Overview of the universe, our solar system and the ... - APRSAF
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National Science Museum, Technopolis Khlong 5, Khlong Luang Pathum, Tahni,Thail<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Teachers <strong>and</strong> Leaders Seminar on Water Rocket Education 11:10-11:30 Jan 23.2010<br />
<strong>Overview</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> Universe, <strong>our</strong> <strong>solar</strong><br />
<strong>system</strong> <strong>and</strong> uniqueness <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> planet<br />
Earth, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> water rocket for<br />
Education<br />
Koh-ichiro Oyama<br />
Plasma <strong>and</strong> Space Science Center,<br />
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan<br />
Member, Advisory committee, Center for Space Science Technology Education for Asia<br />
Pacific Region (India) affiliated to UN, <strong>and</strong> Editorial committee for Junior High School<br />
Science Text book in Japan
Launching <strong>of</strong> Water Rocket itself is not <strong>our</strong> purpose.<br />
It is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tools, to trigger <strong>the</strong> curiosity <strong>of</strong><br />
children, may be , <strong>the</strong> best tool as science education.<br />
When we teach space, we need to teach <strong>the</strong><br />
followings…..<br />
Why do we need space development, <strong>and</strong> Why do we<br />
need to know about space <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong>,<strong>our</strong> <strong>universe</strong> ,<br />
<strong>the</strong>n<br />
Where are we in <strong>our</strong> Universe What have we<br />
learned from past space mission
Our <strong>solar</strong> System<br />
Bode’s Law :Distance from <strong>the</strong> Sun to planets:<br />
0.4+0.3×□ : 0,1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128<br />
Voyager 1<br />
Heliosphere<br />
Pioneer 10<br />
1 Astronomical Unit :Distance<br />
between Earth <strong>and</strong> Sun; (500sec by<br />
light velocity) .<br />
Pioneer 11<br />
Stellar wind<br />
Heliopause<br />
(Edge <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> <strong>solar</strong><br />
<strong>system</strong>;about 200 AU)<br />
Voyager 2<br />
Solar wind<br />
1.Earth is going around <strong>the</strong> sun with <strong>the</strong> speed <strong>of</strong> 40km/s, that is 144000km/h. (Airplane 800km/h)<br />
Hydrogen ions <strong>and</strong> electrons are being ejected from <strong>our</strong> sun with <strong>the</strong> speed <strong>of</strong> 300-800km/sec. ・・<br />
Solar Wind
100,000 light years<br />
Our <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong><br />
200 billion suns !!!!<br />
27,000 light years<br />
Black<br />
holes<br />
100,000 ears. moving with <strong>the</strong> speed <strong>of</strong> 200km/se. 200 million yeas to go around<br />
7200000 km/H Airplane 800km/H<br />
All stars in <strong>the</strong> sky are suns,except Venus ,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn<br />
Galaxy where <strong>our</strong> <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong> exists
Where are we <br />
Many Galaxies observed with Hubble<br />
Telescope<br />
These are not a single star(sun) Each<br />
consist <strong>of</strong> 20<br />
0billion( 200,000,000,000 )suns<br />
Where is <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong><br />
<strong>universe</strong> <br />
The fur<strong>the</strong>st Galaxy<br />
Red shift Δλ=λ<br />
More than 1 million Galaxies <br />
ftp://adc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/adc/archives/catalog/7/7119/pgc.gz
We observe that first stage <strong>of</strong> <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong> exploration, that started from Russian Sputnik in 1957,<br />
ended with Voyager Mission in 1989.<br />
Three important lessons which we, human beings ,<br />
learned from Planetary exploration including Earth<br />
environment studies are:<br />
1.Irreplaceable Earth<br />
Earth is only one planet in <strong>our</strong><br />
<strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong>, which can have<br />
intelligent life
2, Fragile Earth !!!related to <strong>the</strong><br />
lesson <strong>of</strong> Environment protection<br />
1.Thickness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air ; only 10km<br />
10 19 particles /cm3(10,000,000,000,000,000 ,000,000,000)<br />
1/100 atmospheric pressure at <strong>the</strong> height <strong>of</strong> 30km,<br />
if you go every 15km,<strong>the</strong> pressure becomes 1/10<br />
2.Thickness <strong>of</strong> Ozone; about 3 mm<br />
when compressed to 1 atom.pressure. 1/10 5 <strong>of</strong> oxygen <strong>and</strong><br />
nitrogen at <strong>the</strong> height <strong>of</strong> 30km<br />
3.Depth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea ;about 3km<br />
Note most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water is sea water<br />
Radius <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> earth 6370 km ( What is <strong>the</strong> circle<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earth Km)<br />
Equal to thin red skin <strong>of</strong> apple <strong>of</strong> diameter <strong>of</strong> 10cm, not <strong>of</strong> orange
3.Lucky Planet, Earth (only(<br />
only from 3<br />
items below,many sciences can be taught<br />
1. Distance from Sun is adequate<br />
Venus ; Lead /Zinc melt. Mars ;CO 2 gas is freezing<br />
<strong>and</strong> becomes solid, P=1.38Kw/m 2 at earth Orbit<br />
2. Size is proper<br />
F= G.M.m/R 2 (G=6.67259 X10 -11 m 3 s -2 .kg -1<br />
Maintenance <strong>of</strong> atmosphere<br />
No atmosphere in moon<br />
3. Existence <strong>of</strong> magnetic field<br />
R b =mV/eB<br />
(m; mass <strong>of</strong> charged particle,e electron<br />
charge),<br />
charge), Atmosphere can not be removed by<br />
<strong>solar</strong> wind ,Protection from radiation
Video (<strong>solar</strong> wind + Venus interaction)<br />
The Venus which has no strong magnetic field<br />
Solar wind which hits <strong>our</strong> planet Earth; The earth is<br />
protected by magnetic field. At <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> about 10<br />
Re (70,000 Km from <strong>the</strong> earth), <strong>the</strong> <strong>solar</strong> wind wind is<br />
stopped, <strong>and</strong> <strong>solar</strong> wind directly jump into only polar<br />
region which produces <strong>the</strong> day time aurora.<br />
Venus Atmosphere is being removed from Venus<br />
by <strong>solar</strong> wind. Please notice how close <strong>solar</strong><br />
wind to Venus atmosphere (500 –1000 km from<br />
Venus surface)
To study about <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>our</strong> <strong>universe</strong> should be<br />
originally fun. However most teachers have not enough<br />
knowledge on <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong> as well as Universe. They only<br />
teach what are written in text book, which is very thin.<br />
Children loose <strong>the</strong>ir interest in Science gradually. This is<br />
happening in Japan.<br />
To help science teachers is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fundamental goals<br />
<strong>of</strong> Space Education Center, JAXA)<br />
Water boosted rocket could be helpful ,first as an<br />
introduction to Space for children . Once children become<br />
interested, <strong>the</strong>y study by <strong>the</strong>mselves.
Picture by Kataoka<br />
Application <strong>of</strong> Water boosted Rocket as<br />
exceptionally useful tool for education<br />
- From Nursery to Undergraduate-<br />
Excellent tool to use as introduction <strong>of</strong> science for<br />
• <strong>the</strong> kid as well as to trigger <strong>the</strong> curiosity to <strong>the</strong><br />
nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> planet Earth, Solar <strong>system</strong>, <strong>and</strong><br />
Universe
1.Family<br />
Establish Better relation between Fa<strong>the</strong>r -Children<br />
Cultivate curiosity<br />
2.Elementary below 11<br />
1.Enc<strong>our</strong>aging children to learn about science in<br />
general <strong>and</strong> astronomy in particular.<br />
2.Forming <strong>the</strong> technical practicing ability <strong>of</strong> children.<br />
3.Creating opportunity for <strong>the</strong> children to study <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> interesting experiments.<br />
4.Promoting <strong>the</strong> creativity <strong>of</strong> children ( use h<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Height, distance)<br />
Continued…………<br />
…..<br />
do
KWRRCG:The Kansky Water Rocket Radio Controlled Glider Experiment<br />
After spending way too much time looking at various water rocket sites on <strong>the</strong> web, I<br />
decided I had to build a water rocket launching <strong>system</strong> for my Chrysalis radiocontrolled<br />
h<strong>and</strong> launch glider.<br />
Thanks to Clifford Heath's Water Rocket Simulation web site I was able to calculate<br />
that an open nozzle 2 liter soda bottle would result in 50+ G's <strong>of</strong> acceleration with<br />
my 10 oz glider strapped on <strong>the</strong> side. I knew that my poor plane wouldn't be able to<br />
h<strong>and</strong>le it, so I decided to go with a reduced nozzle diameter. The most convenient<br />
way to do things was with <strong>the</strong> LEGO garden hose quick disconnect garden hose<br />
fittings you can find at y<strong>our</strong> hardware store. Here's a picture <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole assembly<br />
on <strong>the</strong> launch pad:
3.Junior High School 12-15<br />
Study on<br />
1. Motion , Action –reaction ,<br />
Effect <strong>of</strong> nozzle size, change <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> nozzle<br />
(Let children discuss how to measure<br />
speed )<br />
2. Effect <strong>of</strong> Aerodynamic<br />
change <strong>the</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> nose cone , study how thick <strong>our</strong> atmosphere (10 19<br />
particle/cc)<br />
3.Height <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rocket ; how to measure<br />
<strong>the</strong> height reached Why <strong>the</strong> rocket come back to <strong>the</strong> ground <br />
Student can learn gravity field<br />
4.How to open <strong>the</strong> parachute
http://www.asij.ac.jp/middle/ac/tec/<br />
Junior high school
4. Senior High School 15-18<br />
Discuss on <strong>the</strong> equation <strong>of</strong> motion; Weight <strong>and</strong><br />
thrust changes as time(even without air drag)<br />
Magneto resistive sensor<br />
Calculate <strong>the</strong> trajectory, according to <strong>the</strong> equation,<br />
measure velocity, height <strong>and</strong> acceleration<br />
aerodynamics, change <strong>the</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> nose cone<br />
Put camera, accelerometer, magnetometer in<br />
memory , data acquisition, how to process data<br />
How to make 2 nd stage
5. University <strong>and</strong> MS (18-25)<br />
Electronics<br />
Communication; – transmitter,data (camera,<br />
accelerometer, magnetometer )<br />
receiver , data acquisition <strong>system</strong><br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>: separation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second stage<br />
Aerodynamics; Calculation <strong>of</strong> trajectory including<br />
computer simulation <strong>of</strong> optimum problem to get maximum<br />
height,<br />
change <strong>of</strong> nozzle diameter, amount <strong>of</strong> water, (pressure<br />
fixed.) .change <strong>of</strong> fin angle <strong>and</strong> compare with <strong>the</strong><br />
experiment<br />
Mechanics; second stage separation by <strong>the</strong> comm<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Control : Maneuver <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rocket attitude<br />
6. Adults : to keep young !! See next Video
Video <strong>of</strong> water rocket launch<br />
Non gravity experiment, Camera<br />
-From You Tube : many available -
Where you can get Information on Water Rocket<br />
Many information are available from Internet<br />
http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/<br />
BottleRocket/about.htm<br />
CONTENT<br />
ALL ABOUT WATER ROCKETS<br />
START YOUR JOURNEY<br />
EDUCATOR SECTION<br />
WATER ROCKET SAFETYWATER ROCKET<br />
THE 3D WATER ROCKET SIMULATOR
Toward <strong>the</strong> future - Water rocket Olympic<br />
Game<br />
• Dear colleagues,<br />
<strong>APRSAF</strong>-12 Water Boost Rocket<br />
Competition<br />
Kitakyusyu, , Japan<br />
15 October, 2005<br />
Our objective as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Space Education <strong>and</strong> Awareness is to contribute towards <strong>the</strong> peaceful harmony<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Asian countries through <strong>the</strong> Development <strong>and</strong> Utilization <strong>of</strong> Space. We would like to proceed<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r to this same final goal under <strong>the</strong> umbrella <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Asian Pacific Region Space Agency Forum<br />
(<strong>APRSAF</strong>). The Space Education/Awareness (SEA) Working Group is taking t<br />
specific affordable actions in<br />
order to increase public awareness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> young generation through Space.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action items, which we agreed to take during <strong>the</strong> discussions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> SEA WG meeting at<br />
<strong>APRSAF</strong>-11, is to conduct <strong>the</strong> <strong>APRSAF</strong> Water Boosted Rocket Competition. We are taking necessary<br />
actions to hold <strong>the</strong> competition right after <strong>APRSAF</strong>-12 in Kitakyushu this Octover. . Now WG members are<br />
making effort to organize <strong>the</strong> water boosted rocket competition in <strong>the</strong>ir home countries <strong>and</strong> send one junior<br />
high school student <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> leader to Japan. Although we use <strong>the</strong> word competition, , <strong>our</strong> major objective <strong>of</strong><br />
this year is to get toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> gradually proceed to fur<strong>the</strong>r improvement for <strong>the</strong> next year, as we know all<br />
countries are not under <strong>the</strong> same situation on <strong>the</strong> competition.<br />
We really hope that we take first step towards <strong>the</strong> peaceful harmony <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Asian countries through this<br />
competition.<br />
Thank you.<br />
4th.India<br />
1st.Jap<br />
an<br />
2nd.Indo<br />
nesia<br />
3rd.Vietnum<br />
Olympic<br />
5thThail<strong>and</strong>
Only Education can change <strong>the</strong> world<br />
(N.M<strong>and</strong>era, ex President, South Africa)<br />
Education needs tremendous efforts , time ,<br />
<strong>and</strong> energy. Let me propose that we work<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r toward <strong>the</strong> same goal, “Education<br />
by using one common tool , water rocket” ,<br />
finally for <strong>the</strong> peace <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world, hoping<br />
that some day <strong>our</strong> efforts shed <strong>the</strong><br />
light at <strong>the</strong> corner <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world.<br />
Thank you !
End <strong>of</strong> Talk 20 minutes
SIZE OF OUR UNIVERSE observed by Japanese Spacecraft<br />
‘HARUKA’<br />
13.6 billion light<br />
years<br />
12 billion(10 10 ) light years<br />
Quasar is not a star.It is a<br />
center <strong>of</strong> active Galaxy<br />
Universe is exp<strong>and</strong>ing,,<strong>the</strong><br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r you go ,<strong>the</strong> velocity <strong>of</strong><br />
expansion becomes faster <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>n finally reaches <strong>the</strong> light<br />
velocity,<strong>the</strong> horizon <strong>of</strong> <strong>universe</strong>.<br />
5 billion light years<br />
10 meter Antenna in<br />
Space<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r <strong>universe</strong> might exist !!
Why do we need space development <br />
Application: Without satellite ,we can not know know in advance <strong>the</strong><br />
pass <strong>of</strong> Typhoon, communication,wea<strong>the</strong>r, broadcasting, transportation,<br />
remote education, remote medical treatment, <strong>and</strong> remote sensing<br />
(l<strong>and</strong>slide, flood, fire, clops, temperature, humidity)<br />
Environment: We should inform <strong>the</strong> young generation who follow<br />
that <strong>our</strong> planet earth is unique <strong>and</strong> being destroyed.<br />
Warning to <strong>the</strong> human beings on <strong>the</strong> future <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong><br />
planet earth<br />
Space activity is Investment to <strong>the</strong><br />
future , as Education is !!!!<br />
The importance <strong>and</strong> role <strong>of</strong> Basic Science Planetary mission including Earth
Earth being destroyed !!!!<br />
Deforestation<br />
Global warming<br />
Ozone Depletion<br />
Exp<strong>and</strong>ing desert
Why planetary exploration<br />
• Want to dig out <strong>the</strong> secrets <strong>of</strong> Nature; How <strong>our</strong> <strong>solar</strong><br />
<strong>system</strong> was formed Why Venus has 243 days per<br />
revolution (1m/sec) Why Venus has super rotation <strong>of</strong><br />
atmosphere(60 -100m/sec) <br />
Why Titan has Nitrogen atmosphere <br />
• Better underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earth environment <strong>and</strong> get<br />
insights for <strong>the</strong> future <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> planet …..look at Venus<br />
As a result……Planetary exploration contributes to EDUCATION<br />
About 8000 satellites in <strong>the</strong> orbit, with naked eyes 300-400satellites
Water (or Bottle) Rockets<br />
Bottle rockets or water rockets, what are <strong>the</strong>y<br />
When someone mentions bottle rockets, do you envision placing a<br />
firecracker attached to a stick into a glass bottle <strong>and</strong> launching it<br />
Water rockets have been a s<strong>our</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> entertainment <strong>and</strong> education for<br />
many years. They are usually made with an empty two-liter plastic soda<br />
bottle by adding water <strong>and</strong> pressurizing it with air for launching (like <strong>the</strong><br />
image to <strong>the</strong> right).<br />
Soda companies began using plastic bottles in 1970. The Polyethylene<br />
Terephthalate (PET) material used in most plastic soda bottles today was<br />
introduced in 1973.<br />
Water rockets are used in schools to help students underst<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
principles <strong>of</strong> aeronautics. The Science Olympiads provide challenges <strong>of</strong><br />
bottle rocket design <strong>and</strong> flight, including altitudes <strong>and</strong> distances reached.<br />
Many interesting designs <strong>and</strong> additional information on bottle rockets can<br />
be found with a simple Web search.
Water Rockets (What I Have<br />
Learned so Far) by Bill<br />
Kuhl http://www.scienceguy.org<br />
Water Rockets (What I Have Learned so Far) by Bill<br />
Kuhl http://www.scienceguy.org<br />
The idea to try water rockets came to me after helping with a parks <strong>and</strong><br />
recreation summer camp that was entitled,<br />
"Model Airplanes <strong>and</strong> Rockets". For at least one summer <strong>the</strong>re were e no<br />
rockets but we built kites instead <strong>of</strong> rockets,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> c<strong>our</strong>se <strong>the</strong>re was little wind. I had built solid fuel rockets as a kid<br />
but I knew that would be ra<strong>the</strong>r expensive for a large<br />
group, so I thought <strong>the</strong> water rocket idea would be cheap once I purchased<br />
a launcher. Some people build <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
launchers, but I purchased <strong>the</strong> better launcher from Pitsco. At first, I just<br />
built rockets that had no recovery <strong>system</strong> at<br />
all, this makes things simple if <strong>the</strong> rocket survives <strong>the</strong> crash.<br />
Below are pictures from a park <strong>and</strong> recreation group, <strong>the</strong>y built <strong>the</strong><br />
rockets mainly from construction paper which<br />
does not hold up to a high-speed launch, but <strong>the</strong> kids sure had fun!<br />
For water rockets you need a good quality pump, <strong>the</strong> pump on <strong>the</strong> left in<br />
<strong>the</strong> below left picture was a cheap one <strong>and</strong> did not hold up.<br />
The middle picture shows how <strong>the</strong> Pitsco AquaPort launcher grips <strong>the</strong><br />
bottle. Ano<strong>the</strong>r requirement will be a method<br />
for bringing water to <strong>the</strong> launch site <strong>and</strong> p<strong>our</strong>ing it into <strong>the</strong> rocket.<br />
The launch <strong>of</strong> a water rocket is really fun to watch, within <strong>the</strong> first few<br />
feet all <strong>the</strong> water has been emptied from <strong>the</strong><br />
bottle <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rocket can be going over 100 m.p.h.! Safe practices are a<br />
must.<br />
Parachute recovery is really cool, but it is difficult to get reliable<br />
deployment every time, I tried a few methods with
University <strong>and</strong> MS (18-25)<br />
Electronics<br />
Communication; – transmitter,data (camera,<br />
accelerometer, magnetometer )<br />
receiver ,data acquisition <strong>system</strong><br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>: separation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second stage<br />
Computer simulation<br />
Calculation <strong>of</strong> trajectory including <strong>the</strong><br />
aerodynamics<br />
To get <strong>the</strong> maximum height,<br />
change <strong>of</strong> nozzle diameter, amount <strong>of</strong><br />
water,(pressure<br />
fixed.) .change <strong>of</strong> fin<br />
angle<br />
<strong>and</strong> compare with <strong>the</strong><br />
experiment<br />
Mechanics; second<br />
stage separation by <strong>the</strong> comm<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Maneuver <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rocket<br />
attitude
Prologue – What is Water (or Bottle) Rockets <br />
Bottle rockets or water rockets, what are <strong>the</strong>y<br />
When someone mentions bottle rockets, do you envision<br />
placing a firecracker attached to a stick into a glass bottle<br />
<strong>and</strong> launching it<br />
Water rockets have been a s<strong>our</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> entertainment <strong>and</strong><br />
education for many years. They are usually made with an<br />
empty two-liter plastic soda bottle by adding water <strong>and</strong><br />
pressurizing it with air for launching (like <strong>the</strong> image to <strong>the</strong><br />
right).<br />
Soda companies began using plastic bottles in 1970. The<br />
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) material used in most<br />
plastic soda bottles today was introduced in 1973.<br />
Water rockets are used in schools to help students<br />
underst<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> principles <strong>of</strong> aeronautics. Many interesting<br />
designs <strong>and</strong> additional information on bottle rockets can be<br />
found with a simple Web search.
F= ½ A nmV 2<br />
Magnetometer,accel<br />
erometer,camera,<br />
transmitter<br />
How much water <br />
Optimum problem<br />
Nozzle<br />
Diamter;<br />
Tilting fin gives<br />
<strong>the</strong> spin<br />
Stability
Now Second generation <strong>of</strong> Planetary exploration!<br />
Manned flight<br />
Sample Return<br />
Surface<br />
Observation<br />
Entry to Atmosphere<br />
Hoygence<br />
Mission<br />
Polar Orbit<br />
Orbiter<br />
Flyby<br />
Telescope<br />
Neptune<br />
moon<br />
Distance from Earth
Prologue:All Stars lightning in <strong>the</strong> sky<br />
are Suns except <strong>our</strong> planets.<br />
Andromeda<br />
2.3 million light years<br />
Japanese<br />
Astronomy<br />
satellite<br />
AKARI<br />
200 billions <strong>of</strong><br />
Sun<br />
Andromeda Galaxy similar to <strong>our</strong> Galaxy<br />
Galaxy pictured by AKARI
Volcano <strong>of</strong> IO,one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 big<br />
satellites <strong>of</strong> Jupiter discovered by<br />
Voyager 2<br />
Io has atmosphere,why <br />
Smoke goes up to 200km Why so high <br />
Radius 1820 km 半 径 :1820 km<br />
Only one active volcano except earth
J<strong>our</strong>ney <strong>of</strong> Voyager 1, 2<br />
Voyager 1 : only Jupiter<br />
Saturn.Why <br />
Earth<br />
Uranus<br />
1977:left Earth<br />
2006: Near Heliopause<br />
Voyager 2 :<br />
Jupiter.Saturn,Uramus,Neptune<br />
Neptune
Second generation exploration After Voyager 1.2<br />
Example <strong>of</strong> Recent achievements <strong>of</strong> Planetary Exploration<br />
Titan has Nitrogen atmosphere <strong>of</strong> two atom pressure Why <br />
Casssini Mission European Space Agency<br />
/NASA<br />
Titan (Satellite <strong>of</strong> Saturn).
HAYABUSA,Japanese Asteroid Mission<br />
Asteroids might maintain features <strong>of</strong> old <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong><br />
起 動
“Hayabusa which first approached Asteroid in <strong>the</strong> World<br />
Woomela<br />
Ms Naomi<br />
was born<br />
Sea <strong>of</strong> Muses<br />
Gradually Secrets <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong> is being<br />
uncovered<br />
Uchin<strong>our</strong>a<br />
Accumulation <strong>of</strong> information from many s<strong>our</strong>ces,will make it<br />
possible to underst<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong>
Deep Impact Mission<br />
USA<br />
Comet temple
Venus Climate Orbiter ,Japan<br />
Road to Venus ; more than 15 years<br />
effort !!<br />
2010―――<br />
TWIN planet
Heavier than iron can not fly (Lord Kelvin, 1895)<br />
Photograph shows <strong>the</strong> first flight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Light Bro<strong>the</strong>r’s airplane<br />
December 17,1903 12 sec. In 1904 more than 5 minutes. In 1911<br />
<strong>the</strong> first airplane crossed <strong>the</strong> United State
EUV<br />
Mid infrared<br />
Window <strong>of</strong><br />
mid-infrared
Three dimensional visualization<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> atmosphere motion<br />
Dayside Observation<br />
Night side observation<br />
Tn,H 2 SO 4 Gas(Radio<br />
Science)<br />
SO 2 (EUV)<br />
Lower Cloud<br />
(Near infrared)<br />
Wind direction ,velocity<br />
Lightning(visible)<br />
90 km<br />
70 km<br />
50 km<br />
35-50 km<br />
0 km<br />
Chemical radiation<br />
<strong>of</strong> atmosphere<br />
(Visible)<br />
Temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Cloud (mod<br />
infrared)<br />
CO 2 (near<br />
infrared)<br />
Active volcanosurface<br />
material<br />
(near infrared)
460 C degrees: Zinc will melt<br />
91pressure :<br />
pressure<br />
~100 0 m deep sea<br />
Hot Ground might Interact<br />
with atmosphere !!<br />
Surface <strong>of</strong> Venus(Venera 13 Launder)2h07min.14<br />
pictures,1982
To study Atmosphere <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> Twin<br />
planet Venus<br />
• Super rotation<br />
• Meridional ,zonal circulation<br />
• Survey <strong>of</strong> mesoclimate<br />
• Cloud formation <strong>and</strong> thunder<br />
• Active volcano
Self rotation 243 days(1m/sec.) ⇔ Rotation <strong>of</strong><br />
atmosphere 4-5 days(60-100m/sec)<br />
Super rotation <strong>of</strong> Venus atmosphere<br />
Cloud <strong>of</strong> H2SO4,
Charles Boyer,French Amateur Astronomer who<br />
first reported<br />
In 1957,Charles Boyer<br />
submitted scientific<br />
J<strong>our</strong>nal,but <strong>the</strong> paper was<br />
rejected by young<br />
astronomer Carl Sagan<br />
The great scientists is not<br />
always<br />
We should not overlook <strong>the</strong><br />
contribution <strong>of</strong> Amateur
Why <strong>the</strong> Venus climate<br />
was not understood <br />
Study <strong>of</strong> Deep atmosphere<br />
was not able<br />
Break through<br />
It was found in 1990’s that<br />
lower atmosphere <strong>and</strong><br />
surface can be studied by<br />
using near infrared.<br />
possibility <strong>of</strong> new<br />
finding<br />
2.3μm(Galileo Flyby)
Can see different altitudes by using<br />
Near<br />
infrared<br />
different wavelengths)<br />
EUV<br />
Mid infrared<br />
Upper turbo<br />
sphere<br />
Lower<br />
stratosphere<br />
Cloud top<br />
Orbit Period 30 H<br />
Every 1-2 h<strong>our</strong>s
Meteorology satellite<br />
Mapping <strong>of</strong> wind field by pattern tracking<br />
~500 km<br />
Pattern<br />
moves<br />
Wind vector by pattern<br />
tracking(USA)
Fine structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> atmosphere(by<br />
using Radio Wave)<br />
• Doppler Effect:Temperature Height<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>ile 、<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> stratification<br />
• Fluctuation <strong>of</strong> intensity<br />
→ turbulence、H 2 SO 4 vap<strong>our</strong><br />
Ground<br />
station<br />
Venus<br />
atmosphere<br />
Frequency stability<br />
Spacecraft<br />
2,8GHz, -0.01Hz 4x10 -12
Various wavelength<br />
Cameras<br />
Middle 中 利 得 Gain アンテナ Ant<br />
Main 主 エンジン Engine<br />
赤 外 線 や 紫 外 線<br />
で<br />
5<br />
撮<br />
Cameras<br />
影 する5 台<br />
のカメラ<br />
Solar 太 陽 Cell 電 池 paddle パドル<br />
Jet System<br />
High 高 利 Gain 得 アンテナ Ant<br />
Near Infrared Camera1<br />
1.0μm, 視 野 16 度 , 1024x1024, SiCCD<br />
Near infrared Camera 2<br />
1.7/2.0/2.3/2.4μm, 視 野 16 度 , 1040x1040,<br />
PtSi<br />
Mid infrared Camera<br />
9-11μm, 視 野 16 度 , 240x240,<br />
EUV Camera<br />
280/360nm, 視 野 16 度 , 1024x1024,<br />
SiCCD<br />
Lightning・Atmospheric glow camera ←High<br />
speed sampling<br />
777/551/558nm, 視 野 16 度 , 8x8, PMT
1 st Plan 2007,<br />
2nd Plan 2008, now 2010<br />
Next year we can also broadcast Venus Wea<strong>the</strong>r !!!!<br />
Earth<br />
Earth<br />
Orbit<br />
Venus orbit<br />
Sun<br />
Venus<br />
Homan Trajectory ; After launch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spacecraft from <strong>the</strong> Earth,<br />
arrival position <strong>of</strong> spacecraft should be 180 degrees from <strong>the</strong><br />
original Earth location.
• http://www.et.byu.edu/benchtop/wid-<br />
wheeler/ijlkm.mpg<br />
Video Camera to find <strong>the</strong> velocity
Most important Lessons which we<br />
learned from Planetary explorations !!<br />
1.The Earth is only planet in <strong>our</strong> <strong>solar</strong><br />
<strong>system</strong> ,where intelligent creatures exist.<br />
2.We can not meet ET ,although ET who likes beers<br />
<strong>and</strong> sweets like you with similar face might be living in<br />
<strong>our</strong> Galaxy !!!!.<br />
3.We should protect <strong>our</strong> planet earth.
Two-Liter Pop Bottle Rockets may well be <strong>the</strong> GREATEST PHYSICAL SCIENCE<br />
TEACHING TOOL EVER CREATED!!" The Secondary Science Education<br />
Department at <strong>the</strong> University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska hears this statement frequently from<br />
teachers. Bottle rockets can be used at <strong>the</strong> middle grades <strong>and</strong> high school levels<br />
to allow students to experience <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> science at its best:<br />
•Middle grades students can manipulate <strong>and</strong> control variables, see <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
hypo<strong>the</strong>ses verified or refuted, <strong>and</strong> graph <strong>the</strong>ir findings.<br />
•High school students can document <strong>the</strong>ir abilities with <strong>the</strong> following concepts:<br />
inertia, gravity, air resistance, Newton's laws <strong>of</strong> motion, acceleration, relationships<br />
between work <strong>and</strong> energy or impulse <strong>and</strong> momentum, projectile motion, freefall<br />
calculations, internal <strong>and</strong> external ballistics, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> practice <strong>of</strong> true engineering.<br />
Designing, building <strong>and</strong> flying a bottle rocket provides students with a real-world<br />
application <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scientific method. Students must research a problem, propose<br />
an answer, test <strong>the</strong> answer, <strong>and</strong> analyze <strong>the</strong> data produced by <strong>the</strong> test to figure<br />
out if <strong>the</strong>y have <strong>the</strong> answer or not. Math <strong>and</strong> science studies are necessary to<br />
complete <strong>the</strong> process . . . <strong>the</strong>y are tools that an engineer uses to solve a problem.<br />
When students have <strong>the</strong> tools, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>y can attack a problem--that's what<br />
engineers do!<br />
These supplementary classroom materials have been developed for use<br />
with students in grades 5-8 <strong>and</strong> 9-12, as well as lifelong learners. They<br />
are aligned to <strong>the</strong> following National St<strong>and</strong>ards: continued……
"Two-Liter Pop Bottle Rockets may well be <strong>the</strong> GREATEST PHYSICAL<br />
SCIENCE TEACHING TOOL EVER CREATED!!" Middle grades students can<br />
manipulate <strong>and</strong> control variables, see <strong>the</strong>ir hypo<strong>the</strong>ses verified or refuted,<br />
<strong>and</strong> graph <strong>the</strong>ir findings. High school students experience <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong><br />
science at its best. They can document <strong>the</strong>ir abilities with <strong>the</strong> following<br />
concepts: inertia, gravity, air resistance, Newton's laws <strong>of</strong> motion,<br />
acceleration, relationships between work <strong>and</strong> energy or impulse <strong>and</strong><br />
momentum, projectile motion, freefall calculations, internal <strong>and</strong> external<br />
ballistics, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> practice <strong>of</strong> true engineering.<br />
How could something that sounds so simple be so complex Open y<strong>our</strong><br />
mind to <strong>the</strong> science <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>the</strong>matics behind this educational "toy." Below<br />
are links to a brief history timeline <strong>of</strong> rocketry, a comparison between<br />
water rockets <strong>and</strong> a NASA rocket, <strong>and</strong> additional information on <strong>the</strong> parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> a water rocket.<br />
•Timeline <strong>of</strong> Rocketry<br />
•Comparison - A NASA rocket to water rockets<br />
•Parts <strong>of</strong> a Water Rocket<br />
•Launch Pad Construction
National St<strong>and</strong>ards (5-8)<br />
Science<br />
Design <strong>and</strong> conduct a scientific investigation.<br />
Use appropriate tools <strong>and</strong> techniques to ga<strong>the</strong>r, analyze, <strong>and</strong> interpret<br />
data.<br />
Develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, <strong>and</strong> models using<br />
evidence.<br />
Think critically <strong>and</strong> logically to make <strong>the</strong> relationships between<br />
evidence <strong>and</strong> explanations.<br />
Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> properties <strong>and</strong> changes <strong>of</strong> properties<br />
in matter.<br />
Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> motions <strong>and</strong> forces.<br />
Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> transfer <strong>of</strong> energy.<br />
Implement a proposed design.<br />
Ma<strong>the</strong>matics<br />
Extend an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> concepts <strong>of</strong> perimeter, area, volume,<br />
angle measure, capacity, <strong>and</strong> weight <strong>and</strong> mass.<br />
Technology Use content-specific tools, s<strong>of</strong>tware, <strong>and</strong> simulations (e.g.,
National St<strong>and</strong>ards (9-12)<br />
Science<br />
Design <strong>and</strong> conduct scientific investigations.<br />
Use technology <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>the</strong>matics to improve investigations <strong>and</strong><br />
communications.<br />
Formulate <strong>and</strong> revise scientific explanations <strong>and</strong> models using<br />
logic <strong>and</strong> evidence.<br />
Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> structure <strong>and</strong> properties <strong>of</strong><br />
matter.<br />
Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> motions <strong>and</strong> forces.<br />
Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> interactions <strong>of</strong> energy <strong>and</strong><br />
matter.<br />
Implement a proposed solution.<br />
Technology Select <strong>and</strong> apply technology tools for research,<br />
information analysis, problem-solving, <strong>and</strong> decision-making in<br />
content learning.
Most pessimistic case:1 civilization for<br />
100,000 galaxies (100 million light<br />
years)<br />
Most optimistic case:1 civilization for<br />
100 stars in one galaxy (10 light years)<br />
100 civilizations for 1 Galaxy(several<br />
1000 light years)
Can we meet ET Does ET exist<br />
1.Size <strong>of</strong> Antenna <strong>of</strong> Pioneer<br />
10,11 <strong>and</strong> human beings<br />
2.Where Voyager came<br />
Message to ET 1<br />
First Nude Picture<br />
In Space drawn by<br />
Ex wife <strong>of</strong> Carl<br />
Sagan<br />
Pioneer 10 <strong>and</strong> 11パイオニア10,11 号 機
Tens <strong>of</strong><br />
languages,<br />
twitter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
birds; How to<br />
use gold plated,<br />
Message to ET 2<br />
Voyager 1,2
Can we meet ET <br />
In 1960,Frank Drake who conducted Ozma project tried to catch<br />
signals from o<strong>the</strong>r planets <strong>and</strong> calculated <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
civilization in <strong>the</strong> Universe. N is number <strong>of</strong> civilization Nが<br />
知 的 文 明 の 数 <br />
N=R・.f p n e f i f i f c L<br />
R* Number <strong>of</strong> star which is born inside galaxy every year 銀 河 系 内 で 毎 年 誕 生 する 恒 星 の<br />
数<br />
fp % <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stars which can have planet その 中 で 惑 星 系 を 持 つ 恒 星 の 割 合<br />
n e number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> planets where life can appearその 中 で 生 命 の 発 生 に 適 した 条 件 を 持 つ 惑 星 の 数<br />
f 1 % life evolves to <strong>the</strong> complex creatures.そこで 生 命 が 発 生 して 複 雑 に 進 化 する 割 合<br />
f i % creature can evolve to intelligent oneの 生 命 が 知 的 生 命 にまで 進 化 する 割 合<br />
f c % intelligent life can have communication technologyその 生 命 が 通 信 技 術 を 持 つ 文 明 に<br />
至 る 割 合<br />
L life time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> civilizationその 文 明 の 寿 命<br />
Arecibo 304 m antenna which<br />
was used for <strong>the</strong> search <strong>of</strong> ET
Distance between Sun <strong>and</strong> Venus 0.7AU<br />
地 球 型 惑 星<br />
Earth 1 AU<br />
Mars 1.6AU<br />
Venus Earth Mars<br />
Solar constant;1.36KW
Earth <strong>and</strong> Venus<br />
Venus upper atmosphere is much cooler than that <strong>of</strong> Earth<br />
Earth<br />
Atmos.<br />
Temperature<br />
peak at 50km<br />
Height in km<br />
金 星 大 気<br />
Cloud<br />
Haze<br />
Pressure in bar<br />
Temperature K ( Celsius :-273 Willian Thomson,Load Kelvin)
NASA Rocket <strong>and</strong> Water Rocket pages <strong>and</strong> tutorial.<br />
Water Rocket World Records Association<br />
Bigfoot Water Rocket Launcher Systems - lot's <strong>of</strong> illustrations, photos,<br />
instructions, <strong>and</strong> list <strong>of</strong> related water rocket websites.<br />
Nerds Inc. - sell water rocket launch pads made from aluminium.<br />
The Water Rocket Garage - lots <strong>of</strong> info, images <strong>and</strong> links,<br />
Science Toy Maker - how to make an overhead water rocket launcher<br />
NPL Water rocket events<br />
CO2 Powered H2O Rockets<br />
Water Rockets - <strong>our</strong> motto: “Really, it is rocket science...”<br />
water-rockets.com - high-pressure water rockets built by hobbyists.<br />
Water Rocket simulations - specify parameters <strong>and</strong> simulate <strong>the</strong> flight.<br />
Water Rocket Explorer - how to build a water rocket <strong>and</strong> many<br />
practicalities<br />
Water Rockets - all you need to know about Water Rockets. How to<br />
build, make a launcher <strong>and</strong> more.<br />
Clifford Heath's Water Rocket page<br />
Buy a simple Rocket kit