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Zalucki, M.P., L.P. Brower, and M.A. Alonso. 2001a. Detrimental effects of latex and cardiac glycosides on survivial and growth of first-instar monarch butterfly larvae Danaus plexippus feedin on the sandhill milkweed Asclepias humistrata. Ecological Entomology 26:212 – 224. Zalucki, M.P., S.B. Malcolm, T.D. Paine, C.C. Hanlon, L.P. Brower, and A.R. Clarke. 2001b. It’s the first bites that count: Survival of first-instar monarchs on milkweeds. Austral Ecology 26:547–555. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1442- 9993.2001.01132.x/full (accessed June 19, 2013). Zalucki, M.P., and W.A. Rochester. 2004. Spatial and Temporal Population Dynamics of Monarchs Down Under: Lessons for North America. Pages 219 – 228 in K. S. Oberhauser and M. J. Solensky, editors. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Zalucki, M., W. Rochester, K. Oberhauser, and M. Solensky. 2004. Spatial and temporal population dynamics of monarchs down-under: lessons for North America. Pages 219 – 228 in Monarch butterfly biology and conservation. Cornell University Press Ithaca, USA. Zipkin, E.F., L. Ries, R. Reeves, J. Regetz, and K.S. Oberhauser. 2012. Tracking climate impacts on the migratory monarch butterfly. Global Change Biology 18:3039–3049. Available from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02751.x (accessed June 11, 2013). Zollinger, R. 1998. Common milkweed control. NDSU Crop and Pest Report, North Dakota State University, July 30, 1998. Available from http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/archive/entomology/ndsucpr/Years/1998/July/30/weeds_30july98.htm (accessed August 20, 2014). Monarch ESA Petition 146
Appendix A: Non-migratory Populations of Danaus plexippus plexippus Non-migratory populations of Danaus plexippus plexippus outside of the Americas During the mid- to late-1800’s and into the 1900’s monarchs spread across the Pacific to Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, and many islands of Oceania (Brower 1995, Zalucki and Clarke 2004, Fig. 1, p. 114; see Figures 1 and 2 below). During this same time period, monarchs also colonized islands across the Atlantic, such as Bermuda and the Madeira and Canary Islands, and are now resident in the Azores and coastal areas of Spain as well (Haeger et al. 2011). Various lines of evidence point to more than one introduction event in the Pacific, with populations in Hawaii and Australia likely forming independently (Shephard et al. 2002, Lyons et al. 2012), and other Pacific islands being colonized by radiation from original areas (Zalucki and Clarke 2004, Fig. 1). Introduction and spread in the Atlantic and Spain have not been as well studied, but monarchs are regularly found off-course during fall migrations as far as the United Kingdom (Vane-Wright 1993, Brower 1995, p. 354). Figure 1, Appendix A. 1985 Range of Danaus plexippus plexippus outside the Americas. Figure 2 from Vane-Wright 1993, original legend. Monarch ESA Petition 147
BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIO
PETITIONERS The Center for Biologic
TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Though monarchs are found in relati
threatened by logging, forest disea
overwintering habitat in 2002 kille
The monarch was very recently a hig
when timely action is not undertake
DESCRIPTION Photo © Jeffrey E. Bel
Based on the short amount of time s
After mating a female must soon fin
legumes (Fabaceae spp.), goldenrod
Monarch butterflies in western Nort
Figure 8. Western monarch collectio
Cardenolide fingerprinting of monar
managers than roost sites (Brower e
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
land was invaded by common milkweed
Mexico, the Monarch Larva Monitorin
Figure 13. Western Monarch Thanksgi
almost a billion individuals were i
When butterflies were collected for
change, and stochastic weather even
Pesticide usage figures from USDA
Figure 18. Estimated Agricultural U
Figure 20. A: Percentage of U.S. so
In sum, the limited and early-seaso
The Iowa and Minnesota surveys exem
1999 accounted for 56 percent of th
In response, all of the major agric
iodiversity in agriculture-dominate
to butterflies, especially with fre
action of glyphosate and either 2,4
Brower et al. (2012a) identify loss
portion of Sierra Campanario. Loggi
and 21 additional hectares were imp
for some natural areas (Internation
international community and Mexican
and California, monarchs are able t
numbers of butterflies being in the
Petition, Loss of Monarch Habitat i
Additionally, FWS will phase out th
Private Lands The vast majority of
Vidal et al. (2013) identify small-
As explained elsewhere in this peti
Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid
Figure 26. Increasing imidacloprid