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National Science Museum, Technopolis Khlong 5, Khlong Luang Pathum, Tahni,Thail<strong>and</strong>,<br />

Teachers <strong>and</strong> Leaders Seminar on Water Rocket Education 11:10-11:30 Jan 23.2010<br />

<strong>Overview</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> Universe, <strong>our</strong> <strong>solar</strong><br />

<strong>system</strong> <strong>and</strong> uniqueness <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> planet<br />

Earth, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> water rocket for<br />

Education<br />

Koh-ichiro Oyama<br />

Plasma <strong>and</strong> Space Science Center,<br />

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan<br />

Member, Advisory committee, Center for Space Science Technology Education for Asia<br />

Pacific Region (India) affiliated to UN, <strong>and</strong> Editorial committee for Junior High School<br />

Science Text book in Japan


Launching <strong>of</strong> Water Rocket itself is not <strong>our</strong> purpose.<br />

It is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tools, to trigger <strong>the</strong> curiosity <strong>of</strong><br />

children, may be , <strong>the</strong> best tool as science education.<br />

When we teach space, we need to teach <strong>the</strong><br />

followings…..<br />

Why do we need space development, <strong>and</strong> Why do we<br />

need to know about space <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong>,<strong>our</strong> <strong>universe</strong> ,<br />

<strong>the</strong>n<br />

Where are we in <strong>our</strong> Universe What have we<br />

learned from past space mission


Our <strong>solar</strong> System<br />

Bode’s Law :Distance from <strong>the</strong> Sun to planets:<br />

0.4+0.3×□ : 0,1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128<br />

Voyager 1<br />

Heliosphere<br />

Pioneer 10<br />

1 Astronomical Unit :Distance<br />

between Earth <strong>and</strong> Sun; (500sec by<br />

light velocity) .<br />

Pioneer 11<br />

Stellar wind<br />

Heliopause<br />

(Edge <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> <strong>solar</strong><br />

<strong>system</strong>;about 200 AU)<br />

Voyager 2<br />

Solar wind<br />

1.Earth is going around <strong>the</strong> sun with <strong>the</strong> speed <strong>of</strong> 40km/s, that is 144000km/h. (Airplane 800km/h)<br />

Hydrogen ions <strong>and</strong> electrons are being ejected from <strong>our</strong> sun with <strong>the</strong> speed <strong>of</strong> 300-800km/sec. ・・<br />

Solar Wind


100,000 light years<br />

Our <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong><br />

200 billion suns !!!!<br />

27,000 light years<br />

Black<br />

holes<br />

100,000 ears. moving with <strong>the</strong> speed <strong>of</strong> 200km/se. 200 million yeas to go around<br />

7200000 km/H Airplane 800km/H<br />

All stars in <strong>the</strong> sky are suns,except Venus ,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn<br />

Galaxy where <strong>our</strong> <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong> exists


Where are we <br />

Many Galaxies observed with Hubble<br />

Telescope<br />

These are not a single star(sun) Each<br />

consist <strong>of</strong> 20<br />

0billion( 200,000,000,000 )suns<br />

Where is <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong><br />

<strong>universe</strong> <br />

The fur<strong>the</strong>st Galaxy<br />

Red shift Δλ=λ<br />

More than 1 million Galaxies <br />

ftp://adc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/adc/archives/catalog/7/7119/pgc.gz


We observe that first stage <strong>of</strong> <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong> exploration, that started from Russian Sputnik in 1957,<br />

ended with Voyager Mission in 1989.<br />

Three important lessons which we, human beings ,<br />

learned from Planetary exploration including Earth<br />

environment studies are:<br />

1.Irreplaceable Earth<br />

Earth is only one planet in <strong>our</strong><br />

<strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong>, which can have<br />

intelligent life


2, Fragile Earth !!!related to <strong>the</strong><br />

lesson <strong>of</strong> Environment protection<br />

1.Thickness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air ; only 10km<br />

10 19 particles /cm3(10,000,000,000,000,000 ,000,000,000)<br />

1/100 atmospheric pressure at <strong>the</strong> height <strong>of</strong> 30km,<br />

if you go every 15km,<strong>the</strong> pressure becomes 1/10<br />

2.Thickness <strong>of</strong> Ozone; about 3 mm<br />

when compressed to 1 atom.pressure. 1/10 5 <strong>of</strong> oxygen <strong>and</strong><br />

nitrogen at <strong>the</strong> height <strong>of</strong> 30km<br />

3.Depth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea ;about 3km<br />

Note most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water is sea water<br />

Radius <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> earth 6370 km ( What is <strong>the</strong> circle<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earth Km)<br />

Equal to thin red skin <strong>of</strong> apple <strong>of</strong> diameter <strong>of</strong> 10cm, not <strong>of</strong> orange


3.Lucky Planet, Earth (only(<br />

only from 3<br />

items below,many sciences can be taught<br />

1. Distance from Sun is adequate<br />

Venus ; Lead /Zinc melt. Mars ;CO 2 gas is freezing<br />

<strong>and</strong> becomes solid, P=1.38Kw/m 2 at earth Orbit<br />

2. Size is proper<br />

F= G.M.m/R 2 (G=6.67259 X10 -11 m 3 s -2 .kg -1<br />

Maintenance <strong>of</strong> atmosphere<br />

No atmosphere in moon<br />

3. Existence <strong>of</strong> magnetic field<br />

R b =mV/eB<br />

(m; mass <strong>of</strong> charged particle,e electron<br />

charge),<br />

charge), Atmosphere can not be removed by<br />

<strong>solar</strong> wind ,Protection from radiation


Video (<strong>solar</strong> wind + Venus interaction)<br />

The Venus which has no strong magnetic field<br />

Solar wind which hits <strong>our</strong> planet Earth; The earth is<br />

protected by magnetic field. At <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> about 10<br />

Re (70,000 Km from <strong>the</strong> earth), <strong>the</strong> <strong>solar</strong> wind wind is<br />

stopped, <strong>and</strong> <strong>solar</strong> wind directly jump into only polar<br />

region which produces <strong>the</strong> day time aurora.<br />

Venus Atmosphere is being removed from Venus<br />

by <strong>solar</strong> wind. Please notice how close <strong>solar</strong><br />

wind to Venus atmosphere (500 –1000 km from<br />

Venus surface)


To study about <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>our</strong> <strong>universe</strong> should be<br />

originally fun. However most teachers have not enough<br />

knowledge on <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong> as well as Universe. They only<br />

teach what are written in text book, which is very thin.<br />

Children loose <strong>the</strong>ir interest in Science gradually. This is<br />

happening in Japan.<br />

To help science teachers is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fundamental goals<br />

<strong>of</strong> Space Education Center, JAXA)<br />

Water boosted rocket could be helpful ,first as an<br />

introduction to Space for children . Once children become<br />

interested, <strong>the</strong>y study by <strong>the</strong>mselves.


Picture by Kataoka<br />

Application <strong>of</strong> Water boosted Rocket as<br />

exceptionally useful tool for education<br />

- From Nursery to Undergraduate-<br />

Excellent tool to use as introduction <strong>of</strong> science for<br />

• <strong>the</strong> kid as well as to trigger <strong>the</strong> curiosity to <strong>the</strong><br />

nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> planet Earth, Solar <strong>system</strong>, <strong>and</strong><br />

Universe


1.Family<br />

Establish Better relation between Fa<strong>the</strong>r -Children<br />

Cultivate curiosity<br />

2.Elementary below 11<br />

1.Enc<strong>our</strong>aging children to learn about science in<br />

general <strong>and</strong> astronomy in particular.<br />

2.Forming <strong>the</strong> technical practicing ability <strong>of</strong> children.<br />

3.Creating opportunity for <strong>the</strong> children to study <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> interesting experiments.<br />

4.Promoting <strong>the</strong> creativity <strong>of</strong> children ( use h<strong>and</strong>,<br />

Height, distance)<br />

Continued…………<br />

…..<br />

do


KWRRCG:The Kansky Water Rocket Radio Controlled Glider Experiment<br />

After spending way too much time looking at various water rocket sites on <strong>the</strong> web, I<br />

decided I had to build a water rocket launching <strong>system</strong> for my Chrysalis radiocontrolled<br />

h<strong>and</strong> launch glider.<br />

Thanks to Clifford Heath's Water Rocket Simulation web site I was able to calculate<br />

that an open nozzle 2 liter soda bottle would result in 50+ G's <strong>of</strong> acceleration with<br />

my 10 oz glider strapped on <strong>the</strong> side. I knew that my poor plane wouldn't be able to<br />

h<strong>and</strong>le it, so I decided to go with a reduced nozzle diameter. The most convenient<br />

way to do things was with <strong>the</strong> LEGO garden hose quick disconnect garden hose<br />

fittings you can find at y<strong>our</strong> hardware store. Here's a picture <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole assembly<br />

on <strong>the</strong> launch pad:


3.Junior High School 12-15<br />

Study on<br />

1. Motion , Action –reaction ,<br />

Effect <strong>of</strong> nozzle size, change <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> nozzle<br />

(Let children discuss how to measure<br />

speed )<br />

2. Effect <strong>of</strong> Aerodynamic<br />

change <strong>the</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> nose cone , study how thick <strong>our</strong> atmosphere (10 19<br />

particle/cc)<br />

3.Height <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rocket ; how to measure<br />

<strong>the</strong> height reached Why <strong>the</strong> rocket come back to <strong>the</strong> ground <br />

Student can learn gravity field<br />

4.How to open <strong>the</strong> parachute


http://www.asij.ac.jp/middle/ac/tec/<br />

Junior high school


4. Senior High School 15-18<br />

Discuss on <strong>the</strong> equation <strong>of</strong> motion; Weight <strong>and</strong><br />

thrust changes as time(even without air drag)<br />

Magneto resistive sensor<br />

Calculate <strong>the</strong> trajectory, according to <strong>the</strong> equation,<br />

measure velocity, height <strong>and</strong> acceleration<br />

aerodynamics, change <strong>the</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> nose cone<br />

Put camera, accelerometer, magnetometer in<br />

memory , data acquisition, how to process data<br />

How to make 2 nd stage


5. University <strong>and</strong> MS (18-25)<br />

Electronics<br />

Communication; – transmitter,data (camera,<br />

accelerometer, magnetometer )<br />

receiver , data acquisition <strong>system</strong><br />

Comm<strong>and</strong>: separation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second stage<br />

Aerodynamics; Calculation <strong>of</strong> trajectory including<br />

computer simulation <strong>of</strong> optimum problem to get maximum<br />

height,<br />

change <strong>of</strong> nozzle diameter, amount <strong>of</strong> water, (pressure<br />

fixed.) .change <strong>of</strong> fin angle <strong>and</strong> compare with <strong>the</strong><br />

experiment<br />

Mechanics; second stage separation by <strong>the</strong> comm<strong>and</strong>.<br />

Control : Maneuver <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rocket attitude<br />

6. Adults : to keep young !! See next Video


Video <strong>of</strong> water rocket launch<br />

Non gravity experiment, Camera<br />

-From You Tube : many available -


Where you can get Information on Water Rocket<br />

Many information are available from Internet<br />

http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/<br />

BottleRocket/about.htm<br />

CONTENT<br />

ALL ABOUT WATER ROCKETS<br />

START YOUR JOURNEY<br />

EDUCATOR SECTION<br />

WATER ROCKET SAFETYWATER ROCKET<br />

THE 3D WATER ROCKET SIMULATOR


Toward <strong>the</strong> future - Water rocket Olympic<br />

Game<br />

• Dear colleagues,<br />

<strong>APRSAF</strong>-12 Water Boost Rocket<br />

Competition<br />

Kitakyusyu, , Japan<br />

15 October, 2005<br />

Our objective as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Space Education <strong>and</strong> Awareness is to contribute towards <strong>the</strong> peaceful harmony<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Asian countries through <strong>the</strong> Development <strong>and</strong> Utilization <strong>of</strong> Space. We would like to proceed<br />

toge<strong>the</strong>r to this same final goal under <strong>the</strong> umbrella <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Asian Pacific Region Space Agency Forum<br />

(<strong>APRSAF</strong>). The Space Education/Awareness (SEA) Working Group is taking t<br />

specific affordable actions in<br />

order to increase public awareness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> young generation through Space.<br />

One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action items, which we agreed to take during <strong>the</strong> discussions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> SEA WG meeting at<br />

<strong>APRSAF</strong>-11, is to conduct <strong>the</strong> <strong>APRSAF</strong> Water Boosted Rocket Competition. We are taking necessary<br />

actions to hold <strong>the</strong> competition right after <strong>APRSAF</strong>-12 in Kitakyushu this Octover. . Now WG members are<br />

making effort to organize <strong>the</strong> water boosted rocket competition in <strong>the</strong>ir home countries <strong>and</strong> send one junior<br />

high school student <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> leader to Japan. Although we use <strong>the</strong> word competition, , <strong>our</strong> major objective <strong>of</strong><br />

this year is to get toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> gradually proceed to fur<strong>the</strong>r improvement for <strong>the</strong> next year, as we know all<br />

countries are not under <strong>the</strong> same situation on <strong>the</strong> competition.<br />

We really hope that we take first step towards <strong>the</strong> peaceful harmony <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Asian countries through this<br />

competition.<br />

Thank you.<br />

4th.India<br />

1st.Jap<br />

an<br />

2nd.Indo<br />

nesia<br />

3rd.Vietnum<br />

Olympic<br />

5thThail<strong>and</strong>


Only Education can change <strong>the</strong> world<br />

(N.M<strong>and</strong>era, ex President, South Africa)<br />

Education needs tremendous efforts , time ,<br />

<strong>and</strong> energy. Let me propose that we work<br />

toge<strong>the</strong>r toward <strong>the</strong> same goal, “Education<br />

by using one common tool , water rocket” ,<br />

finally for <strong>the</strong> peace <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world, hoping<br />

that some day <strong>our</strong> efforts shed <strong>the</strong><br />

light at <strong>the</strong> corner <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world.<br />

Thank you !


End <strong>of</strong> Talk 20 minutes


SIZE OF OUR UNIVERSE observed by Japanese Spacecraft<br />

‘HARUKA’<br />

13.6 billion light<br />

years<br />

12 billion(10 10 ) light years<br />

Quasar is not a star.It is a<br />

center <strong>of</strong> active Galaxy<br />

Universe is exp<strong>and</strong>ing,,<strong>the</strong><br />

fur<strong>the</strong>r you go ,<strong>the</strong> velocity <strong>of</strong><br />

expansion becomes faster <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong>n finally reaches <strong>the</strong> light<br />

velocity,<strong>the</strong> horizon <strong>of</strong> <strong>universe</strong>.<br />

5 billion light years<br />

10 meter Antenna in<br />

Space<br />

O<strong>the</strong>r <strong>universe</strong> might exist !!


Why do we need space development <br />

Application: Without satellite ,we can not know know in advance <strong>the</strong><br />

pass <strong>of</strong> Typhoon, communication,wea<strong>the</strong>r, broadcasting, transportation,<br />

remote education, remote medical treatment, <strong>and</strong> remote sensing<br />

(l<strong>and</strong>slide, flood, fire, clops, temperature, humidity)<br />

Environment: We should inform <strong>the</strong> young generation who follow<br />

that <strong>our</strong> planet earth is unique <strong>and</strong> being destroyed.<br />

Warning to <strong>the</strong> human beings on <strong>the</strong> future <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong><br />

planet earth<br />

Space activity is Investment to <strong>the</strong><br />

future , as Education is !!!!<br />

The importance <strong>and</strong> role <strong>of</strong> Basic Science Planetary mission including Earth


Earth being destroyed !!!!<br />

Deforestation<br />

Global warming<br />

Ozone Depletion<br />

Exp<strong>and</strong>ing desert


Why planetary exploration<br />

• Want to dig out <strong>the</strong> secrets <strong>of</strong> Nature; How <strong>our</strong> <strong>solar</strong><br />

<strong>system</strong> was formed Why Venus has 243 days per<br />

revolution (1m/sec) Why Venus has super rotation <strong>of</strong><br />

atmosphere(60 -100m/sec) <br />

Why Titan has Nitrogen atmosphere <br />

• Better underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earth environment <strong>and</strong> get<br />

insights for <strong>the</strong> future <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> planet …..look at Venus<br />

As a result……Planetary exploration contributes to EDUCATION<br />

About 8000 satellites in <strong>the</strong> orbit, with naked eyes 300-400satellites


Water (or Bottle) Rockets<br />

Bottle rockets or water rockets, what are <strong>the</strong>y<br />

When someone mentions bottle rockets, do you envision placing a<br />

firecracker attached to a stick into a glass bottle <strong>and</strong> launching it<br />

Water rockets have been a s<strong>our</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> entertainment <strong>and</strong> education for<br />

many years. They are usually made with an empty two-liter plastic soda<br />

bottle by adding water <strong>and</strong> pressurizing it with air for launching (like <strong>the</strong><br />

image to <strong>the</strong> right).<br />

Soda companies began using plastic bottles in 1970. The Polyethylene<br />

Terephthalate (PET) material used in most plastic soda bottles today was<br />

introduced in 1973.<br />

Water rockets are used in schools to help students underst<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

principles <strong>of</strong> aeronautics. The Science Olympiads provide challenges <strong>of</strong><br />

bottle rocket design <strong>and</strong> flight, including altitudes <strong>and</strong> distances reached.<br />

Many interesting designs <strong>and</strong> additional information on bottle rockets can<br />

be found with a simple Web search.


Water Rockets (What I Have<br />

Learned so Far) by Bill<br />

Kuhl http://www.scienceguy.org<br />

Water Rockets (What I Have Learned so Far) by Bill<br />

Kuhl http://www.scienceguy.org<br />

The idea to try water rockets came to me after helping with a parks <strong>and</strong><br />

recreation summer camp that was entitled,<br />

"Model Airplanes <strong>and</strong> Rockets". For at least one summer <strong>the</strong>re were e no<br />

rockets but we built kites instead <strong>of</strong> rockets,<br />

<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> c<strong>our</strong>se <strong>the</strong>re was little wind. I had built solid fuel rockets as a kid<br />

but I knew that would be ra<strong>the</strong>r expensive for a large<br />

group, so I thought <strong>the</strong> water rocket idea would be cheap once I purchased<br />

a launcher. Some people build <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />

launchers, but I purchased <strong>the</strong> better launcher from Pitsco. At first, I just<br />

built rockets that had no recovery <strong>system</strong> at<br />

all, this makes things simple if <strong>the</strong> rocket survives <strong>the</strong> crash.<br />

Below are pictures from a park <strong>and</strong> recreation group, <strong>the</strong>y built <strong>the</strong><br />

rockets mainly from construction paper which<br />

does not hold up to a high-speed launch, but <strong>the</strong> kids sure had fun!<br />

For water rockets you need a good quality pump, <strong>the</strong> pump on <strong>the</strong> left in<br />

<strong>the</strong> below left picture was a cheap one <strong>and</strong> did not hold up.<br />

The middle picture shows how <strong>the</strong> Pitsco AquaPort launcher grips <strong>the</strong><br />

bottle. Ano<strong>the</strong>r requirement will be a method<br />

for bringing water to <strong>the</strong> launch site <strong>and</strong> p<strong>our</strong>ing it into <strong>the</strong> rocket.<br />

The launch <strong>of</strong> a water rocket is really fun to watch, within <strong>the</strong> first few<br />

feet all <strong>the</strong> water has been emptied from <strong>the</strong><br />

bottle <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rocket can be going over 100 m.p.h.! Safe practices are a<br />

must.<br />

Parachute recovery is really cool, but it is difficult to get reliable<br />

deployment every time, I tried a few methods with


University <strong>and</strong> MS (18-25)<br />

Electronics<br />

Communication; – transmitter,data (camera,<br />

accelerometer, magnetometer )<br />

receiver ,data acquisition <strong>system</strong><br />

Comm<strong>and</strong>: separation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second stage<br />

Computer simulation<br />

Calculation <strong>of</strong> trajectory including <strong>the</strong><br />

aerodynamics<br />

To get <strong>the</strong> maximum height,<br />

change <strong>of</strong> nozzle diameter, amount <strong>of</strong><br />

water,(pressure<br />

fixed.) .change <strong>of</strong> fin<br />

angle<br />

<strong>and</strong> compare with <strong>the</strong><br />

experiment<br />

Mechanics; second<br />

stage separation by <strong>the</strong> comm<strong>and</strong>.<br />

Maneuver <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rocket<br />

attitude


Prologue – What is Water (or Bottle) Rockets <br />

Bottle rockets or water rockets, what are <strong>the</strong>y<br />

When someone mentions bottle rockets, do you envision<br />

placing a firecracker attached to a stick into a glass bottle<br />

<strong>and</strong> launching it<br />

Water rockets have been a s<strong>our</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> entertainment <strong>and</strong><br />

education for many years. They are usually made with an<br />

empty two-liter plastic soda bottle by adding water <strong>and</strong><br />

pressurizing it with air for launching (like <strong>the</strong> image to <strong>the</strong><br />

right).<br />

Soda companies began using plastic bottles in 1970. The<br />

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) material used in most<br />

plastic soda bottles today was introduced in 1973.<br />

Water rockets are used in schools to help students<br />

underst<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> principles <strong>of</strong> aeronautics. Many interesting<br />

designs <strong>and</strong> additional information on bottle rockets can be<br />

found with a simple Web search.


F= ½ A nmV 2<br />

Magnetometer,accel<br />

erometer,camera,<br />

transmitter<br />

How much water <br />

Optimum problem<br />

Nozzle<br />

Diamter;<br />

Tilting fin gives<br />

<strong>the</strong> spin<br />

Stability


Now Second generation <strong>of</strong> Planetary exploration!<br />

Manned flight<br />

Sample Return<br />

Surface<br />

Observation<br />

Entry to Atmosphere<br />

Hoygence<br />

Mission<br />

Polar Orbit<br />

Orbiter<br />

Flyby<br />

Telescope<br />

Neptune<br />

moon<br />

Distance from Earth


Prologue:All Stars lightning in <strong>the</strong> sky<br />

are Suns except <strong>our</strong> planets.<br />

Andromeda<br />

2.3 million light years<br />

Japanese<br />

Astronomy<br />

satellite<br />

AKARI<br />

200 billions <strong>of</strong><br />

Sun<br />

Andromeda Galaxy similar to <strong>our</strong> Galaxy<br />

Galaxy pictured by AKARI


Volcano <strong>of</strong> IO,one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 big<br />

satellites <strong>of</strong> Jupiter discovered by<br />

Voyager 2<br />

Io has atmosphere,why <br />

Smoke goes up to 200km Why so high <br />

Radius 1820 km 半 径 :1820 km<br />

Only one active volcano except earth


J<strong>our</strong>ney <strong>of</strong> Voyager 1, 2<br />

Voyager 1 : only Jupiter<br />

Saturn.Why <br />

Earth<br />

Uranus<br />

1977:left Earth<br />

2006: Near Heliopause<br />

Voyager 2 :<br />

Jupiter.Saturn,Uramus,Neptune<br />

Neptune


Second generation exploration After Voyager 1.2<br />

Example <strong>of</strong> Recent achievements <strong>of</strong> Planetary Exploration<br />

Titan has Nitrogen atmosphere <strong>of</strong> two atom pressure Why <br />

Casssini Mission European Space Agency<br />

/NASA<br />

Titan (Satellite <strong>of</strong> Saturn).


HAYABUSA,Japanese Asteroid Mission<br />

Asteroids might maintain features <strong>of</strong> old <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong><br />

起 動


“Hayabusa which first approached Asteroid in <strong>the</strong> World<br />

Woomela<br />

Ms Naomi<br />

was born<br />

Sea <strong>of</strong> Muses<br />

Gradually Secrets <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong> is being<br />

uncovered<br />

Uchin<strong>our</strong>a<br />

Accumulation <strong>of</strong> information from many s<strong>our</strong>ces,will make it<br />

possible to underst<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>solar</strong> <strong>system</strong>


Deep Impact Mission<br />

USA<br />

Comet temple


Venus Climate Orbiter ,Japan<br />

Road to Venus ; more than 15 years<br />

effort !!<br />

2010―――<br />

TWIN planet


Heavier than iron can not fly (Lord Kelvin, 1895)<br />

Photograph shows <strong>the</strong> first flight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Light Bro<strong>the</strong>r’s airplane<br />

December 17,1903 12 sec. In 1904 more than 5 minutes. In 1911<br />

<strong>the</strong> first airplane crossed <strong>the</strong> United State


EUV<br />

Mid infrared<br />

Window <strong>of</strong><br />

mid-infrared


Three dimensional visualization<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> atmosphere motion<br />

Dayside Observation<br />

Night side observation<br />

Tn,H 2 SO 4 Gas(Radio<br />

Science)<br />

SO 2 (EUV)<br />

Lower Cloud<br />

(Near infrared)<br />

Wind direction ,velocity<br />

Lightning(visible)<br />

90 km<br />

70 km<br />

50 km<br />

35-50 km<br />

0 km<br />

Chemical radiation<br />

<strong>of</strong> atmosphere<br />

(Visible)<br />

Temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Cloud (mod<br />

infrared)<br />

CO 2 (near<br />

infrared)<br />

Active volcanosurface<br />

material<br />

(near infrared)


460 C degrees: Zinc will melt<br />

91pressure :<br />

pressure<br />

~100 0 m deep sea<br />

Hot Ground might Interact<br />

with atmosphere !!<br />

Surface <strong>of</strong> Venus(Venera 13 Launder)2h07min.14<br />

pictures,1982


To study Atmosphere <strong>of</strong> <strong>our</strong> Twin<br />

planet Venus<br />

• Super rotation<br />

• Meridional ,zonal circulation<br />

• Survey <strong>of</strong> mesoclimate<br />

• Cloud formation <strong>and</strong> thunder<br />

• Active volcano


Self rotation 243 days(1m/sec.) ⇔ Rotation <strong>of</strong><br />

atmosphere 4-5 days(60-100m/sec)<br />

Super rotation <strong>of</strong> Venus atmosphere<br />

Cloud <strong>of</strong> H2SO4,


Charles Boyer,French Amateur Astronomer who<br />

first reported<br />

In 1957,Charles Boyer<br />

submitted scientific<br />

J<strong>our</strong>nal,but <strong>the</strong> paper was<br />

rejected by young<br />

astronomer Carl Sagan<br />

The great scientists is not<br />

always<br />

We should not overlook <strong>the</strong><br />

contribution <strong>of</strong> Amateur


Why <strong>the</strong> Venus climate<br />

was not understood <br />

Study <strong>of</strong> Deep atmosphere<br />

was not able<br />

Break through<br />

It was found in 1990’s that<br />

lower atmosphere <strong>and</strong><br />

surface can be studied by<br />

using near infrared.<br />

possibility <strong>of</strong> new<br />

finding<br />

2.3μm(Galileo Flyby)


Can see different altitudes by using<br />

Near<br />

infrared<br />

different wavelengths)<br />

EUV<br />

Mid infrared<br />

Upper turbo<br />

sphere<br />

Lower<br />

stratosphere<br />

Cloud top<br />

Orbit Period 30 H<br />

Every 1-2 h<strong>our</strong>s


Meteorology satellite<br />

Mapping <strong>of</strong> wind field by pattern tracking<br />

~500 km<br />

Pattern<br />

moves<br />

Wind vector by pattern<br />

tracking(USA)


Fine structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> atmosphere(by<br />

using Radio Wave)<br />

• Doppler Effect:Temperature Height<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>ile 、<br />

degree <strong>of</strong> stratification<br />

• Fluctuation <strong>of</strong> intensity<br />

→ turbulence、H 2 SO 4 vap<strong>our</strong><br />

Ground<br />

station<br />

Venus<br />

atmosphere<br />

Frequency stability<br />

Spacecraft<br />

2,8GHz, -0.01Hz 4x10 -12


Various wavelength<br />

Cameras<br />

Middle 中 利 得 Gain アンテナ Ant<br />

Main 主 エンジン Engine<br />

赤 外 線 や 紫 外 線<br />

で<br />

5<br />

撮<br />

Cameras<br />

影 する5 台<br />

のカメラ<br />

Solar 太 陽 Cell 電 池 paddle パドル<br />

Jet System<br />

High 高 利 Gain 得 アンテナ Ant<br />

Near Infrared Camera1<br />

1.0μm, 視 野 16 度 , 1024x1024, SiCCD<br />

Near infrared Camera 2<br />

1.7/2.0/2.3/2.4μm, 視 野 16 度 , 1040x1040,<br />

PtSi<br />

Mid infrared Camera<br />

9-11μm, 視 野 16 度 , 240x240,<br />

EUV Camera<br />

280/360nm, 視 野 16 度 , 1024x1024,<br />

SiCCD<br />

Lightning・Atmospheric glow camera ←High<br />

speed sampling<br />

777/551/558nm, 視 野 16 度 , 8x8, PMT


1 st Plan 2007,<br />

2nd Plan 2008, now 2010<br />

Next year we can also broadcast Venus Wea<strong>the</strong>r !!!!<br />

Earth<br />

Earth<br />

Orbit<br />

Venus orbit<br />

Sun<br />

Venus<br />

Homan Trajectory ; After launch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spacecraft from <strong>the</strong> Earth,<br />

arrival position <strong>of</strong> spacecraft should be 180 degrees from <strong>the</strong><br />

original Earth location.


• http://www.et.byu.edu/benchtop/wid-<br />

wheeler/ijlkm.mpg<br />

Video Camera to find <strong>the</strong> velocity


Most important Lessons which we<br />

learned from Planetary explorations !!<br />

1.The Earth is only planet in <strong>our</strong> <strong>solar</strong><br />

<strong>system</strong> ,where intelligent creatures exist.<br />

2.We can not meet ET ,although ET who likes beers<br />

<strong>and</strong> sweets like you with similar face might be living in<br />

<strong>our</strong> Galaxy !!!!.<br />

3.We should protect <strong>our</strong> planet earth.


Two-Liter Pop Bottle Rockets may well be <strong>the</strong> GREATEST PHYSICAL SCIENCE<br />

TEACHING TOOL EVER CREATED!!" The Secondary Science Education<br />

Department at <strong>the</strong> University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska hears this statement frequently from<br />

teachers. Bottle rockets can be used at <strong>the</strong> middle grades <strong>and</strong> high school levels<br />

to allow students to experience <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> science at its best:<br />

•Middle grades students can manipulate <strong>and</strong> control variables, see <strong>the</strong>ir<br />

hypo<strong>the</strong>ses verified or refuted, <strong>and</strong> graph <strong>the</strong>ir findings.<br />

•High school students can document <strong>the</strong>ir abilities with <strong>the</strong> following concepts:<br />

inertia, gravity, air resistance, Newton's laws <strong>of</strong> motion, acceleration, relationships<br />

between work <strong>and</strong> energy or impulse <strong>and</strong> momentum, projectile motion, freefall<br />

calculations, internal <strong>and</strong> external ballistics, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> practice <strong>of</strong> true engineering.<br />

Designing, building <strong>and</strong> flying a bottle rocket provides students with a real-world<br />

application <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scientific method. Students must research a problem, propose<br />

an answer, test <strong>the</strong> answer, <strong>and</strong> analyze <strong>the</strong> data produced by <strong>the</strong> test to figure<br />

out if <strong>the</strong>y have <strong>the</strong> answer or not. Math <strong>and</strong> science studies are necessary to<br />

complete <strong>the</strong> process . . . <strong>the</strong>y are tools that an engineer uses to solve a problem.<br />

When students have <strong>the</strong> tools, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>y can attack a problem--that's what<br />

engineers do!<br />

These supplementary classroom materials have been developed for use<br />

with students in grades 5-8 <strong>and</strong> 9-12, as well as lifelong learners. They<br />

are aligned to <strong>the</strong> following National St<strong>and</strong>ards: continued……


"Two-Liter Pop Bottle Rockets may well be <strong>the</strong> GREATEST PHYSICAL<br />

SCIENCE TEACHING TOOL EVER CREATED!!" Middle grades students can<br />

manipulate <strong>and</strong> control variables, see <strong>the</strong>ir hypo<strong>the</strong>ses verified or refuted,<br />

<strong>and</strong> graph <strong>the</strong>ir findings. High school students experience <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong><br />

science at its best. They can document <strong>the</strong>ir abilities with <strong>the</strong> following<br />

concepts: inertia, gravity, air resistance, Newton's laws <strong>of</strong> motion,<br />

acceleration, relationships between work <strong>and</strong> energy or impulse <strong>and</strong><br />

momentum, projectile motion, freefall calculations, internal <strong>and</strong> external<br />

ballistics, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> practice <strong>of</strong> true engineering.<br />

How could something that sounds so simple be so complex Open y<strong>our</strong><br />

mind to <strong>the</strong> science <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>the</strong>matics behind this educational "toy." Below<br />

are links to a brief history timeline <strong>of</strong> rocketry, a comparison between<br />

water rockets <strong>and</strong> a NASA rocket, <strong>and</strong> additional information on <strong>the</strong> parts<br />

<strong>of</strong> a water rocket.<br />

•Timeline <strong>of</strong> Rocketry<br />

•Comparison - A NASA rocket to water rockets<br />

•Parts <strong>of</strong> a Water Rocket<br />

•Launch Pad Construction


National St<strong>and</strong>ards (5-8)<br />

Science<br />

Design <strong>and</strong> conduct a scientific investigation.<br />

Use appropriate tools <strong>and</strong> techniques to ga<strong>the</strong>r, analyze, <strong>and</strong> interpret<br />

data.<br />

Develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, <strong>and</strong> models using<br />

evidence.<br />

Think critically <strong>and</strong> logically to make <strong>the</strong> relationships between<br />

evidence <strong>and</strong> explanations.<br />

Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> properties <strong>and</strong> changes <strong>of</strong> properties<br />

in matter.<br />

Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> motions <strong>and</strong> forces.<br />

Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> transfer <strong>of</strong> energy.<br />

Implement a proposed design.<br />

Ma<strong>the</strong>matics<br />

Extend an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> concepts <strong>of</strong> perimeter, area, volume,<br />

angle measure, capacity, <strong>and</strong> weight <strong>and</strong> mass.<br />

Technology Use content-specific tools, s<strong>of</strong>tware, <strong>and</strong> simulations (e.g.,


National St<strong>and</strong>ards (9-12)<br />

Science<br />

Design <strong>and</strong> conduct scientific investigations.<br />

Use technology <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>the</strong>matics to improve investigations <strong>and</strong><br />

communications.<br />

Formulate <strong>and</strong> revise scientific explanations <strong>and</strong> models using<br />

logic <strong>and</strong> evidence.<br />

Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> structure <strong>and</strong> properties <strong>of</strong><br />

matter.<br />

Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> motions <strong>and</strong> forces.<br />

Demonstrate an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> interactions <strong>of</strong> energy <strong>and</strong><br />

matter.<br />

Implement a proposed solution.<br />

Technology Select <strong>and</strong> apply technology tools for research,<br />

information analysis, problem-solving, <strong>and</strong> decision-making in<br />

content learning.


Most pessimistic case:1 civilization for<br />

100,000 galaxies (100 million light<br />

years)<br />

Most optimistic case:1 civilization for<br />

100 stars in one galaxy (10 light years)<br />

100 civilizations for 1 Galaxy(several<br />

1000 light years)


Can we meet ET Does ET exist<br />

1.Size <strong>of</strong> Antenna <strong>of</strong> Pioneer<br />

10,11 <strong>and</strong> human beings<br />

2.Where Voyager came<br />

Message to ET 1<br />

First Nude Picture<br />

In Space drawn by<br />

Ex wife <strong>of</strong> Carl<br />

Sagan<br />

Pioneer 10 <strong>and</strong> 11パイオニア10,11 号 機


Tens <strong>of</strong><br />

languages,<br />

twitter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

birds; How to<br />

use gold plated,<br />

Message to ET 2<br />

Voyager 1,2


Can we meet ET <br />

In 1960,Frank Drake who conducted Ozma project tried to catch<br />

signals from o<strong>the</strong>r planets <strong>and</strong> calculated <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

civilization in <strong>the</strong> Universe. N is number <strong>of</strong> civilization Nが<br />

知 的 文 明 の 数 <br />

N=R・.f p n e f i f i f c L<br />

R* Number <strong>of</strong> star which is born inside galaxy every year 銀 河 系 内 で 毎 年 誕 生 する 恒 星 の<br />

数<br />

fp % <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stars which can have planet その 中 で 惑 星 系 を 持 つ 恒 星 の 割 合<br />

n e number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> planets where life can appearその 中 で 生 命 の 発 生 に 適 した 条 件 を 持 つ 惑 星 の 数<br />

f 1 % life evolves to <strong>the</strong> complex creatures.そこで 生 命 が 発 生 して 複 雑 に 進 化 する 割 合<br />

f i % creature can evolve to intelligent oneの 生 命 が 知 的 生 命 にまで 進 化 する 割 合<br />

f c % intelligent life can have communication technologyその 生 命 が 通 信 技 術 を 持 つ 文 明 に<br />

至 る 割 合<br />

L life time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> civilizationその 文 明 の 寿 命<br />

Arecibo 304 m antenna which<br />

was used for <strong>the</strong> search <strong>of</strong> ET


Distance between Sun <strong>and</strong> Venus 0.7AU<br />

地 球 型 惑 星<br />

Earth 1 AU<br />

Mars 1.6AU<br />

Venus Earth Mars<br />

Solar constant;1.36KW


Earth <strong>and</strong> Venus<br />

Venus upper atmosphere is much cooler than that <strong>of</strong> Earth<br />

Earth<br />

Atmos.<br />

Temperature<br />

peak at 50km<br />

Height in km<br />

金 星 大 気<br />

Cloud<br />

Haze<br />

Pressure in bar<br />

Temperature K ( Celsius :-273 Willian Thomson,Load Kelvin)


NASA Rocket <strong>and</strong> Water Rocket pages <strong>and</strong> tutorial.<br />

Water Rocket World Records Association<br />

Bigfoot Water Rocket Launcher Systems - lot's <strong>of</strong> illustrations, photos,<br />

instructions, <strong>and</strong> list <strong>of</strong> related water rocket websites.<br />

Nerds Inc. - sell water rocket launch pads made from aluminium.<br />

The Water Rocket Garage - lots <strong>of</strong> info, images <strong>and</strong> links,<br />

Science Toy Maker - how to make an overhead water rocket launcher<br />

NPL Water rocket events<br />

CO2 Powered H2O Rockets<br />

Water Rockets - <strong>our</strong> motto: “Really, it is rocket science...”<br />

water-rockets.com - high-pressure water rockets built by hobbyists.<br />

Water Rocket simulations - specify parameters <strong>and</strong> simulate <strong>the</strong> flight.<br />

Water Rocket Explorer - how to build a water rocket <strong>and</strong> many<br />

practicalities<br />

Water Rockets - all you need to know about Water Rockets. How to<br />

build, make a launcher <strong>and</strong> more.<br />

Clifford Heath's Water Rocket page<br />

Buy a simple Rocket kit

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