Study on Renewable Energy Resources, Oman - authority for ...

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Renewable Energy Resources in Oman 4.3 Biogas 4.3.1 Data Waste water sludge Oman Wastewater Services Company (OWWC) and Salalah Wastewater Services Company are currently the only commercial entities granted exclusive concession rights to build and operate waste water systems in Muscat and Salalah, respectively. The Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Water Resources operates several sewer networks and treatment plants in the rest of the country. In Muscat approximately 15% of the population is connected to the company network and the daily average waste water treatment is 43.000 m 3 . The waste amounts 8000 m 3 which is composted for fertilising. The amount of waste water treated is rapidly increasing according to information given by the OWSC company, Ref /9/. Table 4.1 Amount of waste water Year 2007 2010 2015 2020 2025 Waste water m 3 /day 43,544 72,757 151,128 197,560 218,840 Sludge 20% TS kg/day 54,430 90,946 188,910 246,950 272,550 The amount of organic matter is about 50-70% of total solids (TS). Thus the organic matter collected in the sludge is presently 5-7 ton/day which will increase 5 fold before year 2025. 7 ton organic matter per day corresponds to about 2500 tons per year from which it is theoretically possible to produce about 1 mill Nm 3 CH4 (methane) per year, equivalent to 11,000 MWh. Solid waste (dung) An overview of the type and number of farm animals is presented in Table 4.2. Table 4.2 Overview of total resource by 2005. Ref /10 /. Type of Cows Camels Sheep Goats Animal 250 kg 250 kg 30 kg 25 kg Estimated population no 301,600 117,300 351,000 1,555,700 Manure Total Solids (TS) tonnes/year per animal 1.98 1.50 0.18 0.15 Total TS tonnes/year 597,168 175,950 63,180 233,355 VS (Volatile Solids = organic matter) tonnes/year at VS/TS = 0.75 447,876 131,962 47,385 175,016 Percent of total 56 16 6 22 Page 60 of 134 .
Renewable Energy Resources in Oman 4.3.2 Biogas energy resources The theoretic potential biogas production at 100% conversion rate can be estimated as follows: Cows, cattle, sheep and goats 9%TS: Waste water sludge 0.25% / 20% TS: Sorted organic household waste: Vegetable, fruit and grass waste: Cereals: 0.21 Nm 3 CH 4 per kg VS 0.4 Nm 3 CH 4 per kg VS 0.35 Nm 3 CH 4 per kg VS 0.5 Nm 3 CH 4 per kg VS 0.22 Nm 3 CH 4 per kg VS Vegetable oil e.g. from palm or animal fats: 1.44 Nm 3 CH 4 per kg VS It is seen that it is very valuable for the gas production to add a certain amount of fatty wastes. The practical utilisation rate in the process can vary from 40% to 90% of the potential gas production, depending on residence time, pre-treatment, material mix, process temperature, reactor load etc. The total biogas production for the animals listed in section 5.3.1 is about 150,000,000 Nm 3 CH 4 per year or 1,650,000 MWh. Poultry production is rapidly growing and poultry waste can to a certain extent be added to biogas plants. Biogas plants on poultry waste alone is however not possible due to ammonia inhibition of the process. Waste from vegetables, fruits and field crops from sorted household waste and waste from abattoirs and fish industry can with advantage be added to biogas plants. The amount of added material to the process should not be more than 25% of the base material (i.e. manure or sludge) in order to avoid process inhibition. There is not sufficient data available to estimate the amounts available but it is considered plenty to fulfil the 25% limit. The practical utilisation of biogas is limited by several factors, such as collection of material to the plant, organisation of the plant if dependent on individual farmers, possible use of the biogas produced both for heat and power. Biogas plants can be located at wastewater treatment plants at food industries and at big farms. As a rule of thump there should be at least 100-200 milk cows or camels on stable before a biogas plant is worth considering. Major farms are mostly located in Batinah region. There are to the less extent in Dhofar. It is estimated that there are about 50 farms with more than 500 animals of different species. The largest farms have about 4000 cattle. The rest of the animals are spread amongst minor farmers and shepherds which makes the resource practically unreachable. Page 61 of 134 .
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Authority for Electricity Regulatio
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Renewable Energy Resources in Oman
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2. Mazoon Electricity Company Eng.
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4. Oman Waste Water Company Eng, Om
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6. Ministry of Regional Municipalit
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According to SQU studies, wind and
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9. Ministry of Transport and Teleco
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11. Supreme Committee for Town Plan
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13. Ministry of National Economy H.
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15. Petrol Development Oman (PDO) C
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16. Scientific Research Council H.E
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B. Comments received General info E
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ecause of missing DNA in Oman. Ener
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Appendix 2 Site visits Photos from
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Photo 5. View towards Masirah islan
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Global solar radiation, 1987-1992,
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Appendix 6
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6.2 Examples of applications at var
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Fig. A 6.2 Example of rural system
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Fig. A 6.5 Example of large scale s
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Appendix 7
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Appendix 8 and 9
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• A 20 MW power converter to conv
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Appendix 9 List of R&D references a
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Appendix 10 Average production cost
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Appendix 11 Examples of Tax Credit
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0.5 0.4 Levelized Cost of Energy vs
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18 Electric Load 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
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Fig. A 13.2 . Assumed fuel efficien
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