastava, Admn. Officer (7.3.2011) b
Vishal Acharya, AF&AO (11.3.2011) a
Ved Parkash, F.A.O. (7.3.2011) b
M.V.N.Rao, Jr. Accounts Officer (30.9.2010) a
A.K.Kathuria J.A.O. (19.10.2010) b
V.S.Negi, Asstt. Admn. Officer (31.3.2011) c
A.K.Mishra, Asstt. Admn. Officer
D.R.Khurana, Asstt. Admn. Officer (31.10.2010) c
Som Singh, Asstt. Admn. Officer (1.11.2010) b
Prakash Chand, A.A.O. (28.2.2011) c
S.K.Goel, Asstt. Admn. Officer (1.3.2011) b
RTI Cell
Parbodh Chander Sharma, Ph.D., CPIO
S.K. Sharma, M.Sc. (Ag. Ext.), APIO
Transparency Officer
R.S. Tripathi, Ph.D.
PME Cell
Pradip Dey, Ph.D., OIC
Institute Technology Management Unit
S.K. Sharma, Ph.D.
Pradip Dey, Ph.D.
D.S. Bundela, Ph.D.
Neeraj Kulshreshtha, Ph.D.
R.K. Singh, Ph.D.
Technical Officer
Sushil Kumar, Ph.D (7.6.2010) a
Vijay Kumar, B.Sc., M.A.
Publication and Supporting Services Unit
Pradip Dey, Ph.D., CO
Randhir Singh, M.Sc. OIC
Madan Singh, M. Sc. (Geography)
Hindi Cell
R.S. Tripathi, Ph.D., OIC
Technical Officers
Rashmi Sharma, M.A.
Director Cell
B.D. Khurana ( 28.2.2011) c
Tilak Raj
Mange Ram
Public Relation Officer
S.K. Sharma, M.Sc. (Ag.), PRO
PS to Heads
R.K. Dahiya
R.K. Bhatia
Dinesh Gugnani
Rita Ahuja
Sunita Dhingra
Farm Section
Surinder Mohan, B.Sc., Farm Manager
Chander Gupt
Shankar Mehto (31.12.2010 ) c
Roshan Lal
Samey Singh
Library
Meena Luthra, M.A.
Medical Unit
Dr. (Mrs.) Mahathi Parkash M.B.B.S. S.M.O.
Technical Officer
Chanchal Rani
Estate Section
Randhir Singh, M.Sc.
H.S. Tomar, M.A.
N.K. Vaid, M. Tech.
Ashwani Kumar, Dip.in Machinist
Kulbir Singh, Dip. in Civil Engineering
* Superscripts a, b, c and d refer to date of relieving, joining, superannuating and expiring, respectively
160

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
CSSRI STAFF POSITION
Statement showing the total number of employees and the number of Scheduled Castes (SC)/ Scheduled
Tribes (ST) from 1.4.2010 to 31.3.2011
Group/ class
Class-1 permanent
other than lowest
rung of Class-1
Lowest rung of
Class-1
Number of employees Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes
Temporary Permanent Total No.
% of
total
No.
% of total
- 51 51 1 1.96 1 1.96
4 16 20 2 10.00 1 5.00
Class-II - 77 77 20 25.97 3 3.89
Class-III 6 50 56 8 14.28 6 10.71
Class-IV
sweepers)
Class-IV
sweepers)
(excluding
(only
2 78 80 24 30.00 5 6.25
- 11 11 11 100.00 - -
Total 12 283 295 66 22.37 16 5.42
Statement of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)
Statement showing the number of reserved vacancies filled by Scheduled Castes (SC)/Scheduled
Tribes (ST) as on 31.3.2011
Classified
posts
Total Vacancies Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes
Notified Filled Notified Filled Notified Filled
Direct Recruitment
Class-I - - - - - -
Class-II - - - - - -
Class-III 6 6 - - - -
Class-IV - - - - - -
Promotions
Class-I - - - - - -
Class-II 4 4 1 - 1 -
Class-III 11 11 1 - 1 -
Class-IV - - - - - -
161

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
WEATHER REPORT 2010
Main Institute, Karnal
During the year 2010, a total rainfall of 1098.3
mm was recorded as against the mean annual
rainfall of 748.9 mm (for the last 39 years).
The year was an excessive rainfall year as the
annual rainfall was 149% of the long-term mean
annual rainfall, whereas the year 2009 was a
deficit rainfall year (65% of the mean annual
rainfall). The maximum monthly rainfall of
358.6 mm was recorded in September. During
the monsoon season, the highest rainstorm of
90.8 mm was recorded on 8 th September. The
winter rainfall (January and February) was 26.6
mm as compared to the last year winter rainfall
(8.3 mm). Winter rainfall was not adequate to
save a single irrigation and hence, increased
the irrigation demand of rabi crops resulting
in higher withdrawal of water from both canal
and groundwater. There were 48 rainy days as
compared to 24 during the last year.
The minimum 2.8 °C and the maximum 45.0
°C temperatures were recorded on 16 th January
and 27 th May, respectively. The lowest relative
humidity was 9% on 7 th April while the highest
(100%) was recorded on several occasions
during the year. The highest soil temperatures at
5 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm soil depths were 47.0°C,
44.4°C and 40.0 °C on a single day (21 May). The
lowest values at the same depths were recorded
as 7.5°C, 9.5°C and 11.7°C on 16 th January, 16 th
January and 15 th January, respectively. The
total open pan evaporation during the year was
1730.6 mm which is 1.58 times higher than the
annual rainfall. The lowest evaporation of 0.4
mm was recorded on 8 th January and the highest
of 15.6 mm on 2 nd June. The average sunshine
hours per day were 6.4. The highest and lowest
vapour pressure values were 28.5 and 3.0 mm
of mercury column on 17 th August and 11 th
December, respectively. The average wind speed
was 4.0 km per hour. The monthly weather
parameters recorded at agro-meteorological
observatory, CSSRI, Karnal for the year 2010 are
presented in Table I.
RRS Canning Town
The total rainfall received during the year 2010
was 1135.6 mm, the maximum (243.6 mm)
rainfall was recorded in the month of June, 2010.
The rainfall was less than the average rainfall of
1768 mm in this area, which affected the growth/
transplanting of rice in the initial months of
the kharif season. Due to meagre rains after
the monsoon period supplementary irrigation
is essential for cultivation of crops in rabi and
summer seasons. There were 71 rainy days in
the year. The average daily sunshine hours are
very less in monsoon months (kharif season),
which results in poor yield of rice, the major crop
in the area, during the period. The minimum
temperature was recorded in the month of
January. The average mean temperature of 17.6
o
C in January rises very rapidly to 31.3 o C in the
month of April. The sudden rise in temperature
causes pre-mature flowering of thermophytom
crop plants such as wheat, mustard, linseed,
etc. The relative humidity remains quite high
throughout the year, which causes severe
problems of infestation of insects, pests and
diseases. Highest average wind velocity (13.0
km h -1 ) was recorded in the month April. The
mean monthly weather parameters recorded at
RRS Canning Town are presented in Table II.
RRS, Bharuch
Agro-meteorological observations (Table III)
recorded at Navsari Agricultural University,
Cotton Research Centre, Bharuch (latitude
22ON, longitude 73.5OE, and altitude 16.50 m)
during the year 2010 revealed that this region
received rainfall of 1428.8 mm spread over 76
days. Season’s highest rainfall of 461.3 mm was
received during the month of July. Maximum
temperature varied from 41.2 (29.7) (Dec) to 41.2
(May) and minimum 13.1 (Dec) to 27.1 (May)
degree Celsius. Pan evaporation varied from 1.4
mm day -1 during September to 9.8 mm day-1
during April. The average bright sunshine
hours varied from 2.7 hours during August to
9.8 hours during April. Mean relative humidity
varied from 53.1 per cent during February to 906
per cent during September. The average wind
velocity varied from 0.5 km h-1 during October
to 10 km h-1 during June. On the whole, though
2010 had received very good rains, very intense
showers during July and August had hampered
on farm operations.
162

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Weather report 2010
Table I : Mean monthly weather parameters for the year 2010 recorded at the Agro-meteorological Observatory,
Latitude: 29° 43' N Altitude : 245 metres above the mean sea level
Longitude: 76° 58' E I Time : 0722/0830 hours IST
Month
Max. Min. Grass
Min.
II Time : 1422 hours IST
Temperature °C Vapour
pressure
(mm of Hg)
Relative
humidity
(%)
Dry bulb Wet bulb I II I II High/
I II I II
date
Maximum °C Minimum °C
Jan. 16.0 6.7 1.8 0.78 14.2 11.6 12.5 7.8 9.3 98 72 25.2/30 8.8/13 10.9/29 2.8/16
Low/
date
High/
date
Low/
date
Feb. 22.9 8.8 4.2 10.1 22.7 9.5 17.0 8.7 11.1 93 54 28.2/28 18.8/11 16.2/08 4.5/01
Mar. 30.8 14.6 9.4 16.5 30.8 15.4 21.4 12.6 13.5 89 41 36.2/28 24.6/09 19.2/30 10.6/09
Apr. 39.5 20.2 15.0 24.8 39.2 18.4 21.5 12.1 8.5 53 16 43.6/18 35.8/07 27.2/19 14.5/01
May 39.4 24.3 20.5 27.9 39.1 21.7 24.0 15.9 13.1 56 26 45.0/27 26.7/08 29.0/15 19.5/21
Jun. 38.2 25.3 22.8 28.6 37.5 23.3 25.2 18.2 16.7 63 36 43.6/02 25.2/09 30.5/03 20.0/08
Jul. 33.1 26.2 23.2 27.9 32.0 26.6 27.8 25.3 25.5 90 72 38.0/01 27.5/07 28.6/10 23.5/01
Aug. 32.0 25.9 23.3 27.3 31.2 26.3 27.8 25.1 25.8 92 76 35.0/11 28.0/01 27.4/11 24.0/24
Sept. 30.5 23.3 21.527 25.1 30.0 24.2 26.2 22.3 23.2 93 73 34.2/02 23.5/20 26.5/03 19.4/29
Oct. 31.4 18.5 16.4 20.5 31.1 19.5 22.8 16.8 16.0 91 46 33.3/05 28.3/24 21.5/21 12.2/28
Nov. 27.4 12.3 10.5 13.7 26.9 12.9 17.6 10.8 9.7 91 36 30.6/07 22.0/23 15.2/08 7.0/29
Dec. 20.9 6.6 4.0 7.5 20.3 7.2 13.8 7.4 7.9 95 47 24.0/06 12.5/27 12.0/30 3.5/22
Total -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Average 30.2 17.7 14.4 19.8 29.6 18.0 21.5 15.3 15.0 84 50 -- --
163

Weather report 2010 CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Month Soil temperature °C (Depth) Rainfall* Evaporation Sunshine
(hr/day)
5 cm 10 cm 20 cm Monthly
I II I II I II (mm)
No of rainy
days
Heavy/
date
mm/ day mm/
month
Jan. 10.5 16.8 11.7 15.5 13.4 14.5 7.6 1 6.5/04 1.2 35.8 2.4 2.6
(Contd.....)
Wind
speed
(km/hr)
Feb. 12.5 23.9 14.2 21.2 16.3 18.3 19.0 2 14.2/09 2.5 71.1 6.9 3.7
Mar. 20.2 33.8 21.5 31.1 23.9 26.2 0.0 0 0.0/00 4.0 124.9 9.0 3.6
Apr. 27.7 41.0 29.1 38.1 30.8 33.1 7.6 1 7.6/29 10.0 300.1 8.9 4.7
May 29.1 41.5 30.5 39.3 32.3 36.1 18.0 1 16.8/07 12.2 379.4 8.4 6.9
Jun. 30.2 40.4 31.6 38.5 33.3 36.2 81.0 4 46.0/25 9.3 278.7 7.8 6.3
Jul. 29.1 34.5 29.8 32.9 30.5 31.6 347.6 14 88.4/05 4.3 121.3 5.3 5.6
Aug. 28.1 33.3 28.9 32.1 29.5 31.0 230.9 10 58.6/22 3.7 106.1 4.9 4.3
Sept. 26.3 31.8 26.9 30.9 27.6 29.6 358.6 13 90.4/08 3.5 94.4 4.9 3.7
Oct. 21.9 30.3 23.1 28.6 24.4 27.1 00.0 00 0.0 /0 3.3 103.3 6.6 2.2
Nov. 16.4 26.5 18.0 24.9 19.4 23.0 00.0 00 0.0 /0 2.3 67.9 6.2 1.9
Dec. 10.3 19.7 11.9 18.2 13.6 16.3 28.0 2 16.0/31 1.5 47.6 5.3 2.0
Total -- -- -- -- -- -- 1098.3 48 -- 57.8 1730.6 76.6 --
Average 21.9 31.1 23.1 29.3 24.6 26.9 -- -- -- 04.8 144.2 06.4 4.0
Rainfall < 2 mm is drizzle or trace; RF-Rainfall
164

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
Weather report 2010
Table II : Mean monthly weather parameters at Canning Town (Latitude 22° 15´ N, Longitude 88°40´,
Altitude 3.0 Meters (A.M.S.L.) during the year –2010
Vapour
Temperature RH
pressure
(
Month
0 C)
(%)
(mm Hg)
Max Min Mean I II I II
Wind
velocity
(km h -1 )
Total
Rainfall
(mm)
Rainy
days
Jan. 23.8 11.3 17.6 89 47 09.7 10.1 03.2 000.0 0 06.7
Feb. 29.2 16.5 22.8 91 51 14.0 15.6 03.0 003.5 1 06.8
March 34.7 23.9 29.3 88 47 21.3 19.1 07.2 000.0 0 07.5
April 36.0 26.7 31.3 84 53 24.7 22.6 13.0 021.4 2 08.3
May 35.3 26.6 31.0 84 56 25.1 23.5 10.1 134.0 7 07.1
June 33.8 26.5 30.1 87 72 26.9 26.4 08.9 243.6 12 04.1
July 32.4 26.5 29.4 89 75 25.6 25.6 08.0 220.1 15 05.1
Aug. 32.2 26.3 29.3 88 77 25.6 25.2 06.7 180.1 13 05.1
Sept. 31.7 25.9 28.8 91 77 25.3 25.5 05.6 183.8 13 04.7
Oct. 31.9 24.7 28.3 91 67 23.4 22.6 03.4 135.2 6 06.5
Nov. 30.3 20.9 25.6 92 58 18.9 18.3 02.1 003.4 1 06.4
Dec. 25.4 13.8 19.6 90 51 11.8 12.1 02.3 010.5 1 06.1
Total 376.7 269.6 323.1 1064 731 252.3 246.6 73.5 1135.6 71 74.4
Mean 31.4 22.5 26.9 89 61 21.0 20.5 06.1 - - 06.2
*I indicates 06:35 hrs (I.S.T) *II indicates 13:35 hrs (I.S.T); AMSL-Above mean sea level
Bright
sunshine
(h d -1 )
Table III : Monthly average weather parameters recorded at Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agricultural
University, Bharuch during 2010
Month
Max.
Temp.
( o C)
Min.
Rainfall
(mm)
Rainy
Days
R.H.
(%)
Vapour
Pressure
(SVP/
hrs.)
Wind
Velocity
(kmph)
Sun
Shine
(hrs.)
January 31.3 14.3 - - 62.2 10.3 6.6 8.8 3.9
February 33.1 16.2 - - 53.1 10.0 5.7 8.8 4.6
March 38.4 21.8 - - 57.5 14.5 6.5 9.7 6.3
April 40.6 24.2 - - 67.9 20.6 6.6 9.8 9.8
May 41.2 27.1 2.2 1 69.7 23.7 9.9 9.4 9.2
June 36.6 26.7 99.0 10 77.8 25.0 10.0 6.3 4.5
July 31.7 25.3 461.3 19 86.7 24.8 8.5 3.6 3.2
August 31.7 25.3 419.7 19 77.6 24.6 3.4 2.7 2.1
September 32.3 24.7 378.7 21 90.0 24.6 1.5 4.2 1.4
October 35.9 23.6 9.0 1 73.0 20.6 0.5 8.1 5.2
November 32.8 21.7 58.9 5 79.5 18.8 5.1 7.2 4.0
December 29.7 13.1 - - 68.0 10.4 3.7 8.7 3.1
Total 1428.8 76
R.H.-Relative humidity
Pan
Epn.
(mm)
165

CSSRI Annual Report 2010-11
AUTHOR INDEX
Name Page Name Page
Ajore, Ram 42,117
Arora, S. 89,90,91,93
Bal, A.R. 96,102,106,108
Bandhopadhyay, B. K. 59,95,96,101,102,106,107,108
Batra, Lalita 37,46
Bundela, D.S. 23,25,48,51,53
Burman, D. 59,95,96,100,101,102,106,107,108
Chaudhari, S.K. 26,33,37,53,75,77
Chinchmalatpure, A.R. 32,41,89,90,91,93
Dagar, J.C. 37,54,74,75,77
Damodaran, T. 59,83,85,87
Dey, P. 26,32,53,57
Gathala, M. 72
Gautam, R.K. 58,59,63, 117
Gupta, S.K. 23,41,46,48,106,109
Jat, H.S. 28,32,37,72,90
Jeet Ram 75
Joshi, P.K. 26,53
Kamra, S.K. 42,44,51,90,93,100
Khajanchi Lal 30,53,74,75
Khandelwal, M.K. 89,90,91,93
Khurana, M.L. 23
Krishna Murthi, S.L. 57,58,60,71
Kulshreshtha, N. 30,61,62,63,64,66,69,70,117
Kumar, V. 72
Kundu, S.S. 37
Ladha, J.K. 72
Madhu Chaudhary 53
Mahanta, K.K. 95,98,100,106
Mandal, A.K. 21
Mandal, S. 59,95,98,101,102,106,107,108
Meena, R.L. 41,48,54,109
Mishra,V.K. 79,81,83,84,85,87
Nayak. A.K. 81
Pandey, C.B. 74,75,77
Pandey, R.S. 37,46
Pargati Maity 42,51
Qadar, A. 46,57,59,70,117
Rao,G. Gururaja 62,89,91,93
Saharawat, Y.P.S. 72
Sarangi, S.K. 59,95,98,101,102,106,107,108
Satyender Kumar 30,42,44,51,100
Sethi, M. 23,25,48,54
Sharma, D.K. 72,79,81,83,84,85,87,91
Sharma, P.C. 37,63,69,71,72
Sharma, S.K. 26,37,58,59,60,61,66,69,83
Singh, Gurbachan 26,28,37,42,93
Singh, R.K. 90,117
Singh, Ranbir 26,28,81
Singh, S.K. 30,36,42,90
Singh, Y.P. 59,62,79,81,83,84,85
Sirohi, N.S. 37
Tripathi, R.S. 37,41,48,117,118
Varshney, P.K. 79
Verma, C.L. 79,85
Yadav, Gajender 74
Yadav, R.K. 25,30,42,44,53,54,74
Yaduvanshi, N.P.S. 33,37,48,66,72
Maji, B. 95, 98,102
166