Gender and climate change research in - FAO

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Needs Because the roles of men and women in societies are often different, their needs vary accordingly. With relation to promoting gender equality, women’s needs can be distinguished as either practical gender needs or strategic gender needs (see Box 1.2). By distinguishing between these needs and the related constraints in meeting them, it is possible to differentiate between needs that relate to women’s daily life (practical) and those that could transform current gender roles and relations. Box 1.2. Practical and strategic gender needs Practical gender needs are the needs women identify in their socially accepted roles in society. Practical gender needs do not challenge gender divisions of labour and women’s subordinate position in society, although they arise out of them. Practical gender needs are a response to immediate perceived necessity, identified within a specific context. They are practical in nature and often reflect inadequacies in living conditions such as water and energy provision, health care and employment. Strategic gender needs are the needs women identify because of their subordinate position in society. They vary according to particular contexts, related to gender divisions of labour, power and control, and may include such issues as legal rights, absence of domestic violence, equal wages and women’s control over their bodies. Meeting strategic gender needs assists women to achieve greater equality and change existing roles, thereby challenging women’s subordinate position and aiming towards their own empowerment. (Moser in ILO, 1998.) C. Gender analysis of food security Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO, 2011c). Food security consists of four components: availability, stability, utilization and access. Gender issues are a cross-cutting factor in all four dimensions of food security (see Table 3 below). “Food security analysed at the household level is conditioned by a household’s own production and household members’ ability to purchase food of the right quality and diversity in the market place. However, it is only at the individual level that the analysis can be truly accurate because only through understanding who consumes what can we appreciate the impact of socio-cultural and gender inequalities on people’s ability to meet their nutritional needs”. (World Bank, et al., 2009.) D. SEAGA approach to gender analysis There are multiple frameworks for gender analysis. In essence, they all ask the question “Who”. See Box 1.3. for some examples of classic gender analysis questions. Asking these questions can help you understand how gender impacts the way societies and communities work. In this guide we use similar questions under each topic. 10 Part 1: Concepts and tools
Table 1.3: Gender issues related to the four components of food security Components Definition Gender Issues Availability Stability Utilization Access Food availability means sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or purchase. Stability means having access to adequate food at all times. Utilization means utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met. Food access refers to access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet and to produce and sell food for consumption and the market. Women and men each play key roles in food production, “however the asymmetries in ownership of, access to, and control of livelihood assets (such as land, water, energy, credit, knowledge and labour), negatively affect women’s food production... [In addition,] insecurity of tenure for women results in lower investment and potential environmental degradation; it compromises future production potential and increases food insecurity...The lower production reduces not only women’s potential income, but also the availability of food for household consumption” (World Bank, et al., 2009). “Individuals whose access to an adequate diet is conditioned by seasonality are food insecure and are generally called seasonally insecure. Individuals who normally have enough to eat but become food insecure in the face of disasters triggered by economic, climatic, and civil shocks (war and conflict) are transitorily food insecure” (Ibid.). Differences in risk and vulnerability between men and women can affect the stability of their food security in different ways. “During times of crisis, women and girls are often forced to reduce their intake in favour of other household members” (Ibid.). “Women’s role in food utilization for food security is perhaps the most critical and outweighs the importance of their role in food production and how they spend the income they earn...Women are typically responsible for food preparation and thus are crucial to the dietary diversity of their households” (Ibid.). Food distribution within the household can vary according to one’s gender. Although food may be available, adequate amounts to maintain nutritional intake may not necessarily be as accessible by women compared to men based on hierarchy within the family. Therefore, access to food within a household is determined by cultural practices and power relationships within the family. Box 1.3. Classic gender analysis questions Who does what How Where When Why (Labour) Who uses what How Where When Why (Access) Who controls what How Where When Why (Decision-making and control = power) Who knows what How Where When Why (information = power) Who benefits from what How Where When Why (benefit-sharing) Who is included in what How Where When Why (participation) (Hill, 2011.) This guide uses the Socio-Economic and Gender Analysis approach (SEAGA). Developed in 1993, SEAGA is an approach to development based on the analysis of socio-economic patterns and participatory identification of women’s and men’s priorities and potentials. SEAGA tools help promote understanding about community dynamics, including the linkages among social, economic Module 1: Conceptual framework: gender issues and gender analysis approaches 11
Page 1 and 2: TRAINING GUIDE GENDER AND CLIMATE C
Page 3 and 4: The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6: Table of contents Abbreviations and
Page 7 and 8: Boxes Box 1.1. Men’s and Women’
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Module 5: Work plan on gender and c
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is to ensure that the research work
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Thus the challenge in this particul
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that they don’t get at home What
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Day 2 - activity 2: Weather forecas
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Table 5.1: Help for discussing the
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Table 5.2: Questions for discussing
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This session includes two parts. Th
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What is hindering you from making m
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Part 5: Exit Strategy - sharing bac
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CCAFS - FAO debriefing document Dat
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Was there any discussions or disagr
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Scan and insert the seasonal calend
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Scan and insert the seasonal calend
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Insert the daily weather forecast p
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Insert the seasonal weather forecas
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Day 2 - topic 2: Weather forecast s
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Reporting on Institutional Issues -
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Day 3 - topic 3: Understanding and
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Reporting on changing farming pract
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Day 4 - Presentation of the summary
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Topic 1: Climate analogues Research
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Explain which groups found the dail
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Methods component How effective
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Climate system The climate system i
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Gender relations The ways in which
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Risk Risk combines the magnitude of
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Annex 2: Additional resources Gende
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UN and Oxfam (2009) Responding to C
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Lambrou, Y. and Nelson, S. 2010. Fa
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Gender and climate change research in - FAO

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