monarch-esa-petition-final_61585

Appendix A: Non-migratory Populations of Danaus plexippus plexippus
Non-migratory populations of Danaus plexippus plexippus outside of the Americas
During the mid- to late-1800’s and into the 1900’s monarchs spread across the Pacific to Hawaii,
New Zealand, Australia, and many islands of Oceania (Brower 1995, Zalucki and Clarke 2004,
Fig. 1, p. 114; see Figures 1 and 2 below). During this same time period, monarchs also
colonized islands across the Atlantic, such as Bermuda and the Madeira and Canary Islands, and
are now resident in the Azores and coastal areas of Spain as well (Haeger et al. 2011). Various
lines of evidence point to more than one introduction event in the Pacific, with populations in
Hawaii and Australia likely forming independently (Shephard et al. 2002, Lyons et al. 2012), and
other Pacific islands being colonized by radiation from original areas (Zalucki and Clarke 2004,
Fig. 1). Introduction and spread in the Atlantic and Spain have not been as well studied, but
monarchs are regularly found off-course during fall migrations as far as the United Kingdom
(Vane-Wright 1993, Brower 1995, p. 354).
Figure 1, Appendix A. 1985 Range of Danaus plexippus plexippus outside the Americas. Figure
2 from Vane-Wright 1993, original legend.
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