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Pierce, A.A., J.C. de Roode, S. Altizer, and R.A. Bartel. 2014. Extreme heterogeneity in parasitism despite low population genetic structure among monarch butterflies inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands. PloS one, 9(6), e100061. Pleasants, J.M. Unpublished data provided to Bill Freese, Center for Food Safety. Pleasants, J.M. In press. Monarch Butterflies and Agriculture, Ch. 14. In Oberhauser, K.S. and K. Nail, editors, Monarchs in a Changing World: Biology and Conservation of an Iconic Insect. Ithaca: Oxford University Press. Pleasants, J.M., and K.S. Oberhauser. 2012. Milkweed loss in agricultural fields because of herbicide use: effect on the monarch butterfly population. Insect Conservation and Diversity 6:135–144. Available from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00196.x (accessed May 31, 2013). Presidential Memorandum. 2014. Creating a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators, June 20, 2014. Available from http://www.whitehouse.gov/thepress-office/2014/06/20/presidential-memorandum-creating-federal-strategy-promote-healthhoney-b (accessed August 20, 2014). Prysby, M.D. 2004. Natural Enemies and Survival of Monarch Eggs and Larvae. Pages 27 – 37 in K.S. Oberhauser and M.J. Solensky, editors. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Prysby, M.D., and K.S. Oberhauser. 2004. Temporal and Geographic Variation in Monarch Densities: Citizen Scientists Document Monarch Population Patterns. Pages 9 – 20 in K.S. Oberhauser and M. J. Solensky, editors. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Pyle, R.M., S.J. Jepsen, S.H. Black, and M. Monroe. 2012. Xerces Society policy on butterfly releases. Available from http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/xerces-butterflyrelease-policy2012.pdf (accessed August 20, 2014). Pyle, R.M., and M. Monroe. 2004. Conservation of western monarchs. Wings Magazine, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation 27:13-17. Rapini, A., C. van den Berg, and S. Liede-Schumann. 2007. Diversification of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynacea) in the New World. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 94:407–422. Available from http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3417/0026- 6493%282007%2994%5B407%3ADOAAIT%5D2.0.CO%3B2 (accessed August 29, 2013). Rasmann, S., and A.A. Agrawal. 2011. Latitudinal patterns in plant defense: evolution of cardenolides, their toxicity and induction following herbivory. Ecology Letters 14:476–483. Available from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01609.x (accessed July 8, 2013). Monarch ESA Petition 136
Rasmussen, N. 2001. Plant hormones in war and peace: science, industry, and government in the development of herbicides in 1940s America. Isis 92:291 – 316. Rawlins, J.E. and R.C. Lederhouse. 1981. Developmental influences of thermal behavior on monarch caterpillars (Danaus plexippus): an adaptation for migration (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society (1981):387-408. Reiter, P. 2001. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, no. Suppl 1:141. Rendón-Salinas, E., and G. Tavera-Alonso. 2014. Forest surface occupied by monarch butterfly hibernation colonies in December 2013, World Wildlife Fund – Mexico report. Available from http://worldwildlife.org/publications/forest-surface-occupied-by-monarch-butterfly-hibernationcolonies-in-december-2013 (accessed August 20, 2014). Robbins, C.S., J.R. Sauer, R.S. Greenberg, and S. Droege. 1989. Population declines in North American birds that migrate to the Neotropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86(19): 7658-7662. Robertson, C. 1928. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers. The Science Press Printing Company, Lancaster, PA. Robertson, J.L., and L.M. Boelter. 1979. Toxicity of insecticides to douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): II. Residual toxicity and rainfastness. The Canadian Entomologist 111(10):1161-1175. Russell C., and C.B. Schultz. 2009. Effects of grass-specific herbicides on butterflies: an experimental investigation to advance conservation efforts. Journal of Insect Conservation 14:53–63. doi: 10.1007/s10841-009-9224-3 Sáenz-Romero, C., G.E. Rehfeldt, P. Duval, and R.A. Lindig-Cisneros. 2012. Abies religiosa habitat prediction in climatic change scenarios and implications for monarch butterfly conservation in Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 275:98–106. Available from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112712001284 (accessed June 11, 2013). Sakai, W. 1994. Avian predation on the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae: Danainae), at a California overwintering site. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 48:148–56. Sakai, W.H. and W.C. Calvert. 1991. Statewide monarch butterfly management plan for the state of California Department of Parks and Recreation. Final Report, June 1991. Interagency Agreement No. 88-11-050 between California Department of Parks and Recreation and Santa Monica College. 160 pp. Sample, B.E., R.J. Cooper, and R.C. Whitmore. 1993. Dietary Shifts among Songbirds from a Diflubenzuron-Treated Forest. Condor. 95:616-624. Monarch ESA Petition 137
Page 1 and 2:
BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIO
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PETITIONERS The Center for Biologic
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
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Though monarchs are found in relati
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threatened by logging, forest disea
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overwintering habitat in 2002 kille
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The monarch was very recently a hig
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when timely action is not undertake
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DESCRIPTION Photo © Jeffrey E. Bel
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Based on the short amount of time s
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After mating a female must soon fin
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legumes (Fabaceae spp.), goldenrod
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Monarch butterflies in western Nort
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Figure 8. Western monarch collectio
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Cardenolide fingerprinting of monar
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managers than roost sites (Brower e
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POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
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land was invaded by common milkweed
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Mexico, the Monarch Larva Monitorin
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Figure 13. Western Monarch Thanksgi
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almost a billion individuals were i
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When butterflies were collected for
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change, and stochastic weather even
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Pesticide usage figures from USDA
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Figure 18. Estimated Agricultural U
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Figure 20. A: Percentage of U.S. so
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In sum, the limited and early-seaso
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The Iowa and Minnesota surveys exem
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1999 accounted for 56 percent of th
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In response, all of the major agric
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iodiversity in agriculture-dominate
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to butterflies, especially with fre
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action of glyphosate and either 2,4
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Brower et al. (2012a) identify loss
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portion of Sierra Campanario. Loggi
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and 21 additional hectares were imp
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for some natural areas (Internation
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international community and Mexican
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and California, monarchs are able t
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numbers of butterflies being in the
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Petition, Loss of Monarch Habitat i
Page 83 and 84:
Additionally, FWS will phase out th
Page 85 and 86: Private Lands The vast majority of
Page 87 and 88: Vidal et al. (2013) identify small-
Page 89 and 90: As explained elsewhere in this peti
Page 91 and 92: Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid
Page 93 and 94: Figure 26. Increasing imidacloprid
Page 95 and 96: Figure 29. Increasing clothianidin
Page 97 and 98: 2012, Nuyttens et al. 2013). This d
Page 99 and 100: most commonly used adulticides are
Page 101 and 102: Global Climate Change The monarch b
Page 103 and 104: availability (Cockrell et al. 1993,
Page 105 and 106: Severe Weather and Catastrophic Eve
Page 107 and 108: two highly invasive swallow-wort sp
Page 109 and 110: that the entire North American rang
Page 111 and 112: and Oberhauser 2012). There is also
Page 113 and 114: the species at the time it is liste
Page 115 and 116: Baldwin, F.L. 2011. Glyphosate drif
Page 117 and 118: Brower, A.V. Z., and M. M. Jeansonn
Page 119 and 120: http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93
Page 121 and 122: Cleary Chemical Corporation. 2006.
Page 123 and 124: Dockx, C. 2007. Directional and sta
Page 125 and 126: Franz, J.E., M.K. Mao, and J.A. Sik
Page 127 and 128: Hartzler, R.G., and D.D. Buhler. 20
Page 129 and 130: Johal, G.S. and J.E. Rahe. 1984. Ef
Page 131 and 132: Lindenmayer, D.B., J.T. Wood, L. Mc
Page 133 and 134: Meade, D.E. 1999. Monarch butterfly
Page 135: permethrin barrier treatments. Envi
Page 139 and 140: the Linnean Society 144:191-212. Av
Page 141 and 142: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/F
Page 143 and 144: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 145 and 146: Wyatt, R., A. Stoneburner, S.B. Bro
Page 147 and 148: Appendix A: Non-migratory Populatio
Page 149 and 150: 2004). These milkweeds also have be
Page 151 and 152: y one or a few butterflies and then
Page 153 and 154: Philippines Although monarchs were
Page 155 and 156: Resident monarchs have also been st
Page 157 and 158: Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Dana
Page 159: Appendix B: Proposed Rules to Facil
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